Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RAM International 2744 Loker Avenue West Carlsbad, CA 92010 Telephone: (760) 431-3610 Toll Free: (800) 726-7789 Fax: (760) 431-5214
DAA037480-1/0001
DISCLAIMER
The software and related documentation, including this documentation, are protected by both United States copyright law and international treaty provisions. Any unauthorized copying or reproduction is strictly prohibited and subject to civil and criminal penalties. Please refer to the License Agreement for authorization to make a backup copy of the software. You may not sell this software or documentation or give copies of them away to anyone else. Except as expressly warranted in the License Agreement, RAM International disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to the software, the accompanying written materials, and any accompanying hardware. All results should be verified to the user's satisfaction. The contents of these written materials may include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors and may be revised without prior notice.
Copyright attribution: 2008, Bentley Systems, Incorporated. All rights reserved. Trademark attribution: RAM Concept and RAM Structural System are either registered or unregistered trademarks or service marks of Bentley Systems, Incorporated or one of its direct or indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries. Other brands and product names are trademarks of their respective owners.
DAA037480-1/0001
RAM Concept
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Comparing with traditional methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 RAM Concept options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Strip Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Structural systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Learning RAM Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 New features in Version 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Technical support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .5
About the workspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Creating and opening files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Saving a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 About templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Expanding tool buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Rearranging toolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Using the right mouse button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Undoing changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 Understanding Layers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 Modeling with objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2 Managing layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7 Choosing Units
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.1 About units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 7.2 Selecting units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 7.3 Specifying report as zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
RAM Concept
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
10 Specifying Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 About default loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Viewing the loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Loading properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 About loading types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Available loading types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Changing Loading Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Changing Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Adding and deleting loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 About load pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
16.8 Point support properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 16.9 Drawing point supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 16.10 Line support properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 16.11 Drawing line supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 16.12 About springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 16.13 Point spring properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 16.14 Drawing point springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 16.15 Line spring properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 16.16 Drawing line springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 16.17 Area spring properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 16.18 Drawing area springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 16.19 About floor areas and members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 16.20 Slab area properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 16.21 Drawing slab areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 16.22 About beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 16.23 Beam properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 16.24 Drawing beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 16.25 Slab opening properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 16.26 Drawing slab openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 16.27 Checking the structure definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
17.1 Generating the mesh automatically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 17.2 Selectively refining the mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
19 Drawing Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 19.9 About self-weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 About superposition of loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Point load properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Drawing point loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Line load properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Drawing line loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Area load properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Drawing area loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Copying loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
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21.1 Definition of a design strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 21.2 Design strip terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 21.3 Understanding how a design strip works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 21.4 The design strip process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 21.5 Span segment properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 21.6 Creating span segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 21.7 Creating span segment strips (design strips) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 21.8 Defining span segment widths and strip widths manually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 21.9 Cross Section Trimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 21.10 Improving the mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 21.11 Additional design strip information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 21.12 Irregular column layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 21.13 Miscellaneous tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 21.14 A final word on design strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
26.1 About Live Load Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 26.2 Live Load Reduction Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
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Setting the Live Load Reduction Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Live Loading Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Live Load Reduction Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Specifying Live Load Reduction Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Implementation of Live Load Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Type of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Viewing frequently used results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Viewing other results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Section distribution plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Miscellaneous results information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
How the Auditor can assist the design process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 About the three design steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 About the information displayed by the Auditor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Using the Auditor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Using the Auditor for guidance on post-tensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 About the information displayed by the Punching Check Auditor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Using the Punching Check Auditor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Viewing the estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 What the estimate calculates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Editing the unit costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 About unit costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
32 Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 Basic printing instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 General printing options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Select and Configure Printer options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Determining the fit of plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Printing the desired perspective viewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Previewing the print job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Printing optimizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Changing the report contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
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Import the CAD drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Define the structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Define the loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Define the post-tensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Create the design strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Regenerate the mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Calculate and view the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
47 Analysis Notes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
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Finite element analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Orthotropic behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Deep beam considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Wall behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Post-tensioning loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Self-equilibrium analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Design strip and design section forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Result categories in RAM Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
49.1 Live Load Reduction for Loadings, Load Combinations and Rule Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 49.2 Tributary Area Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 49.3 Influence Area Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 49.4 ASCE-7 Live Load Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 49.5 IBC 2003 Live Load Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 49.6 UBC 1997 Live Load Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 49.7 AS/NZS 1170.1-2002 Live Load Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 49.8 BS 6399-1:1996 Live Load Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 49.9 IS 875 (Part 2) - 1987 Live Load Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 49.10 Eurocode 1-2002 (UK Annex) Live Load Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 49.11 Mat Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 49.12 Special Member Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
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AS 3600-2001 default load combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 AS3600 / AS/NZS 1170.1 live load factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 AS 3600-2001 material behaviours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 AS 3600-2001 code rule selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 AS 3600-2001 code implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
EC2 default loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 EC2 Default Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 Eurocode 1 Part 1-1 (UK National Annex) Live Load Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 EC2 Material behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 EC2 code rule selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 EC2 code implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
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RAM Concept
Chapter 1
1 Introduction
RAM Concept is an analysis and design program that uses the finite element method for elevated concrete floor systems, or mat foundations. The floors or mats can be post-tensioned concrete (PT), reinforced concrete (RC), or hybrid (a mixture of PT and RC). Concept is extremely powerful and allows you to design an entire floor in one model, or design individual strips or beams. In this context, the term design means that: The user defines the following: structural geometry, loads, load combinations, and post-tensioning layout (if applicable). Concept calculates (for any number of load combinations): the required amount of reinforcement for flexure and one-way shear according to relevant code requirements; the stud shear reinforcement (SSR) for punching shear, stresses for flexure, and deflections. A model consists of anything from a single simply supported beam or slab to an entire floor. All models are three-dimensional (even those developed with Strip Wizard). Concept does not generally use strip methods other than to replicate the intent of concrete code rules, and with the Strip Wizard interface.
RAM Concept
Chapter 1 waffles (two-way rib systems) mats (rafts) openings There may be steps and changes in thickness and elevations for all of these items. Concept is not effective, or you cannot use it directly, for the following: deep beams using the strut and tie method I-shaped sections ramps concrete sections with internal voids or cells In most cases, you could model ramps with a large number of steps. The authors do not recommend that you do this for evaluating post-tensioning behavior, as it is not particularly relevant. One of the following PT Tutorial Chapters: 40, 41, 42 or 44.
Note: Even if you do not have access to the PT version, it is advisable to do one of these tutorials as a thicker RC slab.
For Mat (Raft Users): Chapter 45, Mat Foundation Tutorial. The tutorials introduce you to the philosophy of the program. They quickly give you experience in some basic modeling and many of the tools. The descriptions are not exhaustive, and you should reference the actual tool description in the appropriate chapter for further information. This should prove useful for real projects. It is recommended that you redo the tutorials for Version 2. The completed tutorial files are available from the program directory, so you dont have to start from scratch. For example, you could open the ACI 318-02 PT Tutorial, delete the design strips, and then start with the design strips input.
We consider that you should at least read the following chapters, together with the tips in this chapter before starting your first design. Chapter 1, Introduction. Chapter 2, Looking at the Workspace. Chapter 3, Understanding Layers. Chapter 4, Using Plans and Perspectives Chapter 5, Drawing and Editing Objects
1.5.1 Tutorials
We recommend that you start by doing the tutorials: Chapter 39, Simple RC Slab Tutorial.
Note: Not all deflection results consider creep and cracking. It is very important that you understand which ones do and which do not.
The appropriate code chapter. See the section below: Know your building code.
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Chapter 1
You can also modify the program-designed bar groups, and re-analyze the structure considering your changes. The Reinforcement layer also facilitates creating a production quality reinforcement drawing. See Chapter 24, Drawing Reinforcement Bars and Chapter 50, Reinforcement Notes for detailed information on the Reinforcement layer.
Span detailing
Many more code rules for detailing the reinforcement in spans are implemented than in previous versions. User span detailing rules can also be created.
Development (Anchorage) Length Calculations
Concept now considers development (anchorage) lengths for both the program-designed reinforcement and the userdesigned reinforcement.
Group Load Combinations
The new group load combination encapsulates a large number of individual load combinations, each with a different lateral loading. For example, for a model with 3 wind loadings (Wa, Wb and Wc), a group load combination of 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 1 W would be equivalent to the envelope of the following regular load combinations: 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 1 Wa 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 1 Wb 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 1 Wc
Specifically, Concept does not consider the following: ACI 318-99, ACI 318-02, ACI 318-05: Rule 13.5.3 AS3600-2001 Rules 9.1.2 (detailing bars for 25% of the negative moment) and 9.1.3 BS8110: 1997 Rule 3.7.3.1
The group load combinations are particularly useful when there are a large number of lateral loadings.
Slab Plot Enveloping (Including Soil Bearing)
Concept now envelopes all slab plotting quantities. This is most useful with deflection plots and soil bearing plots. For example, in mat foundation (raft) models there is now a Rule Set design that includes soil bearing plans that show the maximum and minimum soil bearing pressures for all of the service load combinations.
ACI 318-05
The Reinforcement layer allows you to supplement (or replace) program designed reinforcement by drawing actual bar groups on plans using various tools.
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Chapter 1
Improved 3D Graphics
Concepts perspectives now show more detail (including reinforcement and SSR) and include new options, such as transparency.
Improved 2D Graphics Speed
questions that are not answered in this manual, please contact us.
For customer support, please contact:
Concepts plans now display instantaneously when zooming, panning or changing the text scale.
Minor New Features
Improved import of DWG files. Perimeter line load tool Minor Ram Structural System integration improvements Improved calculation performance Color coding of failures Enhanced Frequently Asked Questions chapter
North, Central and South America RAM International A Bentley Solutions Centre 2744 Loker Avenue West Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA Tel: 1-800-726-7789 Fax: 1-760-431-5214 email: support@bentley.com Europe RAM International (Europe) Limited A Bentley Solutions Centre 4 Woodside Place, Glasgow, G3 7QF UK Tel: +44 (0) 141 353 5168 Fax: +44 (0) 141 353 5112 email: support@bentley.com India Bentley Systems India Private Limited Third Floor, Tower A, DLF IT Park, No. 8, Major Arterial Road, Rajarhat, Kolkata - 700156 Tel: +91 33 4006 2021 Fax: +91 33 4006 2027 email: support@bentley.com Australia, Asia, Middle East Bentley Systems Adelaide, Australia Tel: +61 (8) 8362 9013 Fax: +61 (8) 8362 8519 email: support@bentley.com
We do not recommend that you upgrade old files that contain models that have been fully designed or are nearing final design. We recommend that you upgrade files that contain partially designed slabs.
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Chapter 2
1 Start RAM Concept and choose File > New. 2 Specify options in the New File dialog box and then click
OK.
1 Start RAM Concept, and choose File > New. 2 Click Copy File in the New File dialog. 3 Select the file or template you want to copy.
1 Choose File > Open. 2 Select the RAM Concept file you want to open.
Figure 2-1 A.Standard toolbar for general operations. B. Menu Bar contains the set of menus for the program. Includes the File, Edit, Criteria, Layers, Tools, Process, Report, View, Window, and Help menus. C. Action Tools for manipulating the current view. D. Snap toolbar for setting coordinate snaps for the active plan. E. General Tools for editing the active plan window. F. Layer Specific Tools for editing the active plan window. G. Report Contents Window for viewing, opening, and reordering report sections. H. The active window. I. Status Bar for program status information. J. Command Prompt for displaying tool relative instructions and the current cursor location in plan coordinates.
1 Choose File > Save As (since the file has not yet been
3 Type a name for your file and click Save. Concept adds the filename extension .cpt if not provided.
To save any open file:
1 Choose File > Save (if you have not yet saved the file,
and the Save As dialog box appears, follow the previous steps for saving for the first time).
To save a file as a template:
1 Choose File > Save Template. 2 Click Continue on the warning message box. 3 Type a name for the template and click Save. Concept adds the filename extension .cpttmp (if not provided) and saves the file without the objects.
RAM Concept
Chapter 2
Figure 2-2 Pressing down on the left mouse button for one second over the Selection tool reveals a pop-up menu.
RAM Concept
Chapter 2
taken. To redo a command that has been undone, choose Edit > Redo.
Note: The Undo command cannot reverse the Generate Mesh and Calc All commands. All changes you have made are committed once you perform one of these operations.
RAM Concept
Chapter 2
RAM Concept
Chapter 3
3 Understanding Layers
In RAM Concept, objects (such as walls, columns, slab areas, springs, loads, tendons, design strips, etc.) make up the structural model. Since there are so many objects involved in modeling a structure, Concept uses layers to organize these objects. A layer is a collection of related objects and each object in Concept resides on one and only one layer. You can handle all of the objects on a single layer as a group or individually.
Drawing Import Layer
This layer contains all the imported CAD drawing information. Concept automatically stores any imported drawings on this layer.
Mesh Input Layer
This layer contains the objects that define the geometry of the structure. Concept uses these objects to generate corresponding finite element objects on the Element Layer. Layer-Specific Objects: Column, Wall, Slab Area, Slab Opening, Beam, Point Support, Line Support, Point Spring, Line Spring, Area Spring.
Element Layer
This layer contains the finite element objects. These objects can be generated by Concept based on the information on the Mesh Input Layer, or can be created by hand. Layer-Specific Objects: Column Element, Wall Element, Slab Element, Point Support, Line Support, Point Spring, Line Spring, Area Spring.
Loading Layers (Self-dead, Balance, Hyperstatic, Temporary Construction (at Stressing), Other Dead, Live (Reducible), Live (Unreducible), Live (Storage), Live (Roof) and User-defined)
These layers contain all the information that defines the loads on the structure. In Concept, a loading is a set of loads applied as a group, such as the live loads. The loading layers also contain the loading analysis results. Concept provides the self-dead, balance, and hyperstatic loading layers by default and you cannot delete them. You can define an unlimited number of loadings and Concept creates a corresponding layer for each. Layer-Specific Objects: Point Loads, Line Loads, Area Loads.
Note: You cannot edit the load objects on the Self-Dead Loading Layer, Balance Loading Layer, and Hyperstatic Loading Layer.
Pattern Layer
This layer contains the load patterns for the structure. Layer-Specific Objects: Load Patterns.
Design Strip Layer
This layer contains the design strips, design sections and punching checks for the structure. Layer-Specific Objects: Span Segments, Span Boundaries, Strip Boundaries, Design Sections, Punching Checks.
RAM Concept
Chapter 3
Tendon Layers (Latitude and Longitude)
These layers contain the layout of post-tensioning tendons and jacks for the structure. Although there are two tendon layers, Latitude and Longitude, there is no requirement to use both layers. You can draw tendons on the tendon layers in whatever manner you wish. Layer-Specific Objects: Tendon, Jack.
Load Combination Layers (All Dead, Dead and Balance, Initial Service, Service, Sustained Service, Factored, LT Uncracked Deflection and User-defined)
words, the dot means there exists at least one object that belongs to that layer.This is different to any visible objects on one of the layers plans, which may or may not belong to that layer.
Note: There may be a lag time (such as 10 seconds) for this to happen after the first item on the layer is draw. Note: This feature is added in response to the frustration of having to search every layer in support files to see if they contained any items. Note: Dots do not typically appear on Load Combination layers as these layers have no items drawn on them. This does NOT mean the load combo is not used in the design.
Note: The load combinations listed are for ACI318. AS3600 and BS8110 use some different terminology.
Rule Set Design Layers (Code Minimum, User Minimum, Initial Service, Service, Sustained Service, Strength, Ductility)
These layers contain the rule set design analysis and design results.
Note: The rule set designs listed are for ACI318, AS3600 and BS8110 use some different terminology.
Design Status Layer
This layer contains the summary of all the design results. The summary information is automatically created by Concept when you Calc All. You cannot create, edit, or delete the objects on this layer but you can view them.
10
RAM Concept
Chapter 4
Rotate about z-axis tool ( ) to rotate the model about the screens x-, y-, and z-axes.
To rotate the model:
) or the
).
1 Choose Layers > New Plan. 2 Enter a name for the plan. (Concept automatically prepends the layer name and appends the word Plan). 3 Select the layer on which you want the plan and click OK.
1 Choose Layers > New Perspective. 2 Enter a name for the perspective. (RAM Concept automatically prepends the layer name and appends the word Perspective). 3 Select the layer on which you want the plan and click OK.
RAM Concept
11
Chapter 4 panning allow you to change what portion of the model you are viewing. RAM Concept usually regenerates the view automatically. It is sometimes necessary, however, to use the Redraw command ( screen. ) to update the image on the
4.5.3 Regenerating
Regenerating the view is necessary when anything occurs that invalidates the current view. When you generate the mesh, analyze the model or change the settings, the open windows may need updating. In most cases, RAM Concept automatically regenerates for you. If you find that the view is not up to date, click Redraw ( in the active window. ) to regenerate the view
Plans and perspectives represent unique views of the model. You control which object types are visible and their colors, font, and line type for each plan and perspective.
view. Zoom Out ( ) diminishes the view. You can set the view to encompass the entire model by using Zoom Extent ( ). To get back the previous zoom ratio use Zoom ).
Previous (
1 Select the Zoom Rectangle tool ( 2 Fence the area you want to magnify.
).
Figure 4-1 Visible Objects dialog box (Mesh Input tab) To show or hide objects on a plan or perspective:
1 Make the plan or perspective the active window. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
4.5.5 Changing colors, font, and line type
Each plan and perspective has an associated appearance scheme that dictates the colors, font, and line type used for the objects shown. When a plan or perspective is the active window, you can select and modify its appearance scheme using the Appearance dialog. If you change the settings of an appearance scheme, it affects all the plans and perspectives that use that scheme. You can create as many
).
12
RAM Concept
Chapter 4 appearance schemes as you need to customize the look of your plans and perspectives. When you create a new plan or perspective, the window initially uses the default scheme. You can select the color of every drawn object type for each appearance scheme. You can also set the background, grid and highlight colors. If an object type has no color selected ( ), RAM Concept uses the color setting for the objects layer. For example, you can set the Tendon object color to no selection, and then set the Latitude Tendon layer to red and Longitude Tendon layer color to blue. RAM Concept uses the foreground color in the case that you have selected neither the object type color nor the layer default color.
To change the colors in an appearance scheme:
).
the active window, the selection is already the scheme set for that window).
3 Select the item from the drop-down list (if changing
4 Click on the color selection box for the item and choose
a color. Lines of drawn objects can be set to solid, dashed, or dotted. Reference lines have Line Type and Line Width properties that are independent of the appearance scheme setting.
1 Make the plan or perspective the active window. 2 Choose View > Appearance (
).
3 Select the scheme from the list of schemes on the left side
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that
includes the Appearance command.
To create a new appearance scheme:
).
dialog.
3 Type a name for the new scheme and select the base
) or Shrink Fonts (
).
scheme. The settings from the base scheme initialize the new scheme.
To delete an appearance scheme:
Note: The temporary font size change only affects the active window and RAM Concept discards the change when the window is closed.
4.5.7 Changing font scale
You can select the font scale so that the font size either changes or stays unchanged as you zoom in and out on a plan.
To set the font scale:
).
highlighted scheme.
To set a new default scheme:
).
).
the active window, the selection is already the scheme set for that window).
the highlighted scheme the new default scheme. RAM Concept uses this scheme to initialize newly created plans and perspectives. RAM Concept 13
Chapter 4
3 Enter the font scale and click OK.
To make the grid visible for a plan:
1 Make the plan the active window. 2 Choose View > Grid. 3 Check Show Grid and click OK.
Note: If you want the grid to be visible on all plans then check Set for all Plans. 4.6 Setting up the grid
A grid can be set up to help you draw objects accurately by providing snap points at a designated spacing. The Plan Grid Setup dialog allows you to make the grid visible and to change the spacing, origin, and rotation angle of the grid. You can change the grid setting for the active plan window or all plan windows at once.
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Grid.
To change the grid settings for a plan:
1 Make the plan the active window. 2 Choose View > Grid. 3 Enter values in the Plan Grid Setup dialog box and click
OK.
Note: If you want the grid settings to apply to all plan windows then check Set for all Plans.
14
RAM Concept
Chapter 5
Mid Point: no effect. Nearest: nearby infinite lines (defined by visible line segments) are snappable. Orthogonal: no effect. Perpendicular: perpendicular point on infinite lines (defined by visible line segments) are snappable. Center: no effect. Grid: no effect.
Snap Nearest Snapable Point ( ) snaps to the point on a drawn object nearest to the cursor. Snap Orthogonal ( ) snaps orthogonally in the direction of the grids local x- or y-axis. This need not be parallel with the global x- and y-axes. Snap to Perpendicular ( from the last click to a line. Snap to Center ( columns. Snap to Grid ( ) snaps perpendicularly
Snap Extension ( ) does not create a snapping mode by itself, but it affects the behavior of some of the other snap settings. RAM Concept
15
Chapter 5
To enter coordinates: To deselect an object or group of objects from a selection:
).
2 Hold down the Shift key as you fence the objects in the selection you want to deselect. This deselects the selected objects within and crossing the rectangular area, and selects any objects in the rectangular area not previously selected.
To deselect only a single object from a selection:
).
2 Hold down the Shift key as you double click on the object
in the selection you wish to deselect. When you are deselecting, RAM Concept interprets a very small rectangle as a double click.
You can deselect objects from the current selection set by choosing the Selection Filter tool ( ). This tool will invoke a dialog that lists all of the currently selected objects grouped by object type. All of the objects of a particular type can be removed from the selection set by unselecting the objects in the list.
).
objects within and crossing the rectangular selection area. (Hold down the Shift key on the first click to add objects to the current selection.)
To select only a single object:
).
2 Choose Edit > Cut (or right-click and choose Cut from
the Shift key as you click to add the object to the current selection). When you are selecting, RAM Concept interprets a very small rectangle as a double click.
1 Select the object or group of objects you want to copy. 2 Choose Edit > Copy (or right-click and choose Copy
1 Choose Edit > Paste (or right-click and choose Paste from
the popup menu that appears). You can also copy and move, rotate, stretch or mirror an object in one step by pressing the Shift key while you use RAM Concept
or Mirror tool ( ). See Moving, rotating, stretching, and mirroring objects on page 17 for more information.
).
or Mirror tool ( ) (See Selecting objects). If you hold down the Shift key on the first click of a move, rotate, or mirror, the operation will be performed on a copy of the selection rather then the selection itself.
To move a selection:
2 Select an object or group of objects. 3 Snap to a grip point and position the cursor in the top half
of the snap area until you see the move cross cursor ( ) then click. (Hold down the Shift key as you click to move a copy of the selection.)
4 Click on the point to where you want the object, or group
1 Select the object or group of objects to move. 2 Choose the Move tool (
).
of objects, to move.
To stretch an object by one of its grips:
3 Enter the point from which to move (hold down the Shift
).
of objects, to move.
To stretch the selection:
2 Select an object or group of objects. 3 Snap to a grip point and position the cursor in the bottom
1 Select the object or group of objects to stretch. 2 Choose the Stretch tool (
half of the snap area until you see the stretch cursor ( then click. of objects, to stretch.
).
of objects, to stretch.
To rotate a selection:
1 Select the object or group of objects to rotate. 2 Choose the Rotate tool (
).
3 Enter the rotation center point (hold down the Shift key
( ), Mirror tool ( ), and Rotate tool ( ) except they affect the whole model (all layers). You can also scale the entire model with the Scale Model tool (
To move the entire model:
).
end angle.
To mirror the selection:
1 Choose the Move Model tool ( 2 Enter the start point. 3 Enter the move point.
To rotate the entire model:
).
1 Select the object or group of objects to mirror. 2 Choose the Mirror tool (
).
3 Enter the two points that create the line across which you
).
would like to mirror the selected object(s). (Hold down the Shift key as you click to mirror a copy of the selection.)
2 Enter the rotation center point (hold down the Shift key
RAM Concept
17
Chapter 5
3 Enter the rotation start angle or a point to create a line to
To set the default properties for an object drawing tool:
rotate.
4 Click on the new end point of the rotation line or enter an
end angle.
To mirror the entire model:
and click OK. ). When you now use the tool, it will draw objects with the specified default properties.
2 Enter the two points that create the line across which you
would like to mirror the model (hold down the Shift key as you click to mirror a copy of the model).
To scale the entire model:
Note: Changing the default properties of an object drawing tool does not change the properties of such objects already drawn.
).
( ) are all used to add information to plans. These objects are not part of the structural model and RAM Concept does not consider them when generating the mesh or calculating results. As for all objects, the lines, dimensions and text objects belong to the layer on which they are drawn.
To draw a line:
).
2 Click at the line start point (or enter the coordinates in the
command line).
3 Click at the line end point (or enter the coordinates in the
command line).
To draw a dimension line:
1 Select the object or group of objects. 2 Choose Edit > Selection Properties, or right-click and
1 Choose the Dimension tool ( 2 Click at the start point. 3 Click at the end point.
).
click OK.
located.
To draw text:
).
line).
3 Right click and choose Selection Properties. 4 Enter the text and its properties.
18
RAM Concept
Chapter 6
1 Go to the Tables folder of the object types layer. 2 Open the appropriate text table from the folder.
For example, the text table for Walls Below on the Mesh Input layer can be opened by choosing Layers > Mesh Input > Tables > Walls Below.
1 Click on the Customize button above the table. 2 In the Customize dialog box, to make a column visible,
mouse button. The table will print as seen on screen so the column widths you set will appear the same way on paper.
RAM Concept
19
Chapter 6
20
RAM Concept
Chapter 7
7 Choosing Units
RAM Concept allows you to work with three unit systems: US, SI and MKS. Some designers refer to the US units system as US customary units, and others call it Imperial. SI and MKS are metric unit systems, with MKS using mass rather than weight. It is up to you which system you use but local practice should dictate your choice. The choice of actual units is more subjective. For example, after choosing the US system, one designer might use the default area load units of pounds per square feet, and another might change the selection to kips per square feet.
2 Do one of the following:
Select each unit by accessing the appropriate drop down box. Select a unit system by clicking on US, SI, or MKS at the top of the window.
Note: There is often a long list of choices for the units. Scroll down the drop down menu to view the options.
Note: Using this feature could result in human error, as you might later assume zeroed values are exactly equal to zero.
You specify Report as Zero in the Units window.
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21
Chapter 7
To specify Report as Zero:
Note: You can also turn off plotted values such as Fr and Fs with the plot menu. See Setting the plotted results on page 139.
22
RAM Concept
Chapter 8
Figure 8-2 Top row, left to right: Vertical Element Shear, Element Bending, Element Axial, Vertical Deflection. Bottom row, left to right: Horizontal Shear, Twist, Lateral Deflection, Angular Deflection.
Vertical element shear Positive z-shear on the positive x- and y-faces. Element bending Tension bottom face. Element axial Tension. Vertical deflection In negative z-direction (down). Horizontal shear Positive y-shear on Positive x-face (equivalent to Positive x-shear on Positive y-face). Twist Positive x-axis moment on positive x-face (equivalent to negative y-axis moment on positive y-face). Lateral deflection Positive in x- and y-axes directions. Angular deflection Per right-hand-rule about x- and yaxes. Positive reactions
Figure 8-3 Left to right: Fx, Fy, Fz, Coordinate Axis, Mx, My, Mz.
Fx In the positive x-direction (see coordinate axes). Fy In the positive y-direction (see coordinate axes). Fz In the positive z-direction (see coordinate axes).
Mx (moment about the x-axis) Per right-hand-rule. My (moment about the y-axis) Per right-hand-rule.
RAM Concept
23
Note: The only difference in defaults between Positive Loads and Positive Reactions is Fz. This is because point loads are usually down if positive, and vertical reactions are usually up if positive.
8.1.2 Changing the sign convention
You can change the sign convention for any loads or results, but only one at a time.
To change the sign convention:
Note: Line plots show positive vertical deflection below the axis line.
Perspectives are plotted with positive results in the global z-direction (what is considered positive is dependent upon the sign convention of the Value Plotted). For example, a perspective of deflection shows positive deflection up. You cannot change the sign of the coordinates axes.
1 Choose Criteria > Signs. 2 Change each positive sign by clicking the appropriate
24
RAM Concept
Chapter 9
Note: fci and fc are used for all codes except BS8110.
fcui The characteristic cube strength of the concrete mix at the time of applying prestress (also known as initial strength). fcu The characteristic cube strength of the concrete mix.
9.2.2 PT Systems
System Name The label used to identify a PT system. It usually describes the system, such as strand size and bonding. Type Whether the system has unbonded or bonded strand.
Figure 9-1 The Materials window.
Aps The cross sectional area of one strand. Since strand is usually comprised of seven wires then the area is more complicated than d2/4. 25
RAM Concept
Chapter 9 Eps The Youngs Modulus of the strand at zero strain. fse The assumed effective stress in the strand after all losses. Using jacks overrides this assumption. See About jacks on page 121 for further information. fpy The yield stress of the strand. fpu The ultimate stress of the strand. Duct Width The width or diameter of bonded tendon duct. Max Strands Per Duct The maximum number of strands in a bonded tendon (use 1 for unbonded tendons). Minimum Radius The minimum vertical radius that allows satisfactory placement of tendons in the field. You should consult with a local PT supplier. A value of zero disables radius checking for this PT system. Jacking Stress / Anchor Friction / Wobble Friction / Angular Friction / Seating Distance / Long-Term Losses Friction loss calculations use these properties. They have no effect unless tendon jacks are used. See Jack properties on page 121 of Chapter 25, Defining Tendons for further information. Fy The yield stress of the SSR reinforcement. Stud Spacing Rounding Increment Specifies an increment to which all stud designs are rounded down. For example, specifying a larger number forces a larger number of designs to have the same spacing, creating the potential for grouping of designs at different columns. Min Studs Per Rail Specifies the minimum number of studs that Concept designs on any rail. This can be useful in a number of situations. For example, if one face of a column has a small overhang for which the designer does not want SSR reinforcement, this minimum stud number can be increased to prevent the design of rails on that face.
1 Choose Criteria > Materials. 2 Click Add Concrete Mix, or Add PT System, or Add
1 Choose Criteria > Materials. 2 Click Delete Concrete Mix, Delete PT System, or Delete
Reinforcing Bar, or Delete SSR System. A dialog box appears with a list of the available materials.
3 Choose the material to delete and click OK.
RAM Concept
Chapter 9 Strands are typically comprised of seven wires spirally wound. There are two dominant strand sizes used in building construction: 0.5 inch diameter (12.7 mm) 0.6 inch diameter (15.2 mm) For further discussion on post-tensioning systems, see Chapter 25, Defining Tendons.
RAM Concept
27
Chapter 9
28
RAM Concept
Chapter 10
10 Specifying Loadings
A loading is a set of point, line and area loads applied as a group. You define loading properties in the loadings window. You draw the actual loads on the loading plans. Loadings can be added (e.g. seismic, snow, soil and wind). Loadings can be deleted (other than those of a special type, as described in About loading types below). RAM Concept can perform pattern (or skip) loading and you define the factors that control this process in the loading window. Live (Storage) Loading Live (Roof) Loading Different sets of live loads. See About loading types on page 30 for further description. Service Wind North Loading The set of wind loads in the north-south direction (for mat defaults only). Service Wind East Loading The set of wind loads in the east-west direction (for mat defaults only). Ultimate Seismic North Loading The set of seismic loads in the north-south direction (for mat defaults only). Ultimate Seismic East Loading The set of seismic loads in the east-west direction (for mat defaults only).
1 Choose Criteria > Loadings. 2 If there are many loadings, scroll down to view them all.
RAM Concept
29
Chapter 10 A Hyperstatic analysis is used for only the Hyperstatic Loading described in About default loadings on page 29. For information on Lateral SE, see Self-equilibrium analysis on page 335 of Chapter 47, Analysis Notes. On-Pattern Factor The factor that applies to loads that are located within the loading pattern when performing pattern-loading calculations. See About load pattern on page 32 for more information. Off-Pattern Factor The factor that applies to loads that are not located within the loading pattern when performing pattern-loading calculations. Live (Reducible) Loadings of this type contain typical floor live loads that are reducible. See Chapter 49, Live Load Reduction Notes for detailed information regarding how each live load reduction code handles loadings of this type. Live (Unreducible) Loadings of this type contain typical floor live loads that are not reducible (typically assembly loadings - see About snow, parking and assembly loads on page 31). Live (Storage) Loadings of this type contain typical floor live loads that are reducible using special storage loading reduction rules. For live load reduction to most codes, it is appropriate to use this loading type for parking loads (see About snow, parking and assembly loads on page 31). Live (Roof) Loadings of this type contain typical roof live loads - except snow - that are reducible. RAM Concept never reduces these loads (the RAM Structural System may reduce these loads). Other Loadings of this type contain loads of an unspecified nature. RAM Concept never considers these loadings except in manually created or edited load combinations (or load combinations created in previous files). All loading from FLOOR versions 2.3 and before, and RAM Concept versions 1.3 and before (except self-dead, balance and hyperstatic) are given this type; it is often useful to change the loading types of these loadings from earlier program versions. Service Wind Loadings of these types contain wind loads at service force levels. Service Wind Loading N is assumed to correspond to Ultimate Wind Loading N (if it exists). Ultimate Wind Loadings of these types contain wind loads at ultimate force levels. Ultimate Wind Loading N is assumed to correspond to Service Wind Loading N (if it exists). Service Seismic Loadings of these types contain seismic loads at service force levels. Service Seismic Loading N is assumed to correspond to Ultimate Seismic Loading N (if it exists). Ultimate Seismic Loadings of these types contain seismic loads at ultimate force levels. Ultimate Seismic Loading N is assumed to correspond to Service Seismic Loading N (if it exists). Most of these loading types are also available in a transfer variation. See About Transfer Loading Types on page 31 for more information.
Note: Concept ignores the pattern factors if both factors are the same value. Setting both factors to 2.0 is identical to setting both factors to 1.0
Note: All loading types except self-weight, balance and hyperstatic may be used for more than one loading.
30
RAM Concept
Chapter 10
1 Choose Criteria > Loadings. 2 Click the loading type of the loading name.
1 Choose Criteria > Loadings. 2 Click the analysis of the loading name.
1 Choose Criteria > Loadings. 2 Click Add Loading. 3 Enter a name for the new Loading in the Add Loading dialog box and click OK.
RAM Concept
31
Chapter 10
For the figures above, if the live load is 100 psf, the onpattern factor is 0.8 and the off-pattern factor is 0.1 then two pattern loadings are created with a load of 80 psf on the hatched areas and a load of 10 psf on the remainder of the slab. Concept uses the load patterns for a loading - along with the full loading - to determine the design force envelopes for design strip segments, design sections and punching checks.
Figure 10-2 Load Pattern for maximum positive moment (about Y-Y) in end span
For patterned loads, the on-pattern factor often has a value of 0.75 and the off-pattern factor often has a value of zero. For non-patterned loads, both factors should be 1.0. In special circumstances, the on-pattern factor can exceed a value of 1.0. When in doubt, all on-pattern and off-pattern factors should be 1.0. This results in no pattern loading. See Chapter 20, Creating Pattern Loading, for further discussion.
32
RAM Concept
Chapter 10
To approximate moving loads:
factor of zero.
2 Specify load factors (in the load combinations window)
Note: Concept still analyses a load combination with all the loads present that is included in the envelope. This is the reason for scaling the on-pattern, off-pattern and load factors - it diminishes the effect of the all the loads load combination.
RAM Concept
33
Chapter 10
34
RAM Concept
Chapter 11
1 Choose Criteria > Load Combinations. 2 If there are many load combinations, scroll down to view
Another dialog box appears that requires you to specify if the load combinations are for an elevated slab or mat foundation.
2 Select elevated slab or mat foundation 3 Select Rebuild
them all.
RAM Concept
35
Chapter 11
Analysis Type The choices are: Linear: this is the standard type. Zero-Tension: these load combinations do NOT have alternate load factors and never consider pattern loading. Active Rule Sets These control which rule sets are used for design calculations. Up to four active rule sets can be associated with each load combination. See Chapter 12, Selecting Design Rules for further explanation. Load Factor The factor applied to a particular loading in the load combination. Alternate Envelope Factor You should only use these if you fully understand the principle involved. Do not set these factors to zero without understanding their use. If you are unsure then set them to equal the corresponding load factors. See About alternate envelope factors on page 37.
1 Choose Criteria > Load Combinations. 2 Click Add Load Combination. 3 In the dialog box that appears, enter a name for the new
load combination and click OK. Another dialog box appears that requires you to specify the plans that you want RAM Concept to create (Slab Stress, Slab Deflection and Slab Force). These plans appear in the new load combinations folder.
4 Choose the plans that you want created and click OK.
Note: The primary purpose of Load Combination types is to reduce the number of lateral load combinations. A secondary purpose is to provide easy enveloping for results such as soil bearing pressure.
36
RAM Concept
Chapter 11 combination, RAM Concept provides a much simpler solution - Alternate Envelope Factors (AEF).
Point Load
Area Load
Single
Lateral Group
Figure 11-3 This beam supports dead loads (not shown) and live loads (shown). The live loading reduces the positive span moment. By using an AEF less than the corresponding load factor, you create a load combination with a reduced live loading. Note that the AEF affects the entire live loading, not just the live load on the cantilever.
- All loadings are listed - Each loading has load factors - Linear Load Combinations have an Alternate Envelope Factor - Zero-Tension Load Combinations do NOT have Alternate Envelope Factors
Conceptually, Concept considers alternate envelope factors by analyzing the load combination 2L times (where L is the number of loadings) - once for every permutation of load factors and alternate envelope factors for all of the loadings. Concept then envelopes the design strip forces, design section forces and punching shear reactions for all of the load combination analyses. Concept uses these force envelopes later for design purposes. You can also plot the force envelopes or view them in tables. Concept fully considers any pattern loading effects while considering the load factors. Note that the general analysis forces that are not used as design forces by Concept - such as standard slab bending moments and deflections - are only stored for the load combination considering the standard load factors. As stated above, you should only use alternate envelope factors if you fully understand the principle involved. Do not set them to zero without understanding their use. If you are unsure then set them to equal the corresponding load factors.
- All non-lateral loadings are listed - One, and only one, key loading type can be used (per load combination). - All N loadings within the Key Loading Type are used to generate N load combinations.
Figure 11-2 Ramifications of Load Combination Type
Figure 11-4 shows the suggested way to use the factors for a strength design of the ACI318-05 Factored LC.
RAM Concept
37
Chapter 11
Example 11-1 ACI 318-05 Elevated floor file with lateral loadings added To simplify the example, four loadings have been deleted from the standard file.
Zero-tension Standard load factor for every loading Zero-tension iterations as necessary Ignores pattern loading Standard load factor for every non-lateral loading Standard load factor for the selected lateral loading type Zero-tension iterations as necessary Ignores pattern loading No results for point springs, line springs, point supports, line supports, walls. No Standard results for any quantity See Figure 11-2 for more information.
Figure 11-5 Loading table for ACI 318-05 Elevated Floor - six wind loadings have been added (and one stressing dead and three live loadings have been deleted)
After adding and deleting some loadings, the load combinations have been rebuilt. See Rebuilding load combinations on page 35. The Rebuild operation adds the load combination Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 0.5Lr + 1.6W, as shown in Figure 11-6.
Figure 11-6 Rebuilt load combination: Factored Wind LC: 1.2D + f1L+ 0.5Lr + 1.6W
Concept now expands this load combination and calculates the following load combinations:
1 1.2 Self-dead + 1.0 Hyperstatic + 1.2 Other dead + 0.5 Live
(reducible) + 1.6 Trade Wind + 1.6 Sirocco Wind + 1.6 Zephyr Wind
6 1.2 Self-dead + 1.0 Hyperstatic + 1.2 Other dead + 0.5 Live
(reducible) - 1.6 Trade Wind - 1.6 Sirocco Wind - 1.6 Zephyr Wind
38
RAM Concept
Chapter 12
ments and section status for all rule set design section envelopes.
Example:
The following example describes how RAM Concept selects the ACI 318-02 design rules for a post-tensioned beam with live and wind loadings.
RAM Concepts process is as follows: The two load combinations generate envelopes for resultants. The five active rule set designs (service design, code minimum design, user minimum design, strength design and ductility design) each create envelopes from the load combinations. Each rule set design envelope creates a rule set design section envelope. The design strip properties of Structural system: beam and consider as post-tensioned determines the following rules from ACI 318-02 are applicable: Strength Design: rules 18.7.2 (flexural strength) and 11.4 and 11.5 (shear strength) are used with the beam clauses. Minimum Design: rule 18.9.2. Service Design: rules 18.3.3 and 18.4.2 (b).
priate for each rule set design. Design strip properties impact which particular rules are used.
5 Design and checking rules are applied to the rule set
RAM Concept
39
Chapter 12 These rules are applied to the rule set design section envelopes. The reinforcement requirements and section status for all rule set design section envelopes are in turn enveloped for a design summary.
Ductility Design
This is used in mat foundation (raft) files to facilitate the enveloping of soil bearing pressure. It does not use any active rules.
Rules for minimum reinforcement (shrinkage, detailing, etc.) based upon geometry rather than stress or moment level. Does not include shear reinforcement.
User Minimum Design
1 Choose Criteria > Design Rules. 2 Click Add Rule Set Design. 3 Type a name for the new Rule Set Design in the Add Rule
Reinforcement based on user defined reinforcement ratio. See the design strip property description on page 85 of Section 21.5.
Initial Service Design
Set Design dialog box and click OK. A dialog box appears that requires you to specify the plans that you want created (Top and Bottom Reinforcement, Shear Reinforcement and Punching).
4 Choose the plans that you want created and click OK.
Checks of PT floor stresses just after application of prestress (when dead load is minimal).
Service Design
Checks of PT floor stresses due to service loads. Rules for reinforcement bar based upon bar stress levels.
The new rule set design appears at the bottom of the window.
5 Select the active rules.
To delete a rule set:
1 Choose Criteria > Design Rules. 2 Click Delete Rule Set Design.
A dialog box appears with a list of the current rule set designs.
3 Choose the rule set design to delete and click OK.
Rules to ensure section has sufficient strength in bending and shear for factored (or ultimate) moments, and minimum shear reinforcement.
40
RAM Concept
Chapter 13
1 Choose Layers > Drawing Import > Standard Plan. 2 Click Zoom Extent (
) and draw a dimension line between two snapable points that are a known distance apart. The distance between the two points will appear as a dimension. If this dimension is not as expected then the imported file may be in the wrong scale. Consider importing the drawing with different units to fix this problem.
1 Choose File > Import Drawing. 2 Select the CAD drawing file you want to import.
The File Units dialog box will appear with a list of units. The units relate to the CAD file, not the Concept file.
RAM Concept
41
Chapter 13
42
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Chapter 14
Table 14-1 Relationship between the selected story, the import slab type, and the slab area imported.
1 Slabs
Any column (below and / or above) whose center point lies inside the import perimeter.
5 Walls
Any wall (below and / or above) whose center line is contained by or crosses any part of the import perimeter.
6 Grids
Note: All structural members are imported into RAM Concepts Mesh Import layer. Grids are imported into the Drawing Import layer.
Figure 14-1 The slab areas shown above (A,B,C,D) will be imported based upon the selections shown below.
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Table 14-3 shows how RSS load cases are mapped to Concept loading layers. RSS Load Case RAM Concept Loading Layer
Dead Live Live Reducible Live Unreducible Live Storage Live Roof Dead Load Ignored (imported as 3 individual live loadings) Live Reducible Live Unreducible Live Storage Live Load Roof
Member Unsupported
Fz, Mx, My Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My Fz Fz, Mx, My
Construction Dead Construction Dead Load Construction Live Mass Dead Ignored Ignored
Table 14-2 Relationship between the slab type, member loading type, member support, and imported force components for a slab.
Concept imports transferred gravity loads from RSS members above the import slabs. The loads include member self-weight with the transferred gravity loads. The loads are imported as point loads into separate Concept loading layers. A new Concept transfer gravity loading layer is created for each RSS Load Case, as in Table 14-3, but with the string (transfer) appended to the name. For example, transfer loads from the RSS Dead load case are imported into the Concept Dead Load (transfer) loading layer. The Concept (transfer) loading layers are not created if the Transfer Gravity Loads are not imported.
3 Lateral Member Loads
For the purposes of Table 14-2, Concept considers any column, brace or wall to be supported if it rests upon a column or wall. Wall forces are resolved into a point load at each end of the wall. Walls above a slab may have different supported designations at each end (as one end may rest on a column or wall and the other may rest on a beam); in that case the import of each end force considers its end support condition separately.
The following loads can be imported:
Point, line and area gravity loads applied directly to the imported slabs.
Lateral member forces (such as wind and seismic) from members above and below the imported slab are imported as point loads. The member loads are imported into a new loading layer for each analyzed load case in RSS. Concept creates the name for the new loading layer from the user's label and the RSS load type. For example, the name could be mySeismic(EQ_UBC97_X_+E_F).
Note: Mat foundation loads imported from the RAM Structural System will always be reduced during the import. For this reason you should always choose the live load reduction code of None in these files.
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If there is no open RAM Concept file the Open RAM Structural System Database dialog box will appear. Browse and select a RSS database (.rss) file and click OK. When a valid RSS database file is selected, the RAM Structural System dialog box in Figure 14-2 appears. The RSS filename selected appears after File: at the top of the window. You may click on the Browse button at the top of the window to select a different file with the file browser.
Note: If you select a file with a version prior to 9.0, an error will be displayed and you will be returned to the file browser. Clicking the Cancel button cancels the import operation. Note: If you are running RSS version 9, select RSS database files with the .ram extension.
2 Select the story and slab type. 3 Select the structural members from the check boxes under Structure.
The dialog box makes Columns Below Slab, Walls Below Slab, Beams and Openings and Penetrations unavailable for a Mat Foundation.
4 Select the loadings from the check boxes under Loading.
The dialog box makes Direct Gravity Loads unavailable for a Mat Foundation.
5 Click OK to import the file, or Cancel to cancel the
import operation. After an RSS file is imported, a RAM Import Status dialog box, similar to that shown in Figure 14-3, appears with a summary and any warnings.
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Chapter 14 the loadings that Concept offers to remove. If you want to export the reactions from these pre-existing loads to RSS, you need to copy the loads from the original loadings to the corresponding RSS loadings that are being imported (after which you should manually delete the non-RSS loadings).
Note: If you have used the Export Geometry to RAM Structural System feature (section 34.2) prior to importing, then you always see this warning. The recommended workflow is to either draw the loads in RSS or draw the loads in Concept after importing from RSS; with either of these workflows, you can safely allow the loadings proposed for removal to be deleted.
The RSS geometry definitions and loads are now imported into RAM Concept. You can now generate the finite element mesh. See Chapter 17, Generating the Mesh.
RAM Concept will also prompt you to determine if you require rebuilding of the load combinations and design rules, as shown in Figure 14-5. You have three choices: Rebuild: load combinations and design rules in the RAM Concept file are rebuilt
Dont Rebuild: the new load cases are added to the RAM Concept file, but not included in the load combinations. Cancel: RAM Concept returns you to the file browser.
Note: When reimporting a particular member type, e.g. beams, all entities of that category are removed from the RAM Concept file before importing. For example, if beams are imported, all beams in the RAM Concept file are
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Chapter 14 removed first. Any beams you have added manually in RAM Concept will be lost. If beams are not selected for import, then beams in the RAM Concept file will not be affected when the file is reimported. A RSS Import Status dialog box will appear with a summary and any warnings.
5 Click OK.
Note: If any loading categories are selected, then ALL loads in reimported loading layers are removed. Any loads you have added manually on a loading layer being reimported will be lost.You have the option whether to regenerate load combinations or not.
RAM Concept always asks you to confirm a reimport operation, because it may lead to loss of information. It warns you if the data to be reimported would be significantly different from the previously imported data, or if significant information will be lost. For example, RAM Concept warns you when reimporting a mat foundation after previously importing an elevated slab, or vice versa.
To reimport from the RAM Structural System:
A file dialog box will open with the name of the last RSS file you imported into this RAM Concept file.
2 Select the RSS file and click OK.
The file can be a different RSS file which may have a significant (and possibly negative) effect on the RAM Concept model. The RAM Structural System Import dialog box will appear with a list of options. The default options will be the story and slab type from the last import.
3 Select the story, slab type, structure and loading and click
OK. A New Loadings confirmation box may appear that describes loadings in the RSS file that are not in the current RAM Concept file. Click Replace, Add or Cancel. A confirmation box appears that warns about differences from previously imported data.
14.6.2 Defaults
RAM Concept uses the following defaults for properties that are not defined in the RAM Structural System.
Beams
Compressible is true. Roller is false, except above mat foundations. Columns above mat foundations are pinned at the top regardless of the setting in the RAM database.
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Walls
Neither the top nor the bottom is fixed. Modeled as a Shear Wall. Modeled as compressible. The RAM Structural System cracked section factor is ignored.
RSS Load Case Type Sub-Type RAM Concept RAM Concept Loading Loading Force Level (Limit State)
Service * Service Ultimate * Service Ultimate
Wind
14.6.3 Assumptions
All loads are applied to the surface of the slab. Wall member forces are applied as two point loads at the endpoints of the wall that are statically equivalent to the wall forces and moments. Refer to Table 14-4 and Table 14-5 for mapping of RAM load cases and types to RAM Concepts loadings and force levels.
User defined Wind story forces all others Wind User defined Seismic story forces UBC 94 all others Eigen solution all others Seismic Seismic Ignored Ignored Seismic Ignored Ignored
Wind Seismic Seismic Seismic Dynamic Dynamic User defined story forces Center of rigidity Virtual Work
Ultimate *
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The options at the top of the dialog window are the same as for creating any new Concept file and are not discussed further here. The checkboxes at the bottom of the window allow you to import one or more of the following classes of information: slabs (including beams), walls, columns and loads.
file.
9 The Concept File menu item New From STAAD GCFF file is
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Chapter 15 behave slightly differently due to the operation being an update. For example if Columns is selected, all existing columns will be removed and new columns defined by the STAAD information. If Columns is not selected, no changes will be made to the columns in the Concept file.
The options in the window are the same as those discussed in New file options in RAM Concept on page 49, but
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Concrete Mix Type of concrete used (defined in Materials Specification). Height Vertical distance from centroid of slab element to far end of column. Support Set Defines the column as below or above the floor. Width Measured along the columns r-axis. Set to zero for round columns. Depth / Diameter Measured along the columns s-axis. Angle Plan angle measured counterclockwise from the global x-axis. It determines the columns r-axis (and is usually zero). Bending Stiffness Factor Used to modify the bending stiffness without changing the dimensions or height. For example, you may expect an edge column to crack and rotate more than an internal column and so you might consider setting this value to 0.5. You could use the BSF to increase a columns stiffness, but this is an unlikely scenario. Roller at Far End Results in zero horizontal shear in column.
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Chapter 16 Fixed Near Provides a moment connection (about x- and y-axes) between column and slab; otherwise pinned. Fixed Far Provides a moment connection (about x- and yaxes) at far end; otherwise pinned. Compressible Allows for column to elongate in the zdirection according to Hookes law; otherwise incompressible. Compressible columns usually produce results that are more accurate. fixity settings are somewhat different, and there is no Bending Stiffness Factor. The following is a list of RAM Concept wall properties: Concrete Mix Type of concrete used (defined in Materials Specification). Height Vertical distance from centroid of slab element to far end of wall. Support Set Defines the wall as below or above the floor.
Thickness Shear wall Locks the wall to the slab horizontally and thus restrains it; otherwise, the slab can slide over the wall. Fixed Near Provides a moment connection between wall and slab about the walls r-axis; otherwise pinned. Fixed Far Provides a moment connection about the walls r-axis at far end; otherwise pinned. Compressible Allows for the wall to elongate in the zdirection according to Hookes law; otherwise incompressible. Compressible walls usually produce results that are more accurate.
Note: Ensure you are working on the Mesh Input layer, not
the Element layer.
1 Select the columns and choose Edit > Copy. 2 Choose Edit > Paste. This pastes the new column objects
Note: Ensure you are working on the Mesh Input layer, not
the Element layer.
in the same location as the original column objects. The pasted columns are the active selection.
3 Change the Support Set property from below to
) & Left Wall tool ( ) share the same button on the Layer Specific toolbar. See Expanding tool buttons on page 6.
To draw a wall:
).
1 Select the walls and choose Edit > Copy. 2 Choose Edit > Paste. This pastes the new wall objects in
the same location as the original wall objects. The pasted walls are the active selection.
3 Change the Support Set property from below to
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Rotation about s-axis fixed Prevents rotation about the local s-axis.
) and Line Support tool ( ) share the same button on the Layer Specific toolbar. See Expanding tool buttons on page 6.
To draw a point support:
1 Choose the Point Support tool ( 2 Click at the point support location.
).
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Chapter 16 only half of it. Be aware that line supports could prevent post-tensioning forces being applied to the floor. R-Force Constant Spring constant in the direction of the local r-axis. S-Force Constant Spring constant in the direction of the local s-axis. Z-Force Constant Spring constant in the direction of the global z-axis. R-Axis Moment Constant Angular spring constant about the local r-axis. S-Axis Moment Constant Angular spring constant about the local s-axis.
) and Line Support tool ( ) share the same button on the Layer Specific toolbar. See Expanding tool buttons on page 6.
To drawing a line support:
1 Choose the Line Support tool ( 2 Click at the support end points.
).
), Line Spring tool ( ), Tri-Area Spring tool ( ), and Quad-Area Spring tool ( ) share the same button on the Layer Specific toolbar. See Expanding tool buttons on page 6.
To draw a point spring:
).
S-Force Constant Spring constant in the direction of the local s-axis at each end. Z-Force Constant Spring constant in the direction of the global z-axis at each end. R-Moment Constant Angular spring constant about the local r-axis at each end.
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Chapter 16 S-Moment Constant Angular spring constant about the local s-axis at each end. S-Moment Constant Angular spring constant about the local s-axis.
Note: The force constant (or moment constant) can linearly vary in any direction. Note: If the force constant (or moment constant) varies you
need to enter three values, separated by commas (corners 1, 2 and 3). This allows linear variation of the force constant (or moment constant) in two directions. See Figure 16-2.
), Line Spring tool ( ), Tri-Area Spring tool ( ), and Quad-Area Spring tool ( ) share the same button on the Layer Specific toolbar. See Expanding tool buttons on page 6.
To draw a line spring:
Note: If you use the Quad-Area Spring tool to specify a varying force constant (or moment constant), Concept calculates the unique value of the fourth corner (three points define a plane).
).
), Line Spring tool ( ), and Quad-Area Spring tool ( ) share the same button on the Layer Specific toolbar. See Expanding tool buttons on page 6.
To draw an area spring:
).
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3 Close the polygon by typing c in the command line or
Note: An Area Spring object can be larger than the structure it supports.
Thickness You define slab thickenings, such as drop caps and drop panels, by specifying an increased thickness. Surface Elevation It is customary to set the typical elevation as 0. Setting the elevation to a very large value RAM Concept
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Chapter 16 (such as 100 feet or 30 m) may result in round off errors in the analysis. You create surface and soffit steps by using different surface elevations for different areas. Priority Generally, the typical slab thickness has a Priority of 1. No-torsion 2-way slab The slab behaves like a twoway slab, except that it has only minimal torsional stiffness (Mrs). Custom All of the stiffnesses (relative to the isotropic slab stiffness) can be specified by the user. These values are called KMr, KMs, KMrs, KFr, KFs and KVrs. In general, we do not recommend using this option. Refer to Orthotropic behavior on page 328 for further information on the use of Behavior properties.
).
3 Snap to the first vertex and click to close the polygon (or
R-Axis defines an orientation for the slab. If the slab is a two way slab with identical properties in all directions (isotropic), then the R-Axis is irrelevant, because there is no inherent orientation of the slab. However, if the slab is not isotropic, then this axis (defined as the counterclockwise angle from 3 o'clock) defines the r-axis which is used along with the other slab area properties to define the behavior of the slab. The s-axis is always 90 degrees counter-clockwise from the r-axis. Behavior This defines the slab areas behavior type. It has four possible designations: Two-way slab The slab is isotropic and behaves in the same manner in all directions. One-way slab The slab has normal bending stiffness along the r-axis and about the s-axis (Ms). The slab has only minimal bending stiffness in the perpendicular direction (Mr). The slab also has reduced torsional stiffness (Mrs). The in-plane stiffnesses are not affected by this setting.
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Chapter 16 The following is an explanation of RAM Concept beam properties: The beam behavior properties are very similar to the slab area properties. The beam R-Axis is automatically set to the beam longitudinal axis. Behavior This defines the beams behavior type. It has four possible values: Standard The beam is isotropic and behaves in the same manner in all directions. No-torsion The beam behaves like a two-way slab, except that it has only minimal torsional stiffness (Mrs). Custom All of the stiffnesses (relative to the isotropic slab stiffness) can be specified by the user. These values are called KMr, KMs, KMrs, KFr, KFs and KVrs. In general, we do not recommend using this option.
You draw a beam by clicking the start and end points of its centerline using the Beam tool ( ). Each beam has six control points. The four additional points are automatically located so that the beam-ends are perpendicular to the sides. You can stretch the corner grip points to define mitered corners.
To draw a beam:
Concrete Mix Type of concrete used (defined in Materials Specification). Thickness is the same as beam depth. Surface Elevation It is customary to set the typical elevation as 0. Setting the elevation to a very large value (such as 100 feet or 30 m) may result in round off errors in the analysis. You create surface and soffit steps by using different surface elevations for different areas. Width The beam width automatically appears to scale. Priority Generally, beams have higher priorities than slabs.
).
).
position.
). RAM Concept
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2 Click at each slab-opening vertex consecutively. 3 Snap to the first vertex and click to close the polygon (or
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box.
3 Click Generate.
The time taken to generate the mesh depends upon the size of the floor and the specified mesh element size. For most models, the mesh generates in less than 15 seconds.
Note: Every time you generate a mesh, RAM Concept deletes any existing mesh and generates a new one.
17.1.2 Limitations of the automatic meshing
The main automatic meshing limitation is that the minimum element size is 50 mm (0.164 feet). Concept can usually overcome this limitation by adjusting the mesh input objects to generate a mesh. Concept moves mesh input line objects (for example, walls, line supports) to accommodate point objects (for example, columns, point supports). Concept automatically adjusts the mesh input objects if: Two control points are closer than the minimum element size. A control point is closer to a line than the minimum element size.
).
Note: Concept generates warnings during the meshing if it was necessary to make adjustments. You can stop the meshing and make corrections. If you continue, you should check the mesh to see if the adjustments are satisfactory. Note: Concept generates a warning if two slab areas (or beams or openings) with the same priority overlap. You can stop the meshing and make corrections. If you continue you
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Chapter 17 should check the mesh to see if the adjustments are satisfactory as the choice of which slab area (or beam) governs the elements is effectively random.
Note: Concept moves two columns to the same point that you draw closer than the minimum element size.
A mesh generates but the model does not run properly if: A column or point support is outside of the slab areas. A wall or line support is partially outside the slab areas. An area spring is completely outside the slab areas. Two columns or walls of the same support set are duplicated (intersecting walls are allowed).
To avoid mesh warnings: Figure 17-2 Mesh before Design Strips
The mesh generated at this stage appears to be somewhat random. This is normal and in fact, for sensible mesh sizes it produces highly satisfactory design results. At times, however, such a mesh (adversely) affects the contour plots.
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Figure 17-4 Point support dialog box with all fixity boxes unchecked.
Figure 17-5 Line support dialog box with all fixity boxes unchecked
Figure 17-6 Two slabs, identical in every way except for the implementation of line supports to refine the mesh.
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Fixed Far Provides a moment connection (about x- and yaxes) at far end; otherwise pinned. Compressible Allows for column to elongate in the zdirection according to Hookes law; otherwise incompressible. Compressible columns usually produce results that are more accurate.
).
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2 Choose Edit > Paste. This pastes the new column elements in the same location as the original column elements. The pasted column elements are the active selection. 3 Change the Support Set property from below to
A wall element can pass through a column element, or intersect another wall element.
Note: If you do not change the Support Set designation then there are duplicated column elements that do not allow the model to run properly. If you have copied a large number, it is tedious to delete the second column element at each location (one by one).
1 Choose the Wall Element tool ( 2 Click at the wall end center points.
).
).
2 Click at the wall end center points. 3 Specify the number of elements in the Wall Element Tool
1 Select the wall elements and choose Edit > Copy. 2 Choose Edit > Paste. This pastes the new wall elements
in the same location as the original wall element objects. The pasted wall elements are the active selection.
3 Change the Support Set property from below to
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Chapter 18 fixed for line supports. For point supports, fixing the point support in the r- or s-direction could result in arch / membrane action. For line supports, fixing the slab translation along or across the support could result in arch / membrane action.
To drawing a line support on slab elements:
1 Choose the Line Support tool ( 2 Click at the support end points.
).
) and Line Support tool ) share the same button on the Layer Specific toolbar.
1 Choose the Point Support tool ( 2 Click at the point support location.
).
) and Line Support tool ) share the same button on the Layer Specific toolbar.
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), Line Spring tool ( ), Tri-Area Spring tool ( ), and Quad-Area Spring tool ( ) share the same button on the Layer Specific toolbar.
), Line Spring tool ( ), Tri-Area Spring tool ( ), and Quad-Area Spring tool ( ) share the same button on the Layer Specific toolbar.
To draw a Tri-Area Spring:
).
).
spring.
To draw a Quad-Area Spring:
).
Note: An Area Spring object can be larger than the structure it supports.
), Line Spring tool ( ), Tri-Area Spring tool ( ), and Quad-Area Spring tool ( ) share the same button on the Layer Specific toolbar.
).
Chapter 18 Surface Elevation It is customary to set the typical elevation as 0. Setting the elevation to a very large value (such as 100 feet or 30 m) may result in round off errors in the analysis. You create surface and soffit steps by using different surface elevations for different areas. operation using the Rect Slab Mesh Elements tool ( ) or
the Poly Slab Mesh Elements tool ( ). This would often mean drawing slab panels (with columns in the corners) in one operation.
) tool.
2 Click at two opposite corners of the rectangle. 3 Specify the element size in the Rect Mesh Tool dialog
) tool.
3 Snap to the first vertex and click to close the polygon (or
R-Axis defines an orientation for the slab. If the slab is a two way slab with identical properties in all directions (isotropic), then the R-Axis is irrelevant, because there is no inherent orientation of the slab. However, if the slab is not isotropic, then this axis (defined as the counterclockwise angle from 3 o'clock) defines the r-axis which is used along with the other slab area properties to define the behavior of the slab. The s-axis is always 90 degrees counter-clockwise from the r-axis. KMr, KMs, KMrs, KFr, KFs, KVrs Relative stiffnesses (compared to isotropic slab stiffness). Refer to Orthotropic behavior on page 328 for further information on the use of Behavior properties.
).
consecutively.
3 Snap to the first vertex and click to close the polygon (or
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19 Drawing Loads
RAM Concept allows you to draw point, line and area loads and moments on any loading plan. These loads can be in the directions of the global x-, y- and z-axes and the moments can be about the global x- and y-axes. Each load belongs to a loading layer, such as Live Loading. You define each loading in the loadings window, and draw the loads on plans. There is no limitation to the number of loads defined. Loads are independent of the finite element mesh and have no effect on the automatic mesh generation. This is satisfactory for most loads. For very heavy point or line loads (such as on a mat or transfer slab), however, the loads should correlate with the finite element mesh nodes. You can do this by drawing pinned columns and walls above the floor, and drawing the loads at these locations with the help of snaps. Alternatively, you can refine the mesh locally with the use of dummy slab objects. Refer to Selectively refining the mesh on page 62 for further information. Horizontal loads may cause applied moments depending upon the elevation above the slab surface of the loads. If a load is located at a slab surface step, RAM Concept uses the thickness of the lowest numbered slab element in determining the load elevation. For this reason, it is not advisable to locate point or line loads at steps. Importing a CAD drawing may assist you in drawing loads.
Note: Horizontal forces (Fx, Fy) cause applied moments unless the Elevation above slab surface is set to apply the load at the slab centroid.
).
command line).
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Chapter 19 Fy Line force in the direction of global y-axis at each end (horizontal force). Fz Line force in the direction of global z-axis at each end (vertical force). Mx Line moment about the global x-axis at each end. My Line moment about the global y-axis at each end.
).
Note: Although line loads need not be located at a finite element node, you should consider locating very large loads at element edges. Line loads must be completely located on finite elements; Concept issues a warning if you violate this rule. Note: Sign convention is defined in Criteria > Signs. Note: Horizontal forces (Fx, Fy) cause applied moments
unless the Elevation above slab surface is set to apply the load at the slab centroid.
1 Choose the Perimeter Line Load tool ( 2 Click anywhere on the slab.
).
3 In the dialog box that appears, enter the Inset Distance, and click Apply.
Fz Area force in the direction of global z-axis (vertical force). Mx Area moment about the global x-axis.
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Note: The area force (or moment) can linearly vary in any direction. The area force variation could be for snowdrift, or sloping soil. Note: If the area force (or moment) varies you need to enter three values, separated by commas (vertices 1, 2 and 3). This allows linear variation of the line force (or moment) in two directions. See Figure 19-2. Note: If you use more than three vertices, Concept calculates the unique value at all vertices (three points define a plane).
While it is neater to draw area loads that match the floor, it is satisfactory to make the load oversize. RAM Concept ignores any part of an area load that is not on a floor element. Exaggerating the size too much affects the automatic printing and zooming bounds.
To draw an area load:
).
2 Click at the vertices of the area load (or enter the coordi-
Note: Sign convention is defined in Criteria > Signs. Note: Horizontal forces (Fx, Fy) cause applied moments unless the Elevation above slab surface is set to apply the load at the slab centroid.
1 Select the load and choose Edit > Copy. 2 Open the loading plan to which you wish to paste. 3 Choose Edit > Paste. This pastes the new load in the same
plan location as the original load. The pasted load is the active selection.
4 Edit the properties of the new load.
Note: You can copy, paste and edit multiple loads simultaneously.
Figure 19-2 Area load properties varying from 10 to 20 to 30 units at the first three vertices. Concept calculates the values at all other vertices.
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1 Choose Layers > Pattern. 2 Open one of the load pattern plans (from Load Pattern 1
).
number should correspond to the load pattern plans number). Draw the on-pattern areas with a polygon.
5 Click at each slab area vertex consecutively. 6 Snap to the first vertex and click to close the polygon (or
Thus, RAM Concepts calculation pattern areas approximate the pattern areas that you draw. You should consider this when drawing load patterns and choosing mesh size as it will affect the actual pattern loadings generated.
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Load pattern for four-panel slab Actual pattern areas for an irregular fine mesh
Figure 20-2 To generate the maximum My at midspan you would use this load pattern. Actual pattern areas for an irregular coarse mesh
Figure 20-4 With the finer mesh, the point load will not be included and there will be less additional area load in the pattern loading. Actual pattern areas for a regular coarse mesh
Figure 20-3 The point load and some additional area load will be included in the pattern loading.
Figure 20-5 This mesh generates a pattern loading with an area that closely resembles the load pattern.
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Chapter 20 Drawing design strips significantly improves the mesh. See Chapter 17, Generating the Mesh for more information on improving the mesh.
Note: The mesh becomes more regular if you generate or regenerate after design strips are drawn.
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Chapter 21 maximum division spacing support width changes in concrete section along the span Concept locates a design strip cross section at the start of each division, plus one at the end. The length of each cross section equals the width of the design strip at that location. See Figure 21-2.
Note: You can specify the minimum number of divisions as zero, such that, with a large maximum spacing, the number of cross sections is zero. This could be useful to help generate span segment widths.
Concept modifies the geometrical properties of each design strip cross section according to the cross section trimming and inter cross section slope limit settings. Concept integrates the resultants for each load combination along the length of each design strip cross section (and hence across the width of the design strip). See Figure 213. Concept uses some properties of each span segment to determine applicable code rules (beam or slab, posttensioned or reinforced) for the corresponding design strip. Concept applies the code rules to the envelope of the load combination integrals within a rule set. Other span segment properties (reinforcement bar sizes, cover) facilitate the actual code rule calculations. See Span segment properties on page 82 for more information. Concept separates design strips into two sets: latitude and longitude. The two sets are for convenience and recognize that concrete floors should be designed in two directions.
Figure 21-2 Column strip and two middle strips belonging to one span with cross sections visible.
Note: As with all plans, you can rename the Latitude Design Strip Plan and Longitude Design Strip Plan by choosing Layer > Rename.
Figure 21-3 Moment about the y-axis (My) plotted across one cross section of three design strips.
Chapter 21
EITHER
AND / OR
Continue
Figure 21-4 Flow diagram of the design strip process
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Consider Axial Force in Strength Design Uses the net section axial force in bending design. This is a very important setting related to the effect of axial force resultants (not necessarily axial loads) in a cross section. If you select this option, Concept includes the interaction of the axial force with the bending in the cross section strain calculations, similar to typical column design using strain compatibility. We generally recommend the consideration of axial forces in strength design. For sections with net axial compression this will tend to reduce the reinforcement demand while for sections with net axial tension it will typically increase the reinforcement demand. Consider as Post-Tensioned Enables Concept to decide which code rules are used. This determines if the design strip segment is checked for initial service design code rules (for the Initial Service LC) and whether RC or PT code rules are used (some codes do not make this distinction).
Note: If consider as post-tensioned is not used then Concept ignores tendons in strength calculations.
Dont reduce integrated M and V due to sign change The intent of this option is to allow for safe, conservative designs where cross sections include regions of moment (or shear) with opposite signs that cause the moment (or shear) recorded for the cross section to be less than that for a shorter sub- cross section. When this option is selected, the design forces are always more conservative than when the option is not selected. This option should not be used without due consideration.
Figure 21-5 Span segment properties - General
See Using the Don't Reduce Integrated M and V due to Sign Change option on page 339 for explanation.
Span Set Determines the set the span segment belongs to: latitude or longitude. Environment The environment setting affects which service rules Concept selects in some codes. Refer to the appropriate code discussion chapter for more information: Section 52.5.4 on page 398 and Section 52.6.10 on page 404 for relevance to ACI318-02. Section 54.6.15 on page 443 for relevance to AS3600. Section 55.5.4 on page 453 for relevance to BS8110. Section 56.5.4 on page 476 for relevance to IS 456. Section 57.5 on page 476 for relevance to EC2.
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Chapter 21 Span Width Calc This determines how Concept calculates the span width. The choices are: Automatic: this applies (sometimes fallible) logic to calculate the span width as the closest of: the Span Boundaries (in the same latitude/longitude set as the Span Segment) the slab edges half-way to the nearby spans or walls Manual: this overrides the automatic calculation and determines span widths by the closest Span Boundary items (in the same latitude/longitude set as the Span Segment). See Drawing span segments manually on page 86 for further information. the web with plus 0.07 times the span length plus 0.2 times the overhanging flange width on either side, not to exceed 0.14 times the span length (EC2 only) Manual: the column strip width is the narrower of: the span width the Strip Boundaries (in the same latitude/longitude set as the Span Segment) Design Column Strip for Column + Middle Strip Resultants instructs Concept to combine the column and middle strip forces into a single resultant at the centroid of the column strip cross section. The middle strip cross sections will still be generated, but the resulting forces in them will be zero. This can be useful, for example, when designing a beam with a column strip sized for the effective flange width and middle strips for the slab between the beam effective flanges. Using this option in this scenario will result in the beam cross section being designed for all forces in the entire bay. The middle strip cross sections will not have any design forces, but can still be designed for minimum reinforcement. Skew Angle The angle between the design strip cross section and a line perpendicular to the span segment. The typical value is zero. Min Number of Divisions Determines how many design cross sections per span. For N divisions there are N+1 design cross sections. It is generally advisable to make N an even number. The upside of more divisions is greater design accuracy; RAM Concepts ability to find critical design locations and length of reinforcement is a function of the number of divisions. The downside of more divisions is that calculating takes longer; for large models, you might consider using a small number of divisions (say, 4) and then increasing the number for final design (but you should consider the effect of the next property). There is no reason for all design strips to have the same number of divisions. Should you be designing a transfer beam within a flat plate it would probably make sense to have more divisions for the beam design strip. Max Division Spacing Overrides the Min Number of Divisions with an upper bound on division spacing. Detect Supports and Edges Automatically (resets supports and widths below) This detects: the presence of supports at ends of span segments and overrides Consider End as Support and Support Width.
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Chapter 21 where the span spine is near the slab edge and pulls back the closest cross section by x, where x is the bar end cover plus 1 inch / 25 mm. This is done by setting the support width to x. If the spine end near the slab edge has detected a support, then the slab edge detection is NOT performed (and the regular support width calcs are used). Consider End 1 as Support These checkboxes allow Concept to determine your interpretation of spans in the structure. This determination of spans affects how Concept applies code rules that are span-related, including determining support regions, span regions and areas used in live load reduction. Support Width at End 1 The dimension of the support parallel to the design strip. The support width determines where the first and last design strip cross sections are located. Their locations are at half the support width (measured in the direction of the span) from the ends of the design strip. This is to facilitate reduction of moments to face of supports (it is thus important to start and end design strips at the center of supports). It is conservative to enter the support width as zero. CS Top Bar The label used to identify the top face reinforcing bar used for flexural design. CS Bottom Bar The label used to identify the bottom face reinforcing bar used for flexural design. CS Shear Bar The label used to identify the reinforcing bar used for one-way shear design. The label is not necessarily the bar size. Reinforcement bar labels (and their properties) are specified in the Criteria > Materials. It is possible for different design strips to have different bars. After completing the calculation process, RAM Concept reports design strip reinforcement requirements based upon the bars specified in the design strip properties. You can view the required reinforcement area in plots and tables. CS Top Cover Clear cover to the top longitudinal bars. CS Bottom Cover Clear cover to the bottom longitudinal bars. CS Legs in Shear Reinforcement Determines the area of vertical shear reinforcement by multiplying the number of legs by the Shear Bar area. CS Torsion Design The method used for torsion design. See Torsion Considerations on page 352 of Chapter 48, Section Design Notes for further explanation. CS Design System The design system (beam / one-way slab / two-way slab) for the design strip. Minimum reinforcement and other rules are dependent upon what type of system is in use in the span. For example, the minimum requirements for beam stirrups are different to those for a one-way slab. CS Service Design Type (Eurocode 2 only) The service design type for members defined as PT for the design strip. The choices are: Stress: Perform a hypothetical stress limit design as prescribed in TR43. Crack Width: Perform a crack width design in accordance with Eurocode 2 clause 7.2/7.3. Stress & Crack Width: Perform both Stress and Crack Width design. See Chapter 57, BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 (Eurocode 2) with TR43 Design for additional information. CS Crack Width Limit (Eurocode 2 only) The crack width limit wmax to use when designing for Eurocode 2 clause 7.3. When Code is selected the values in UK National Annex Table NA.4 are used. RAM Concept
Cross Section Trimming Reduces design strip cross sections based on geometry. See About cross section trimming on page 91 for more information. Inter Cross Section Slope Limit Reduces design strip cross sections based on slope limits. See Inter Cross Section Slope Limit Trimming on page 94 for more information.
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Chapter 21 CS Span Detailer The detailing system used. See Span detailing on page 363 of Chapter 50, Reinforcement Notes. The choices are: None Code User-defined CS Min. Reinforcement Location Determines the face for minimum reinforcement. The choices are: Elevated Slab: Some minimum tensile reinforcement code rules do not consider flexural stress conditions; they determine minimum reinforcement based solely on geometry and the expected tensile face. For example, ACI 318-99 Rule 18.9.3.3 stipulates that the minimum reinforcement at a column in an elevated slab should be in the top face. This setting ensures RAM Concept uses that face. Mat Foundation: Similar to above, you would expect the minimum reinforcement at a column in a mat to be in the bottom face. Tension Face: This setting details the minimum reinforcement on the tensile face, or the face with the least amount of compression. Top: This setting details the minimum reinforcement on the top face, regardless of the concrete stresses. Bottom: This setting details the minimum reinforcement on the bottom face, regardless of the concrete stresses. None: No minimum reinforcement is detailed. CS Min. Top Reinforcement Ratio The user defined reinforcement ratio for the top face. Concept multiplies the trimmed cross sectional area by this ratio.
Figure 21-8 Span segment properties - Middle Strip
CS Min. Bottom Reinforcement Ratio The user defined reinforcement ratio for the bottom face.
Note: Middle strips have one additional property to column strips. The rest of the properties are the same, but can have different values to those of the column strips.
Middle Strip uses Column Strip Properties Sets the middle strip properties to those of the column strip.
Max live Load Reduction See Chapter 49, Live Load Reduction Notes for information on Concepts implementation of live load reduction.
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Chapter 21 User specified LLR parameters See Chapter 49, Live Load Reduction Notes for information on Concepts implementation of live load reduction.
1 Choose the Span Segment tool ( 2 Click at the span segment start point. 3 Click at the span segment end point.
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1 Choose the Span Segment Polyline tool ( 2 Click at the first span segment start point. 3 Click at the first span segment end point. 4 Click at the second span segment end point.
).
Note: Start and end points are normally supports. There are, however, exceptions, such as a design strip used for a pour strip to discriminate between PT and RC areas, or used for a span with user-defined reinforcement in discrete locations.
Generate Strips.
2 Set Spans to Generate to latitude. 3 Select other options and click OK.
Note: The Generate Strips command does not generate strips for any span segment with the Lock Generated Strips checked. This is useful when you are satisfied with some, but not all, of the design strips. Note: Each span segment can generate up to 3 strips: a center (column) strip, a left (middle) strip and a right (middle) strip. Together, these three strips form the entire span strip.
To generate some span segment strips
The span segments appear (with nominated orientation) on the Latitude Design Spans Plan. You should repeat this process for the longitude direction.
1 Select one or more span segments 2 Choose the Generate Selected Strips tool (
).
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Chapter 21 Concept recalculates the span segment strips for the selected span segments. Example 21-1 Figures 21-10 through 21-12 show the use of span boundaries to control the span segment width. Figure 21-13 shows an alternative.
1 Choose the Span Boundary Polyline tool. 2 Click at the span boundary start point. 3 Click at the next span boundary point. 4 Continue to click span boundary points until all are
defined.
5 Right click and select enter to close the operation.
Note: Boundaries with a span set of latitude (longitude) only affect latitude (longitude) span segment strips.
Figure 21-10 Slab with span segments.
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Figure 21-11 Strips generated from the span segments in Figure 21-10. One span has some illogical design strips because the calculated span width is excessive.
Figure 21-13 The same span segment strips with the cross sections oriented to ninety degrees. This did not require manual span boundaries.
1 Choose the Strip Boundary Polyline tool( 2 Click at the strip boundary start point. 3 Click at the next strip boundary point.
Figure 21-12 Regenerated design strips after modification of span width with span boundaries (shown inside ellipses).
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defined. Unequal spans are a source of varying column strip widths. You can choose to accept the column strip widths that Concept calculates, or make some modifications. BS8110 Clause 3.7.2.9 states the following: Columns strips between unlike panels: Where there is a support common to two panels of such dimensions that the strips in one panel do not match those in the other, the division of the panels over the region of the common support should be taken as that calculated for the panel giving the wider column strip. The column strips in the following example are modified with logic derived from this clause.
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Chapter 21 Example 21-2 Figures 21-14 through 21-16 show the use of strip boundaries to control the column strip width
Figure 21-16 Strip boundaries have made transitioning column strip widths Figure 21-14 Slab with span segments.
Figure 21-15 Strips generated from the span segments in Figure 21-14.
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Figure 21-20 Strip boundaries have made a logical column strip width.
Example 21-4
Figure 21-18 Strips generated from the span segments in Figure 21-17. One span (with gray shading) has illogical span width and column strip width.
Short spans and cantilevers present problems for the design because Concept will generate narrow column strips. Codes recommend that columns strips are no more than half the span in width. Concept makes the (commonly used) assumption that the equivalent length of a cantilever is 2L. The cantilever column strip width is thus L. This can be quite narrow for short cantilevers.
Figure 21-19 Span boundaries have made a logical span width, but the column strip width is still a problem.
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Figure 21-22 Strips generated from the span segments in Figure 21-21.
Figure 21-23 Strip boundaries have made a logical column strip width.
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Chapter 21 considers this core to be the same as a single core with the same (total) width.
Figure 21-26 Slab depression showing shear core (right). Such narrow shear core slivers often result in shear reinforcement and design failure.
Perspective
Some odd shaped cross-sections do not have a shear core. In such cases, Concept cannot calculate some capacity values (such as shear capacity). See the example in Figure 21-25.
Figure 21-27 Design strip cross section perspective. Parts of the cross section not in the shear core are a different color.
Figure 21-25 One cross section with a narrow shear core and one with zero shear core.
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Chapter 21 multiple separated rectangles with the same top and bottom elevations. separated. Rectangles are considered the same as flangeless Tees. See the example in Figures 21-30 and 21-31.
Figure 21-28 Untrimmed slab showing cross-section (left) and shear core (right).
Figure 21-30 Untrimmed beam showing cross-section (left) and shear core (right). Figure 21-29 Beam rectangle trimming (left) and Slab Rectangle trimming (right) showing revised cross-sections. The shear core is now the same as the cross section.
Beam Rectangle Vertical slices of the cross section are removed until the remaining portion is the maximum height rectangle possible. This rectangle can be multiple separated rectangles with the same top and bottom elevations. See the example in Figures 21-28 and 21-29. Slab Rectangle The top and bottom of the cross section is trimmed to produce a cross section with a uniform top and bottom elevation, and a maximum width. If multiple maximum-width rectangles are possible, the deepest on (maximum area) is used. The rectangle formed may actually be multiple separated rectangles with the same top and bottom elevations. See the example in Figures 21-28 and 21-29. T or L The top and bottom of the cross section is trimmed, and other pieces may be removed to produce a cross section with a uniform top elevation, and only two bottom elevations (flange bottom and web bottom). The Tees and Els formed can be joined (such as double-tees) or
Figure 21-31 T or L trimming showing revised section (left) and shear core (right).
Inverted T or L Same as T or L, but with the flange on the bottom. Max Shear Core The top and/or bottom of the cross section is trimmed to produce a cross section with the maximum shear core area. See the example in Figures 2132 and 21-33.
Figure 21-32 Untrimmed beam showing cross- section (left) and shear core (right).
Figure 21-33 Max Shear Core trimming showing revised section (left) and shear core (right).
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t1
t2
span direction
Figure 21-34 Elevation of thickened slab. It would be unrealistic to use a design depth of t2 at cross-section A-A.
The best trimming is usually T or L, but this assumes that the drop cap cross-sectional area is smaller than the drop panel cross sectional area.
Down-turned beams:
Figure 21-35 Elevation of effective design slab thickness using a slope limit of 0.25.
The best trimming is usually Inverted T or L. After a Calc-All, you can view the actual cross-section perspectives. See Viewing a perspective of design strip cross sections on page 92.
A slope limit of 0.0 will not allow any change between adjacent cross sections top elevations and bottom elevations. This effectively trims all the cross sections in a span segment strip to have the same top and bottom elevation. In general, we do not recommend using a slope limit over 0.25.
Figure 21-37 Elevation of effective design slab thickness using a slope limit of 0.25.
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Figure 21-40 Span segment 2-2 has an angle of 15 degrees. The skew angle is minus fifteen degrees so the cross sections (shown in Figure 21-41) are parallel to those of adjacent spans
Figure 21-42 A skewed design strip with three design cross sections. The latitude tendons are not orthogonal to the longitude tendons.
Figure 21-43 Perspective shows the central cross section is perpendicular to the latitude tendons which are at the low point. Due to the layout the strip collects a component of the longitude tendon which is at its high point. This configuration may cause design issues. Figure 21-41 Revised design strip cross sections.
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Figure 21-48 Manually drawn spans (2-1, 3-1, 4-1 and 5-1) after renumbering
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Chapter 21 Example 21-6 Full panel design strips for an irregular grid (ACI318 and TR43 post-tension design)
Figure 21-49 Regenerated design strips based on revised spans. Figure 21-51 Irregular column layout
Figure 21-50 Regenerated design strips after using the Orient Span Cross Section tool. Figure 21-52 Spans generated by Concept.
Figure 21-53 Design strips generated by Concept. Span 3-2 has unsatisfactory design strips.
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Figure 21-57 Regenerated design strips after using the Orient Span Cross Section tool.
Since a wall is a continuous support, there is usually no need to design a floor over, and parallel to, a wall for strength. You may, however, be interested in the minimum reinforcement requirements and so a design strip could be warranted. Strips over or under walls will occasionally have unrealistic stress peaks as the forces and moments are continually transferred back and forth between the wall elements and the slab elements. For this reason, some designers eliminate span segments over and under walls.
Figure 21-55 Manually drawn spans (2-1, 3-1, 4-1 and 5-1) after renumbering
Figure 21-58 Column and middle strips with strip omitted over wall.
It is quite common for a floor to have a mixture of PT and RC areas. For example, a pour strip (an area with no posttensioning that joins two post-tensioned slabs).
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Chapter 21 For most codes, PT design rules are different from those for RC. As such, you should use multiple design strip segments in one span. Figure 21-59 shows two examples of a slab with tendons stopping either side of a pour strip (in gray). On the left, span segment 2-1 has been generated and extends from support to support. This means that the entire segment is designed according to the Consider as PostTensioned option. If the option is checked, then the pour strip design is wrong. On the right, span segments 1-1, 1-2(2) and 1-1 (3) have been drawn manually. The Consider End x as Support options have been unchecked, and support widths set to zero, where end x is at the pour strip. The Consider as Post-Tensioned option is checked for 11 and 1-1(3), but not 1-1(2). The pour strip is thus designed as reinforced, not post-tensioned, concrete. Concept designs the PT span segments for service stress rules and checks initial stresses, but not the RC areas.
Middle strip support widths are the same as those of the associated column strip. Should you require to use middle strips with a different support width (say, zero), you need to manually draw span segments for the column and middle strips and use the span boundary tool.
Span segments that have no width
A span segment has zero width if the Span Width Calc is set to manual and some of its length does not have any span boundaries defined.
Design strips (span segment strips) with no cross sections
You can specify a design strips minimum number of divisions as zero. Combined with a large maximum spacing, the number of cross sections could then be zero. This could be useful in affecting other span segments strip generation, without slowing down the calculations. (The overall number of cross sections has a significant effect on calculation time). For an example of this application, see steps 13 to 15 on page 313 of Chapter 45, Mat Foundation Tutorial.
Note: You could define the pour strip to have orthotropic behavior such that it is very flexible in the Y direction. This is done in the Mesh Input Layer. See Slab area properties on page 56 of Chapter 16, Defining the Structure.
Design strips are extremely powerful tools, but that is all they are: tools. It is important that you understand the calculations that these tools perform, so you can determine the appropriateness of the calculation for the situation under consideration, and so you can set the tools parameters correctly.
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Span Length Used to calculate the following: Minimum reinforcement rules for some codes. The upper bound on fps for unbonded tendons based upon the selected codes criteria (these criteria often include a span length parameter). Tributary Length This creates a zone over which the reinforcement required by the design section must be provided (development lengths, if required, are in addition to this zone). The zone length on the right side of the design section is the smaller of these two values: TributaryLength/2.0 (SpanRatio - 0.0) * SpanLength The zone length on the left side of the design section is the smaller of these two values: TributaryLength/2.0 (1.0 - SpanRatio) * SpanLength The intent of the span-ratio-based limit is to restrain the reinforcement zone to within the span, even if the design section is at the beginning or end of a span.
Note: The Visible Objects dialog can be used to show the reinforced zone to be outlined and hatched. The region displayed also considers all the span ratio implications. The hatched region does not display before a calc-all.
Span Ratio Determines the location of the design section relative to supports and midspan.
Top Ignore Depth The top concrete ignored in flexural and one-way shear design. See About ignore depths on page 102 for more information on this important issue.
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Chapter 22 Strip Type (Eurocode 2 only) Determines the type of strip defined by this design section. The choices are: Col. Strip (Full Width): Use design rules for full bay width cross sections (generally used without middle strips). Col. Strip (w/ Mid. Strips): Use design rules for partial bay width column strips (generally used in conjunction with middle strips). Middle Strip: Use design rules for partial bay width middle strips (generally used in conjunction with column strips). CS Service Design Type (Eurocode 2 only) The service design type for members defined as PT for the design strip. The choices are: Stress: Perform a hypothetical stress limit design as prescribed in TR43. Crack Width: Perform a crack width design in accordance with Eurocode 2 clause 7.2/7.3. Stress & Crack Width: Perform both Stress and Crack Width design. See Chapter 57, BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 (Eurocode 2) with TR43 Design for additional information. CS Crack Width Limit (Eurocode 2 only) The crack width limit wmax to use when designing for Eurocode 2 clause 7.3. When Code is selected the values in UK National Annex Table NA.4 are used.
Note: Design section ignore depth settings are the equivalent of design strip cross section trimming settings. See Cross Section Trimming on page 91 of Chapter 21, Defining Design Strips for more information.
22.4.1 When to use ignore depths
It is sometimes obvious when to use ignore depth. Often, however, engineering judgement is required to determine the use of ignore depth. You should decide if the concrete is effective based on code rules and a practical assessment of the situation. There are too many permutations of concrete form to lay down rules, and, as such, the following is for discussion purposes only.
A two-way slab thickening that the building code deems does not comply as a drop panel. That is, a drop cap. You should ignore the incremental thickness of the drop cap below the slab. RAM Concept then only uses the drop cap for punching checks.
).
2 Click at the design section start point. 3 Click at the design section end point.
Note: You can use relative coordinates to define exact lengths. Alternatively, you can draw User Lines to provide snap points to define exact lengths.
Figure 22-3 Two-way slab with drop cap that should be ignored for flexure.
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Example 2
A beam or slab that supports an upstand that is not an effective part of the concrete section. You should enter an appropriate Top Ignore Depth value.
If the slab is to be designed for the bending moment within the beam then you should consider the actual depth that can be mobilized for bending.
Figure 22-6 Slab supported by a beam that is effective for slab bending.
A beam or slab that deepens abruptly and the full depth of the concrete cannot be mobilized for flexure. You should enter an appropriate Bottom Ignore Depth value. Figure 22-5 shows bending moments in a slab perpendicular to a beam. For such an arrangement you need to decide if the slab should be designed for the bending moment at the face of the beam, or within the beam.
Figure 22-7 Slab supported by a deep beam that is not fully effective for slab bending. Ignore depth should be used for the design sections to utilize a shallower section.
Figure 22-8 Using ignore depth to locate reinforcement bars at the correct elevation. Figure 22-5 Slab bending moments
If the slab is to be designed for the bending moment at the face of beam, then it is a matter of locating a design section within the slab depth.
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Chapter 22 that these tools perform, so you can determine the appropriateness of the calculation for the situation under consideration, and so you can set the tools parameters correctly.
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23.2.1 General
Maximum Search Radius The radius that defines the area RAM Concept searches for potential failure locations. The analysis is conservative when you set a very large radius, but this has two detrimental effects: Concept will need to review a larger area of slab and hence take longer to check that punching location. More importantly, Concept will consider slab openings that are far from the column in determining the potentially critical section that may result in a smaller critical section than is appropriate. Cover to CGS The distance that will be subtracted from the slab depth in each region to determine the effective depth for critical section calculations. For columns under, this is usually the distance from the top of the slab to the bottom of the top bar. Concept subtracts this distance from the slab thickness to determine the d distance. If the depth in any region is smaller than the specified Cover to CGS, the region is treated as a hole. RAM Concept
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Chapter 23 degrees then the column is an edge type. If the void angle is 180 degrees or more then the column is a corner type. See Column connection type on page 532 of Chapter 59, Punching Shear Design Notes for more information. SSR System The stud shear reinforcement system used, if required, for design. These systems can be edited on the Materials page. Align with Rectangular Columns Aligns the punch check angle with the rectangular column angle during a calc all. Design SSR if Necessary Generates an SSR design (if possible) where the unreinforced strength is insufficient. Align SSR w/ Punch Check Axis Aligns the SSR with the punch check axis. For example, it is intended to be used when the slab edge is not parallel to the column faces and it would be preferable to have the rails align with the slab geometry instead of the column face.
Note: This last option is not available for AS3600 as the SSR are always aligned with the punching check axis. 23.3 Drawing punching shear checks
23.2.2 ACI 318 specific options
Use ACI 421.1R-99 Increased Max Vn Suggestion Allows the use of a higher maximum V n for SSR design. Use ACI-421.1R-99 Increased Vc Suggestion Allows the use of a higher vc value for use in strength computations for SSR design. Use ACI-421.1R-99 Increased Max Stud Spacing Suggestion Allows higher maximum stud spacings, depending upon the stress levels in the critical sections. You can draw punching shear checks for all columns simultaneously.
To draw punching shear checks:
1 Choose Layers > Design Strips > Punching Checks Plan. 2 Select the Punching Shear Check tool ( 3 Fence the columns.
).
A circle of the prescribed radius appears at each column within the fence.
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Chapter 24 Span Set Determines the set the reinforcement belongs to: latitude or longitude. Elevation Reference The choices are: Absolute: the elevation relative to the zero datum. This is not recommended other than for very complicated geometry. Above Soffit: The elevation is measured from the soffit elevation to the center of the bar. Above Surface: The elevation is measured from the surface elevation to the center of the bar. The value is almost always negative Top Cover: The elevation is measured from the surface elevation to the top of the bar. The value is always positive. Bottom Cover: The elevation is measured from the soffit elevation to the underside of the bar. The value is always positive. Elevation The distance used with the elevation reference. Ending at End 1 The choices are: Straight: 90 Hook: 180 Hook: Anchored: Ending at End 2 Similar to End 1 Slab Face This is used for (1) graphic display purposes (2) design rules. The choices are: Per Elev. Reference - the default and typical setting Top Bottom Both Auto You can draw reinforcement in a number of ways: A group of one or more concentrated reinforcement bars using one of the three Concentrated Reinforcement tools. A group of distributed reinforcement bars using one of the three Distributed Reinforcement tools Skew Reinforcement Extent tool on page 112 for more information). Quantity Type The choices are: Quantity: number of bars Spacing: bar spacing Number of bars Only editable if Quantity Type is set to Quantity Spacing Only editable if Quantity Type is set to Spacing. Orientation The plan angle of the reinforcement (distributed reinforcement only - see The Orient Reinforcement tool on page 112 for more information). Zone Width The width of the concentrated reinforcement zone. Designed By The choices are: User: Bars drawn by the user Program: Bars calculated and drawn by Concept.
Note: Special Caution - Reinforcement set to Auto face will not appear on either the top or the bottom reinforcement plans. If you use Auto face reinforcement, change the default plan settings (or add some plans) to be certain that all of the reinforcement used is visible on the plans in your report.
Bar Type The label used to identify the reinforcing bar. The label is not necessarily the bar size. Reinforcement bar labels (and their properties) are specified in the Criteria > Materials. Bar Extent Skew The orientation of the bars extent line in degrees (concentrated reinforcement only - see The
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Chapter 24 The parallelogram is initially a rectangle with a default width, but you can use the stretch tool to edit the width and the skew tool to change the shape.
1 Select the Concentrated Reinforcement tool ( 2 Click at one endpoint. 3 Click at the other endpoint.
).
).
2 Click at each polygon vertex consecutively. 3 Snap to the first vertex and click to close the polygon (or
).
Note: This creates two objects: a polygon and a reinforcement object that belongs to either the latitude reinforcement layer or longitude reinforcement layer. Note: Once the file is run you can view the individual bars through the Visible Objects dialog box. Note: See Example 24-4 Drawing distributed bottom
bars over part of the floor on page 111 for more information.
To draw distributed reinforcement #2:
1 Choose the Distributed Reinf. in Perimeter tool ( 2 Click somewhere on the slab. 3 Click at another point to define the orientation of the
).
reinforcement.
).
Note: This creates two objects: a polygon matching the slab outline and a reinforcement object that belongs to either the latitude reinforcement layer or longitude reinforcement layer. Note: Once the file is run you can view the individual bars. Note: See Example 24-5 Drawing distributed bottom
bars over the entire floor on page 111 for more information.
To draw distributed reinforcement #3:
Note: This creates two reinforcement objects: one that belongs to the latitude reinforcement layer and one that belongs to the longitude reinforcement layer. Note: See Example 24-3 Drawing concentrated bottom
bars in two directions on page 110 for more information.
).
2 Click somewhere on the slab. 3 Click at another point to define the orientation of the
reinforcement.
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Chapter 24 A polygon appears that is the shape of the slab. Once the file is run you can view the individual bars. Example 24-2 Drawing concentrated bottom bars by defining the midpoint
Note: This creates three objects: a polygon matching the slab outline, a reinforcement object that belongs to the latitude reinforcement layer and a reinforcement object that belongs to the longitude reinforcement layer. Note: See Example 24-6 Drawing a bottom mat over the
entire floor on page 112 for more information.
Figure 24-4 Concentrated bars drawn by clicking at points A and B with the second Concentrated Reinforcement tool.
Figure 24-3 Concentrated bars drawn by clicking at points A and B with the first Concentrated Reinforcement tool.
Figure 24-5 Concentrated bars in two directions drawn by clicking at points A and B with the Concentrated Reinforcement Cross tool.
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Chapter 24 Example 24-4 Drawing distributed bottom bars over part of the floor Example 24-5 Drawing distributed bottom bars over the entire floor
Figure 24-6 Distributed bar polygon drawn over part of the slab by clicking at 5 vertices with the Distributed Reinforcement tool. Hatching is turned ON.
Figure 24-8 Distributed bars polygon drawn over the slab by clicking at points A and B with the Distributed Reinforcement in Perimeter tool. Hatching is turned ON.
Figure 24-7 Individual distributed bars shown via Visible Objects dialog box. Hatching is turned OFF.
Figure 24-9 Individual distributed bars shown via Visible Objects dialog box. Hatching is turned OFF.
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Chapter 24 Example 24-6 Drawing a bottom mat over the entire floor
1 Select the reinforcement object. 2 Choose the Orient Reinforcement tool ( 3 Click anywhere on the plan. 4 Click at a location on the plan to create a line parallel to
).
Note: Use snap orthogonal or snap to perpendicular to help with orientation where appropriate Note: Selecting both reinforcement objects created with the Concentrated Rebar Cross tool or the Distributed Rebar Cross in Perimeter tool orientates both reinforcement objects. Note: See Example 24-7 Orientating concentrated
reinforcement on page 113 for more information.
1 Select the concentrated reinforcement object. 2 Choose the Skew Reinforcement Extent tool (
).
3 Click anywhere on the plan (but preferably near the reinforcement object)
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Chapter 24 Example 24-7 Orientating concentrated reinforcement Example 24-8 Skewing concentrated reinforcement
Figure 24-12 Using the Orient Reinforcement tool to define the line A B parallel to the desired orientation
Figure 24-14 Using the Skew Reinforcement tool to define the line A B parallel to the desired skewed ends
Figure 24-15 The skewed concentrated reinforcement with the extent line parallel to line AB.
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Chapter 24 Example 24-9 Stretching concentrated reinforcement modify so the reinforcement is described per your office standards.
Figure 24-16 Using the stretch tool at point A to widen the concentrated reinforcement parallelogram
Figure 24-17 The stretched concentrated reinforcement Figure 24-19 Distributed rebar properties - Presentation
The Concentrated and Distributed Reinforcement format specifiers use the following key values: $Q - Bar quantity $F - Bar face $B - Bar name $L - Bar length $U - Bar length units $u - Bar spacing units $S - Bar spacing \n - Start new line RAM Concept
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Chapter 25
25 Defining Tendons
Note: You should bypass this chapter if you are designing
a structure with only bar reinforcement. There is no unique quantity or layout of post-tensioning that provides a satisfactory PT design. This is particularly true with partial prestress design where the emphasis is on strength, deflection and crack control rather than hypothetical service stresses. Historically, many 2D programs have used allowable service stresses to drive their algorithms for providing a PT solution. This is fast losing favor; some codes have all but abandoned using (hypothetical) service stresses as a design criterion, and other codes (such as ACI 318) are moving in that direction. Some computer generated tendon layouts are not practical for real design. Whereas you expect a 2D program to help provide a workable tendon design based upon spans, sections and loads, the possible randomness of supports makes this extremely difficult in 3D. Thus, in RAM Concept, it is necessary for you to define the tendons by drawing them in plan and specifying parameters such as profile and number of strands. For guidance, you should use one of the following for your first estimate: your experience a preliminary run with Strip Wizard a logical guess based upon precompression (P/A) considerations a random guess (correctly drawn design strips flag incorrect guesses, and you can use The Auditor for help in iterating)
Note: Setting the default properties for one tendon drawing tool sets properties for all the tendon drawing tools.
The following is a list of RAM Concept tendon properties: PT System The label used to identify the PT system for each tendon. The label is not necessarily the size and type of strand. The Materials Specification defines the PT system properties. It is possible to mix systems in a single tendon layer. Strands per Tendon Specifies the number of strands in the selected tendon(s). It need not be an integer value. In Concept and in post-tensioned construction a strand is the unit of post-tensioning reinforcement, similar to a reinforcing bar being the unit of RC reinforcement. In practice, the PT industry defines a tendon as a group of strands that share a common anchorage. The group may be just one strand, as is the case with most unbonded systems, or monostrand. While the total number of strands in Concept and the real structure must match, the grouping of strands into tendons need not be the same in Concept as in the real structure. It is usually not necessary to model each real tendon as a Concept tendon - fewer Concept tendons (with a larger number of strands per tendon) are often used. An exception is for specific code rules that require a deduction in shear area for duct size. In those situations you should specify the correct duct size and number of strands per tendon. For example, if you model six 4-strand ducts containing 2 strands each, as three 4-strand ducts containing 4 strands each, Concept considers the correct number of strands (12), but only three of the six ducts. Profile (Profile at end 1 and Profile at end 2) The tendon profile is the vertical distance between the floor soffit and the centroid of the tendons strands. Another name for profile is cgs (center of gravity of strand).
Note: Latitude and longitude are just names. You could draw all tendons, which might be at various plan angles, on one plan.
Note: The cgs is not the same as mid-depth of a bonded tendons duct.
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Chapter 25 The dimension from the floor soffit (at that exact plan location) to the cgs is the profile point dimension. Thus, if a profile point is located over a slab thickening (drop cap, beam etc.) then the thickening should be taken into account. Concept does not use dimensions to the underside of duct, or cover, to determine profiles. The path of a tendon along with the number of strands determines the forces the tendon exerts on the concrete. Profile points (that are usually the tendon high and low points) define this path. If necessary, you can introduce intermediate profile points. Tendons are comprised of segments. For elevated floors, each segment has a high point (end 1) and a low point (end 2). For mats, the reverse is generally true. Most spans have a tendon with two segments. Cantilevers and some spans have tendons with one segment Selections should consider cover and load balancing. Profiles typically vary according to span lengths. Inflection Point Ratio Determines the distance, x, from end 1 to the point where the tendon curvature changes sign. The inflection point ratio is the ratio of x to the distance from end 1 to end 2. A value of 0.2 places the inflection point 10% of the span distance from end 1 if end 2 is at midspan. This is a commonly used value. A number of tendons one segment at a time using the Half Span Tendon Panel tool. A number of tendons one span at a time using the Full Span Tendon Panel tool. You use these tools in different situations. You might find drawing one tendon and then copying it is quicker than using the polyline and panel tools.
1 Select the Half Span Tendon tool ( 2 Click at the tendon high point. 3 Click at the tendon low point.
).
Note: The order of mouse clicks is very important when drawing half-span tendons because the tool measures the inflection point from the high point (end 1).
25.4.2 Drawing a full-span tendon
You typically use the full-span tendon tool for conventional spans.
To draw a full-span tendon:
Note: Do not select this option when the end 1and end 2 profiles are at the same elevation. A segment with such profiles would have zero uplift and so the formulation does not work.
).
2 Click at the two tendon high points. The low point (End
Note: The low point can be adjusted with the Stretch tool ( ) or the Position Profile Point 2 for equal balance loads option in the Tendon Properties dialog box.
25.4.3 Drawing a multi-span tendon with the tendon polyline
The Tendon Polyline tool ( ) allows you to draw a series of full span tendons with fewer mouse clicks.
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To draw a tendon polyline:
).
Tendon Spacing The choices are Fixed, Equal and Auto Connect. Fixed draws tendons at exactly the specified spacing distance apart. It is not available with splayed tendons. Equal (not to exceed maximum) draws tendons an equal distance apart that is at most the spacing value. Auto connect (based on last edge) draws tendons connected to the profile points on the last edge of the tendon panel area. Skip Start Tendon / Skip End Tendon Omits edge tendons.
Figure 25-1 Tendons with parallel layout and spacing not to exceed five feet.
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2 Click at the tendon high and low points of the first tendon
edge of the tendon panel area. The Tendon Panel dialog box appears after the fourth click.
4 Select options (see discussion above).
To draw a Full-Span Tendon Panel:
).
tendon panel area (following a clockwise or counterclockwise direction). The Tendon Panel dialog box appears after the fourth click.
4 Select options (see discussion above).
Note: A low point (End 2) automatically locates at the midpoint of each tendon.
Too much uplift in a tendon can cause deflection reversals that may crack the slab. For this and other reasons, it is a good idea to have the amount of uplift or load balance somewhat consistent from span to span.
To edit a tendon based on uplift:
).The Calc Tendon Profile dialog box appears and reports the current balance load.
3 Input the desired balance load (values are typically
negative) in the Calc Tendon Profile dialog box and click Calc.
Figure 25-4 Tendons after Auto Connect. To draw a Half-Span Tendon Panel:
The low point (end 2) adjusts to provide the desired uplift You can select two segments in the same span and Concept calculates the low point based on average uplift ). It is generally not necessary to balance exactly the same amount of load in each span. It is not advisable to have an RAM Concept
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Chapter 25 excessive number of different low points. Manually rounding the profile values can produce a more practical design. If the desired balance load is too high then Concept could calculate a negative profile that causes an error when calculating the results.
Tendon layer.
2 Choose > Tools > Change Profiles.
Note: Some engineering communities (Australia in particular) use a definition of wobble coefficient that is the accidental angular change per unit length. These communities can calculate the wobble coefficient that Concept uses, k, with the following relationship: k = AngularWobbleCoefficient * mu.
Angle Friction Coefficient Loss due to deliberate curvature (in the horizontal and vertical planes). Most designers know it as mu. Seating Distance The distance that the wedges recede into the anchorage. This occurs when the field operator releases the tension in the jack. Long Term Losses The sum of losses such as creep and shrinkage of concrete, and relaxation of strand. It also
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Chapter 25 includes the loss due to elastic shortening of the concrete even though it is a short-term loss.
To draw tendon jack(s):
).
Note: You can delete a single jack by double clicking it. To delete multiple jacks, consider making all objects except the jacks invisible, then select and delete the jacks.
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26-1.
Note: Live (Roof) Loading is reducible in the RAM Structural System, but not in RAM Concept.
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Chapter 26 Maximum allowed reduction - The user may specify a maximum reduction value for each member. Number of levels supported - Most codes consider the number of levels supported when calculating the allowed reductions. If RAM Concept's automatic calculation of areas is used, then the number of levels supported is assumed to be one. Tributary area - Most codes use the tributary area of the member as the primary live load reduction parameter. Influence area - RAM Concept has options for two codes that use the influence area of the member as the primary live load reduction parameter. RAM Concept calculates the last three parametric values. You can view the values on plan as described in To view the column element LLR results and To view the latitude design strip LLR results on page 131. You can override the calculation by specifying the parameters values. The next section describes how to edit these values. Click the Live Load Reduction tab Check the Use Specified LLR Parameters box Set the values for LLR Levels, Trib Area, and Influence Area.
5 Click OK.
1 Open the appropriate plan 2 Select the object(s) 3 Choose Edit > Selection properties 4 In the Default Properties dialog box (see Figure 26-2):
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27 Calculating Results
You generally calculate results many times during the modeling and design process. You can calculate as soon as elements have been generated (e.g. self-weight deflection) or wait until modeling is close to finished. It is conceivable that you would not calculate results until all tendons, loads and design strips are drawn. It makes sense, however, to run the file during modeling to check for errors. That way you could avoid repeating the same modeling error. The slider on the left side of the Calc dialog box determines the level to which Concept performs the calculations. The options are: Through analysis Calculations are performed up to and including the global slab analysis (slab moments deflections, etc.) and the strip and section forces. Through design Concept performs the design of strips, sections and punching shear checks, in addition to all the Through analysis calculations. Through layout Concept performs the layout of program reinforcement on the Reinforcement layer, in addition to all the Through design calculations. All Concept performs the detailing of program reinforcement into individual bars (viewable in perspectives), in addition to all the Through layout calculations. The checkboxes on the right side of the Calc dialog window provide options on how Concept performs the calculations. The options are: Skip warnings Optional warnings do not stop the calculations, but are added as notes to the Calc Log. This setting is off by default. Calculate only out-of-date items Existing calculation results are not replaced by new calculations unless Concept detects that the existing calculations are out-of-date. This setting is on by default. Warnings invalidate calculations Previous calculation warnings are considered to invalidate their associated results, causing the re-calculation of the item that caused the warning. This setting is on by default.
Modeling errors are common and you may encounter error messages when calculating results. If the file runs successfully without errors, the Calc All icon becomes grayed-out. If errors occur then the calculator does not become grayed-out. See About analysis errors on page 127 for more information.
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Chapter 27 Live load reduction The applicable loading code. See Chapter 26, Using Live Load Reduction, for information on the loading code.
Tj = the tension force offset in iteration j (j = i+1) Ti = the tension force offset in iteration i power = the user-controlled Accelerator Power (typically 1.0) maxAccelerator = the user-controlled maximum allowed acceleration (typically 1.5) Iterations to use The number of iterations used in calculations. The higher the number of iterations, the closer the tension is to zero. Accelerator Power The power in the above formula; typically this is 1. Max. Acceleration The maximum allowed acceleration.
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Chapter 27 kc = the concrete design creep factor (often 3.35) = total strain / elastic strain not use this rounding length is where both ends of a reinforcement callout are not straight (they are hooked or anchored). Bar End Cover Concept uses this value when detailing both user and program reinforcement. Bar ends - except for bar ends with anchors - are always pulled back from slab edges by this amount.
Note: ACI 209 reports the value of 3.35 as an average creep value. RAM Concept files adopt this value as a default.
BSR = Bransons Stress Ratio Cccs = the cross section curvature considering cracking, creep and shrinkage. See Chapter 48, Section Design Notes for further explanation. Creep factor kc as defined above. Shrinkage strain The design shrinkage value used to determine long-term curvature in cross sections.
27.3 Recalculating
Some or all of the calculation analysis information becomes out-dated when you edit the model. Click Calc All ( ) to run a new analysis calculation. If the Calc All ), the analysis results are current.
option is grayed-out (
When you recalculate, the analysis starts from the point where the information is no longer valid. For example, if you were to add a load, it would not affect the stiffness matrix. The recalculation would start with the analysis of loads and then move on to design. If you were to edit the concrete elements however, the calculation would start from the beginning.
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To open the Calc Log:
enveloping are quite efficient and so do not slow down the calculations very much. You could, however, speed up the calculation time by eliminating load patterns and setting alternate envelope factors to the same as load factors in the Load Combinations window (Choose Criteria > Load Combo to open the Load Combinations window).
SSR Design
Stud shear reinforcement design adds significantly to the calculation time. You might consider delaying the drawing of punching checks until most of the design is close to finish.
Detailed Section Analysis
The time to analyze the stiffness matrix is a function of the number of finite element nodes. You can speed up the analysis time by using larger finite elements for preliminary work. This means specifying a large Desired Element Size when generating the mesh.
Design Strip Min Number of Divisions and Max Division Spacing
A cracked section analysis takes significant time. If you are not interested in these results or they are not appropriate then you can turn the detailed section analysis off.
To turn off Detailed Section Analysis:
1 Choose Criteria > Design Rules. 2 Uncheck the Include detailed section analysis boxes.
The calculation time is a function of the number of span segment strip cross sections and design sections on the slab. Each span segment strip with n internal divisions produces at least n+1 design cross sections; more if the maximum spacing governs. You can speed up the analysis time by using a small number of divisions and large maximum spacing for preliminary design.
Enveloping
Load patterns and alternate envelope factors produce additional calculations. The Concept algorithms for
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If this plan shows more information than you require, consider using an alternate plan such as the Longitude Bottom Reinforcement Plan.
To view longitudinal direction bottom reinforcement
Reinforcement Plan.
To view a reinforcement plot
).
The Plot dialog box appears with the Section Design dialog.
3 Check the Active box. 4 Select a reinforcement radio button. 5 Enter the Min Frame # and Max Frame #, and click OK.
Note: When you create a new file without using a template, the file has RAM Concepts default new file setup. The default new file setup provides preconfigured plans to show some of the results in an organized way. You can change
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To view the status
Reactions Plan.
To view live load reactions:
Reactions Plan.
To view dead load reactions:
Note: Intensity and contour plots are accessed via the plot
Slab tab. Deflection results that do consider cracking are available via plots that use the Section Analysis tab and L.T. Deflection plot. Such a plot is shown by default in new files in either Rule Set Designs > Service Design > L.T. Deflection Plan or Rule Set Designs > Max Service Design > L.T. Deflection Plan (depending on the code).
Note: You could change these plans with the plot setting such that the plot is no longer consistent with the plan name. As such, changing the plot is discouraged.
See Chapter 58, Estimating deflections for more information.
Precompression Plan.
Note: Slab (identified by the plot tab) deflection plots are available for loadings and load combinations. Section Analysis (identified by the plot tab) deflection plots are available for rule sets.
To view service deflection
Plan
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
1 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Service Design >
).
OK.
1 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Max Service Design
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) increases the
Mx Plan.
1 Choose Layers > Element > Slab Summary Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Plan.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
3 Check the LLR Parameters box, and click OK. 1 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Initial Service
1 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Service Design >
1 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Service Design >
Note: You can add soil bearing pressure plans to files. See
Creating new result plans on page 132.
Plan.
Note: USR is unreinforced stress ratio Note: RSR is reinforced stress ratio Note: CTSR is closed ties stress ratio. This is only
available for AS3600. See The AS 3600 Punching Shear Model on page 537 of Chapter 59, Punching Shear Design Notes.
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2 Choose options in the Visible Objects dialog box and
Enter a name such as Strength BMD. RAM Concept automatically appends the word plan to the name and prepends the layer name. Select the Strength Design layer, and click OK. The Visible Objects dialog box appears. Click Show Nothing, and click OK. Choose View > Plot ( ). The Plot dialog box appears. Select the Section Analysis tab. Check Active. Keep the Value as Bending Moment
click OK
).
Note: You can selectively turn off left, middle and right strips. Left and right are the half middle strips. Center is the column strip.
Example 28-3 Creating a new reactions plan The following example demonstrates creating a Service LC reactions plan: Choose Layers > New Plan. Enter a name such as Reactions. RAM Concept automatically appends the word plan to the name and prepends the layer name. Select the Service LC layer, and click OK. The Visible Objects dialog box appears. Click OK. Choose View > Plot ( Select the Reaction tab. ). The Plot dialog box appears. Check Active. Select Standard. Check the supports (under Value) for which you want to view reactions.
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Chapter 28 understanding the behavior of the structure (especially for moments and deflections), but they are not intended to be used for quantitative design purposes. Bending Moment Distribution tool ( ), the contour plot and the distribution plot would display the same values.
Plot Distribution tool ( ). These plots display predictions of values along the lines drawn across the slab. RAM Concept bases these predictions on the calculated results of the individual elements. RAM Concepts calculation method guarantees that the results for design strip segments and design sections are in equilibrium with the nodal loads. The results for plots across elements are not necessarily exact, however, and can be much less accurate for coarse meshes or elements with high aspect ratios. Even though RAM Concepts calculation method guarantees stored elastic energy of the stresses in each element is equal to the energy of the loads applied to the element, for some oddly shaped elements (such as pointy triangles), the energy formulation can result in local fictitious stress spikes. Note that this limitation does not affect design strip segments or design sections and does not affect RAM Concepts reinforcement calculations.
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Chapter 28 controlled by the Plot ( ) dialog box have no effect on the axial force distribution plot. The integrated axial force value shown below the axial force distribution plot is the sum of the area of the plot. Design strips and design sections provide a more accurate calculation of this integrated value.
28.4.7 Summary
Section distribution plots allow you to see the variation of analysis values across any line draw on the structure. These distribution plots are very helpful in understanding the behavior of the structure, but you should not use them for quantitative design purposes. You should always use design strips and design sections to determine design quantities
Figure 28-2 Design Status: Latitude Top Reinforcement Plan (US units)
This distortion caused by averaging is another reason why you should always use design strips and design sections to determine design quantities.
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Chapter 28 Figure 28-4 and Figure 28-5 show bottom reinforcement. The reinforcement is thirteen #4 bars, each 9.5 ft. long [fifteen 12 mm bars, each 2.9 m long]. cross sections. If the reinforcement is placed away from the perpendicular orientation (such as that shown in Figure 286), the reinforcement quantity may need to be increased.
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Chapter 28 If a punching section can be classified by any of the standard rules, it is considered to be a standard section. The rules for standard sections are:
1 Interior Rectangular:
must be uniform thickness must have 4 sides section centroid must coincide with column centroid opposite sides must be parallel and have same length adjacent sides must be perpendicular must be continuous (no gaps)
2 Edge Rectangular:
must have 3 sides opposite sides must be parallel and have same length adjacent sides must be perpendicular can only have two discontinuous ends (assumed at slab edge)
3 Corner Rectangular:
must be uniform thickness must have 2 sides sides must be perpendicular can only have two discontinuous ends (assumed at slab edge)
4 Interior Round (circular shape idealized into straight line
Some times the punching shear status is Non-Standard Section. This is a warning, not an error. Non-Standard Section means that at least one of the critical sections that RAM Concept is investigating for that column does not perfectly fit one of the three ACI cases: interior, edge and corner. When you get a Non-Standard Section, you need to inspect the critical sections that Concept has defined, and use your engineering judgment to determine if you feel they fit the ACI punching model (you should always visually inspect the critical sections, even if Concept does not flag them as non-standard). Concept still calculates a stress ratio for non-standard sections.
Non-Standard Sections: AS3600, BS8110, EC2 and IS 456
segments): must be uniform thickness section centroid must coincide with column centroid all segment ends must be on same radius from the center of the column must be continuous (no gaps)
5 Corner or Edge Round (circular shape idealized into
straight line segments): must be uniform thickness column must be round can only have two discontinuous ends (assumed at slab edge) can only have two segment end points that are a different radius from the center of the column than all other segment end points (assumed at slab edge) discontinuous segment end points must be the off radius points (at slab edge)
Some times the punching shear status is Non-Standard Section. This is a warning, not an error. Non-Standard Section means that at least one of the critical sections that RAM Concept is investigating for that column does not perfectly fit one of the three cases: interior, edge and corner. When you get a Non-Standard Section, you need to inspect the critical sections that Concept has defined, and use your engineering judgment to determine if you feel they fit the code punching model (you should always visually inspect the critical sections, even if Concept does not flag them as non-standard). Concept still calculates a stress ratio for non-standard sections.
Note: The rules are applied to EC2 sections before the corners are filleted.
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29 Plotting Results
The plot settings control which results plot on a plan or a perspective. The default file setup has specific plot settings for particular plans and perspectives. You can customize these settings or create new plans and perspectives that show your desired plots. Plot settings are controlled via the Plot dialog which is accessed through the Plot command ( ). Slab plots are available for loading, load combination and rule set layers.
1 Open the plan or perspective you want to change. 2 Choose View > Plot (
Figure 29-1 The plot dialog with slab result plotting active.
).
29.2 Slab
Checking the Active box in the Slab tab allows you to display and control various slab analysis plot quantities such as moment, shear, axial, torsion, deflections, and area spring reactions. For plotting axial stresses or in-plane shear stresses, select the depth at which to plot the value. Other plot values are not dependent upon depth. We recommend curve smoothing for contour plots. Without curve smoothing, contours will be plotted element by element, which can make it difficult to observe the results of a larger region (also, for some plotted quantities, nothing will be shown unless curve smoothing is on). RAM Concept allows you to define a resolution for the selected plot value. Finer plot resolutions require longer screen regeneration times. For contour plots, you can control the frequency of the contour lines by unchecking Use default magnitudes and entering the desired contour value. For color contour plots, you can set the upper and lower limits of the contour values by entering the minimum and maximum values.
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Chapter 29 The following slab maximum and minimum context plot values should always be considered approximate: Values for any axis that is not the x- or y- axis. Stress values for any depth that is not mid-depth. Lateral deflection values for any depth that is not middepth. Lateral deflection values where the center of the slab is not at elevation zero. Layer Type Loading Standard Max Min Minimum values that occur considering each pattern loading (complete with pattern factors) and the full loading. Values that occur when combining all loadings, taking the minimum value of the following four values for each loading: Standard Load Factor * Max Alt Load Factor * Max Standard Load Factor * Min Alt Load Factor * Min Values that occur when combining all gravity loadings, taking the minimum value of the following four values for each loading: Std Load Factor * Max Alt Load Factor * Max Std Load Factor * Min Alt Load Factor * Min Plus the minimum single value of all of the lateral loadings' (of the correct type) values: Std Lateral Load Factor * Max Alt Lateral Load Factor * Max Std Lateral Load Factor * Min Alt Lateral Load Factor * Min
Values with full applied Maximum values that occur considloads (no pattern loading) ering each pattern loading (complete with pattern factors) and the full loading. Values that occur when combining all loadings, taking the maximum value of the following four values for each loading: Standard Load Factor * Max Alt Load Factor * Max Standard Load Factor * Min Alt Load Factor * Min
Linear combination of Loading Standard values Load Combination using the Standard load factors Single
(not available)
Values that occur when combining all gravity loadings, taking the maximum value of the following four values for each loading: Std Load Factor * Max Alt Load Factor * Max Std Load Factor * Min Alt Load Factor * Min Plus the maximum single value of all of the lateral loadings' (of the correct type) values: Std Lateral Load Factor * Max Alt Lateral Load Factor * Max Std Lateral Load Factor * Min Alt Lateral Load Factor * Min
Rule Set
(not available)
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29.3 Reaction
Checking the Active box in the Reaction tab allows you to display and control analysis reaction quantities. Selecting the Standard context button displays reactions corresponding to the standard results (more information about standard and enveloping results is available in Chapter 47, Analysis Notes). For the standard results, you can display any number of reactions for column above/below, wall above/below, point spring/support, line spring/support, and the standard reactions used for the punching checks. If a column above and below occur at the same location in plan, and both Column Above and Column Below boxes are checked, the sum of the reactions is shown at that location. The same holds true for walls above and below. The other buttons in the Context group are for the enveloped results. Concept displays reactions for columns (above/below) and punching checks for the envelope result of the selected context. Wall reactions will be enveloped and available for plotting in future versions. The standard reaction context values are only available for loading and load combination layers, while the six enveloped contexts are available for loading, load combination and rule set design layers.
Figure 29-3 Plot dialog reaction tab
29.4 Strip
Checking the Active box in the Strip tab allows you to display analysis results for the design strips. Each plot value represents the variation of the selected value at each design strip segment cross section (along the axis of each strip selected). Plots related to the maximum and minimum moments and shears can be displayed, enabling the envelope for a particular plot value to be displayed. The Torsion value is the torsion about the centroid of the design strip segment, in equilibrium with the element nodal forces. The Twist value is the component of the torsion due to the slab twisting moment (Mxy for design strips parallel to the x- or y- axes) calculated from the element stress predictions (and is not necessarily in equilibrium with the element
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Chapter 29 nodal forces). The Twist value is not recommended for use in torsion design. Absolute Twist is the sum of the absolute value of the twist along the cross section. This value differs from the Twist value in that it is always positive, and that in its calculation, twist values of different signs do not cancel out. The Absolute Twist value is not used in design unless Wood-Armer torsion design is selected. Section analysis plots are only available for rule set design layers.
Note: The accuracy of the Twist and Absolute Twist values are determined from element stress predictions and are dependent upon the quality and the refinement of the mesh. Unlike the Torsion value, there is no guarantee that these values will be in equilibrium with the applied nodal loads.
Definitions of other values can be found in Chapter 47, Analysis Notes. The standard strip context values are only available for loading and load combination layers, while the four enveloped contexts are available for loading, load combination and rule set design layers.
Figure 29-6 Plot dialog section analysis tab.
Chapter 29 With Span Detailing Without Span Detailing, and User Provided Reinf. Span detailing is explained in Section 50.1 on page 363 of Chapter 50, Reinforcement Notes. The effects of the Span Detailing Contexts on plots are explained in Table 29-2 and Table 29-3. For the Design Status layer, the context of With Span Detailing includes the effects of the assumed reinforcement development calculations in the plots of developed reinforcement. In a skyline plot, each calculated value is valid for a portion of the span (as shown by a horizontal line) instead of the values being interpolated between cross sections. While this is primarily just a graphical difference, the actual detailing of the reinforcement into bar callouts is performed using the skyline plot values. For rule set designs, the effects of the Span Detailing Context (other than the skyline plotting) are as shown in Table 29-2 below. For the Design Status layer, the effects of the Span Detailing Context (other than the skyline plotting) are as shown in Table 29-3 below.
Vector component of area of user As calculated per section Values calculated per section are individual bars intersected by the lengthened according to the span detailer rules (see Section 50.1 Span cross sections detailing of Chapter 50, Reinforcement Notes). As calculated per section As calculated per section Vector component of developed area of user individual bars intersected by the cross sections (none)
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Value Top Bottom Top and Bottom Top Dev Bottom Dev
Vector component of area of user As calculated per section Values calculated per section are individual bars intersected by the lengthened according to the span detailer rules (see Section 50.1 Span cross sections detailing of Chapter 50, Reinforcement Notes). As calculated per section Plotted values are the maximum of Vector component of developed area the reinforcement calculated per sec- of user individual bars intersected by the cross sections tion and the amount of developed reinforcement calculated from the span-detailed amounts of non-developed reinforcement (see Section 50.1 Span detailing of Chapter 50, Reinforcement Notes). These values are used in the final capacity check calculations.
(none)
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number
2 Concrete components for a cross section
number of concrete blocks top and bottom elevation of each block depth and width of each block initial and final strengths (cylinder and cube) initial and final Ec (modulus of elasticity) values density inclusion or exclusion of block from shear core See Concrete Core Determination on page 352 for discussion of shear core.
3 Reinforcement properties for each bar type
1 Checking input data such as reinforcement bar cover. 2 Checking calculated data such as the elevation of the
stress limits.
elevation yield stress Ec (modulus of elasticity) value bar area bar diameter
4 Tendon properties for each tendon type
elevation of cgs (center of gravity of strand) above datum ultimate strength (stress) yield stress effective stress Ec (modulus of elasticity) value area of strand bonding R-component [the component of the tendon parallel to the design strip cross section (perpendicular to the design strip spine)] 145
Chapter 30 S-component [the component of the tendon perpendicular to the design strip cross-section (parallel to the design strip spine)] Z-component [the vertical component of the tendon across the cross-section (only used for hyperstatic calculations)] length initial concrete strain duct width number of strands per duct cross sectional area per strand number of ducts force force elevation Untensioned reinforcement forces for each bar elevation strain stress bar area force Post-tensioning forces for each tendon elevation cross-section strain component cross-section strain (considers tendon angle) Tendon Force (effective force in cross section plane)
The envelopes for maxima and minima of moment and shear force are displayed. These are modified, as appropriate, for torsion and axial force design. The envelopes list the following resultants: Vr (horizontal shear) Ps (axial tension) Vz (vertical shear) Mr (bending) Ts (torsion) Mz (diaphragm bending)
6 Reinforcement (for each Rule Set Design):
Note: A rule set audit has significantly less data than a design summary audit. As such, a rule set audit may be more useful.
To use the Auditor for a rule set design:
Depending upon the rule set, RAM Concept adds reinforcement to the cross section. As Top As Bot. As Shear Density As Shear Spacing As Shear (density multiplied by spacing) Brackets appear after each result showing which code rule governed.
7 Cross Section Forces (Analysis)
1 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Selected Design >
Selected Plan
2 Select the Auditor tool (
).
3 Click on the plan at the design strip cross-section, or design section, you wish to audit.
Note: You may find it convenient to make the design cross sections visible for the purpose of selecting the correct one. Note: The Auditor selects either (i) the nearest crosssection (of a visible span segment strip) to the point you click, or (ii) nothing, if there is no cross section within 3 feet [1m] of the point you click. The cross-sections themselves do not need to be visible. Note: The Auditor will not work if a Calc All has not been performed. Note: The Auditors results may not be current if the analysis is not current. (If the Calc All option is grayed-out ( ), the analysis results are current).
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Depending upon the rule set, the Auditor displays cross section forces and other information. Cross Section Strains curvature top, centroid and bottom strains Concrete Forces for each block top and bottom stress
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To use the Auditor for the design summary:
1 Choose Layers > Design Status > Selected Plan. 2 Follow instructions for rule set design above.
1 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Service Design >
Status Plan
2 Select the Auditor tool (
).
number of critical sections perimeter length perimeter depth torsion strip properties (for AS3600)
9 Unreinforced stress ratio 10 Stud shear reinforcement rail properties (if required for
has failed a stress criterion and for which you require guidance. The Auditor window opens.
4 Scroll to the text bordered by two lines of asterisks (top
and bottom) near the bottom of the audit. If the maximum tensile stress is within code then no information will be displayed. If the calculated concrete tensile stresses exceed the allowable limit then the Auditor suggests the percentage increase in strand required to satisfy the stress limit.
design).
11 Summary
1 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Strength Design >
Figure 30-1 Auditor text indicating percentage increase required to comply with code.
Selected Plan
2 Select the Punching Check Auditor tool (
).
Note: The Auditor will not work if a Calc All has not been performed. Note: The Auditors results may not be current if the analysis is not current. (If the Calc All option is grayed-out ( ), the analysis results are current).
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To use the Auditor for the design summary:
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The weight of reinforcement based upon the detailed reinforcement in the Reinforcement layer. This does include bar hooks, but does not include laps. The quantities do not include bars not shown in the Reinforcement layer such as detailing or tendon support bars.
1 Choose Report > Estimate. 2 Enter the costs for each material.
The weight of strand based upon tendon plan length. This does not include stressing tails or allowance for drape.
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32 Printing
RAM Concept provides a range of printing customization options to help you create professional printouts and reports. You control the information included on a page and in a report. Every window in RAM Concept can be printed individually or as part of a report. This chapter describes the printing features you can use to achieve the result you want and offers techniques for printing efficiently. Consult your printer documentation for information on setting up your printer and selecting the appropriate printer driver.
1 Make the window you want to print the active window. 2 Choose Report > Print Window. 3 Select the printing options you want. See General
1 Choose Report > Print Report 2 Select the printing options you want. See General
Note: To make sure you get the desired printing results, preview the print job before you print. See Previewing the print job on page 153 for more information.
1 Choose Report > Select and Configure Printers. 2 Select the printer that is of interest. 3 Click on the Page Setup button and select the options that
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To specify the printed area with coordinates:
Area tool (
).
area and enter the left, right, top, and bottom coordinates in the Printing Area Setup dialog. Check Set for all plans if you want this printing area to be used by all plans.
3 Click OK.
).
Setting the relative scales of the coordinate axes using the Scale tool ( y-axes tool ( ( ). ). Rotating the model with the Rotate about x- and ) and the Rotate about z-axis tool
Zooming to show the desired portion of the model. ). Setting the projection to Parallel Projection ( or Perspective Projection ( Solid Modeling (
2 Click Set Print Viewpoint (
2 Enter the scale in the Print Scale dialog and click OK.
) or Wire Modeling (
).
).
boundary.
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1 Choose Report > Window Preview. 2 Examine the preview as described in the following
1 Choose Report > Report Preview. 2 Examine the preview as described in the following
1 Make sure the Orientation column is visible in the Report Contents window. You may need to widen the window or scroll horizontally. 2 Click on the Orientation column value for the item to
32.6.1 Zooming
Scale the print preview by setting the zoom percentage in the print preview window. You can choose a zoom factor of 500%, 200%, 150%, 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 10%, Fit Page or Fit Width, or you can type a numeric percentage of your choice (between 5% and 500%).
toggle between Default, Portrait and Landscape. A value of Default in the Orientation column sets the orientation to the default orientation set in the Page Setup dialog box.
at a time. Click Multi Page ( ) and select 2-up to view two pages at a time or 4-up to view four pages at once.
1 Make the Plan or Perspective the active window. 2 Choose View > Appearance. 3 Specify options on the Print tab of the Appearance
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Contents window. You may need to widen the window or scroll horizontally.
2 Click on the Include column value for the item you wish
to include or exclude to toggle between Yes and No. A value of Yes in the Include column includes the item in the report printout while a value of No excludes the item.
Note: If you want to include an item in the report, make sure every item in the hierarchy above it is also included.
The following is an example list of windows you might include in a report for an elevated PT slab using the ACI 318 design approach: Report Cover Units Signs Materials Loadings Load Combinations Design Rules Estimate Element: Standard Plan
Figure 32-1 In the Report Contents Window, you can change the order of report items, set whether an item is included in the report, and change the printed orientation or an item.
Element: Slab Summary Plan Element: Structure Summary Perspective Latitude Tendon: Standard Plan Longitude Tendon: Standard Plan Temporary Construction (at Stressing) Loading: All Loads Plan (if used) Other Dead Loading: All Loads Plan Live (Reducible) Loading: All Loads Plan Live (Unreducible) Loading: All Loads Plan [other live loadings (Storage, Roof) if used] Service LC: Deflection Plan Factored LC: Mx Plan Factored LC: My Plan Factored LC: Reactions Plan LT Uncracked Deflection LC: Deflection Plan Reinforcement: Latitude Bars Plan Reinforcement: Longitude Bars Plan Reinforcement: SSR Plan
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Chapter 32 Service (/ Max Service) Design Rule Set: L.T. Deflection Plan Design Status: Status Plan Design Status: Punching Shear Status Plan new position. You cannot move items outside their folder or layer. For example, you can move the Units item to a new location inside the Criteria folder but you cannot move it into the Layers folder.
To change the location of a report item:
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1 Choose View > Appearance. 2 In the Font section of the Appearance dialog box, click
AaBbZz to select a font. The point size of text is 72 times the actual size. Thus, 9 points is one-eighth of an inch.
3 In the Select Font dialog box, choose the font size and
click OK.
4 Set the font scale to zero and click OK.
1 Open the text table you wish to export. 2 Click Export (at the top of the window). 3 Enter a name for the text file and click Save.
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34.1.1 Special handling of the Self-Dead Loading and the Balance Loading during export
Concept adds the Self-Dead Loading reactions to the Dead Load reactions during export. This ensures that the RAM Concrete Analysis of the structure considers the selfweight of the slab.
Note: The RAM Structural System provides the option to have beam and slab self-weights calculated automatically, or input manually as part of the dead load case. Conversely, RAM Concept always automatically includes beam and slab self-weights in its analysis. We recommend that, when using RSS in combination with Concept, you have RSS automatically calculate the beam and slab self-weight loads. That will eliminate any confusion regarding whether self-weight loads are included in the analysis or need to be manually specified as part of the dead load case, even when some levels are designed with RSS and some levels are designed with Concept.
RAM Concept does not currently export Transfer loading reactions to RSS. When analyzing a building with a transfer slab, RSS uses its own internal distribution of the transfer forces in the slab rather than forces from Concept's floor analysis. Concepts exported Direct loading reactions will be used by RSS, if you so direct. See Using RAM Concept reactions in RAM Concrete on page 160 for further information. RAM Concept exports the balance loading reactions to a hyperstatic load case that is only visible in RAM Concrete. Generally, balance forces and hyperstatic forces are not the same, but for a support that contains no tendons, however, the balance forces are equal to the hyperstatic forces.
Note: The RAM Structural System requires RAM Concrete to consider the exported Concept reactions.
The RAM Concept force export function transfers column and wall reactions to the RAM Structural System database. The export only sets the wall and column reactions for the end of the columns and/or walls that are touching the elevated slab. Exporting of reactions does not affect the support axial force of walls and columns above the slab. The structure above the column or wall determines the axial force. RAM Concept only exports reactions from gravity loadings imported from RSS back to RSS. For example, if you add Swimming Pool Loading to a Concept file, the export function will not transfer reactions from that loading to RSS.
Note: RAM Concept does not export Construction Dead Loading reactions, as they would have no further use in RSS. Note: RAM Concept never exports lateral loadings (imported from RSS or otherwise) to RSS. Note: Loadings in RAM Concept are analogous to load cases in RSS.
Choose File > Export Reactions to RAM Structural System. A dialog box, as shown in Figure 34-1, opens with a list of RSS story names to which you can export reactions. Concept labels one story name as Source Story. This is the RSS story previously imported to create this Concept file. Concept lists other stories in the RSS file with the
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Chapter 34 same floor type, and labels them Identical Story or Compatible Story. A story is compatible with, but not identical to, the source story if it has a different story height, member sizes, or (for the top story of the type) any columns above it have different orientations. Select any combination of stories, and click OK. RAM Concept displays a log detailing the results of the export operation when the export is completed.
Select the button at the top to Use RAM Concept Analysis Forces at selected levels. Select the levels by checking the box in the Use column. You can use this dialog to review the RSS levels that have Concept forces and the Concept file name from which you exported the forces. The Read column displays the date you imported each level from RSS into Concept. The Saved column displays the date you exported member reactions from Concept to that level. The Source Story column indicates the source story of the RSS file used to import data into the Concept file. If the Source Story, Saved and Concept File entries are empty, then you have not exported member forces to that level. If the Read entry is empty, then you have never imported that level to Concept.
Note: After exporting Concept reactions to RSS, you will need to perform a RAM Concrete reanalysis of the structure before designing any members or importing any member forces from RSS to Concept (such as for a mat foundation).
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34.1.7 How the RAM Structural System - RAM Concept link works
The key to the export of Concept's reactions to RSS are the imported walls and columns and the imported direct gravity loadings. Walls and columns that you import from RSS have special RSS identifiers tagged to them. These identifiers allow Concept to match its column and wall elements to the corresponding members in RSS. Concept will even allow you to move the walls and columns slightly (up to 50mm or 2"). Concept will not allow you to export if you add, delete, or significantly move imported columns or walls (or do not import walls and columns). Concept does this to ensure transfer of the full equilibrium gravity load between Concept and RSS.
Concept model design code is ACI 318-99, ACI 318-02 or BS8110, the design code of the RSS database is set accordingly. Otherwise the database design code of the new RSS database will be the user's default design code. After a file is selected, the Export Geometry to RAM Structural System dialog appears, as shown in Figure 342.
Note: If you accidentally delete an imported support, or the supports change in RSS, you can always reimport the walls and columns.
RSS tracks a fixed set of gravity loadings through the structures. These loadings are Dead Load, Live Load Reducible, Live Load Unreducible, Live Load Storage and Live Load Roof (when Concept and RAM Concrete are used the Hyperstatic loading is tracked as well). To ensure compatibility with RSS, Concept will not allow you to delete these imported gravity loadings. Concept does allow you to modify the imported RSS gravity loading and to add more gravity loadings. Concept assumes that you are fully aware that it considers only the loads that appear in the imported RSS loadings in the reactions it exports back to RSS.
The dialog lists the floor types present in the RSS file.
3 Enter the new floor type name in the New Floor Type
Name text field. A popup notifies you if the floor type name entered is already defined. The Columns (below) and Walls (below) check boxes select whether columns and/or walls are exported. Concept exports only the columns and walls below the floor, because it is those elements that are associated with a floor type in RSS. If you check Start RSS after Export, then RSS starts on the file after the geometry is exported. This has no effect if RSS is already running.
4 Click Create New Floor Type to export the selected
System.
If a new RSS filename is entered, a new RSS database is created with the current Concept models units. If the RAM Concept
Chapter 34 some errors are detected and arbitrarily corrected when the geometry is exported. If two or more walls overlap, completely or partially, only one of the overlapping segments will be exported. If two or more columns have the same location, only one column at that location will be exported. In either case, a pop-up dialog describes the columns and wall segments that were not exported. If any columns or wall segments are not exported, the user should check the material properties of the elements that were exported to RSS. If the overlapping columns or walls had different properties, the user may have to reassign the desired values in RSS. The user can also mesh the model and resolve such errors within Concept before exporting. Walls defined in RSS may not intersect other walls or span columns or the ends of other walls. Each Concept wall is split into segments at each of these locations before being exported. The splitting of walls is not reported, but the effect will be seen as individual walls in RSS.
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Settings (see Loading and saving Strip Wizard settings on page 167 for more information).
Decide what type of structure you want Strip Wizard to create and whether to use post-tensioning. The floor can be set up as post-tensioned or reinforced and can be one of the following systems: Two-way slab One-way slab Beam Joist
Spans
Enter the number of spans for the strip (not including cantilevers). Decide if you are using start or end cantilevers. Check Asymmetric to allow the model to have different tributaries on either side of the columns.
Concrete Mixes
Choose a concrete mix for the slabs and beams and one for the supports.
Note: The concrete mixes available are the mixes in the new file created when you started Strip Wizard. If you want to use specific mixes, use a template when creating the new file.
1 Choose File > Strip Wizard. 2 Specify options in the New File dialog box and then click
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The slab width at the beginning (or left hand end) of the span. For asymmetric strips, L Start Width is the left start width, and R Start Width is the right start width.
End Width
The slab width at the end of the span. For asymmetric strips, L End Width is the left end width, and R End Width is the right end width.
The distance from the beginning (or left hand end) of the span to the pan (or void former).
Pan End Offset
The distance from the end of the pan (or void former) to the end of the span.
Additional Web Properties
The following properties determine the tributary width for the whole model. The width cannot vary span by span.
Spacing
The tributary (and hence slab) width at the beginning (or left hand end) of the span. For asymmetric strips, L Trib Start Width is the left tributary start width, and R Trib Start Width is the right tributary start width.
End Trib Width
The tributary (and hence slab) width at the end of the span. For asymmetric strips, L Trib End Width is the left tributary end width, and R End Width is the right tributary end width.
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Depth
The support dimension perpendicular to the span (enter zero for round columns).
Height
The line load from the first support center to the second support center for each span.
Live Area Load
The live load from the first support center to the second support center for each span.
Loadings to use
The Dead and Live are just names. You can specify the loads as belonging to any of the Standard loadings in the RAM Concept file.
Dead
This can be any one of the standard loadings in the RAM Concept file.
Live
This can be any one of the standard loadings in the RAM Concept file (except for that used for Dead).
The total thickness (structural depth) of the drop. This is not the incremental increase in thickness.
Width
The dimension parallel to the span from the beginning of the drop to the support center.
After Length
The dimension parallel to the span from the support center to the end of the drop.
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Specifies the size and type of strands for the tendon (as defined in the Materials Specification of the RAM Concept file).
Stressing
Specifies the stressing (jack) locations. Concept calculates tendon friction and other losses if jacks are located at one or both ends.
Min P/A
Name of reinforcement bar used in the top face for flexural design.
Bottom
The minimum average precompression required for the concrete. Following the code minimum does not usually result in the most economical design.
Name of reinforcement bar used in the bottom face for flexural design.
Shear
Specifies the loadings that the balance loading is based upon. The choices are self-weight of concrete, self-weight plus dead, or total load.
35.7.3 Profiling
These selections vary the tendon profile shape.
Straight Profile Distance at Supports
The length of tendon that is horizontal at a support. The dimension is the total flat distance, not the distance each side of the support.
Round Profiles to Nearest
Checking this box instructs Concept to draw punching shear checks at each column.
Cover to CGS
The profile distance increment. This allows rounding of tendon high and low points to convenient values. If this value is too large it may cause cover violations.
The distance from the top of the slab to the centroid of the top reinforcement. Usually this is the distance from the top of the slab to the bottom of the top bar. Concept subtracts this distance from the slab thickness to determine the d distance.
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See Chapter 17, Generating the Mesh and Chapter 27, Calculating Results for further information.
1 Click Load on the Welcome to Strip Wizard page. 2 Select the Strip Wizard Settings file (with a filename
click Save.
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36 General Tips
This chapter provides advice on learning RAM Concept and tips that are not explained elsewhere.
36.2 Walls
36.2.1 Drawing connecting walls
It is recommended that intersecting walls are drawn such that one wall terminates at the centerline of the other, as shown in 36-2.
36.1 Beams
You should be careful when modeling beams. If you use standard finite elements then the beams torsional stiffness could be overestimated, which could erroneously reduce the deflection in the adjacent slabs. In Concept, there is no difference between standard slab and beam elements, and standard elements have a torsional stiffness that is proportional to their depth cubed. The actual torsional stiffness of a beam is proportional to the cube of the lesser value of depth and width. Standard elements thus overestimate the torsional stiffness of beams that are deeper than they are wide. For this reason, you should consider using the No-torsion behavior for beams, especially deep edge beams. See Beam properties on page 57 for more information.
Figure 36-3 Comparison of two floors identical in all respects except that one has a wall above (Two images with slab shown, two with no slab shown).
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36.3 Restraint
Columns and walls restrain the floor against (posttensioning induced) axial deformations unless you model columns with rollers and walls as slip walls (shear wall property unchecked). It is unlikely that columns above restrain the floor so a roller above will generally be appropriate Restraint generally reduces the precompression and hence increases the service reinforcement. It usually increases strength reinforcement too.
Figure 36-4 Effect of wall modeled above: no wall (left) vs. wall above (right) - plot of slab moment about x-axis.
36.2.3 The difference between walls above and upstand beams of similar proportions
Concept treats walls above the slab similarly to beams. Using wall-beams instead of just thickened slab elements has both advantages and disadvantages; overall it is not recommended to model walls above the slab as beams. Slab elements have two major advantages over wall elements (wall-beams): Concept design strip cross sections automatically integrate the forces across slab elements. Wall-beam elements are ignored in these integrations. Also, Concept provides you many controls over how slab element results can be displayed; wall-beam elements (like wall elements) can only plot their reactions to the slab. However, as discussed in Beams on page 169, Concepts standard slab elements have a torsional stiffness that is proportional to their depth cubed. This can cause a large over-estimation of the torsional stiffness for a very thick slab element if it is adjacent to relatively thin elements. Wall-beam elements do not have this problem. As such, walls above that are modeled as upstand beams should use the No-torsion beam setting discussed in Beams on page 169. When modeling wall-beams, Concept interprets some of the wall element parameters differently. If the wall-beam is not rotationally fixed to the slab then the wall-beam will have zero torsional stiffness. If the wall-beam is not a shear wall then it will have zero axial stiffness. The vertically compressible and rotationally fixed at far end parameters are ignored. Wall-beam elements have one advantage over slab elements. Slab elements of drastically differing thicknesses in the same structure can cause the automatic plotting controls to show (correctly) huge force variations in and adjacent to thick slab elements and almost no variation within the thin slab element areas. This does not generally happen if walls above are modeled as wall-beams. 170
36.4 Miscellaneous
There are many tools and capabilities described in the preceding chapters that are useful but often overlooked.
36.4.1 Templates
We have created a template (for the purpose of starting a file) that may or may not suit your needs. You can create your own template with additional plans, materials and settings that you can use when you start a new file. See About templates on page 6.
workspace.
4 Type the letter r followed by the x- and y-coordinates
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Note: Many users complain that there is too much information revealed by the auditor. You can reduce the information by auditing a rule set rather than the design summary.
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Yes. See Chapter 35, Using Strip Wizard and Chapter 46, Strip Wizard Tutorial.
Can I model a pour strip?
that the axial stiffness perpendicular to the strip is significantly reduced. See the discussion below Figure 16-6 on page 57
2 Terminate tendons either side of the pour strip.
Elevated (suspended) concrete floors and mat foundations (rafts). They can be reinforced concrete, post-tensioned concrete or hybrid. See Structural systems on page 1 for more information.
Is there a limit on the size of structure modeled?
Note: Modeling a pour strip in this manner does not consider the temporary situation before the strip is poured back. This could affect deflections and resultants.
How can I model curved edges or walls?
The only limit is the performance of the computer hardware. The analysis run time is approximately proportional to the square of the number of nodes in the model, so large structures may take a significant amount of time to analyze. Design time is approximately proportional to the number of span segment strip cross sections. See Decreasing calculation time on page 128 for more information.
Is there any restriction to the maximum thickness of slab that can be modeled?
Use a series of straight lines. The approximation should have negligible effect.
Can Concept be used to design retaining walls by drawing the wall as a slab?
While Concept is not optimized for this use, it can perform most of the analysis and design tasks if you are very careful. Care must be used as Concept assumes that gravity loads are in the downward Z direction. You need to set all of the self-dead loading load factors to zero and create your own self-weight loadings. You probably want to apply these loads at the mid-slab depth; otherwise the eccentricity will add a self-weight moment to the slab. While Concept's design cross sections reports all of the moments and forces on the design cross section, Concept does not perform design considering all of the forces and moments. Specifically, Concept does not consider the Mz value in design, because Concept does not specify the positioning of reinforcement that is important for Mz design. Concept does not consider P-delta effects.
What does hybrid mean?
Concept's analysis of slab elements considers shear deformation as well as bending deformation. This ensures that Concept gives reasonable results for both thin slabs and thick slabs. In general, Concept's design provisions apply the code requirements that are appropriate for slabs with typical span-to-depth ratios. If the geometry of your slab is outside the usual ranges, you may need to consider if any special design considerations are necessary.
Can Concept design more than one story at a time?
Not by itself. You can use the RAM Structural System to integrate numerous floors into one large model.
Can I use Concept to design slab-on-ground?
The expression slab-on-ground is often used to described residential house slabs. The designer has to use engineering judgment to determine if mat analysis and design techniques are suitable for such structures. See the FAQ for Mats (rafts) on page 176. RAM Concept
A hybrid floor is one that contains both PT and RC areas. Most post-tensioned floors have some RC elements such as pour strips and elevator core slabs. By selecting the appropriate design rules these regions can be designed at the same time as the PT elements.
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37.2 Files
What is the difference between creating a mat (raft) file and an elevated slab file?
There is really no difference; all files give you the same capabilities. The default files are setup differently because there are usually additional load cases and plans for a mat (lateral load cases, soil bearing plans, etc.). With some work, you could turn any elevated slab file into a mat file and vice versa.
Can I save the data file with results?
A layer is an organizational concept. A layer is a collection of related objects and results and each object and result resides on one and only one layer. For example, all slab elements are on the Element layer. Plans, on the other hand, are a display and editing concept. Each plan is a filtered view of all of Concepts layers. A plan can be set up to edit a particular layer, but the plan does not own the layer. All changes that are made to the layer using the plan will be visible in all other plans, because all plans are viewing the same set of layers. See Chapter 3, Understanding Layers and Chapter 4, Using Plans and Perspectives for more information.
How do I delete unwanted plans?
This cannot be done with the current version - you need to open the file and recalculate. We expect to add this feature in a future version (but the save with results files will be huge).
Can I work from CAD drawings?
No. For straightforward geometry it may be quicker to draw from scratch. It can be useful to specify a grid and then use snap to grid to locate columns and walls.
I deleted the imported drawing can it be brought back?
Yes. It is sometimes a good idea to delete the imported drawing as it affects the extent that Concept displays and prints. Any DWG or DXF file can be re-imported if necessary. If you moved the imported drawing or structure after the first import then the new import will not match. You can move the new drawing if necessary.
Can Concept export to a drawing file to aid in drafting?
Yes, but it is generally not advised. You can turn on all objects from one layer in one operation, and then repeat for the next layer.
1 Make the plan or perspective the active window. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
How can I tell if there is an object on a layer?
See Determining which plans contain objects on page 10 of Chapter 3, Understanding Layers.
I have two items at the same location, how do I select just one of them?
Yes. You could create a template that is suited to RC design, such as eliminating the Initial Service Load Combination and Initial Service Rule Set, and unchecking the Consider as Post-Tensioned option in the span segment properties. See About templates on page 6.
Double click at the location and you should select just one object. Hold down shift and double click again and you select the other object.
Why do I see nothing in a perspective display?
The perspective camera may be looking in the wrong direction. Click Zoom Extent ( Viewpoint ( ). ) or Show Print
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Why can I not see the area springs in a perspective?
Area springs can take a long time to generate in a perspective and so are not turned on in the default files. You need to turn them on with the Visible Objects dialog.
What does conflicting mean in a Selected Items field?
Without the priority system the modeling of floors would require one of two methods: Objects for slabs of different thicknesses, beams, openings etc. could not overlap - this would be very tiresome for all but very simple floors, or Depths would have to additive. For example, you would have to deduct slab depth from beam depth. If you had to change the slab depth then a change would be required for the beam, unless its depth changed by the same amount.
Can I copy columns or walls below to the same above?
This means that more than one object has been selected and they have different values for that property. For example, if you select two slab objects that have different thicknesses then the thickness field displays conflicting.
Yes.
1 Select all of the columns or walls you wish to copy. 2 Choose Edit > Copy (or right-click and choose Copy
37.4 Units
What units can I use?
the popup menu that appears). The pasted objects are the current selection.
4 Choose Edit > Selection Properties, or right-click and
Note: It is important that you do not abandon the process 37.5 Codes
Can I change codes after creating a file?
after pasting. Otherwise, you will have two supports below at various locations, which causes calculation errors.
The meshing operation produces a very irregular mesh. Is this satisfactory?
This depends upon a number of factors. See Deciding what mesh element size to use on page 61 and Improving the mesh on page 62.
Can I vary the mesh intensity at different locations?
See Selecting sign convention on page 23 and About plot sign convention on page 24.
Can I change the sign convention?
The geotechnical engineer commonly provides a value called the subgrade modulus or modulus of subgrade reaction. As a guide only: realistic values vary from 100 pci (approx. 25 MN/m3) for soft clay to 750 pci (approx. 200 MN/m3) for very dense gravel.
37.7 Structure
37.7.1 Mesh Input layer
Why is it necessary to have priorities?
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What is the difference between beam and slab elements?
There is no difference unless you modify their behavior. See discussion of behavior in Slab area properties on page 56 and Beam properties on page 57.
How many nodes or elements are allowed?
The Chapter 45, Mat Foundation Tutorial introduces the concepts for mat design.
Does Concept ignore soil tension?
You can reduce the tension by iteration. The tension gets closer to zero with an increase in the number of iterations. See Zero tension iteration options on page 126 for more information.
Does Concept design for soil heave?
This cannot be answered directly as it depends upon the structure and loads. See Deciding what mesh element size to use on page 61.
37.7.3 Columns
Do columns restrain the slab?
Not directly. You could draw spring supports that approximate varying soil support.
Do I need to draw the columns above in a mat foundation model?
Depending upon the defined fixity, columns can provide rotational and lateral restraint. If the far end of a column is defined as a roller support (or both ends of the column are pinned) then the column does not provide any lateral restraint to the slab.
Do columns above the slab support the slab vertically?
No, but it is a good idea. It ensures a node is placed at that location where there is likely to be a heavy point load.
Can Concept design for pile supports?
Yes. Use either (flexible) columns under, or point springs. Skin friction is not considered.
Can Concept design for pile and mat (raft) action together?
37.7.4 Walls
Do walls restrain the slab laterally?
Yes, but the results could be very susceptible to variations in geotechnical parameters. For example, if the soils stiffness is overestimated, the actual pile reactions could be significantly underestimated. Use caution.
Does the area spring support have to match the mesh?
Yes, if you select Shear Wall as a property. If the Shear Wall is unchecked then the slab is allowed to slip freely over the top of the wall. The walls rotational stiffness is independent of the Shear Wall setting; use the fixity settings to control the walls rotational stiffness about its longitudinal axis.
What is the effect of specifying walls above?
No.
Can the soil stiffness vary?
Yes. You can vary the stiffness in two directions. See Area spring properties on page 55.
Where do I select the allowable soil bearing pressure?
Wall elements can be used to model the stiffness and spanning ability of walls connected to the slab. You should exercise caution when using them. See Walls above on page 169.
Do walls above the slab support the slab vertically?
This is not an input parameter. You need to look at soil bearing pressure plans (which have a maxima / minima legend) to assess the maximum pressures. Also, see the FAQ on Soil bearing on page 186 (in the results section).
Does Concept iterate to remove tension in a point or line spring?
No, they act like beams. See Walls above on page 169.
Do walls above the slab provide rotational restraint?
There is no restraint at the far end of a wall above. (Even if Rotationally Fixed at Far End is checked, it is ignored).
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37.8 Tendons
Why are some tendons shown at the wrong elevation in the tendon perspective?
The soffit elevation at each profile point is determined during the Analyze All and Calculate All commands. If one of these commands is not performed since the drawing (or moving, etc.) of a tendon, or since a change in the mesh, the tendon elevations in perspectives are not accurate. The same is true for elevations optionally shown as text on the plans. It is quicker to analyze (but not using Calculate All) with Process > Analyze All. This avoids processing the design calculations.
What do Latitude and Longitude Tendons mean?
Yes. The inflection point is measured from the first point clicked and the profiles are specified in the order of the points clicked. To be compatible with the tendons created using the Full Span Tendon tool, we strongly recommend that you always start at the high point.
Can I terminate some strands past a column?
strands decreases. As shown in Figure 37-1, if the transition is from 15S (15 strands) to 10S (because an adjacent span does not require that many strands) then terminate 5S using a half span tendon. It is common to terminate strands at quarter span and at the slab centroid.
Note: You should only use this method for tendons with no
jacks attached. This is because a jack attached to tendons of different lengths has inaccurate seating (wedge draw-in) loss calculations.
In the USA, Britain and other countries it is typical practice to place all the tendons in one direction in a concentrated band over column lines. If the designer is using another practice then we recommend that you still use the Latitude and Longitude tendon layers because it makes editing the PT easier. i.e. Put the tendons in the X direction on one layer and the Y tendons on the other. Latitude and Longitude are just layer names.
Do I have to draw the tendons for a post-tensioned slab?
Yes. It is not difficult, and encourages you to address detailing issues before they become field problems.
How do I draw tendons?
If the total number of strands is 15S then one tendon with 10S needs to be continuous with an additional tendon with 5S alongside. It is common to terminate tendons at quarter span and at the slab centroid.
See About drawing tendons on page 118, Drawing single tendons on page 118 and Drawing multiple tendons on page 119. You double click the tendon tool to change default tendon properties and then draw tendons span by span, or panel by panel. You can select a specific tendon segment and right-click to change that segments properties. You can seek and change profile points that have the same value in one operation. See Change profiles tool on page 121.
Can I harp tendons?
Figure 37-2 Termination of strands / tendons (jacked). Plan alignment of tendons is subjective. Does Concept check to make sure the number of strands in connected tendon segments is consistent?
Yes. Any tendon segment can be declared to be harped. The half-span tendon tool is useful for any harp point (or any low point) that is not at mid-span. Multiple harp points can be located in any span by using multiple tendon segments.
Concept only calculates friction losses if jacks are specified. Concept performs friction loss calculations considering the (elevation view) curvature of the tendons, the (plan view) horizontal kinks in the tendon and the jacking and friction parameters. The stress in the tendon is assumed to vary linearly along each tendon segment. 177
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Chapter 37 Along each tendon the following formula used is: P2 = P1 * exp-(mu * theta + k * L) where P1 is the known stress at one end of a tendon segment P2 is the unknown stress at the other end of a tendon segment mu is the angular friction coefficient (in units of 1/radians) theta is the total angular change along the tendon segment k is the wobble coefficient (in units of 1/length) L is the tendon segment length
Does Concept calculate elongations (extensions)?
Yes, if jacks are specified. Use the Visible Objects dialog to view Jack Elongation on a plan.
Do the elongations (extensions) include the effect of the seating distance (wedge draw-in)?
Yes. The elongation reported includes the deduction of the seating distance.
Where are tendon profiles measured from?
Note: Some engineering communities (Australia in particular) use a definition of wobble coefficient that is the accidental angular change per unit length. These communities can calculate the wobble coefficient that Concept uses, k, with the following relationship: k = AngularWobbleCoefficient * mu.
At the joints between tendon segments Concept uses the following formula: P4 = P3 * exp-(mu * angle) where P4 is the unknown stress in the next tendon segment P3 is the known stress in the previous tendon segment (or the jack stress) mu is the same angular friction coefficient as above angle is the total angle change at the tendon profile point (includes both horizontal and vertical kinks) Concept incorporates seating loss (wedge draw-in loss) into the losses using the standard strain integration formulation. The equations above are still used, but the known and unknown values are swapped. Concept adjusts the tendon stresses iteratively until the integration of the strain change in the tendon equals the specified anchorage seat loss. Long term losses are input by the user as a jack parameter. See About jacks and Jack properties on page 121 for more information.
Do I have to specify jacks?
This is a matter of engineering judgment. There is certainly no need to lay out individual strands and it is usually satisfactory to group strands in larger tendon groups than that installed in the field. Keep in mind that design strip cross sections consider only the tendons that they cut through to calculate strength etc. There could be instances where you want to model banded tendons in multiple groups (if the band is very wide).
I have laid out the longitude tendons but want to change the number of strands per group. Do I have to lay them out again?
No. The number of strands in a tendon does not have to be an integer, so you can change it by any increment.
Can I determine the force in a tendon?
Yes. Use the Visible Objects dialog to view the Tendon Forces on a plan.
Does Concept check for tendons being outside of the concrete?
Yes. See discussion in sections 38.3.4 and 38.3.5 of Chapter 38, Errors and Warnings.
Do I need to do a load balancing calculation with all the tendons?
No. The load balance tool is available to help you calculate low points, but is not mandatory.
The load balancing percentage shown on the design strips plan does not make sense. How is this calculated?
No. Concept uses the relevant value of fse (specified in the Materials criteria page) as the effective stress for any tendon without a jack.
Concepts balanced load percentage calculation assumes that what you define as a span, actually behaves like a span. Sometimes this is not the case. To calculate the effective dead load applied, Concept uses: D = 8 Md / L2
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Chapter 37 Where: D is the dead load to be calculated Md is the total dead load span moment (calculated from the moments at the first, middle and last cross sections of the span) L is the span length (as determined from the span segments, support conditions, etc.) The calculation for the effective balance load is similar: B = 8 Mb / L2 The percentage balanced is 100 . (-B/D) If, for example, the dead load moments at the start, middle and end cross sections are not negative, positive and negative then percentage balance calculation will not be useful. This does not mean your strips are wrong, but it might mean that your tendon layout is not doing what you think it is doing. Look at the DL (or DL + LL) deflections (without balance loading) and try to get a better feeling for how the structure is working and from there determine where to add and remove tendons. Example 37-1 Lateral SE Consider the structure with two elevated floors shown in Figure 37-3. Each level is 3m high and the structure is 10m wide.
Assume the following: a frame analysis has been performed on the building for this 100kN loading and the column forces are known a very simple distribution of forces (reasonable for beams much stiffer than columns) The forces on the top level slab (including column reactions) are:
37.9 Loadings
Is pattern loading possible?
It is not necessary for area loads to match the structure. Area loads can overlap each other and they can overhang the floor. This is shown in the PT tutorial.
Figure 37-4 Forces on top level slab Are area loads additive or does the maximum govern?
Fx0 = 100kN Fx1 = -50kN Fz1 = -15kN My1 = 75kN-m Fx2 = -50kN Fz2 = 15kN My2 = 75kN-m
Refer to Self-equilibrium analysis on page 335 of Chapter 47, Analysis Notes. However, the best way to understand Lateral SE could be this simple example:
These forces are in equilibrium and are applied directly to the slab in a lateral SE loading. Concept then calculates the correct forces in the slab, design strips and punching checks.
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Chapter 37 For the intermediate level there are more forces to consider (all of these are from the frame analysis). The forces that the columns apply to the slab are: This situation is very much like shrinkage/swelling. Expansion / swelling generally causes compressive stresses in the slab which enhance its strength (they act similar to prestressing) and can usually be ignored. Shrinkage/contraction generally causes tension stresses which are more troublesome. Many designers take the approach that shrinkage is primarily a deformation compatibility problem and as soon as cracks form in the slab (or supports), most of the shrinkage forces are relieved. These designers ensure that there is enough reinforcement to control cracking and take measures to reduce the shrinkage, but generally do not design for the shrinkage forces. For temperature gradients across the slab, transverse deformations (like slab curling) happen. Cracking will also partially relieve these stresses, but the situation is not as simple as in-plane temperature changes. Concept does offer a means to model the thermal forces, but it takes some work, and does not consider the reduction in stresses that happens after cracking. Here is the approach: Add a Thermal loading, set its Analysis type to Lateral SE (the loading will be a self-equilibrium loading, but wont be lateral). Leave the loading type as Other. Set the load combo load factors for the Thermal Loading. Apply the thermal restraint reactions to the Thermal Loading, but dont apply any load that simulate the thermal deformations themselves. This set of reactions is in self-equilibrium (more on how to calculate these below). This approach will appropriately design for the thermal (restraint) forces in the slab, but will not appropriately consider the thermal deformations in the deflection predictions. There are two methods to calculate the thermal restraint reactions: get them from another analysis or iteratively determine them in Concept. You may be able to model the thermal loads in SAP. If so, you can just apply the reactions to the slab from the walls and columns as the thermal loads. The reactions will be a self-equilibrium set of forces. To determine the reactions loads iteratively in Concept: Apply loads to the Thermal Loading that create the thermal strains assuming the slab is free to deform. These loads should be a self-equilibrium set of forces. Analyze the slab (and see that the loads cause the slab to separate from the walls and columns). Change the Thermal Loading analysis type to Normal (temporarily) RAM Concept
Fx3 = 50kN Fx5 = 50kN Fz3 = 15kN Fz5 = -15kN My3 = 75kN-m My5 = 75kN-m
Fx4 = -50kN Fx6 = -50kN Fz4 = -45kN Fz6 = 45kN My4 = 75kN-m My6 = 75kN-m
These forces are in equilibrium and are applied directly to the slab in a lateral SE loading. Since the 3 and 4 forces occur at the same location, they can be added together and applied as a single load (same for 5 and 6). Concept then calculates the correct forces in the slab, design strips and punching checks.
Rationally considering thermal loads and stresses is difficult. Concept does not make it significantly easier. The most important thing to remember is that thermal loads cause deformations, not forces. It is the restraint of the deformations that induce forces into the slab. If there is no temperature gradient through the slab (and the slab is flat), then the thermal expansion/contraction will not cause any out-of-plane deformation, but will cause in plane stresses if the temperature changes are not uniform across the slab, or if the supports restrain the slab from lateral movement. 180
Chapter 37 Analyze the slab (and see that the reactions keep the slab attached to the supports). Apply the support reactions as loads (they will be a selfequilibrium set). Ensure that the load elevations are set correctly. Change the Thermal Loading analysis type back to Lateral SE. Analyze the slab (and see that the reaction loads keep that slab attached to the supports). Remove the original loads that caused the thermal strains. The remaining loads are still a self-equilibrium set - and are the loads for which to design.
37.12 Results
37.12.1 Reactions
Does Concept include the weight of columns and walls in self weight calculations?
Concept never includes the weight of supports below. You decide if the weight of supports above is included. This is a choice you can make in the Calculation Options.
Can I choose which column and wall reactions are shown?
Yes - you can change what Concept plots. See Reaction on page 141 and Figure on page 141.
37.10 Analysis
Should I use Auto-stabilize structure in X and Y directions in the Calc Options?
If there are columns (and or walls) above and below an elevated slab you can select (through the Plot dialog) which reactions are shown. The choices are the total reaction on the slab (below and above) the reaction below the reaction above
The reaction plans show many small values for Fx and Fy which makes the plan difficult to read. Can I look at just Fz?
This is only necessary if your structure has no lateral stability, such as an elevated floor with columns on rollers, or a mat (raft) with no X or Y direction springs. Autostabilize does not work if there are lateral loads.
You can control this in two ways. The simplest way is to turn off Fx and Fy with the plot settings. See Changing which results plot on page 132. Alternatively, you can filter out small reactions and moments through the Units window. See Specifying report as zero on page 21.
The wall reactions are shown per straight section of wall. Can I see the reaction per wall element?
Concept calculates the support width for an equivalent (in area) square column.
What is the relevance of the Include Detailed Section Analysis box in Criteria > Design Rules?
That box instructs Concept to do a cracked section analysis even if one is not required for the code criteria. The only reason to check the box is if you want to see cracked section stresses even when they are not used for code checking / design. The only reason not to check the box is that cracked section analyses can be slow. See Detailed Section Analysis on page 128 of Chapter 27, Calculating Results.
No. This is not available because there would be too much information shown.
I have modeled columns at the end of walls. The column reactions are huge and the wall reaction is negative. Is this realistic?
The huge result is mathematically correct but may not be realistic. Try modeling the column and walls in question as vertically compressible. This may reduce the column reaction to a more realistic value.
How can I determine the reaction at the end of a wall?
Reactions are reported for continuous walls, so if you need discrete reactions leave a gap in the wall or specify a column at the end of a wall.
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37.12.2 Plots
Why is there moment shown at a free edge about an axis parallel to the edge?
For example, for the service load combination, the load factor on live load could be 1.0 and the alternate envelope factor could be 0.0. This would produce differing maximum and minimum values. Pattern loadings More than one load combination using the same rule set. The default plot shows the maximum and minimum deflections. You could choose to show just the maximum values via the plot dialog, but remember that the absolute of minimum could be more than the maximum. It would be possible that minimum governs if you have upward deflection.
Note: This also applies for plots of demand for resultants such as moment or shear.
Figure 37-6 Plan of moment about Y-Y axis at opening. The circled moment is displayed as non-zero.
37.12.3 Torsion
I have set the Behavior of a beam to No-torsion. Why is there still torsion in the beam?
The plotted moments are smoothed curves of the element center moments. A slab element at a free edge may have a small moment at it center. The values shown between element centers are interpolated, but since there is no element outside the edge, there is no way for that value to ever reach zero. For better visual results (values closer to zero at the edge), you should use smaller elements at the edge. The distance from the edge to the edge element center is the most important parameter.
I have a pinned column at the edge of the slab. Why is there moment shown at the edge about an axis parallel to the edge?
When you set your beams to have no torsion, you are really setting them to have no twist (Mxy). Twist is only one component of torsion. Torsion is a moment that in Concept is measured about the centroid point of the cross section. The z-coordinate of this centroid is the mathematical centroid elevation of the cross section, the x- and y- coordinates of the centroid are the centre of the core portion of the centroid. The vertical shear in the cross section will create torsion unless it is centred upon the centroid. In an edge beam, the vertical shear at the ends must be centred on the column, or there MUST be torsion to maintain equilibrium.
37.12.4 Envelopes
What is the significance of Envelopes in the Audit?
An envelope is a resultant (set of forces) in which one of the force values is a maximum or minimum for an item (such as a cross section) under consideration. All of the force values within a single envelope occur simultaneously. The explanation is the same as the preceding question.
Why are there two lines for deflection in the strip plots?
Audit envelopes are created by the following process: for each rule set, 6 envelopes are added to a list (Max M, Min M, Max V, Min V, Max P, Min P) duplicates are removed (if Max M and Max V are identical, one of them will be removed) torsion conversion is performed (this can modify the torsion values, it can also create additional envelopes)
The two plots for maximum and minimum differ if you have one of the following conditions: Alternate envelope factors that are not the same as the load factors (see About alternate envelope factors on page 37 of Chapter 11, Specifying Load Combinations).
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Chapter 37 The result is a list of envelopes (possibly just one, but also possibly up to 12).
2 The depth of the span segment strip cross section
contributes to a large amount of minimum reinforcement. This may be because the cross section depth is based upon a thickened area.
3 The bonded tendons are not in the tensile zone.
Why are the reinforcement results on the Design Status layer in different colors?
37.12.5 Reinforcement
Can I determine the reinforcement spacing?
The default Appearance scheme uses different colors for Failed Span Design and OK Span Design.
Yes.
1 Choose the appropriate reinforcement plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Designs columns.
The default setting for design strip Environment is Normal. Changing to Protected can reduce the amount of reinforcement. See Section 9.4.3.2 Shrinkage and Temperature on page 443 for further clarification.
This sometimes happens for an ACI318 or BS8110 / TR43 design. Concept locates the minimum reinforcing required by certain design criteria on the tension face of the slab (or the face with the least amount of compression); this normally works well for both elevated slabs and mat foundations. However, in certain cases the moment at a design strip cross section is of the opposite sign of what would be expected given the location. For an elevated slab this can lead to reinforcing at columns being at the bottom of the slab and reinforcing at mid-span being at the top of the slab. For example, for ACI318 or TR43 if there is no tension at a slab location under service conditions, then Concept places the minimum support rebar on the face with the least amount of compression. This could be the bottom face at a column. You can overrule this by choosing Elevated Slab for the design strip property CS Min. Reinforcement Location. See Span segment properties, which starts on page 82. The description of CS Min. Reinforcement Location follows Figure 21-7.
I am getting more reinforcement than expected. Why is this?
un-tensioned reinforcement shall be designed to cater for the full tension force generated by the assumed flexural tensile stresses in the concrete for Support zones in all flat slabs. The note under TR43 table 2 states that the support zone shall be considered as any part of the span under consideration within 0.2 x L of the support, where L is the effective span. This often means that there is tension on the bottom face near the edge of the support zone, beyond contraflexure. Per 6.10.5, Concept adds reinforcement to the bottom face in such instances.
Note: Concept might draw reinforcement bars to the column, but a plot could reveal that is only required over a limited zone. Note: Using column and middle strips for a TR43 PT flat plate tends to increase the likelihood of this situation.
the Consider as Post-Tensioned option. Concept is ignoring the tendons. See the description in Span segment properties on page 82.
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Why is there mild service reinforcement near midspan of a bonded post-tensioned flat plate?
When designing to TR43 (BS8110) with bonded tendons, many designers are surprised to see bottom service reinforcement. TR43 (1st Edition) clause 6.10.5 states that .... additional un-tensioned reinforcement shall be designed to cater for the full tension force generated by the assumed flexural tensile stresses in the concrete for .... span zones in flat slabs using unbonded tendons where the tensile stress exceeds 0.15 f cu . Many designers consider that they do not have to provide un-tensioned reinforcement if they use bonded tendons. However, what they miss is that the reinforcement shall be placed in the tensile zone, as near as practicable to the outer fibre. Concept examines the location of the bonded tendons and determines if it is effective. See Calculation of Supplemental Reinforcement Per TR 43, 6.10.5 on page 461 for further explanation. The following figures show where bonded tendons would not provide serviceability crack control.
Figure 37-9 Example 2: ineffective tendons in tension zone: (i) small number of strands (ii) near neutral axis
No.
What is the stress ratio?
reinforcement, or
2 insufficient (reinforcement cannot solve the problem and the concrete form needs revision).
Why is there a punching failure at a beam? I thought that punching shear failures occur only in flat slabs. Figure 37-7 Assumed stress distribution
The code provides formula for calculating punching shear. This does not apply any logic as to whether a punching failure can occur. Concept is only doing a punching check at a column supporting a beam because the user drew a punching check there. You should decide the nature of the potential failure mechanism and thus whether punching check is appropriate.
Shallow beams could certainly have punching failure. Deep beams are less likely to have punching failure, and one-way shear failure would be the likely failure mechanism. For example, column A in Figures 37-10 and 37-11 is satisfactory for one-way shear (with reinforcement in the beam) but the code equation determines that there is a punching failure. You need to decide if this is appropriate.
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Chapter 37 It would be possible, but very rare, for a punching failure at column B since it is satisfactory for one-way shear in the beam (with reinforcement).
When engineers design flat slabs by hand, they often IGNORE the one-way checks. They decide that punching is all that is appropriate. (This is often decided without much consideration it just seems right). Concept does not make this decision, as nowhere does the code advise to ignore one-way shear checks in a flat slab or flat plate. Nonetheless - you should decide what the possible failure mechanism is and so what is appropriate. It may, or may not, be appropriate to ignore the one-way shear results. For example, columns C in Figures 37-10 and 37-11 are satisfactory for punching shear (without reinforcement) but the mathematics of the code requires one-way shear reinforcement. It is up to you to decide if this is appropriate.
Figure 37-10 Mixed form: flat slab with column capitals and beams
Note: In fact, ACI 318-02 rule 11.12.1.1 specifically requires a one-way shear check in flat plates.
The results have a lot more shear reinforcement than expected.
This is likely to be a shear core issue. Refer to About shear core on page 91 and Shear core in slabs on page 92 of Chapter 21, Defining Design Strips. For a post-tensioned beam, the reason could be that Concept is deducting a fraction of the (bonded) duct from the web width per the appropriate code rules. Concept calculates the number of duct by dividing the Strands per tendon by the Max strands per duct (as specified in the Materials) and rounding up to the next integer. Refer to the following sections for an explanation of Concepts shear web calculation: For AS 3600, Section 8.2 Shear Design on page 439
Figure 37-11 Shear results
For BS 8110, Section 3.4.5 Design shear resistance of beams on page 456. For IS 456, Section 22.4 Design shear resistance of beams on page 484. For EC2, Section 6.2 Design shear resistance on page 502.
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What does this audit text mean: Depth d is zero - replacing with column effective depth. Depth is still zero - giving up.?
Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Soil Bearing Design > Max Soil Bearing Pressure Plan
The is likely a combination of two things: there is net compression force and a small moment, and as such the bending designer does not provide any reinforcement the minimum designer has been turned off If this is the case, you should consider turning the minimum designer back on.
37.13 Performance
My computer ran out of memory - what can I do?
1 Choose Help > Machine Settings 2 Change Optimization from Speed to Memory.
37.12.10 Deflection
Is cracking taken into account for deflection?
Not all deflection results consider creep and cracking. It is very important that you understand which ones do and which do not. See Chapter 58, Estimating deflections.
Why are there two lines for the LT Deflection plot?
See Why are there two lines for deflection in the strip plots? on page 182.
Figure 37-12 Machine Settings dialog box Does Concept warn if deflection is too high? What are the graphics cards requirements?
No. Allowable deflection is a very subjective issue and Concept does not warn if deflections exceed conventional limits.
Note: Concept does display a warning when deflections are so large that the analysis itself may no longer be valid. This typically happens for structures that are unstable or nearly unstable. Often the instability is related to unrestrained lateral displacements.
37.12.11 Soil bearing
There are many soil bearing pressure plans. Is there a summary?
It is recommended that you use a graphics card supported by DirectX 9.0. See the graphics card manufacturer for latest information on DirectX drivers. If no graphics card supported by DirectX can be found, Concept attempts to use software emulation under Windows XP SP2 and Vista. At least 128 MB of video RAM is recommended, but 256 MB is more desirable. For optimal performance, graphics display color depth should be set to 24-bit or higher. When using a color depth setting of 16-bit, some inconsistencies will be noted.
The Soil Bearing Design rule set envelopes the maximum and minimum bearing pressures for all load combinations.
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location of the problem, and revise the assigned priorities. Usually this requires making sure that the thickest slab or beam have the higher priority (the lowest priority is 1).
Note: The highest priority is not always assigned to the thickest element. For example, where a standard slab area overlaps a depressed slab area.
38.1.2 Line is too short at (x,y)
Concept has a minimum element size of 50 mm (approximately 2 inches). This is effectively a snap distance. When an object such as a slab area has two nodes closer than this distance the line between them is too short. In such cases, Concept merges the two nodes together and reports the coordinates of this occurrence in the dialog box. You can view the resulting elements and nodes in the element standard plan.
) dialog box.
).
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
3 Check the Numbers box under the appropriate objects
38.1 Meshing
Concept can generate several different errors and warnings for meshing. A general description of meshing limitations is in Limitations of the automatic meshing on page 61. It is strongly advised that you heed such errors and warnings and fix the problems. Otherwise, Concept generates the mesh everytime you do a Calc All.
Note: Nearly all meshing problems are due to the users failure to use snapping properly.
38.1.1 Two or more slab areas or beams with the same priority overlap at (x,y)
Overlapping slabs and beams should have different priorities. This is explained in The priority method on page 56. The error is generated when two or more overlapping slab or beam objects have the same priority.
To fix this error:
1 Choose Layers > Mesh Input Layer > Standard Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
Note: This error is usually caused by a failure to use snapping while drawing: two lines that are supposed to be in the same place are instead slightly off parallel and intersect.
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38.1.5 An error has been found. Two column elements below the slab are at the same location. Delete column element #a or #b.
This error occurs when you inadvertently draw a column at the same location twice, or copy and paste a column and do not change the Support Set (above or below).
To fix this error:
38.3 Tendons
38.3.1 Tendon # has a radius (a) that is less than the minimum allowable (b).
Parabolic tendons with a large drape relative to their length have a small radius. A warning is triggered when the tendon segment radius is less than the minimum radius for that tendon system. A tendons minimum (vertical) radius is specified in the Materials section. Concept does not check horizontal radii as tendon segments are straight in plan. The radii shown are suggestions based on industry standards. You can change them based on advice from prestress companies.
1 Choose Layers > Mesh Input Layer > Standard Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects ( 3 Check the Column numbers box. 4 Place the cursor at the appropriate column, double click
).
and delete.
38.1.6 An error has been found. A column element below the slab is not attached to the slab. Revise column element #a (below the slab)
This error occurs when a column is outside the slab boundary (or within an opening). To fix the problem you should move the column or edit the slab such that the column is within the slab boundary.
Note: The warning can be indicative of an overbalanced condition (too much uplift) for parabolic tendons.
To remove the warning you can adjust the tendon profile or change the minimum radius in the Material section.
To edit the minimum radius:
1 Choose Criteria > Materials. 2 Edit the minimum radius for the PT system.
38.2 Loads
38.2.1 An error has occurred while assembling the load vector. A point load is not on the slab. Revise point load #a.
A point load that is not on a finite element is considered an error. Apart from generating the error, Concept essentially ignores the load.
38.3.2 Cannot auto-position profile point at (x,y) due to profile point value
This warning occurs when both of the following are true for two tendon segments that share a Profile Point 2:
11The tendon segments have the Position Profile Point 2 for
38.2.2 An error has occurred while assembling the load vector. A line load is not totally on the slab. Revise line load #a.
A line load that is not completely on finite elements generates this error. There may be times you ignore the error, such as when a line load crosses an opening. Concept ignores the part of the load crossing the opening.
values for Profile Point 1 and Profile Point 2 produce a flat tendon segment: this usually occurs when the two values are equal).
The Position Profile Point 2 for equal balance loads option is intended to move the plan position of Profile Point 2 so that the uplift is equal for both tendon segments. This is not possible when one tendon segment is flat (zero drape) as there is no uplift in that tendon segment.
38.3.3 An error has occurred while trying to calculate a profile. A profile point is not on the slab. Click on the Fix button to correct the profile point at (x,y).
This occurs when a tendon extends beyond the slab edge. To fix this error, stretch the profile point so its end is on the edge or slightly inside the slab edge.
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Chapter 38 The dialog box offers an automatic fix (Click on the Fix button). If you click this button, Concept moves the profile point to the nearest concrete element. To avoid the warning go to the appropriate tendon layer (the dialog box indicates on which layer the tendon is located) and change the number of strands in the tendon.
38.3.8 An error has occurred while trying to calculate the tendon effective stresses. A tendon is not connected to any jacks. Investigate tendon #a. [If any tendons are stressed then all tendons must be stressed.]
Concept calculates losses in tendons that have one or two jacks attached. Concept does not allow a (latitude or longitude) tendon layer to have some tendons with jacks but other tendons with no jacks. You can have one tendon layer (say, latitude) with jacked tendons and the other tendon layer with no jacks. When you encounter this error, find the tendon (from the number given) and draw at least one jack on the tendon.
38.3.5 An error has occurred while trying to calculate the tendon profiles. A tendon is out of the slab at (x,y).
This is different to 38.3.4 in that the profile points are within the slab, but the tendon is out of the slab somewhere between the profile points. This usually occurs when there is a top or bottom surface step.
38.4 Miscellaneous
38.3.6 Tendon #a is harped, and hence violates the minimum allowable radius (b)
A harped tendon has (vertically) straight segments. There is thus a zero radius at the profile point(s).
To avoid the harped tendon warning:
1 Choose Criteria > Materials. 2 Create a new PT system (possibly called Harped). 3 Set the minimum radius for the new PT system to zero. 4 Use the new system for the harped tendons.
38.4.1 An Error occurred while trying to calculate everything. An error has occurred while triangularizing the stiffness matrix. The structure is unstable at node: a, DOF: Y-Axis Translation. Revise the structure.
This means that the structure has no lateral stability. You need to either provide some lateral stability (e.g. shear walls, columns with sufficient moment connections, lateral springs etc.) or auto-stabilize the structure.
To auto-stabilize the structure:
38.3.7 An error has occurred while trying to calculate the tendon effective stresses. A tendon has a different number of strands than an adjacent tendon. Investigate tendon #a.
You can vary the number of strands along a continuous tendon, but it is discouraged. This warning alerts you that the number of strands within the tendon is variable.
1 Choose Criteria > Calc Options 2 Check the Auto-stabilize structure in X and Y directions
box.
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38.4.2 An error occurred: Loading has horizontal loads, but the structure is automatically stabilized in the X and Y directions.
You cannot auto-stabilize the structure if there are horizontal loads (other than tendons). You must (1) uncheck the Auto-stabilize structure in X and Y directions box in the Calc Options, and (2) provide some lateral stability (e.g. shear walls, columns with sufficient moment connections, lateral springs etc.).
38.4.5 Rule Set Strength Design is being used by load combinations that appear to have load factors set for different purposes. This is likely an error.
Any load combination that uses the Strength (or Ductility) rule sets should logically have a load factor (and alternate envelope factor) of 1 for the Hyperstatic Loading (regardless of the presence of tendons). Concept provides the warning when this is violated. The warning usually occurs when you have added load combinations and forgotten to enter the Hyperstatic Loading load factors. To avoid the warning change all load factors (and alternate envelope factors) for the Hyperstatic Loading to 1 for all of the load combinations that utilize the strength or ductility rule sets.
38.4.3 The code rules selected in Rule Set Service Design do not appear compatible with the load factors in the load combinations using the rule set. This is likely an error.
Any load combination that uses the Service (and Sustained Service / Max Service) rule sets should logically have a load factor of 1 for the Balance Loading (regardless of the presence of tendons) and load factors of no more than 1 for dead and live loadings. Concept provides the warning when this is violated. The warning usually occurs when you have added load combinations and forgotten to enter the Balance Loading load factors. To avoid the warning change all load factors for the Balance Loading to 1 for all of the load combinations that utilize the service (sustained service / max service) rule sets.
38.4.6 The mat / raft is likely unstable. There is less that 25% contact area.
When the mat (raft) has a significantly reduced bearing area it is likely that bearing pressures are very high and there could be instability.
38.4.4 Load Combination Service (Sustained Service / Max Service) has unusual balance and / or hyperstatic load factors. This is likely an error.
Any load combination that uses the Service (and Sustained Service / Max Service) rule sets should logically have a load factor of 1 for the Balance Loading (regardless of the presence of tendons) and a load factor (and alternate envelope factor) of zero for the Hyperstatic Loading. Concept provides the warning when this is violated. The warning usually occurs when you have added load combinations and forgotten to enter the Balance Loading load factors. To avoid the warning change all load factors for the Balance Loading to 1 for all of the load combinations that utilize the service (sustained service / max service) rule sets.
1 Choose Layers > Design Strips > Punching Checks Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
38.4.8 An error has been found. The cross section trimming for strip ab-c has caused there to be no concrete remaining at one or more locations.
This error is typically reported at steps in the slabs. The inter cross section slope limit is trimming the entire cross section away at the step. See Inter Cross Section Slope Limit Trimming on page 94 for more information. You can avoid the problem by setting the inter cross section slope limit to a large value in spans containing large steps. You should, however, consider the underlying reason for the error.
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38.4.9 An error has been found. [Design strip] ab-c has reinforcing bars with too much cover (the bottom bar is closer to the top than the top bar).
The trimmed cross section has a thickness and covers such that the location of the bars is illogical.
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). ).
(the cursor will snap to the grid and the coordinates appear in the command line): 0, 0 ft. [0, 0 m] 24, 0 ft. [7.25, 0 m] 24, 20 ft. [7.25, 6 m] 0, 20 ft. [0, 6 m]
12 Go to Draw the slab area:, or select and delete the four
1 Choose Layers > Mesh Input > Standard Plan. 2 Double click the Column tool (
).
).
16 Hold down shift and click anywhere on the workspace. 17 Type r0,20 [r0, 6], and press Return.
Choose a Concrete Strength of 5000 psi [32 MPa for AS3600; C32/40 for BS8110 & EC2, M40 for IS 456]. Set Width to 24 inches [600 mm]. Set Depth to 24 inches [600 mm].
4 Click OK.
Note: This copies the two columns using the relative command. See Using relative coordinates on page 16 for further explanation.
Draw the slab area:
Define the column locations by one of the following three methods. We strongly recommend you try all of them for the purpose of learning different procedures.
5 Enter the following coordinates (x, y) and press return
properties.
4 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
after each: 0, 0 ft. [0, 0 m] 24, 0 ft. [7.25, 0 m] 24, 20 ft. [7.25, 6 m] 0, 20 ft. [0, 6 m]
Choose a Concrete Strength of 5000 psi [32 MPa for AS3600; C32/40 for BS8110 & EC2, M40 for IS 456]. Set Thickness to 12 inches [300 mm]. Leave Surface Elevation as 0 and Priority as 1. Click OK.
5 With the Slab Area tool (
Note: The coordinates will appear in the command line, see Figure 2-1 on page 5. Note: Do not enter the actual units (ft., m)
) selected, define the four corners of the slab by snapping at the outside corner of each column.
6 Complete the rectangle by clicking at your starting point
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Hatch the slab area:
).
You will now see a somewhat random mesh. This produces reasonable results, but a regular mesh is better. You can regenerate a significantly improved mesh once you have defined design strips. This mesh is shown in Figure 39-4.
OK.
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
You have now defined the slab but the element mesh does not yet exist.
Figure 39-1 After defining the slab, the Mesh Input: Standard Plan shows the slab area (hatched), and the columns. Generate the mesh:
).
Figure 39-3 Element: Standard Plan (AS3600, BS8110, EC2 & IS 456 example).
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).
This tool will now draw area loads of 50 psf [2.5 kN/ m2].
4 Define an area load over the entire slab by clicking four
Perspective.
2 Use the Rotate about x- and y-axes tool (
corners of a quadrilateral and then typing c. This shape need not match the slabs exact dimensions, but should cover the slab.
) to rotate
the floor.
3 Click the Set Print Viewpoint tool (
).
Upon returning to this perspective, you can look at the saved view by clicking Show Set Viewpoint ( ).
Figure 39-6 Live (Reducible) Loading: All Loads Plan (with area loads hatching turned on): ACI318 example.
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Chapter 39 Check the Middle Strip uses Column Strip Properties box. Click OK.
4 Click the Generate Spans tool (
Generate Spans.
5 The Generate Spans dialog box opens with Spans to
Generate set to Latitude (as shown in Figure 39-8): Set Minimum Span Length to 2 feet [0.6 meters]. Click OK.
Figure 39-7 Live (Reducible) Loading: All Loads Plan (with area loads hatching turned on): AS3600, BS8110, EC2 & IS 456 example.
Generate Strips. The latitude design strips appear, as shown in Figure 39-10.
Plan.
2 Double click the Span Segment tool (
).
Generation properties. Set Column Strip Width Calc to Code Slab (this is the default for the AS3600 and IS 456 templates). Click the General tab. Uncheck the Consider as Post-Tensioned box. Click the Column Strip tab. Change CS Top Bar to #6 [N20 for AS3600; T20 for BS8110; H20 for EC2; T20 for IS 456]. Change CS Bottom Bar to #5 [N16 for AS3600; T16 for BS8110; H16 for EC2; T16 for IS 456]. Click the Middle Strip tab.
Figure 39-9 Latitude direction spans
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Figure 39-10 Latitude direction design strips (with hatching turned on) Draw longitude design strips: Figure 39-11 Generate spans dialog box
Plan.
2 Double click the Span Segment tool (
).
Generate Strips. The longitude design strips appear, as shown in Figure 3913.
dialog box. The defaults set up in the Latitude Design Spans Plan will have remained the same. Since the cover cannot be the same for both directions, change it for the longitudinal direction. Change CS Top Cover to 2.25 inches [60 mm]. Change CS Bottom Cover to 1.38 inches [41 mm]. Click OK.
4 Click the Generate Spans tool (
Generate Spans.
5 In the Generate Spans dialog box:
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Figure 39-13 Longitude direction design strips (with hatching turned on)
Now that there are design strips, you can generate a much more regular mesh.
Regenerate the mesh:
Element Standard Plan. Refer to Figure 39-4 to view the new mesh.
).
1 Choose Layers > Design Strip > Punching Checks Plan. 2 Double click the Punching Shear Check tool (
The purpose of status plans is to indicate whether there are any violations of code limits for ductility, one-way shear, and punching shear.
View Status:
).
Change Cover to CGS to 2.25 inches [60 mm] (the average top cover) Click OK.
4 Fence the slab with the Punching Shear Check tool.
For ACI318, AS3600 and IS 456, the status plan shows OK for all design strips and punching shear checks. See Figure 39-15. The BS8110 status plan shows punching shear failure. See Figure 39-16. The EC2 status plan show OK for all design strips and OK with SSR for all punching shear checks.
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Figure 39-17 Design Status: Reinforcement Plan for ACI318 Figure 39-15 Design Status: Status Plan for ACI318, AS3600 & IS 456
This shows all the code-determined reinforcement for each of the eight design strips. See Figures 39-17 through 39-20.
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Chapter 39 See Figures 39-25 through 39-28 for latitude bottom reinforcement controlling criteria.
Such plans often suffer from information overload with congested results. For this reason, you can access plans in the Design Status layer that separate reinforcement according to: face (top or bottom), direction (latitude or longitude), and type (flexural or shear). You should decide which plans best convey the results without too much clutter.
View Specific Reinforcement:
Figure 39-21 Design Status: Latitude Bottom Reinforcement Plan for ACI318.
Reinforcement Plan. See Figures 39-21 through 39-24. Concept provides you with the code clause numbers that control the maximum top and bottom reinforcement at any design strip cross section. The following uses latitude bottom reinforcement as an example.
View Reinforcement Controlling Criteria:
Reinforcement Plan.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
Figure 39-22 Design Status: Latitude Bottom Reinforcement Plan for AS3600.
).
uncheck Bar Descriptions and check Controlling Criteria, and click OK.
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Figure 39-23 Design Status: Latitude Bottom Reinforcement Plan for BS8110. Figure 39-26 Design Status: Latitude Bottom Reinforcement Plan for AS3600 with Bar Descriptions unchecked and Controlling Criteria checked.
Figure 39-24 Design Status: Latitude Bottom Reinforcement Plan for IS 456.
Figure 39-27 Design Status: Latitude Bottom Reinforcement Plan for BS8110 with Bar Descriptions unchecked and Controlling Criteria checked.
Figure 39-25 Design Status: Latitude Bottom Reinforcement Plan for ACI318 with Bar Descriptions unchecked and controlling Criteria checked.
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6 Check the Active box. 7 Select the Bottom radio button. 8 Change Max Frame Number to 2, and click OK.
Figure 39-28 Design Status: Latitude Bottom Reinforcement Plan for IS 456 with Bar Descriptions unchecked and Controlling Criteria checked.
1 Choose Layers > New Plan. 2 Enter a name for the plan, such as Plot: Latitude Bottom
Reinforcement. (Concept automatically prepends the layer name and appends the word Plan).
3 Select the Design Status layer, and click OK.
).
Figure 39-30 Design Status: Plot: Latitude Bottom Reinforcement Plan for AS3600
The Plot dialog box appears with the Section Design dialog.
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Chapter 39 You can see that, for ACI318, AS3600 and IS 456, the unreinforced stress ratio (USR) is less than 1.0 and hence punching shear capacity is satisfactory. These results are shown in Figure 39-33, Figure 39-34 and 39-37. The USR for BS8110 is 1.17, as shown in Figure 39-35. Since the stress ratio exceeds 1.0, shear reinforcement is required. Concept designs stud shear reinforcement (SSR) for such situations.
View SSR:
Figure 39-31 Design Status: Plot: Latitude Bottom Reinforcement Plan for BS8110
Figure 39-33 Design Status: Punching Shear Status Plan for ACI318.
Figure 39-32 Design Status: Plot: Latitude Bottom Reinforcement Plan for IS 456
Plan.
Figure 39-34 Design Status: Punching Shear Status Plan for AS3600
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Chapter 39 Concept uses gross section inertia for deflection contours. You can investigate the effects of creep, shrinkage and cracking with the strip based LT Deflection plot. See Chapter 58, Estimating deflections for more information.
Note: The following deflection plans DO NOT consider cracking, creep or shrinkage.
View service deflection:
Deflection Plan. The service deflection contours should be visible, as shown in Figures 39-38 through 39-41.
Figure 39-35 Design Status: Punching Shear Status Plan for BS8110
Note: These models use compressible columns and hence the deflection includes column deflection. Note: The AS3600 template uses 70% of live load for the Service LC.
Figure 39-37 Design Status: Punching Shear Status Plan for IS 456
39.5.5 Deflection
Usually you are interested in deflections for Service (Dead and Live Load plus PT if applicable) and Long Term (Creep and Cracking Factors used). 204
Figure 39-39 Service LC: Deflection Plan for AS3600.
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Note: Plot Distribution Tools are useful for qualitative results but not quantitative results. Refer Section distribution plots on page 133, and, in particular, the Summary on page 134
Figure 39-40 Service LC: Deflection Plan for BS8110. View Moments:
Load Combination > Mx Plan. For ACI318, use Factored LC: 1.4D. For AS3600, use Ultimate LC: 1.2D + 1.5 L. For BS8110, use Ultimate LC: 1.4D + 1.6L. For IS 456, use Ultimate LC: 1.5D + 1.5 L. The contours are moment per unit length about the global x-axis.
2 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
) ).
bottom side.
Figure 39-41 Service LC: Deflection Plan for IS 456. View service deflection without colors:
This shows the bending moment shape, about the x-axis, along the line you have drawn. See Figures 39-42 through 39-45.
5 Now click from left to right across the structure.
Deflection Plan.
2 Right click over the plan and choose Plot (
) to change
This shows how Mx varies along the span. If you do it through the column centers, you will see how the column strip has large negative moments and a small positive moment near midspan. If you do it in the middle strip, you will see only positive moments. See About plot sign convention on page 24 of Chapter 8, Choosing Sign Convention for further information.
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Figure 39-42 Factored LC: 1.4D: Mx Plan showing use of Plot Distribution tool for ACI318.
Figure 39-44 Ultimate LC: 1.4D+1.6L: Mx Plan showing use of Plot Distribution tool for BS8110.
Figure 39-45 Ultimate LC: 1.5D+1.5L: Mx Plan showing use of Plot Distribution tool for IS 456. Figure 39-43 Ultimate LC: 1.2D+1.5L: Mx Plan showing use of Plot Distribution tool for AS3600.
1 Choose Layers > Reinforcement > Bottom Bars Plan. 2 Double click the Distributed Reinf. Cross in Perimeter
tool (
).
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Chapter 39 Note that Elevation Reference is set to Bottom Cover. Change Elevation to 0.75 inches [25 mm for AS3600, BS8110 and IS 456]. Change Bar Type to #5 [N16 for AS3600; T16 for BS8110; T16 for IS 456]. Change Spacing to 12 inches [225 mm for AS3600; BS8110 and IS 456].
4 Turn on Snap Orthogonal ( 5 Click somewhere on the slab. 6 Click at another point to the left or right to define the
).
orientation of the (primary) reinforcement. A polygon appears that is the shape of the slab. Once the file is run you can view the individual bars via the Visible Objects dialog box.
Figure 39-47 Bottom mat defined by clicking at points A and B. Point C appears such that AC = AB. The bars are shown to points A and B but the symbol indicates the reinforcement continues to the slab edges.
postilions for a better appearance. Refer to Figures 39-46 to 39-47 for ACI 318. Refer to Figures 39-49 to 39-51 for AS3600, BS8110 and IS 456.
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Figure 39-49 AS3600, BS8110, IS456: Reinforcement > Bottom Bars Plan
Figure 39-50 Bottom mat defined by clicking at points A and B. Point C appears such that AC = AB. The bars are shown to points A and B but the symbol indicates the reinforcement continues to the slab edges.
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).
properties.
3 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Choose a Concrete Strength of 5000 psi. Set Thickness to 10 inches. Leave Surface Elevation as 0 and Priority as 1. Click OK.
4 With the Slab Area tool (
) selected, define the 10 vertices of the slab outline by snapping to the imported drawings slab corners.
Note: There are two vertices near each other near B-5 at 86, 27 ft and 86, 29 ft. Cursor plan coordinates display next to the command prompt.
5 Complete the polygon by clicking at your starting point
1 Choose File > Import Drawing. 2 Select the CAD drawing file flat_plate.dwg.
1 Choose Layers > Mesh Input > Standard Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that
includes the Visible Objects command.
3 Click the Drawing Import tab. 4 Click Show All, and then click OK.
properties.
2 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Change Thickness to 8 inches. Change Surface Elevation to -2 inches. Change the Priority to 2, and click OK.
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3 With the Slab Area tool (
) selected, define the six vertices of the balcony outline by clicking at each vertex, and then click at your starting point (or type c in the command line and press Enter).
).
Figure 40-2 The balcony slab on the Mesh Input: Standard Plan. Draw the drop caps:
properties.
2 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Change Thickness to 20 inches. Change Surface Elevation to 0, and leave the Priority as 2. Click OK.
3 With the Slab Area tool (
).
) selected, define the four drop caps with four or five vertices as appropriate.
4 Go to Draw the opening:, or try the next method 5 With the Selection tool ( 6 Click Redraw (
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
Define the column locations and properties:
Some tool button icons have a small triangle in the lower right corner ( ). This indicates that there are other similar tools available for this button.
7 Place the mouse over the Slab Area tool (
).
Choose a Concrete Strength of 5000 psi. Set Width to 24 inches. Set Depth/Diameter to 24 inches.
3 Click OK. 4 Click at the center of all 13 column locations shown on
) and press
down on the left mouse button for one second. A pop-up menu appears.
8 Select the Drop Cap tool from the menu.
). ).
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5 Define the wall by clicking at the start and end points, on 3 Click Generate.
View the mesh:
the centerline. Place the cursor near 29.5, 87 ft and it will snap to where the center of the wall intersects the edge of the slab, and click. Place the cursor at the center of the column at C-2 (it will snap orthogonally) and click. You have now defined the structure but the element mesh does not yet exist.
6 Go to Generate the mesh:, or try the next method. 7 The wall should be highlighted as it is the current 1 Choose Layers > Element > Standard Plan.
You will now see a somewhat random mesh. This will still produce reasonable results, but will significantly improve when you regenerate it later on.
on the left mouse button for one second. A pop-up menu appears.
10 Select the Left Wall tool from the menu. 11 Click at the extreme corner of the slab near D-2. 12 Click at Grid C, near C-2.
Perspective.
2 Use the Rotate about x- and y-axes tool (
) to rotate the ).
floor.
3 Click the Set Print Viewpoint tool (
Upon returning to this perspective, you can look at the saved view by clicking Show Set Viewpoint ( ).
Figure 40-4 After defining the slab, the Mesh Input: Standard Plan shows the slab areas and opening (hatched), the columns and the wall. Generate the mesh:
).
3 feet.
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).
Change Fz to 40 psf and click OK. This tool will now draw area loads of 40 psf.
4 Define an area load over the entire slab by clicking four corners of a quadrilateral and then typing c. This shape need not match the slabs exact dimensions, but should cover the slab.
Define the balcony live load:
).
balcony (and then type c). In this situation, it is best for the load to match the balconys dimensions. You have drawn another 40 psf load. This load should be highlighted as it is the current selection. If not, select it before proceeding by double-clicking with the selection tool.
3 Choose Edit > Selection Properties, or right-click and
Figure 40-8 Live (Reducible) Loading: All Loads Plan (with area loads hatching turned on). Define the other dead loading:
), select both area loads (fencing the balcony load selects both loads).
Loads Plan.
5 Choose Edit > Paste.
This pastes the live loads onto the Other Dead Loading: All Loads Plan, ready for editing.
6 With the Selection tool (
), select the blanket load by double clicking in the center of the floor.
7 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
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9 Double-click the balcony load.
click OK. The balcony other dead load is now effectively zero.
Figure 40-9 Other Dead Loading: All Loads Plan (with area loads hatching turned on).
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Click at the corner of the slab near D-2. Right click, and then click Enter.
11 Turn off Snap Orthogonal (
). ) to edit its
default properties.
13 In the Default Tendon Properties dialog box:
) selected, draw a
tendon along grid B: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-1. Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at B-3. Click at the center of the column at B-5. Right click, and then click Enter.
15 With the Tendon Polyline tool (
Note: RAM Concept has two layers for tendons called latitude and longitude. Refer to Using the latitude and longitude tendon layers on page 117 for more information. Note: The tutorial in Chapter 46 explains the use of Strip
Wizard to establish an estimate of the number of strands required for the critical band.
Define the latitude tendons:
1 Choose Layers > Latitude Tendon > Standard Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects ( 3 Click the Drawing Import tab. 4 Click Show All, and click OK.
) selected, draw a
).
tendon along grid C: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B.8-1. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at C-4. Right click, and then click Enter. The latitude tendons are drawn but you need to adjust a number of profile points. Any profile point at the end of a tendon should be at the mid-depth of the 10-inch slab.
16 With the Selection tool (
Showing the CAD file makes the following instructions easier to follow.
5 Double click the Tendon Polyline tool (
) to edit its
default properties.
6 In the Default Tendon Properties dialog box:
Set Strands per Tendon to 9. Set Profile at end 1 to 8.75 inches. Set Profile at end 2 to 1.25 inches, and click OK.
), select all of the terminated tendon segments, other than those over a drop cap, by: Double clicking at grid intersection B-1. Hold the Shift key down and double click at B.81.
). ) selected, draw a
Hold the Shift key down and double click at C-4. Hold the Shift key down and double click at D-2. Hold the Shift key down and double click at D-4.
17 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
tendon along grid A: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-1. Click at the center of the column at A-2. Click at the center of the column at A-3. Right click, and then click Enter.
9 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
). ) selected, draw a
), select all of the terminated tendon segments over a drop cap, by: Double clicking at grid intersection A-1. Hold the Shift key down and double click at A-3. Hold the Shift key down and double click at B-5.
20 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
tendon along grid D: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection D-4. Click at the center of the column at D-3.
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21 In the Properties dialog box, set Profile at end 1 to 15 inches and click OK.
Note: This sets the tendon anchorage profile to the centroid of the 10-inch slab, rather than the centroid of the drop cap.
22 With the Selection tool (
segment at B-2.
23 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
segment at C-2.
26 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
Figure 40-10 Latitude Tendon: Standard Plan Define the longitude tendons:
The Calc Tendon Profile dialog box appears and reports the current balance load is -2.58 kips/ft. If this is not the number then you probably selected only one tendon segment.
30 Click Cancel. 31 With the Selection tool (
). ) to
Set Strands per Tendon to 4. ), select the tendon between ). Set Profile at end 1 to 8.75 inches. Set Profile at end 2 to 1.25 inches, and click OK.
Tendon Profile dialog box and click Calc. The low point (end 2) adjusts to 5.01 inches.
34 With the Selection tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the bottom left panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-1. Click at the center of the column at B-1. Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at A-2.
6 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Note: These steps first used the Calc Profile tool to determine a low point that produces a similar average uplift in an end span as the adjacent span, and then manually changed the low points for practical reasons.
Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 6 feet, and click OK.
Note: This spacing exceeds some code maxima, but the tendon layout is for design purposes and not necessarily for detailing.
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7 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-1. Click at the center of the column at B.8-1. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the center of the column at B-2.
8 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-2. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at B-3.
20 In the Tendon Panel dialog box, click OK to accept the
) and Snap
last choices. Alternatively, you could select Auto Connect, but you would have to uncheck Skip Start Tendon.
21 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
Orthogonal (
). ) selected,
draw tendons in the balcony: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B.8-1. Click at the edge of the slab at 0, 59 ft. Click at the tendon profile point at 24, 56.6 ft.
).
Click at the center of the column at C-2. Set Auto Connect. Uncheck Skip start tendon, and click OK.
23 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-3. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at C-4. Click at the center of the column at B-5.
24 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Set Layout to Splayed. Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 6 feet. Check Skip start tendon, and click OK.
25 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-2. Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at B-3. Click at the center of the column at A-3.
18 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection C-3. Click at the center of the column at D-3. Click at the center of the column at D-4. Click at the center of the column at C-4.
26 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 6 feet. Check Skip start tendon, and click OK.
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Note: This sets the tendon anchorage profile to the centroid of the 10-inch slab, rather than the centroid of the drop cap.
39 With the Selection tool (
segment at B-2.
40 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
) selected,
draw tendons that terminate in this panel: Turn on Snap Orthogonal ( Type r0,7. Click at the last tendon profile point at 72.8, 58 ft. ).
inches and click OK. Finally, you need to move the tendon that goes through the opening.
42 With the Selection tool ( 43 Choose the Move tool ( 45 With the Selection tool (
), select the tendon segment that passes through the opening. ). ), select the tendon segment ).
44 Click anywhere on the plan, and type r-1.5,0.
inches, and click OK. The longitude tendons are drawn but you need to adjust a number of profile points. Any profile point at the end of a tendon should be at the mid-depth of the 10-inch slab.
33 With the Selection tool (
), select all of the terminated tendon segments, other than those over a drop cap or within the balcony slab: Fence the tendon segments that end on grid A. Hold the Shift key down and repeat the procedure until you have selected all applicable end tendon segments (tendon segments terminating at grids B and D).
34 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
Note: You could cut down the number of steps in moving the tendon from the opening by using the Utility tool. This combines the selection tool with move and stretch. Refer to Expanding tool buttons on page 6 and Using the Utility tool to move and stretch on page 17 for further information.
), select all of the terminated tendon segments over a drop cap, by: Double clicking at grid intersection A-1. Hold the Shift key down and double click at A-3. Hold the Shift key down and double click at B-5.
37 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
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Plan.
2 Double click the Span Segment tool (
).
The Default Span Properties dialog box opens to the Strip Generation properties.
3 Click the General tab. 4 Change Environment to Class U (corrosive).
Two span segments are skewed. How you treat skewed strips is often a subjective matter, but in this tutorial we suggest one strip is straightened and the other edited in a different manner.
Generate the latitude strips:
Elevated Slab.
9 Click OK. 10 Click the Generate Spans tool (
Generate Spans. The Generate Spans dialog box opens with Spans to Generate set to Latitude.
11 Set Minimum Span Length to 2 feet and click OK.
Figure 40-13 Latitude design strips (with hatching turned on). Some editing is now required.
Concept uses imperfect algorithms that do not always produce acceptable span segments and span segment strips, 218 RAM Concept
Chapter 40 as shown in Figures 40-14 through 40-16. You can make corrections with a number of tools You can see this more easily if the strip hatching is turned on.
Hatch the strips: Edit the span cross section orientation:
1 Select span segment 3-1 as shown in Figure 40-15. 2 Select the Orient Span Cross Section tool ( 3 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
).
).
4 Click near the diagonal span strip and then again above
).
or below the first click. The orientation line half way along the span strip is now vertical.
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
Figure 40-14 Skewed span segment that snapped to end of wall Straighten a span segment: Figure 40-16 Design strip with excessive width. Draw a Span Boundary Polyline:
1 Select span segment 4-2 (between the wall and grid D3),
).
).
).
4 Click at the end of the span segment at grid D3. 5 Click at the end of the span segment at the wall.
).
The two edited spans produce improved span strips, as shown in Figure 40-17.
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Figure 40-17 Design Strip: Latitude Design Strips Plan after strip regeneration. Generate the longitude spans:
Figure 40-18 Design Strip: Longitude Design Spans Plan. Straighten a span segment:
Spans Plan.
2 Double click the Span Segment tool ( 3 Click the Column Strip tab.
).
).
).
4 Click at the end of the span segment at grid B2. 5 Click at the end of the span segment at the wall.
The defaults set up in the Latitude Design Spans Plan will have remained the same. Since the cover cannot be the same for both directions, change it for the longitudinal direction. Change CS Top Cover to 1.63 inches. Change CS Bottom Cover to 1.25. Click OK.
4 Click the Generate Spans tool (
1 Select the span segment that overlays the wall, and press
Delete.
Edit the span cross section orientation:
Generate Spans.
5 In the Generate Spans dialog box:
Set Spans to Generate to Longitude. Click the up-down orientation button tool ( ). Click OK. The spans appear in the longitude direction, as shown in Figure 40-18. One span segment on grid 2 is slightly skewed due to the column wall detail at C2. Another span segment overlays a wall and is unnecessary since the slab is continuously supported (see Drawing design strips near walls on page 99 for discussion).
1 Select the diagonal span segment between B-5 and C-4. 2 Select the Orient Span Cross Section tool ( 3 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
).
).
4 Click near the diagonal span strip and then again to the
left or right of the first click. The orientation line half way along the span strip is now horizontal.
Generate the longitude strips:
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).
There is now a better mesh. View the mesh on the Element: Standard Plan.
Figure 40-19 Design Strip: Longitude Design Spans Plan after strip generation. Check for punching shear:
1 Choose Layers > Design Strip > Punching Checks Plan. 2 Double click the Punching Shear Check tool (
).
Change Cover to CGS to 1.63 inches (cover to centroid of top reinforcement). Click OK.
4 Fence the slab with the Punching Shear Check tool.
Figure 40-21 Element: Standard Plan after regeneration.
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The problem is that the cross sections are trimmed with the Max Rectangle setting. For span segment 6-2, that setting is causing a problem because of the combination of the drop cap and thinner balcony slab.
Edit span segment 6-2:
1 Choose > Criteria > Calc Options 2 Review the options, and click OK.
Spans Plan.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
An error message appears concerning a problem with a tendon out of the slab in strip 6C-2.
2 Click Continue three times to clear the error message.
Concept completes the calculations without errors. See Cross Section Trimming on page 91 for a thorough explanation of Cross Section trimming.
Sections Perspective.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects ( 3 Click the Tendons tab. 4 Select the Longitude Tendons layer, check Tendons, and click OK. 5 Use the Rotate about X and Y axes tool (
).
) and the Zoom Rectangle ( ) tool to view the problem location shown in Figure 40-22 and Figure 40-23.
Figure 40-22 Longitude Cross Sections Perspective with longitude tendons visible.
Figure 40-23 Rotation and zoom-in of the problem location in Figure 4022.
This shows OK for all design strips. This means that there are no violations of code limits for ductility, flexural stress and one-way shear. Note that status does not flag excessive deflections.
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Chapter 40 There are punching shear status results at each column. You can see these more easily on the dedicated punching plan.
2 Choose Layers > Design Status > Punching Shear Status
Plan. Concept has noted Non-standard section at six column locations and OK with SSR at one column. Non-standard Section is a warning, not an error. What it means is that at least one of the critical sections that Concept is investigating for that column does not perfectly fit one of the three ACI 318-05 cases: interior, edge and corner. Concept still calculates a stress ratio for nonstandard sections. Refer to Non-Standard Sections: ACI 318 on page 136 of Chapter 28 for more information. Where the unreinforced stress ratio (USR) is less than 1.0, the columns punching shear is satisfactory without any reinforcement (subject to the comments above concerning Non-standard section)). Stud shear reinforcement is required where Concept reports OK with SSR. If Concept reports Failed then SSR does not solve the problem and a thickening is required.
Figure 40-26 Design Status: Reinforcement Plan.
Note: Choose > Layers > Design Status > SSR Plan to view the stud shear reinforcement.
This shows all the code-determined reinforcement for each of the design strips. Since the slab is post-tensioned, there is not much reinforcement. You might choose to view all design reinforcement on the one plan, or you can access plans in the Design Status layer that separate reinforcement according to: face (top or bottom) and direction (latitude or longitude).
2 Choose the plans that best convey the results without too
much clutter.
The Reinforcement layer plans show detailed reinforcement. In particular, the top bars are rationalized so that the number is consistent each side of columns.
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Look at detailed top reinforcement:
Click OK
To view the Max Demand more easily you can uncheck Max Capacity in the plot options. Similarly, you can view the bottom stress plan at Layers > Rule Set Designs > Service Design > Bottom Stress Plan.
40.7.4 Deflection
Usually you are interested in short-term and long-term deflections. The Service LC (dead and live load plus posttensioning if applicable) and LT Uncracked Deflection LC (load factors used to simulate creep and shrinkage) provide contour plans for deflection. RAM Concept uses gross section inertia for these deflection contours. You can investigate the effects of creep, shrinkage and cracking with ECR and long-term deflection strip-based plots. See Chapter 58, Estimating deflections for more information.
1 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Service Design >
).
Note: The strip based long-term deflection plots are not overly useful for two-way post-tensioned flat plates designed to ACI318. This is because the design method assumes uncracked sections.
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View service deflection:
) ).
4 Click first at grid intersection B-3, and then click at grid intersection D-3.
Figure 40-30 Service LC: Max Deflection Plan.
This shows the bending moment shape along the line you have drawn. ) to change
5 While pressing the Shift key, click at grid intersection B-
1, and then click at grid intersection B-3. This shows how Mx varies across the panel, and highlights the approximate nature of the ACI318-05 post-tension design method. See Section distribution plots on page 133 for more information.
Figure 40-32 Factored LC: 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr: Mx Plan showing use of Plot Distribution tool.
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View the balanced load percentages:
Objects dialog box and click OK. See Calculating the balanced load percentages on page 337 for more information.
Plan
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
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).
properties.
3 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Choose a Concrete Strength of 32 MPa. Set Thickness to 250 mm. Leave Surface Elevation as 0 and Priority as 1. Click OK.
4 With the Slab Area tool (
) selected, define the 10 vertices of the slab outline by snapping to the imported drawings slab corners.
Note: There are two vertices near each other near B-5 at 26.05, 8.2 m and 26.05, 8.8 m. Cursor plan coordinates display next to the command prompt.
5 Complete the polygon by clicking at your starting point
1 Choose File > Import Drawing. 2 Select the CAD drawing file flat_plate_metric.dwg.
click OK.
1 Choose Layers > Mesh Input > Standard Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that
includes the Visible Objects command.
3 Click the Drawing Import tab. 4 Click Show All, and then click OK.
properties.
2 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Change Thickness to 200 mm. Change Surface Elevation to -50 mm. Change the Priority to 2, and click OK.
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3 With the Slab Area tool (
) selected, define the six vertices of the balcony outline by clicking at each vertex, and then click at your starting point (or type c in the command line and press Enter).
).
Figure 41-2 The balcony slab on the Mesh Input: Standard Plan. Draw the drop caps:
properties.
2 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Change Thickness to 500 mm. Change Surface Elevation to 0, and leave the Priority as 2. Click OK.
3 With the Slab Area tool (
).
) selected, define the four drop caps with four or five vertices as appropriate.
4 Go to Draw the opening:, or try the next method 5 With the Selection tool ( 6 Click Redraw (
OK.
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
Define the column locations and properties:
Some tool button icons have a small triangle in the lower right corner ( ). This indicates that there are other similar tools available for this button.
7 Place the mouse over the Slab Area tool (
).
) and press
Choose a Concrete Strength of 32 MPa. Set Width to 600 mm. Set Depth/Diameter to 600 mm.
3 Click OK. 4 Click at the center of all 13 column locations shown on
down on the left mouse button for one second. A pop-up menu appears.
8 Select the Drop Cap tool from the menu.
). ).
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4 Click OK. 5 Define the wall by clicking at the start and end points, on 2 In the Generate Mesh dialog box set the Element Size to
1 m.
3 Click Generate.
View the mesh:
the centerline: Place the cursor near 8.825, 26.3 m and it will snap to where the center of the wall intersects the edge of the slab, and click. Place the cursor at the center of the column at C-2 (it will snap orthogonally) and click. You have now defined the structure but the element mesh does not yet exist.
6 Go to Generate the mesh:, or try the next method. 7 The wall should be highlighted as it is the current
You will now see a somewhat random mesh. This will still produce reasonable results, but will significantly improve when you regenerate it later on.
on the left mouse button for one second. A pop-up menu appears.
10 Select the Left Wall tool from the menu. 11 Click at the extreme corner of the slab near D-2. 12 Click at Grid C, near C-2.
Perspective.
2 Use the Rotate about x- and y-axes tool (
) to rotate the ).
floor.
3 Click the Set Print Viewpoint tool (
Upon returning to this perspective, you can look at the saved view by clicking Show Set Viewpoint ( ).
Figure 41-4 After defining the slab, the Mesh Input: Standard Plan shows the slab areas and opening (hatched), the columns and the wall. Generate the mesh:
).
Figure 41-6 Element: Structure Summary Perspective.
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).
Change Fz to 2 kN/m2 and click OK. This tool will now draw area loads of 2 kN/ m2.
4 Define an area load over the entire slab by clicking four corners of a quadrilateral and then typing c. This shape need not match the slabs exact dimensions, but should cover the slab.
Define the balcony live load:
).
balcony (and then type c). In this situation, it is best for the load to match the balconys dimensions. You have drawn another 2 kN/m2 load. This load should be highlighted as it is the current selection. If not, select it before proceeding by double-clicking with the selection tool.
3 Choose Edit > Selection Properties, or right-click and
Figure 41-8 Live (Reducible) Loading: All Loads Plan (with area loads hatching turned on). Define the other dead loading:
), select both area loads (fencing the balcony load selects both loads).
Loads Plan.
5 Choose Edit > Paste.
This pastes the live loads onto the Other Dead Loading: All Loads Plan, ready for editing.
6 With the Selection tool (
click OK.
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9 Double-click the balcony load.
click OK. The balcony other dead load is now effectively zero.
Figure 41-9 Other Dead Loading: All Loads Plan (with area loads hatching turned on).
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Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the grid intersection C-1.
11 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 2 m, Check Skip start tendon, and click OK.
12 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
Note: RAM Concept has two layers for tendons called latitude and longitude. Refer to Using the latitude and longitude tendon layers on page 117 for more information. Note: The tutorial in Chapter 46 explains the use of Strip
Wizard to establish an estimate of the number of strands required for the critical band.
Define the latitude tendons:
) selected,
draw tendons in the next two panels: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-2. Click at the center of the column at A-3. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at C-2.
13 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
1 Choose Layers > Latitude Tendon > Standard Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects ( 3 Click the Drawing Import tab. 4 Click Show All, and then click OK.
).
Set Auto Connect. Uncheck Skip start tendon, and click OK.
14 Turn off Snap Orthogonal (
Showing the CAD file makes the following instructions easier to follow.
5 Double click the Full Span Tendon Panel tool (
). ) selected,
) to
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-3. Click at the center of the column at B-5. Click at the center of the column at C-4. Click at the center of the column at C-3.
16 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Set Strands per Tendon to 4. Set Profile at end 1 to 212 mm. Set Profile at end 2 to 38 mm, and click OK.
Note: The 25 mm cover to the 19 mm high duct (containing 12.7 mm diameter strand) determines these profiles.
7 Turn on Snap to Intersection (
) selected,
Click at the center of the column at grid intersection C-2. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at D-3. Click at grid intersection D-2.
18 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
draw tendons in the bottom left panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-1. Click at the center of the column at A-2. Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at B-1.
9 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 2 m. Check Skip start tendon, and click OK.
19 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: ) selected, Click at the center of the column at grid intersection C-3. Click at the center of the column at C-4.
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-1. 232
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Chapter 41 Click at the center of the column at D-4. Click at the center of the column at D-3.
20 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Set Auto Connect. Uncheck Skip start tendon, and click OK.
Note: This sets the tendon anchorage profile to the centroid of the 250 mm slab, rather than the centroid of the drop cap.
37 With the Selection tool (
) selected,
segment at B-2.
38 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
) selected,
segment at C-2.
41 Hold down the Shift key, and double click the tendon
below grid B.
26 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
to 5, and click OK. The latitude tendons are drawn but you need to adjust a number of profile points. Any profile point at the end of a tendon should be at the mid-depth of the 250 mm slab.
28 With the Selection tool (
), select all of the terminated tendon segments, other than those over a drop cap or within the balcony slab: Fence the tendon segments that end on grid 1. Hold the Shift key down and repeat the procedure until you have selected all applicable end tendon segments (tendon segments terminating at grids 2, 3, 4 and 5).
29 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
The Calc Tendon Profile dialog box appears and reports the current balance load is -5.67 kN/m. If this is not the number then you probably selected only one tendon segment.
46 Click Cancel. 47 With the Selection tool (
Tendon Profile dialog box and click Calc. The low point (end 2) adjusts to 126 mm.
50 With the Selection tool (
), double click the tendon segment above B.8-1 that terminates within the 200 mm balcony slab.
32 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
), select all of the tendon segments that terminate over a drop cap, by: Double clicking at grid intersection A-1. Hold the Shift key down and double click at A-3. RAM Concept
Note: These steps first used the Calc Profile tool to determine a low point that produces a similar average uplift in an end span as the adjacent span, and then manually changed the low points for practical reasons.
233
Chapter 41 Finally, you need to adjust the tendon that goes through the opening.
53 Turn on Snap Nearest Snapable Point (
) and Snap
Orthogonal (
).
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-1. Click at the center of the column at B.8-1. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the center of the column at B-2.
6 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
).
Note: The Snap Nearest Snapable Point snaps the cursor to the edge of the opening.
Orthogonal (
).
draw tendons in the balcony: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B.8-1. Click at the edge of the slab at 0, 17.8 m. Click at the tendon profile point at 7.2, 17.1 m.
) selected,
). ) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-2. Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at B-3. Click at the center of the column at A-3.
16 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
draw tendons in the bottom left panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-1. Click at the center of the column at B-1. Click at the center of the column at B-2.
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Chapter 41 Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 2 m. Check Skip start tendon, and click OK.
17 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
Set Auto Connect. Uncheck Skip start tendon, and click OK.
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-2. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at B-3.
18 In the Tendon Panel dialog box, click OK to accept the
this panel.
26 Hold down shift and select the fifth tendon, and press
last choices. Alternatively, you could select Auto Connect, but you would have to uncheck Skip Start Tendon.
19 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
Delete.
27 With the Half Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
) selected,
draw tendons that terminate in this panel: Turn on Snap Orthogonal ( Type r0,2.1. Click at the last tendon profile point at 22, 17.5 m. ).
Click at the center of the column at C-2. Set Auto Connect. Uncheck Skip Start Tendon, and click OK.
21 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-3. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at C-4. Click at the center of the column at B-5.
22 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
) selected,
Set Layout to Splayed. Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 1.8 m. Check Skip start tendon, and click OK.
23 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection C-3. Click at the center of the column at D-3. Click at the center of the column at D-4.
The longitude tendons are drawn but you need to adjust a number of profile points. Any profile point at the end of a tendon should be at the mid-depth of the 250 mm slab.
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38 With the Selection tool (
), select all of the terminated tendon segments, other than those over a drop cap or within the balcony slab: Fence the tendon segments that end on grid A. Hold the Shift key down and repeat the procedure until you have selected all applicable end tendon segments (tendon segments terminating at grids B and D).
39 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
), select all of the terminated tendon segments over a drop cap, by: Double clicking at grid intersection A-1. Hold the Shift key down and double click at A-3. Hold the Shift key down and double click at B-5.
42 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
Figure 41-11 Longitude Tendon: Standard Plan.
Note: This sets the tendon anchorage profile to the centroid of the 250 mm slab, rather than the centroid of the drop cap.
44 With the Selection tool (
segment at B-2.
45 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
mm and click OK. Finally, you need to move the tendon that goes through the opening.
47 With the Selection tool ( 48 Choose the Move tool ( 50 With the Selection tool (
Plan.
2 Double click the Span Segment tool (
).
), select the tendon segment that passes through the opening. ). ), select the tendon segment ).
49 Click anywhere on the plan, and type r-.5,0.
The Default Span Properties dialog box opens to the Strip Generation properties.
3 Click the General tab. 4 Change Environment to Protected.
Note: This setting often has a significant effect on reinforcement quantities. Note: The Consider as Post-Tensioned box is already checked in the AS3600 template.
5 Click the Column Strip tab. 6 Set Cross Section Trimming to Max Rectangle. 7 Change CS Top Cover to 25 mm. 8 Click the Middle Strip tab. 9 Check the Middle Strip uses Column Strip Properties box.
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Chapter 41
10 Click OK. 11 Click the Generate Spans tool (
Generate Spans. The Generate Spans dialog box opens with Spans to Generate set to Latitude. Accept the Minimum Span Length as 0.5 meters.
12 Click OK.
Figure 41-13 Latitude design strips (with hatching turned on). Some editing is now required.
Concept uses imperfect algorithms that do not always produce acceptable span segments and span segment strips, as shown in Figures 41-14 through 41-17. You can make corrections with a number of tools. You can see this more easily if the strip hatching is turned on.
Figure 41-12 Design Strip: Latitude Design Spans Plan. Hatch the strips:
Two span segments are skewed. How you treat skewed strips is often a subjective matter, but in this tutorial we suggest one strip is straightened and the other edited in a different manner.
Generate the latitude strips:
).
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
Figure 41-14 Skewed span segment that snapped to end of wall Straighten a span segment:
1 Select the span segment between the wall and grid D3 (as
).
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3 Select the Rotate tool (
).
3 Click to the right of the slab edge (point B). 4 Right-click, and click enter.
Regenerate the latitude span strips:
4 Click at the end of the span segment at grid D3. 5 Click at the end of the span segment at the wall.
).
The three edited spans produce improved span strips. There is one more to edit.
Figure 41-15 Diagonal strip that warrants manual improvement. Edit the span cross section orientation:
1 Select the diagonal span strip as shown in Figure 41-15. 2 Select the Orient Span Cross Section tool ( 3 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
Figure 41-17 Span segment C-2 to C-3. Draw a Span Boundary Polyline:
).
).
4 Click near the diagonal span strip and then again above
).
or below the first click. The orientation line half way along the span strip is now vertical.
).
Manual.
15 Uncheck Detect Supports Automatically. 16 Change Support Width at End 2 from 600 to 610 mm, and
Figure 41-16 Design strip with excessive width. Draw a Span Boundary Polyline:
click OK. This ensures that the first (design strip) cross section passes through the opening, and hence uses less concrete section.
17 Click the Generate Selected Strips tool (
).
).
Chapter 41 The edited spans produce improved span strips, as shown in Figure 41-18.
Figure 41-18 Design Strip: Latitude Design Strips Plan after regeneration. Generate the longitude spans:
One span segment on grid 2 is slightly skewed due to the column wall detail at C2. Another span segment overlays a wall and is unnecessary since the slab is continuously supported (see Drawing design strips near walls on page 99 for discussion).
Straighten a span segment:
Spans Plan.
2 Double click the Span Segment tool ( 3 Click the Column Strip tab.
).
The defaults set up in the Latitude Design Spans Plan will have remained the same. Since the cover cannot be the same for both directions, change it for the longitudinal direction. Change CS Top Cover to 41 mm. Change CS Bottom Cover to 37 mm. Click OK.
4 Click the Generate Spans tool (
).
).
4 Click at the end of the span segment at grid B2. 5 Click at the end of the span segment at the wall.
Generate Spans.
5 In the Generate Spans dialog box:
1 Select the span segment that overlays the wall. 2 Press Delete.
Generate the longitude strips:
Set Spans to Generate to Longitude. Click the up-down orientation button tool ( ). Click OK. The spans appear in the longitude direction.
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8 Click at point C and D. 9 Right-click, and click enter. 10 Select the Strip Boundary Polyline tool( 11 Click at point E as shown in Figure 41-21. 12 Click at point F (the corner of the opening) and point G
).
(another corner).
13 Right-click, and click enter. 14 Select the span segment between grid B3 and C3. 15 Click the Generate Selected Strips tool (
Edit the span cross section orientation:
).
1 Select the diagonal span strip between B-5 and C-4. 2 Select the Orient Span Cross Section tool ( 3 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
).
).
4 Click near the diagonal span strip and then again to the
Figure 41-20 Design Strip: Longitude Design Spans Plan after strip generation.
left or right of the first click. The orientation line half way along the span strip is now horizontal.
5 Click the Generate Selected Strips tool (
The area to the left of the opening has no design strip. You can use the tools to locate a middle strip in that area.
).
Figure 41-21 Grid B3-C3 span segment and strips. Edit span segment with Span Boundaries and Strip Boundaries
Figure 41-22 Design Strip: Longitude Design Spans Plan after editing.
).
Note: Some of the latitude and longitude design strips (span segment strips) have different widths either side of a column. You could rationalize these strips such that they have similar widths at the column, especially the cantilever. See the discussion in Defining strip boundaries manually on page 88 of Chapter 21, Defining Design Strips. In particular, Example 21-2 on page 89 and Example 21-4 on page 90.
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Check for punching shear:
1 Choose Layers > Design Strip > Punching Checks Plan. 2 Double click the Punching Shear Check tool ( 3 In the Default Punching Shear Check Properties dialog
box: Change Cover to CGS to 41 mm (cover to centroid of top reinforcement). Click OK.
4 Fence the slab with the Punching Shear Check tool.
).
There is now a better mesh. View the mesh on the Element: Standard Plan.
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1 Choose > Criteria > Calc Options 2 Review the options, and click OK.
An error message appears twice concerning a problem with a tendon out of the slab in strip 6C-2.
2 Click Continue twice to clear the error message.
The problem is that the cross sections are trimmed with the Max Rectangle setting. For span segment 6-2, that setting is causing a problem because of the combination of the drop cap and thinner balcony slab.
Edit span segment 6-2:
The source of the tendon error messages must be investigated. Two more errors appear to do with reinforcement detailing.
3 Click Continue twice to clear the reinforcement error messages.
View the design strips with tendons:
Spans Plan.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Sections Perspective.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects ( 3 Click the Tendons tab. 4 Select the Longitude Tendons layer, check Tendons, and click OK. 5 Use the Rotate about X and Y axes tool (
).
) and the Zoom Rectangle ( ) tool to view the problem location shown in Figure 41-25 and Figure 41-26.
Plan.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
8 Change CS Inter Cross Section Slope Limit to 0. 9 Click the Middle Strip tab. 10 Uncheck the Middle Strip uses Column Strip Properties box. 11 Change MS Top Cover to 25 mm. 12 Change MS Span Detailer to None, and click OK.
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Chapter 41 The above changes are made to eliminate the reinforcement warnings. In a proper design you should investigate this further.
Recalculate:
Plan. You can see that ten columns have an unreinforced stress ratio (USR) of less than 1.0. Two columns report OK with SSR which means stud shear reinforcement is required. One column fails in punching. SSR does not solve the problem. A thickening is required. Concept has noted Non-standard section at five column locations. Non-standard Section is a warning, not an error. What it means is that at least one of the critical sections that Concept is investigating for that column does not perfectly fit one of the three cases: interior, edge and corner. Concept still calculates a stress ratio for nonstandard sections. Refer to Non-Standard Sections: AS3600, BS8110, EC2 and IS 456 on page 136 of Chapter 28 for more information. Where the unreinforced stress ratio (USR) is less than 1.0, the columns punching shear is satisfactory without any reinforcement (subject to the comments above concerning Non-standard section)). Stud shear reinforcement is required where Concept reports OK with SSR.
Note: Choose > Layers > Design Status > SSR Plan to view the stud shear reinforcement.
This shows OK for all design strips. This means that there are no violations of code limits for ductility or one-way shear. Note that status does not flag excessive deflections. There are punching shear status results at each column. You can see these more easily on the dedicated punching plan.
Figure 41-28 Design Status: Punching Shear Status Plan.
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41.7.3 Deflection
Usually you are interested in short-term and long-term deflections. The Max Service LC (dead and live load plus post-tensioning if applicable) and LT Uncracked Deflection LC (load factors used to simulate creep and shrinkage) provide contour plans for deflection. RAM Concept uses gross section inertia for these deflection contours. You can investigate the effects of creep, shrinkage and cracking with ECR and long-term deflection strip-based plots. See Chapter 58, Estimating deflections for more information.
View service deflection:
This shows all the code-determined reinforcement for each of the design strips. You might choose to view all design reinforcement on the one plan, or you can access plans in the Design Status layer that separate reinforcement according to: face (top or bottom) and direction (latitude or longitude).
2 Choose the plans that best convey the results without too
much clutter.
) to change
Plot Type from Color Contour to Contour Similarly, you can view the long term uncracked deflection from the LT Uncracked Deflection LC layer.
View strip-based long-term deflection:
1 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Max Service Design
).
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4 Change Max Frame Number to 4, and click OK. 4 Click first at grid intersection B-3, and then click at grid intersection D-3.
This shows the bending moment shape along the line you have drawn.
5 While pressing the Shift key, click at grid intersection B-
1, and then click at grid intersection B-3. This shows how Mx varies across the panel, and highlights the different column and middle strip moments. See Section distribution plots on page 133 for more information.
Figure 41-33 Ultimate LC: 1.2D + 1.5L Mx Plan showing use of Plot Distribution tool. View the balanced load percentages:
Plan
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Objects dialog box and click OK. ). See Calculating the balanced load percentages on page 337 for more information.
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).
properties.
3 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Choose a Concrete Strength of C32/40. Set Thickness to 250 mm. Leave Surface Elevation as 0 and Priority as 1. Click OK.
4 With the Slab Area tool (
) selected, define the 10 vertices of the slab outline by snapping to the imported drawings slab corners.
Note: There are two vertices near each other near B-5 at 26.05, 8.2 m and 26.05, 8.8 m. Cursor plan coordinates display next to the command prompt.
5 Complete the polygon by clicking at your starting point
1 Choose File > Import Drawing. 2 Select the CAD drawing file flat_plate_metric.dwg.
click OK.
1 Choose Layers > Mesh Input > Standard Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
properties.
2 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Chapter 42 Change Surface Elevation to -50 mm. Change the Priority to 2, and click OK.
3 With the Slab Area tool ( 11 Enter a side dimension of 1.2 m and click OK.
Draw the opening:
) selected, define the six vertices of the balcony outline by clicking at each vertex, and then click at your starting point (or type c in the command line and press Return).
).
Figure 42-2 The balcony slab on the Mesh Input: Standard Plan. Draw the drop caps:
properties.
2 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Change Thickness to 500 mm. Change Surface Elevation to 0, and leave the Priority as 2. Click OK.
3 With the Slab Area tool (
).
) selected, define the four drop caps with four or five vertices as appropriate.
4 Go to Draw the opening:, or try the next method 5 With the Selection tool ( 6 Click Redraw (
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
Define the column locations and properties:
).
Some tool button icons have a small triangle in the lower right corner ( ). This indicates that there are other similar tools available for this button.
7 Place the mouse over the Slab Area tool (
Choose a Concrete Strength of C32/40. Set Width to 600 mm. Set Depth/Diameter to 600 mm.
3 Click OK. 4 Click at the center of all 13 column locations shown on
) and press
down on the left mouse button for one second. A pop-up menu appears.
8 Select the Drop Cap tool from the menu.
). ).
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4 Click OK. 5 Define the wall by clicking at the start and end points, on
View the mesh:
the centerline. Place the cursor near 8.825, 26.3 m and it will snap to where the center of the wall intersects the edge of the slab, and click. Place the cursor at the center of the column at C-2 (it will snap orthogonally) and click. You have now defined the structure but the element mesh does not yet exist.
6 Go to Generate the mesh:, or try the next method. 7 The wall should be highlighted as it is the current
You will now see a somewhat random mesh. This will still produce reasonable results, but will significantly improve when you regenerate it later on.
on the left mouse button for one second. A pop-up menu appears.
10 Select the Left Wall tool from the menu. 11 Click at the extreme corner of the slab near D-2. 12 Click at Grid C, near C-2.
Figure 42-5 Element: Standard Plan. View the structure:
Perspective.
2 Use the Rotate about x- and y-axes tool (
) to rotate the ).
floor.
3 Click the Set Print Viewpoint tool (
Upon returning to this perspective, you can look at the saved view by clicking Show Set Viewpoint ( ).
Figure 42-4 After defining the slab, the Mesh Input: Standard Plan shows the slab areas and opening (hatched), the columns and the wall. Generate the mesh:
).
1 m.
3 Click Generate.
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Chapter 42 Concept uses superposition of loads. The easiest way to define areas with increased area loads is to draw a blanket area load over the entire floor, and then draw the additional loads. There is no limit to the number of loadings than can be specified.
Define the typical live load:
).
Figure 42-7 Live (Reducible) Loading: All Loads Plan (showing the balcony area load).
Change Fz to 2 kN/m2 and click OK. This tool will now draw area loads of 2 kN/ m2.
4 Define an area load over the entire slab by clicking four corners of a quadrilateral and then typing c. This shape need not match the slabs exact dimensions, but should cover the slab.
Define the balcony live load:
).
balcony (and then type c). In this situation, it is best for the load to match the balconys dimensions. You have drawn another 2 kN/m2 load. This load should be highlighted as it is the current selection. If not, select it before proceeding by double-clicking with the selection tool.
3 Choose Edit > Selection Properties, or right-click and
Figure 42-8 Live (Reducible) Loading: All Loads Plan (with area loads hatching turned on). Define the other dead loading:
), select both area loads (fencing the balcony load selects both loads).
Loads Plan.
5 Choose Edit > Paste.
This pastes the live loads onto the Other Dead Loading: All Loads Plan, ready for editing.
6 With the Selection tool (
Chapter 42
9 Double-click the balcony load.
click OK. The balcony other dead load is now effectively zero.
Figure 42-9 Other Dead Loading: All Loads Plan (with area loads hatching turned on).
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) selected, draw a
tendon along grid D: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection D-4. Click at the center of the column at D-3. Click at the corner of the slab near D-2. Right click, and then click Enter.
11 Turn off Snap Orthogonal (
). ) to edit its
default properties.
13 In the Default Tendon Properties dialog box:
) selected, draw a
Note: RAM Concept has two layers for tendons called latitude and longitude. Refer to Using the latitude and longitude tendon layers on page 117 for more information. Note: The tutorial in Chapter 46 explains the use of Strip
Wizard to establish an estimate of the number of strands required for the critical band.
Define the latitude tendons:
tendon along grid B: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-1. Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at B-3. Click at the center of the column at B-5. Right click, and then click Enter.
15 With the Tendon Polyline tool (
1 Choose Layers > Latitude Tendon > Standard Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects ( 3 Click the Drawing Import tab. 4 Click Show All, and then click OK.
) selected, draw a
).
tendon along grid C: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B.8-1. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at C-4. Right click, and then click Enter.
16 With the Select Connected Tendons tool (
Showing the CAD file makes the following instructions easier to follow.
5 Double click the Tendon Polyline tool (
) to edit its
default properties.
6 In the Default Tendon Properties dialog box:
) selected,
Set PT System to 12.9mm Bonded. Set Strands per Tendon to 9. Set Profile at end 1 to 212 mm. Set Profile at end 2 to 38 mm, and click OK.
Note: The 25 mm cover to the 19 mm high duct (containing 12.9 mm diameter strand) determines these profiles.
7 Turn Snap to Intersection (
). ) selected, draw a
The latitude tendons are drawn but you need to adjust a number of profile points. Any profile point at the end of a tendon should be at the mid-depth of the 250 mm slab.
19 With the Selection tool (
tendon along grid A: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-1. Click at the center of the column at A-2. Click at the center of the column at A-3. Right click, and then click Enter.
9 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
), select all of the terminated tendon segments, other than those over a drop cap, by: Double clicking at grid intersection B-1. Hold the Shift key down and double click at B.81. Hold the Shift key down and double click at C-4. Hold the Shift key down and double click at D-2. Hold the Shift key down and double click at D-4. RAM Concept
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20 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties 39 In the Properties dialog box, set Profile at end 2 to 125
), select all of the terminated tendon segments over a drop cap, by: Double clicking at grid intersection A-1. Hold the Shift key down and double click at A-3. Hold the Shift key down and double click at B-5.
23 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
Note: These steps first used the Calc Profile tool to determine a low point that produces a similar average uplift in an end span as the adjacent span, and then manually changed the low points for practical reasons.
Note: This sets the tendon anchorage profile to the centroid of the 250 mm slab, rather than the centroid of the drop cap.
25 With the Selection tool (
segment at B-2.
26 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
Figure 42-10 Latitude Tendon: Standard Plan Define the longitude tendons:
segment at C-2.
29 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
Note: The defaults set up in the Latitude Tendon Plan remain the same. Strictly speaking, you should adjust Profile at end 1 at columns (to avoid a clash with latitude tendons) but you can ignore for this tutorial.
2 Turn on Snap to Intersection (
). ) to
The Calc Tendon Profile dialog box appears and reports the current balance load is -32.4 kN/m. If this is not the number then you probably selected only one tendon segment.
33 Click Cancel. 34 With the Selection tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the bottom left panel: ), select the tendon between ). Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-1. Click at the center of the column at B-1. Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at A-2.
6 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Tendon Profile dialog box and click Calc. The low point (end 2) adjusts to 126 mm.
37 With the Selection tool (
) selected,
RAM Concept
Chapter 42 Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-1. Click at the center of the column at B.8-1. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the center of the column at B-2.
8 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-2. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at B-3.
20 In the Tendon Panel dialog box, click OK to accept the
) and Snap
last choices. Alternatively, you could select Auto Connect, but you would have to uncheck Skip Start Tendon.
21 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
Orthogonal (
). ) selected,
draw tendons in the balcony: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B.8-1. Click at the edge of the slab at 0, 17.8 m. Click at the tendon profile point at 7.2, 17.1 m.
).
Click at the center of the column at C-2. Set Auto Connect. Uncheck Skip Start Tendon, and click OK.
23 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-3. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at C-4. Click at the center of the column at B-5.
24 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Set Layout to Splayed. Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 1.8 m. Check Skip start tendon, and click OK.
25 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-2. Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at B-3. Click at the center of the column at A-3.
18 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection C-3. Click at the center of the column at D-3. Click at the center of the column at D-4. Click at the center of the column at C-4.
26 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 2 m. Check Skip start tendon, and click OK.
19 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
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), select all of the terminated tendon segments, other than those over a drop cap or within the balcony slab: Fence the tendon segments that end on grid A. Hold the Shift key down and repeat the procedure until you have selected all applicable end tendon segments (tendon segments terminating at grids B and D).
41 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
this panel.
28 Hold down shift and select the fifth tendon, and press
Delete.
29 With the Half Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
draw tendons that terminate in this panel: Turn on Snap Orthogonal ( Type r0,2.1. Click at the last tendon profile point at 22, 17.5 m. ).
), select all of the terminated tendon segments over a drop cap, by: Double clicking at grid intersection A-1. Hold the Shift key down and double click at A-3. Hold the Shift key down and double click at B-5.
44 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
Note: This sets the tendon anchorage profile to the centroid of the 250 mm slab, rather than the centroid of the drop cap.
46 With the Selection tool (
segment at B-2.
47 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
) selected,
mm and click OK. Finally, you need to move the tendon that goes through the opening.
49 With the Selection tool ( 50 Choose the Move tool ( 52 With the Selection tool (
), select the tendon segment that passes through the opening. ). ), select the tendon segment ).
51 Click anywhere on the plan, and type r-.5,0.
The longitude tendons are drawn but you need to adjust a number of profile points. Any profile point at the end of a tendon should be at the mid-depth of the 250 mm slab.
Note: You could cut down the number of steps in moving the tendon from the opening by using the Utility tool. This combines the selection tool with move and stretch. Refer to
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Chapter 42 Expanding tool buttons on page 6 and Using the Utility tool to move and stretch on page 17 for further information.
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).
The Default Span Properties dialog box opens to the Strip Generation properties.
Note: Environment is already set to Class 3 - 0.1 mm. Note: The Consider as Post-Tensioned box is already
checked in the BS8110 template.
3 Click the Column Strip tab. 4 Set Cross Section Trimming to Max Rectangle. 5 Change CS Top Cover to 25 mm. 6 Change CS Code Min. Reinforcement Location to
Figure 42-12 Design Strip: Latitude Design Spans Plan.
Two span segments are skewed. How you treat skewed strips is often a subjective matter, but in this tutorial we suggest one strip is straightened and the other edited in a different manner.
Generate the latitude strips:
Elevated Slab.
7 Click OK. 8 Click the Generate Spans tool (
Generate Strips. ), or choose Process > The design strips appear in the latitude direction.
Generate Spans. The Generate Spans dialog box opens with Spans to Generate set to Latitude. Accept the Minimum Span Length as 0.5 meters.
9 Click OK.
Figure 42-13 Latitude design strips (with hatching turned on). Some editing is now required.
Concept uses imperfect algorithms that do not always produce acceptable span segments and span segment strips,
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Chapter 42 as shown in Figures 42-14 through 42-16. You can make corrections with a number of tools You can see this more easily if the strip hatching is turned on.
Hatch the strips: Edit the span cross section orientation:
1 Select the diagonal span strip as shown in Figure 42-15. 2 Select the Orient Span Cross Section tool ( 3 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
).
).
4 Click near the diagonal span strip and then again above
).
or below the first click. The orientation line half way along the span strip is now vertical.
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
Figure 42-14 Skewed span segment that snapped to end of wall Straighten a span segment:
1 Select the span segment between the wall and grid D3 (as
Figure 42-16 Design strip with excessive width. Draw a Span Boundary Polyline:
).
).
).
4 Click at the end of the span segment at grid D3. 5 Click at the end of the span segment at the wall.
).
The two edited spans produce improved span strips, as shown in Figure 42-17.
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Figure 42-17 Design Strip: Latitude Design Strips Plan after regeneration. Generate the longitude spans:
Spans Plan.
2 Double click the Span Segment tool ( 3 Click the Column Strip tab.
).
One span segment on grid 2 is slightly skewed due to the column wall detail at C2. Another span segment overlays a wall and is unnecessary since the slab is continuously supported (see Drawing design strips near walls on page 99 for discussion).
Straighten a span segment:
The defaults set up in the Latitude Design Spans Plan will have remained the same. Since the cover cannot be the same for both directions, change it for the longitudinal direction. Change CS Top Cover to 41 mm. Change CS Bottom Cover to 37 mm. Click OK.
4 Click the Generate Spans tool (
).
).
4 Click at the end of the span segment at grid B2. 5 Click at the end of the span segment at the wall.
The command line prompts Enter rotation end angle. ), or choose Process >
6 Enter 90 and press Return.
Generate Spans.
5 In the Generate Spans dialog box:
Set Spans to Generate to Longitude. Click the up-down orientation button tool ( ). Click OK. The spans appear in the longitude direction.
1 Select the span segment that overlays the wall, and press
Delete.
Edit the span cross section orientation:
1 Select the diagonal span segment between B-5 and C-4. 2 Select the Orient Span Cross Section tool ( 3 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
).
).
4 Click near the diagonal span strip and then again to the
horizontal.
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Generate the longitude strips:
Figure 42-19 Design Strip: Longitude Design Spans Plan. Check for punching shear:
1 Choose Layers > Design Strip > Punching Checks Plan. 2 Double click the Punching Shear Check tool (
).
).
There is now a better mesh. View the mesh on the Element: Standard Plan.
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The problem is that the cross sections are trimmed with the Max Rectangle setting. For span segment 6-2, that setting is causing a problem because of the combination of the drop cap and thinner balcony slab.
Edit span segment 6-2:
1 Choose > Criteria > Calc Options 2 Review the options, and click OK.
Spans Plan.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
An error message appears concerning a problem with a tendon out of the slab in strip 6C-2.
2 Click Continue three times to clear the error message.
Concept completes the calculations without errors. See Cross Section Trimming on page 91 for a thorough explanation of Cross Section trimming.
Sections Perspective.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects ( 3 Click the Tendons tab. 4 Select the Longitude Tendons layer, check Tendons, and click OK. 5 Use the Rotate about X and Y axes tool (
).
) and the Zoom Rectangle ( ) tool to view the problem location shown in Figure 42-22 and Figure 42-23.
Figure 42-22 Longitude Cross Sections Perspective with longitude tendons visible.
Figure 42-23 Rotation and zoom-in of the problem location in Figure 4222.
This shows OK for all but one design strip. OK means that there are no violations of code limits for ductility, flexural stress and one-way shear. Note that status does not flag excessive deflections.
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Chapter 42 The failure clause shown for design strip 2C-3 is TR43 6.10.2. You can look up this clause in TR43 to see that it is the transfer condition. It is known as the Initial Service Rule Set in Concept. It is not surprising that there is a problem in this span as there are 25 strands in half a panel. A solution would be to terminate some strands at grid 3. There are punching shear status results at each column. You can see these more easily on the dedicated punching plan.
2 Choose Layers > Design Status > Punching Shear Status
Plan. Concept has noted Non-standard section at six column locations and OK with SSR at eight columns. Non-standard Section is a warning, not an error. What it means is that at least one of the critical sections that Concept is investigating for that column does not perfectly fit one of the three cases: interior, edge and corner. Concept still calculates a stress ratio for non-standard sections. Refer to Non-Standard Sections: AS3600, BS8110, EC2 and IS 456 on page 136 of Chapter 28 for more information. Where the unreinforced stress ratio (USR) is less than 1.0, the columns punching shear is satisfactory without any reinforcement (subject to the comments above concerning Non-standard section)). Stud shear reinforcement is required where Concept reports OK with SSR.
Note: Choose > Layers > Design Status > SSR Plan to view the stud shear reinforcement.
This shows all the code-determined reinforcement for each of the design strips. Since the slab is post-tensioned, there is not much reinforcement. You might choose to view all design reinforcement on the one plan, or you can access plans in the Design Status layer that separate reinforcement according to: face (top or bottom) and direction (latitude or longitude).
2 Choose the plans that best convey the results without too
much clutter.
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Chapter 42 The Reinforcement layer plans show detailed reinforcement. In particular, the top bars are rationalized so that the number is consistent each side of columns.
Look at detailed top reinforcement:
Click OK
To view the Max Demand more easily you can uncheck Max Capacity in the plot options.
Figure 42-28 Reinforcement: Top Bars Plan
Similarly, you can view the bottom stress plan at Layers > Rule Set Designs > Service Design > Bottom Stress Plan.
42.7.4 Deflection
Usually you are interested in short-term and long-term deflections. The Service LC (dead and live load plus posttensioning if applicable) and LT Uncracked Deflection LC (load factors used to simulate creep and shrinkage) provide contour plans for deflection. RAM Concept uses gross section inertia for these deflection contours. You can investigate the effects of creep, shrinkage and cracking with ECR and long-term deflection strip-based plots. See Chapter 58, Estimating deflections for more information.
1 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Service Design >
).
Note: The strip based long-term deflection plots are not overly useful for two-way post-tensioned flat plates designed to TR43. This is because the design method assumes uncracked sections.
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View service deflection:
Deflection Plan.
) ).
4 Click first at grid intersection B-3, and then click at grid intersection D-3.
Figure 42-30 Service LC: Deflection Plan.
This shows the bending moment shape along the line you have drawn. ) to change
5 While pressing the Shift key, click at grid intersection B-
1, and then click at grid intersection B-3. This shows how Mx varies across the panel, and highlights the approximate nature of the TR43 post-tension design method. See Section distribution plots on page 133 for more information.
Figure 42-31 LT Uncracked Deflection LC: Deflection Plan. Figure 42-32 Ultimate LC: 1.4D + 1.6 Mx Plan showing use of Plot Distribution tool.
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View the balanced load percentages:
Objects dialog box and click OK. See Calculating the balanced load percentages on page 337 for more information.
Plan
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
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).
properties.
3 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Choose a Concrete Strength of C32/40. Set Thickness to 250 mm. Leave Surface Elevation as 0 and Priority as 1. Click OK.
4 With the Slab Area tool (
) selected, define the 10 vertices of the slab outline by snapping to the imported drawings slab corners.
Note: There are two vertices near each other near B-5 at 26.05, 8.2 m and 26.05, 8.8 m. Cursor plan coordinates display next to the command prompt.
5 Complete the polygon by clicking at your starting point
1 Choose File > Import Drawing. 2 Select the CAD drawing file flat_plate_metric.dwg.
click OK.
1 Choose Layers > Mesh Input > Standard Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
properties.
2 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Chapter 43 Change Surface Elevation to -50 mm. Change the Priority to 2, and click OK.
3 With the Slab Area tool ( 11 Enter a side dimension of 1.2 m and click OK.
Draw the opening:
) selected, define the six vertices of the balcony outline by clicking at each vertex, and then click at your starting point (or type c in the command line and press Return).
).
Figure 43-2 The balcony slab on the Mesh Input: Standard Plan. Draw the drop caps:
properties.
2 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Change Thickness to 500 mm. Change Surface Elevation to 0, and leave the Priority as 2. Click OK.
3 With the Slab Area tool (
).
) selected, define the four drop caps with four or five vertices as appropriate.
4 Go to Draw the opening:, or try the next method 5 With the Selection tool ( 6 Click Redraw (
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
Define the column locations and properties:
).
Some tool button icons have a small triangle in the lower right corner ( ). This indicates that there are other similar tools available for this button.
7 Place the mouse over the Slab Area tool (
Choose a Concrete Strength of C32/40. Set Width to 600 mm. Set Depth/Diameter to 600 mm.
3 Click OK. 4 Click at the center of all 13 column locations shown on
) and press
down on the left mouse button for one second. A pop-up menu appears.
8 Select the Drop Cap tool from the menu.
). ).
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4 Click OK. 5 Define the wall by clicking at the start and end points, on
View the mesh:
the centerline. Place the cursor near 8.825, 26.3 m and it will snap to where the center of the wall intersects the edge of the slab, and click. Place the cursor at the center of the column at C-2 (it will snap orthogonally) and click. You have now defined the structure but the element mesh does not yet exist.
6 Go to Generate the mesh:, or try the next method. 7 The wall should be highlighted as it is the current
You will now see a somewhat random mesh. This will still produce reasonable results, but will significantly improve when you regenerate it later on.
on the left mouse button for one second. A pop-up menu appears.
10 Select the Left Wall tool from the menu. 11 Click at the extreme corner of the slab near D-2. 12 Click at Grid C, near C-2.
Figure 43-5 Element: Standard Plan. View the structure:
Perspective.
2 Use the Rotate about x- and y-axes tool (
) to rotate the ).
floor.
3 Click the Set Print Viewpoint tool (
Upon returning to this perspective, you can look at the saved view by clicking Show Set Viewpoint ( ).
Figure 43-4 After defining the slab, the Mesh Input: Standard Plan shows the slab areas and opening (hatched), the columns and the wall. Generate the mesh:
).
1 m.
3 Click Generate.
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Chapter 43 Concept uses superposition of loads. The easiest way to define areas with increased area loads is to draw a blanket area load over the entire floor, and then draw the additional loads. There is no limit to the number of loadings than can be specified.
Define the typical live load:
).
Figure 43-7 Live (Reducible) Loading: All Loads Plan (showing the balcony area load).
Change Fz to 2 kN/m2 and click OK. This tool will now draw area loads of 2 kN/ m2.
4 Define an area load over the entire slab by clicking four corners of a quadrilateral and then typing c. This shape need not match the slabs exact dimensions, but should cover the slab.
Define the balcony live load:
).
balcony (and then type c). In this situation, it is best for the load to match the balconys dimensions. You have drawn another 2 kN/m2 load. This load should be highlighted as it is the current selection. If not, select it before proceeding by double-clicking with the selection tool.
3 Choose Edit > Selection Properties, or right-click and
Figure 43-8 Live (Reducible) Loading: All Loads Plan (with area loads hatching turned on). Define the other dead loading:
), select both area loads (fencing the balcony load selects both loads).
Loads Plan.
5 Choose Edit > Paste.
This pastes the live loads onto the Other Dead Loading: All Loads Plan, ready for editing.
6 With the Selection tool (
Chapter 43
9 Double-click the balcony load.
click OK. The balcony other dead load is now effectively zero.
Figure 43-9 Other Dead Loading: All Loads Plan (with area loads hatching turned on).
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) selected, draw a
tendon along grid D: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection D-4. Click at the center of the column at D-3. Click at the corner of the slab near D-2. Right click, and then click Enter.
11 Turn off Snap Orthogonal (
). ) to edit its
default properties.
13 In the Default Tendon Properties dialog box:
) selected, draw a
tendon along grid B: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-1. Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at B-3. Click at the center of the column at B-5. Right click, and then click Enter.
15 With the Tendon Polyline tool (
1 Choose Layers > Latitude Tendon > Standard Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects ( 3 Click the Drawing Import tab. 4 Click Show All, and then click OK.
).
) selected, draw a
tendon along grid C: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B.8-1. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at C-4. Right click, and then click Enter.
16 With the Select Connected Tendons tool (
Showing the CAD file makes the following instructions easier to follow.
5 Double click the Tendon Polyline tool (
) to edit its
default properties.
6 In the Default Tendon Properties dialog box:
Set PT System to 12.9mm Bonded. Set Strands per Tendon to 9. Set Profile at end 1 to 212 mm. Set Profile at end 2 to 38 mm, and click OK.
) selected,
Note: The 25 mm cover to the 19 mm high duct (containing 12.9 mm diameter strand) determines these profiles.
7 Turn Snap to Intersection (
). ) selected, draw a
The latitude tendons are drawn but you need to adjust a number of profile points. Any profile point at the end of a tendon should be at the mid-depth of the 250 mm slab.
19 With the Selection tool (
tendon along grid A: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-1. Click at the center of the column at A-2. Click at the center of the column at A-3. Right click, and then click Enter.
9 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
), select all of the terminated tendon segments, other than those over a drop cap, by: Double clicking at grid intersection B-1. Hold the Shift key down and double click at B.81. Hold the Shift key down and double click at C-4. Hold the Shift key down and double click at D-2. Hold the Shift key down and double click at D-4. RAM Concept
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20 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties 39 In the Properties dialog box, set Profile at end 2 to 125
), select all of the terminated tendon segments over a drop cap, by: Double clicking at grid intersection A-1. Hold the Shift key down and double click at A-3. Hold the Shift key down and double click at B-5.
23 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
Note: These steps first used the Calc Profile tool to determine a low point that produces a similar average uplift in an end span as the adjacent span, and then manually changed the low points for practical reasons.
Note: This sets the tendon anchorage profile to the centroid of the 250 mm slab, rather than the centroid of the drop cap.
25 With the Selection tool (
segment at B-2.
26 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
Figure 43-10 Latitude Tendon: Standard Plan Define the longitude tendons:
segment at C-2.
29 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
Note: The defaults set up in the Latitude Tendon Plan remain the same. Strictly speaking, you should adjust Profile at end 1 at columns (to avoid a clash with latitude tendons) but you can ignore for this tutorial.
2 Turn on Snap to Intersection (
). ) to
The Calc Tendon Profile dialog box appears and reports the current balance load is -32.4 kN/m. If this is not the number then you probably selected only one tendon segment.
33 Click Cancel. 34 With the Selection tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the bottom left panel: ), select the tendon between ). Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-1. Click at the center of the column at B-1. Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at A-2.
6 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Tendon Profile dialog box and click Calc. The low point (end 2) adjusts to 126 mm.
37 With the Selection tool (
) selected,
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Chapter 43 Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-1. Click at the center of the column at B.8-1. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the center of the column at B-2.
8 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-2. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at B-3.
20 In the Tendon Panel dialog box, click OK to accept the
) and Snap
last choices. Alternatively, you could select Auto Connect, but you would have to uncheck Skip Start Tendon.
21 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
Orthogonal (
). ) selected,
draw tendons in the balcony: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B.8-1. Click at the edge of the slab at 0, 17.8 m. Click at the tendon profile point at 7.2, 17.1 m.
).
Click at the center of the column at C-2. Set Auto Connect. Uncheck Skip Start Tendon, and click OK.
23 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-3. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at C-4. Click at the center of the column at B-5.
24 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Set Layout to Splayed. Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 1.8 m. Check Skip start tendon, and click OK.
25 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-2. Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at B-3. Click at the center of the column at A-3.
18 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection C-3. Click at the center of the column at D-3. Click at the center of the column at D-4. Click at the center of the column at C-4.
26 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 2 m. Check Skip start tendon, and click OK.
19 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
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), select all of the terminated tendon segments, other than those over a drop cap or within the balcony slab: Fence the tendon segments that end on grid A. Hold the Shift key down and repeat the procedure until you have selected all applicable end tendon segments (tendon segments terminating at grids B and D).
41 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
this panel.
28 Hold down shift and select the fifth tendon, and press
Delete.
29 With the Half Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
draw tendons that terminate in this panel: Turn on Snap Orthogonal ( Type r0,2.1. Click at the last tendon profile point at 22, 17.5 m. ).
), select all of the terminated tendon segments over a drop cap, by: Double clicking at grid intersection A-1. Hold the Shift key down and double click at A-3. Hold the Shift key down and double click at B-5.
44 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
Note: This sets the tendon anchorage profile to the centroid of the 250 mm slab, rather than the centroid of the drop cap.
46 With the Selection tool (
segment at B-2.
47 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
) selected,
mm and click OK. Finally, you need to move the tendon that goes through the opening.
49 With the Selection tool ( 50 Choose the Move tool ( 52 With the Selection tool (
), select the tendon segment that passes through the opening. ). ), select the tendon segment ).
51 Click anywhere on the plan, and type r-.5,0.
The longitude tendons are drawn but you need to adjust a number of profile points. Any profile point at the end of a tendon should be at the mid-depth of the 250 mm slab.
Note: You could cut down the number of steps in moving the tendon from the opening by using the Utility tool. This combines the selection tool with move and stretch. Refer to
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Chapter 43 Expanding tool buttons on page 6 and Using the Utility tool to move and stretch on page 17 for further information.
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).
The Default Span Properties dialog box opens to the Strip Generation properties.
Note: Environment is already set to Normal. Note: The Consider as Post-Tensioned box is already
checked in the EC2 template.
3 Click the Column Strip tab.
Figure 43-12 Design Strip: Latitude Design Spans Plan.
Two span segments are skewed. How you treat skewed strips is often a subjective matter, but in this tutorial we suggest one strip is straightened and the other edited in a different manner.
Generate the latitude strips:
Elevated Slab.
7 Click OK. 8 Click the Generate Spans tool (
Generate Spans. The Generate Spans dialog box opens with Spans to Generate set to Latitude. Accept the Minimum Span Length as 0.75 meters.
9 Click OK.
Figure 43-13 Latitude design strips (with hatching turned on). Some editing is now required.
Concept uses imperfect algorithms that do not always produce acceptable span segments and span segment strips,
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Chapter 43 as shown in Figures 43-14 through 43-16. You can make corrections with a number of tools You can see this more easily if the strip hatching is turned on.
Hatch the strips: Edit the span cross section orientation:
1 Select the diagonal span strip as shown in Figure 43-15. 2 Select the Orient Span Cross Section tool ( 3 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
).
).
4 Click near the diagonal span strip and then again above
).
or below the first click. The orientation line half way along the span strip is now vertical.
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
Figure 43-14 Skewed span segment that snapped to end of wall Straighten a span segment:
1 Select the span segment between the wall and grid D3 (as
Figure 43-16 Design strip with excessive width. Draw a Span Boundary Polyline:
).
).
).
4 Click at the end of the span segment at grid D3. 5 Click at the end of the span segment at the wall.
).
The two edited spans produce improved span strips, as shown in Figure 43-17.
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Figure 43-17 Design Strip: Latitude Design Strips Plan after regeneration. Generate the longitude spans:
Spans Plan.
2 Double click the Span Segment tool ( 3 Click the Column Strip tab.
).
One span segment on grid 2 is slightly skewed due to the column wall detail at C2. Another span segment overlays a wall and is unnecessary since the slab is continuously supported (see Drawing design strips near walls on page 99 for discussion).
Straighten a span segment:
The defaults set up in the Latitude Design Spans Plan will have remained the same. Since the cover cannot be the same for both directions, change it for the longitudinal direction. Change CS Top Cover to 41 mm. Change CS Bottom Cover to 37 mm. Click OK.
4 Click the Generate Spans tool (
).
).
4 Click at the end of the span segment at grid B2. 5 Click at the end of the span segment at the wall.
The command line prompts Enter rotation end angle. ), or choose Process >
6 Enter 90 and press Return.
Generate Spans.
5 In the Generate Spans dialog box:
Set Spans to Generate to Longitude. Click the up-down orientation button tool ( ). Click OK. The spans appear in the longitude direction.
1 Select the span segment that overlays the wall, and press
Delete.
Edit the span cross section orientation:
1 Select the diagonal span segment between B-5 and C-4. 2 Select the Orient Span Cross Section tool ( 3 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
).
).
4 Click near the diagonal span strip and then again to the
horizontal.
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Generate the longitude strips:
Figure 43-19 Design Strip: Longitude Design Spans Plan. Check for punching shear:
1 Choose Layers > Design Strip > Punching Checks Plan. 2 Double click the Punching Shear Check tool (
).
).
There is now a better mesh. View the mesh on the Element: Standard Plan.
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The problem is that the cross sections are trimmed with the Slab Rectangle setting. For span segment 6-2, that setting is causing a problem because of the combination of the drop cap and thinner balcony slab.
Edit span segment 6-2:
1 Choose > Criteria > Calc Options 2 Review the options, and click OK.
Spans Plan.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
An error message appears concerning a problem with a tendon out of the slab in strip 6C-2.
2 Click Continue three times to clear the error message.
Concept completes the calculations without errors. See Cross Section Trimming on page 91 for a thorough explanation of Cross Section trimming.
Sections Perspective.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects ( 3 Click the Tendons tab. 4 Select the Longitude Tendons layer, check Tendons, and click OK. 5 Use the Rotate about X and Y axes tool (
).
) and the Zoom Rectangle ( ) tool to view the problem location shown in Figure 43-22 and Figure 43-23.
Figure 43-22 Longitude Cross Sections Perspective with longitude tendons visible.
Figure 43-23 Rotation and zoom-in of the problem location in Figure 4322.
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Note: Some UK slab designers consider that designing slabs according to TR 43 is deemed to comply with the EC2 crack width provisions and hence the EC2 crack width calculations need not be checked.We will take that approach here.
To have Concept use only the TR43 stress limits:
It is not surprising that there is a problem in this span as there are 25 strands in half a panel. A solution would be to terminate some strands at grid 3 (not done in this tutorial). There are punching shear status results at each column. You can see these more easily on the dedicated punching plan.
3 Choose Layers > Design Status > Punching Shear Status
1 Open the Design Strip > Latitude Design Spans plan. 2 Select all of the design spans and edit their properties. 3 On the Column Strip tab in the properties dialog, change the CS PT Service Design Type to Stress and click OK 4 Make the same changes to the Longitude Design Spans
Calculate and Review Updated Status:
Plan. Concept has noted Non-standard section at six column locations and OK with SSR at eight columns. Non-standard Section is a warning, not an error. What it means is that at least one of the critical sections that Concept is investigating for that column does not perfectly fit one of the three cases: interior, edge and corner. Concept still calculates a stress ratio for non-standard sections. Refer to Non-Standard Sections: AS3600, BS8110, EC2 and IS 456 on page 136 of Chapter 28 for more information. Where the unreinforced stress ratio (USR) is less than 1.0, the columns punching shear is satisfactory without any reinforcement (subject to the comments above concerning Non-standard section)). Stud shear reinforcement is required where Concept reports OK with SSR.
Note: Choose > Layers > Design Status > SSR Plan to view the stud shear reinforcement.
This shows OK for all but two design strips. OK means that there are no violations of code limits for ductility, flexural stress and one-way shear. Note that status does not flag excessive deflections. The failure clause shown for design strip 2C-1 is TR43 5.8.1. This is due to a slightly too high tensile stresses at the column face. This can be resolved by adding one more tendon along grid B (not done in this tutorial). The failure clause shown for design strip 2C-3 is TR43 5.8.2. You can look up this clause in TR43 to see that it is the transfer condition. It is known as the Initial Service Rule Set in Concept.
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The Reinforcement layer plans show detailed reinforcement. In particular, the top bars are rationalized so that the number is consistent each side of columns.
Look at detailed top reinforcement:
This shows all the code-determined reinforcement for each of the design strips. Since the slab is post-tensioned, there is not much reinforcement. You might choose to view all design reinforcement on the one plan, or you can access plans in the Design Status layer that separate reinforcement according to: face (top or bottom) and direction (latitude or longitude).Choose the plans that best convey the results without too much clutter.
).
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To view the Max Demand more easily you can uncheck Max Capacity in the plot options. Similarly, you can view the bottom stress plan at Layers > Rule Set Designs > Characteristic Service Design > Bottom Stress Plan.
) to change
43.7.5 Deflection
Usually you are interested in short-term and long-term deflections. The Service LC (dead and live load plus posttensioning if applicable) and LT Uncracked Deflection LC (load factors used to simulate creep and shrinkage) provide contour plans for deflection. RAM Concept uses gross section inertia for these deflection contours. You can investigate the effects of creep, shrinkage and cracking with ECR and long-term deflection strip-based plots. See Chapter 58, Estimating deflections for more information.
Note: The strip based long-term deflection plots are not overly useful for two-way post-tensioned flat plates designed to TR43. This is because the design method assumes uncracked sections.
View service deflection:
Chapter 43 principal moments are important, the default moment contours plans are for Mx (moment about the x-axis) and My. This is because most designers detail reinforcement orthogonally, and the directions are usually the x- and yaxes. You can view moments about any axes, including the principal axes. It is not particularly easy to assess the moment contours. This is why Plot Distribution Tools are so useful.
View Ultimate LC Moments:
This shows how Mx varies across the panel, and highlights the approximate nature of the TR43 post-tension design method. See Section distribution plots on page 133 for more information.
1.25D + 0.9H + 1.5L > Max Mx Plan. The Mx contours should be visible. Lets modify this plan to show moments for the Standard context (full load, with standard load factors) instead of the Max context (maximum value for any set of standard or alternate load factors and any load pattern).
2 Right click over the plan and choose Plot (
).
active. Change the Context item from Max to Standard. Click OK. Now lets draw some section distribution plots.
4 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
Figure 43-33 Ultimate LC: 1.25D + 0.9H + 1.5L Max Mx Plan showing use of Plot Distribution tool.
) ).
intersection D-3. This shows the bending moment shape along the line you have drawn.
7 While pressing the Shift key, click at grid intersection B-
Plan
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Objects dialog box and click OK. See Calculating the balanced load percentages on page 337 for more information.
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).
properties.
3 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Choose a Concrete Strength of M40. Set Thickness to 250 mm. Leave Surface Elevation as 0 and Priority as 1. Click OK.
4 With the Slab Area tool (
) selected, define the 10 vertices of the slab outline by snapping to the imported drawings slab corners.
Note: There are two vertices near each other near B-5 at 26.05, 8.2 m and 26.05, 8.8 m. Cursor plan coordinates display next to the command prompt.
5 Complete the polygon by clicking at your starting point
1 Choose File > Import Drawing. 2 Select the CAD drawing file flat_plate_metric.dwg.
click OK.
1 Choose Layers > Mesh Input > Standard Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that
includes the Visible Objects command.
3 Click the Drawing Import tab. 4 Click Show All, and then click OK.
properties.
2 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Change Thickness to 200 mm. Change Surface Elevation to -50 mm. Change the Priority to 2, and click OK.
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3 With the Slab Area tool (
) selected, define the six vertices of the balcony outline by clicking at each vertex, and then click at your starting point (or type c in the command line and press Enter).
).
Figure 44-2 The balcony slab on the Mesh Input: Standard Plan. Draw the drop caps:
properties.
2 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Change Thickness to 500 mm. Change Surface Elevation to 0, and leave the Priority as 2. Click OK.
3 With the Slab Area tool (
).
) selected, define the four drop caps with four or five vertices as appropriate.
4 Go to Draw the opening:, or try the next method 5 With the Selection tool ( 6 Click Redraw (
OK.
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
Define the column locations and properties:
Some tool button icons have a small triangle in the lower right corner ( ). This indicates that there are other similar tools available for this button.
7 Place the mouse over the Slab Area tool (
).
) and press
Choose a Concrete Strength of 32 MPa. Set Width to 600 mm. Set Depth/Diameter to 600 mm, and click OK.
3 Click at the center of all 13 column locations shown on
down on the left mouse button for one second. A pop-up menu appears.
8 Select the Drop Cap tool from the menu.
). ).
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5 Define the wall by clicking at the start and end points, on 3 Click Generate.
View the mesh:
the centerline: Place the cursor near 8.825, 26.3 m and it will snap to where the center of the wall intersects the edge of the slab, and click. Place the cursor at the center of the column at C-2 (it will snap orthogonally) and click. You have now defined the structure but the element mesh does not yet exist.
6 Go to Generate the mesh:, or try the next method. 7 The wall should be highlighted as it is the current 1 Choose Layers > Element > Standard Plan.
You will now see a somewhat random mesh. This will still produce reasonable results, but will significantly improve when you regenerate it later on.
on the left mouse button for one second. A pop-up menu appears.
10 Select the Left Wall tool from the menu. 11 Click at the extreme corner of the slab near D-2. 12 Click at Grid C, near C-2.
Perspective.
2 Use the Rotate about x- and y-axes tool (
) to rotate the ).
floor.
3 Click the Set Print Viewpoint tool (
Upon returning to this perspective, you can look at the saved view by clicking Show Set Viewpoint ( ).
Figure 44-4 After defining the slab, the Mesh Input: Standard Plan shows the slab areas and opening (hatched), the columns and the wall. Generate the mesh:
).
1 m.
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).
Change Fz to 2 kN/m2 and click OK. This tool will now draw area loads of 2 kN/ m2.
4 Define an area load over the entire slab by clicking four corners of a quadrilateral and then typing c. This shape need not match the slabs exact dimensions, but should cover the slab.
Define the balcony live load:
).
balcony (and then type c). In this situation, it is best for the load to match the balconys dimensions. You have drawn another 2 kN/m2 load. This load should be highlighted as it is the current selection. If not, select it before proceeding by double-clicking with the selection tool.
3 Choose Edit > Selection Properties, or right-click and
Figure 44-8 Live (Reducible) Loading: All Loads Plan (with area loads hatching turned on). Define the other dead loading:
), select both area loads (fencing the balcony load selects both loads).
Loads Plan.
5 Choose Edit > Paste.
This pastes the live loads onto the Other Dead Loading: All Loads Plan, ready for editing.
6 With the Selection tool (
click OK.
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9 Double-click the balcony load.
click OK. The balcony other dead load is now effectively zero.
Figure 44-9 Other Dead Loading: All Loads Plan (with area loads hatching turned on).
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Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the grid intersection C-1.
11 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 2 m, Check Skip start tendon, and click OK.
12 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
Note: RAM Concept has two layers for tendons called latitude and longitude. Refer to Using the latitude and longitude tendon layers on page 117 for more information. Note: The tutorial in Chapter 46 explains the use of Strip
Wizard to establish an estimate of the number of strands required for the critical band.
Define the latitude tendons:
) selected,
draw tendons in the next two panels: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-2. Click at the center of the column at A-3. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at C-2.
13 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
1 Choose Layers > Latitude Tendon > Standard Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects ( 3 Click the Drawing Import tab. 4 Click Show All, and then click OK.
).
Set Auto Connect. Uncheck Skip start tendon, and click OK.
14 Turn off Snap Orthogonal (
Showing the CAD file makes the following instructions easier to follow.
5 Double click the Full Span Tendon Panel tool (
). ) selected,
) to
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-3. Click at the center of the column at B-5. Click at the center of the column at C-4. Click at the center of the column at C-3.
16 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Set Strands per Tendon to 4. Set Profile at end 1 to 212 mm. Set Profile at end 2 to 38 mm, and click OK.
Note: The 25 mm cover to the 19 mm high duct (containing 12.7 mm diameter strand) determines these profiles.
7 Turn on Snap to Intersection (
) selected,
Click at the center of the column at grid intersection C-2. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at D-3. Click at grid intersection D-2.
18 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
draw tendons in the bottom left panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-1. Click at the center of the column at A-2. Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at B-1.
9 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 2 m. Check Skip start tendon, and click OK.
19 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: ) selected, Click at the center of the column at grid intersection C-3. Click at the center of the column at C-4.
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-1. 292
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20 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
Set Auto Connect. Uncheck Skip start tendon, and click OK.
Note: This sets the tendon anchorage profile to the centroid of the 250 mm slab, rather than the centroid of the drop cap.
37 With the Selection tool (
) selected,
segment at B-2.
38 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
) selected,
segment at C-2.
41 Hold down the Shift button, and double click the tendon
below grid B.
26 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
to 5, and click OK. The latitude tendons are drawn but you need to adjust a number of profile points. Any profile point at the end of a tendon should be at the mid-depth of the 250 mm slab.
28 With the Selection tool (
), select all of the terminated tendon segments, other than those over a drop cap or within the balcony slab: Fence the tendon segments that end on grid 1. Hold the Shift key down and repeat the procedure until you have selected all applicable end tendon segments (tendon segments terminating at grids 2, 3, 4 and 5).
29 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
The Calc Tendon Profile dialog box appears and reports the current balance load is -5.27 kN/m. If this is not the number then you probably selected only one tendon segment.
46 Click Cancel. 47 With the Selection tool (
Tendon Profile dialog box and click Calc. The low point (end 2) adjusts to 128 mm.
50 With the Selection tool (
), double click the tendon segment above B.8-1 that terminates within the 200 mm balcony slab.
32 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
), select all of the tendon segments that terminate over a drop cap, by: Double clicking at grid intersection A-1. Hold the Shift key down and double click at A-3. RAM Concept
Note: These steps first used the Calc Profile tool to determine a low point that produces a similar average uplift in an end span as the adjacent span, and then manually changed the low points for practical reasons.
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Chapter 44 Finally, you need to adjust the tendon that goes through the opening.
53 Turn on Snap Nearest Snapable Point (
) and Snap
Orthogonal (
).
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-1. Click at the center of the column at B.8-1. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the center of the column at B-2.
6 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
).
Note: The Snap Nearest Snapable Point snaps the cursor to the edge of the opening.
Orthogonal (
).
draw tendons in the balcony: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B.8-1. Click at the edge of the slab at 0, 17.8 m. Click at the tendon profile point at 7.2, 17.1 m.
) selected,
). ) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-2. Click at the center of the column at B-2. Click at the center of the column at B-3. Click at the center of the column at A-3.
16 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
draw tendons in the bottom left panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection A-1. Click at the center of the column at B-1. Click at the center of the column at B-2.
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Chapter 44 Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 2 m. Check Skip start tendon, and click OK.
17 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
Set Auto Connect. Uncheck Skip start tendon, and click OK.
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-2. Click at the center of the column at C-2. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at B-3.
18 In the Tendon Panel dialog box, click OK to accept the
this panel.
26 Hold down shift and select the fifth tendon, and press
last choices. Alternatively, you could select Auto Connect, but you would have to uncheck Skip Start Tendon.
19 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
Delete.
27 With the Half Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
) selected,
draw tendons that terminate in this panel: Turn on Snap Orthogonal ( Type r0,2.1. Click at the last tendon profile point at 22, 17.5 m. ).
Click at the center of the column at C-2. Set Auto Connect. Uncheck Skip Start Tendon, and click OK.
21 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection B-3. Click at the center of the column at C-3. Click at the center of the column at C-4. Click at the center of the column at B-5.
22 In the Tendon Panel dialog box:
) selected,
Set Layout to Splayed. Set Tendon Spacing to Equal. Set Spacing to 1.8 m. Check Skip start tendon, and click OK.
23 With the Full-Span Tendon Panel tool (
) selected,
draw tendons in the next panel: Click at the center of the column at grid intersection C-3. Click at the center of the column at D-3. Click at the center of the column at D-4.
The longitude tendons are drawn but you need to adjust a number of profile points. Any profile point at the end of a tendon should be at the mid-depth of the 250 mm slab.
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38 With the Selection tool (
), select all of the terminated tendon segments, other than those over a drop cap or within the balcony slab: Fence the tendon segments that end on grid A. Hold the Shift key down and repeat the procedure until you have selected all applicable end tendon segments (tendon segments terminating at grids B and D).
39 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
), select all of the terminated tendon segments over a drop cap, by: Double clicking at grid intersection A-1. Hold the Shift key down and double click at A-3. Hold the Shift key down and double click at B-5.
42 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
Figure 44-11 Longitude Tendon: Standard Plan.
Note: This sets the tendon anchorage profile to the centroid of the 250 mm slab, rather than the centroid of the drop cap.
44 With the Selection tool (
segment at B-2.
45 Right click on the plan and choose Selection Properties
mm and click OK. Finally, you need to move the tendon that goes through the opening.
47 With the Selection tool ( 48 Choose the Move tool ( 50 With the Selection tool (
Plan.
2 Double click the Span Segment tool (
).
), select the tendon segment that passes through the opening. ). ), select the tendon segment ).
49 Click anywhere on the plan, and type r-.5,0.
The Default Span Properties dialog box opens to the Strip Generation properties.
Generate Spans.
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Chapter 44 The Generate Spans dialog box opens with Spans to Generate set to Latitude. Accept the Minimum Span Length as 0.5 meters.
12 Click OK.
Figure 44-13 Latitude design strips (with hatching turned on). Some editing is now required.
Concept uses imperfect algorithms that do not always produce acceptable span segments and span segment strips, as shown in Figures 44-14 through 44-17. You can make corrections with a number of tools. You can see this more easily if the strip hatching is turned on.
Hatch the strips:
Two span segments are skewed. How you treat skewed strips is often a subjective matter, but in this tutorial we suggest one strip is straightened and the other edited in a different manner.
Generate the latitude strips:
).
The Visible Objects dialog box will appear. ), or choose Process >
2 Check Hatching under Latitude Span Segment Strips, and click OK.
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
Figure 44-14 Skewed span segment that snapped to end of wall Straighten a span segment:
1 Select the span segment between the wall and grid D3 (as
).
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3 Select the Rotate tool (
).
3 Click to the right of the slab edge (point B). 4 Right-click, and click enter.
Regenerate the latitude span strips:
4 Click at the end of the span segment at grid D3. 5 Click at the end of the span segment at the wall.
).
The three edited spans produce improved span strips. There is one more to edit.
Figure 44-15 Diagonal strip that warrants manual improvement. Edit the span cross section orientation:
1 Select the diagonal span strip as shown in Figure 44-15. 2 Select the Orient Span Cross Section tool ( 3 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
Figure 44-17 Span segment C-2 to C-3. Draw a Span Boundary Polyline:
).
).
4 Click near the diagonal span strip and then again above
).
or below the first click. The orientation line half way along the span strip is now vertical.
).
Manual.
15 Uncheck Detect Supports Automatically. 16 Change Support Width at End 2 from 600 to 610 mm, and
Figure 44-16 Design strip with excessive width. Draw a Span Boundary Polyline:
click OK. This ensures that the first (design strip) cross section passes through the opening, and hence uses less concrete section.
17 Click the Generate Selected Strips tool (
).
).
Chapter 44 The edited spans produce improved span strips, as shown in Figure 44-18.
Figure 44-18 Design Strip: Latitude Design Strips Plan after regeneration. Generate the longitude spans:
One span segment on grid 2 is slightly skewed due to the column wall detail at C2. Another span segment overlays a wall and is unnecessary since the slab is continuously supported (see Drawing design strips near walls on page 99 for discussion).
Straighten a span segment:
Spans Plan.
2 Double click the Span Segment tool ( 3 Click the Column Strip tab.
).
The defaults set up in the Latitude Design Spans Plan will have remained the same. Since the cover cannot be the same for both directions, change it for the longitudinal direction. Change CS Top Cover to 41 mm. Change CS Bottom Cover to 37 mm. Click OK.
4 Click the Generate Spans tool (
).
).
4 Click at the end of the span segment at grid B2. 5 Click at the end of the span segment at the wall.
Generate Spans.
5 In the Generate Spans dialog box:
1 Select the span segment that overlays the wall. 2 Press Delete.
Generate the longitude strips:
Set Spans to Generate to Longitude. Click the up-down orientation button tool ( ). Click OK. The spans appear in the longitude direction.
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8 Click at point C and D. 9 Right-click, and click enter. 10 Select the Strip Boundary Polyline tool( 11 Click at point E as shown in Figure 44-21. 12 Click at point F (the corner of the opening) and point G
).
(another corner).
13 Right-click, and click enter. 14 Select the span segment between grid B3 and C3. 15 Click the Generate Selected Strips tool (
Edit the span cross section orientation:
).
1 Select the diagonal span strip between B-5 and C-4. 2 Select the Orient Span Cross Section tool ( 3 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
).
).
4 Click near the diagonal span strip and then again to the
Figure 44-20 Design Strip: Longitude Design Spans Plan after strip generation.
left or right of the first click. The orientation line half way along the span strip is now horizontal.
5 Click the Generate Selected Strips tool (
The area to the left of the opening has no design strip. You can use the tools to locate a middle strip in that area.
).
Figure 44-21 Grid B3-C3 span segment and strips. Edit span segment with Span Boundaries and Strip Boundaries
Figure 44-22 Design Strip: Longitude Design Spans Plan after editing.
).
Note: Some of the latitude and longitude design strips (span segment strips) have different widths either side of a column. You could rationalize these strips such that they have similar widths at the column, especially the cantilever. See the discussion in Defining strip boundaries manually on page 88 of Chapter 21, Defining Design Strips. In particular, Example 21-2 on page 89 and Example 21-4 on page 90.
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Check for punching shear:
1 Choose Layers > Design Strip > Punching Checks Plan. 2 Double click the Punching Shear Check tool ( 3 In the Default Punching Shear Check Properties dialog
box: Change Cover to CGS to 41 mm (cover to centroid of top reinforcement). Click OK.
4 Fence the slab with the Punching Shear Check tool.
).
There is now a better mesh. View the mesh on the Element: Standard Plan.
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1 Choose > Criteria > Calc Options 2 Review the options, and click OK.
An error message appears twice concerning a problem with a tendon out of the slab in strip 6C-2.
2 Click Continue twice to clear the error message.
The problem is that the cross sections are trimmed with the Max Rectangle setting. For span segment 6-2, that setting is causing a problem because of the combination of the drop cap and thinner balcony slab.
Edit span segment 6-2:
The source of the tendon error messages must be investigated. One more error appears to do with reinforcement detailing.
3 Click Continue to clear the reinforcement error message.
View the design strips with tendons:
Spans Plan.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Sections Perspective.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects ( 3 Click the Tendons tab. 4 Select the Longitude Tendons layer, check Tendons, and
).
click OK.
5 Use the Rotate about X and Y axes tool (
) and the Zoom Rectangle ( ) tool to view the problem location shown in Figure 44-25 and Figure 44-26.
Plan.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
7 Uncheck the Middle Strip uses Column Strip Properties box. 8 Change MS Top Cover to 25 mm. 9 Change MS Span Detailer to None, and click OK.
The above change is made to eliminate the reinforcement warning. In a proper design you should investigate this further.
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Recalculate:
Where the unreinforced stress ratio (USR) is less than 1.0, the columns punching shear is satisfactory without any reinforcement (subject to the comments above concerning Non-standard section)). Stud shear reinforcement is required where Concept reports OK with SSR.
Note: Choose > Layers > Design Status > SSR Plan to view the stud shear reinforcement.
This shows OK for all design strips. This means that there are no violations of code limits for ductility or one-way shear. Note that status does not flag excessive deflections. There are punching shear status results at each column. You can see these more easily on the dedicated punching plan.
2 Choose Layers > Design Status > Punching Shear Status
Plan. You can see that seven columns have an unreinforced stress ratio (USR) of less than 1.0. Six columns report OK with SSR which means stud shear reinforcement is required. Concept has noted Non-standard section at six column locations. Non-standard Section is a warning, not an error. What it means is that at least one of the critical sections that Concept is investigating for that column does not perfectly fit one of the three cases: interior, edge and corner. Concept still calculates a stress ratio for nonstandard sections. Refer to Non-Standard Sections: AS3600, BS8110, EC2 and IS 456 on page 136 of Chapter 28 for more information.
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Chapter 44 This shows all the code-determined reinforcement for each of the design strips. You might choose to view all design reinforcement on the one plan, or you can access plans in the Design Status layer that separate reinforcement according to: face (top or bottom) and direction (latitude or longitude).
2 Choose the plans that best convey the results without too
You can investigate the effects of creep, shrinkage and cracking with ECR and long-term deflection strip-based plots. See Chapter 58, Estimating deflections for more information.
View service deflection:
much clutter.
) to change
44.7.3 Deflection
Usually you are interested in short-term and long-term deflections. The Service LC (dead and live load plus posttensioning if applicable) and LT Uncracked Deflection LC (load factors used to simulate creep and shrinkage) provide contour plans for deflection. RAM Concept uses gross section inertia for these deflection contours.
Plot Type from Color Contour to Contour Similarly, you can view the long term uncracked deflection from the LT Uncracked Deflection LC layer.
View strip-based long-term deflection:
1 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Service Design >
).
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4 Click first at grid intersection B-3, and then click at grid intersection D-3.
This shows the bending moment shape along the line you have drawn.
5 While pressing the Shift key, click at grid intersection B-
1, and then click at grid intersection B-3. This shows how Mx varies across the panel, and highlights the different column and middle strip moments. See Section distribution plots on page 133 for more information.
Figure 44-33 Ultimate LC: 1.5D + 1.5L Mx Plan showing use of Plot Distribution tool. View the balanced load percentages:
Plan
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Objects dialog box and click OK. ). See Calculating the balanced load percentages on page 337 for more information.
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).
properties.
3 In the Default Slab Area Properties dialog box:
Choose a Concrete Strength of 4000 psi [25 MPa for AS3600; C25/30 for BS8110 and EC2]. Set Thickness to 30 inches [750 mm]. Leave Surface Elevation as 0 and Priority as 1. Click OK.
4 With the Slab Area tool (
) selected, define the four corners of the slab by snapping to the imported drawings slab corners.
Note: You can type c to close the polygon instead of entering the last point.
Define the column locations and properties:
). ).
Choose a Concrete Strength of 5000 psi [32 MPa for AS3600; C32/40 for BS8110 and EC2]. Set Height to 10 feet [3 m]. Set Support Set to Above. Set Width to 30 inches [750 mm]. Set Diameter to 30 inches [750 mm]. Check Roller at Far End. Uncheck Fixed Near and Fixed Far.
4 Click OK. 5 Click at the center of all 11 column locations shown on
1 Choose File > Import Drawing. 2 Select the CAD drawing file mat_tutorial.dwg
). ).
1 Choose Layers > Mesh Input > Standard Plan. 2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
).
Choose a Concrete Strength of 3000 psi [20 MPa for AS3600; C20/25 for BS8110 and EC2]. Set Height to 10 feet [3 m]. Set Support Set to Above.
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
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Chapter 45 Set Thickness to 12 inches [300 mm]. Uncheck Shear Wall. Uncheck Fixed Near and Fixed Far.
4 Click OK. 5 Define each wall by snapping to the start and end points of the wall centerlines shown on the CAD drawing.
Define the area spring location and properties:
).
Set an r-force constant of 0.1 pci [0.00001 N/mm3]. Set an s-force constant of 0.1 pci [0.00001 N/mm3]. Set a z-force constant of 250 pci [0.07 N/mm3], and click OK.
Note: You need horizontal springs (r and s) with very small stiffnesses since there are lateral loads.
3 Define an area spring over the entire slab by clicking four
corners of a quadrilateral. This shape need not match the slabs exact dimensions, but should cover the entire slab. You have now defined the structure but the element mesh does not yet exist.
Generate the mesh: Figure 45-1 Mesh Input: Standard Plan
).
2 In the Generate Mesh dialog box set the Element Size to 2 feet [0.7 m]. 3 Click Generate.
View the mesh:
You will now see a somewhat random mesh. This will still produce reasonable results, but will significantly improve when you regenerate it later on.
View the structure:
Perspective.
2 Use the Rotate about x- and y-axes tool (
) to rotate the
floor.
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This pastes the other dead loads onto the Live (Reducible) Loading: All Loads Plan.
1 Choose Layers > Loadings > Other Dead Loading > All
Loads Plan.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects ( 3 Click the Drawing Import tab. 4 Click Show All, and then click OK.
).
Showing the CAD file makes the following instructions easier to follow.
5 Turn on Snap to Intersection (
). ).
3 and 45-4.
10 Double click the Line Load tool (
).
) selected, draw a Line Load along the centerline of the wall on grid 2.
13 Repeat for the wall at grid 2.5 with a load of 5.5 kip/ft [80 kN/m].
Note: Draw these loads to the outside face of the intersecting walls.
Copy to the live (reducible) loading layer:
For simplicity, use the same loads for other dead and live (reducible) loads
1 With the Selection tool ( 2 Choose Edit > Copy. 3 Choose Layers > Loadings > Live (Reducible) Loading >
), select all of the other dead loads by fencing the entire slab.
Figure 45-4 Other Dead Loading: All Loads Plan [METRIC]
Chapter 45
Define the ultimate seismic east loading:
Line Load Properties dialog box: Set Fy to -12.8 kip/ft [-174 kN/m]. Click OK.
9 Draw a line load by snapping to the wall intersection points, as shown in Figure 45-7 and Figure 45-8. 10 Double click the Line Load tool (
).
Line Load Properties dialog box: Set Fy to (+)12.8 kip/ft [(+)174 kN/m]. Click OK.
11 Draw a line load by snapping to the wall intersection points, as shown in Figure 45-7 and Figure 45-8.
Line Load Properties dialog box: Set the elevation above the slab surface to 360 inches [9000 mm]. Set Fx to 4.1 kip/ft [60 kN/m]. Set all other items in the dialog box to 0. Click OK.
7 Draw a line load by snapping to the wall intersection
Figure 45-8 East Seismic: All Loads Plan (second set) [METRIC]
Note: The seismic loads are approximations for a fivestorey building. The load elevation is the average floor height (third storey).
Figure 45-6 East Seismic: All Loads Plan [METRIC]
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Plan.
2 Double click the Span Segment tool (
).
Generation properties. Set Column Strip Width Calc to Code Slab (this is the default for the AS3600 template). Click the General tab. Uncheck the Consider as Post-Tensioned box. Click the Column Strip tab. Change CS Top Bar and CS Bottom Bar to #8 [N25 for AS3600; T25 for BS8110; H25 for EC2]. Change CS Top Cover and CS Bottom Cover to 2 inches [50 mm]. Set the Min. Reinforcement Location to Tension Face. Click the Middle Strip tab. Check the Middle Strip uses Column Strip Properties box. Click OK.
4 Click the Generate Spans tool (
Figure 45-9 Generate spans dialog box
Generate Spans.
5 The Generate Spans dialog box opens with Spans to
Choosing span segments in a mat is a subjective matter. Concept uses imperfect algorithms that do not always produce acceptable span segments and span segment strips. It is recommended that some span segments in this tutorial are deleted.
7 With the Selection tool (
), select the seven span segments highlighted in red in Figure 45-10 and press Delete.
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Generate the latitude strips: Regenerate the latitude span strips:
Generate Strips.
).
Note: You can also right click to see a popup menu that includes the Visible Objects command.
Figure 45-12 Latitude design strips after editing and regeneration. Draw longitude design strips:
Spans Plan.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects ( 3 Click the Drawing Import tab. 4 Click Show All, and then click OK.
Figure 45-11 Latitude design strips (with hatching turned on). Some editing is now required.
).
5 Double click the Span Segment tool ( 6 Click the Column Strip tab.
).
Two span segments are slightly skewed. How you treat skewed strips is also a subjective matter, but in this tutorial we suggest the span segment strips cross sections are manually reoriented.
Edit the cross section orientation:
Generate Spans.
9 In the Generate Spans dialog box:
Set Spans to Generate to Longitude. Click the up-down orientation button tool ( ). Click OK.
10 The spans appear in the longitude direction, as shown in
).
).
Figure 45-13. Similar to the latitude direction, some editing of the span segments is required.
above or below the first click. The orientation line half way along the span strip is now vertical.
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18 Choose Edit > Selection Properties, or right-click and
Uncheck Detect Supports Automatically. Uncheck Consider End 2 as Support. Change Support Width at End 1 to 12 inches [300 mm], and click OK.
), select the span segments over the walls (highlighted in red in Figure 45-13) and press Delete.
12 Turn on Snap to Intersection ( 13 With the Span Segment tool (
).
), draw a span segment by clicking at the wall intersections at point A and B in Figure 45-14.
14 Choose Edit > Selection Properties, or right-click and
Figure 45-14 Manually drawn span segments Generate the longitude strips:
Min Number of Divisions to 0. Max Division Spacing to 30 feet [10 m], and click OK. This span segment has been drawn to assist with Concepts span segment strip width calculation.
16 Turn on Snap Orthogonal (
Generate Strips. The design strips appear in the longitude direction. Two span segments are slightly skewed. We suggest the span segment strips cross sections are manually reoriented.
Snapable Point (
).
), draw a span segment by clicking at the wall intersection at point B and then at point C in Figure 45-14 (it should snap to the visible grid line).
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Figure 45-15 Longitude design strips (with hatching turned on). Some editing is now required. Figure 45-16 Longitude design strips after editing and regeneration Edit the cross section orientation:
).
3 Click near one of the span segments, and then again to the
left or right of first click. The orientation line half way along the span strip is now horizontal.
Regenerate the longitude span strips:
Note: Many of the latitude and longitude design strips (span segment strips) have different widths either side of a column. You could rationalize these strips such that they have similar widths at the column, especially the cantilevers. See the discussion in Defining strip boundaries manually on page 88 of Chapter 21, Defining Design Strips. In particular, Example 21-2 on page 89 and Example 21-4 on page 90.
Check for punching shear:
1 Choose Layers > Design Strip > Punching Checks Plan. 2 Double click the Punching Shear Check tool (
Generate Strips.
).
box: Change Cover to CGS to 3 inches [60 mm] (cover to centroid of top reinforcement). Click OK.
4 Fence the slab with the Punching Shear Check tool.
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Regenerate the mesh:
).
There is now a better mesh. View the mesh on the Element: Standard Plan.
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Plan. Concept has noted Non-standard section at the corner column locations. Non-standard Section is a warning, not an error. What it means is that at least one of the critical sections that Concept is investigating for that column does not perfectly fit one of the three ACI 318-02 cases: interior, edge and corner. Concept still calculates a stress ratio for nonstandard sections. Refer to Non-Standard Sections: ACI 318 on page 136 of Chapter 28 for more information.
1 Choose > Criteria > Calc Options 2 Review the options. 3 Uncheck Auto-stabilize structure in x- and y-direc-
This shows OK for all design strips and punching checks. This means that there are no violations of code limits for ductility, one-way shear, and punching shear. Note that status does not flag excessive deflections.
Plan. This shows all the code-determined reinforcement for each of the design strips. The results are, however, too congested to be useful. You can access plans in the Design Status layer that separate reinforcement according to: face (top or bottom), direction (latitude or longitude), and type (flexural or shear). You should decide which plans best convey the results without too much clutter.
View Specific Reinforcement: Figure 45-19 Design Status: Status Plan.
Reinforcement Plan.
2 Choose View > Visible Objects (
There are punching shear status results at each column. You can see these more easily on the dedicated punching plan.
).
click OK.
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2 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Soil Bearing Design
Figure 45-23 Soil Bearing Design: Max Soil Bearing Pressure Plan
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1 Set the length of Span 1 and 2 to 30 ft [9 m]. 2 Set the length of Span 3 to 25 ft [7.75 m]. 3 Set the thickness of all three spans to 10 inches [250 mm].
1 Choose File > Strip Wizard. 2 In the New File dialog box, set the Structure Type to
1 Choose Two-Way as the structural system. 2 Check Post-tensioned. 3 Set the number of spans to 3. 4 Check Asymmetric strip. 5 Set the concrete mix for slabs and beams to 5000 psi [32
MPa for AS3600; C32/40 for BS8110 and EC2; M40 for IS 456].
6 Set the concrete mix for supports to 5000 psi [32 MPa for
Figure 46-1 The Span Data page.
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1 Set the typical Dead Area Load to 20 psf [1 kN/m2]. 2 Set the typical Live Area Load to 40 psf [2 kN/m2]. 3 Click Next to proceed to the Post-Tensioning page.
Note: You can leave the Dead Line Load and Live Line Load fields blank (no need to enter zero).
mm].
2 Set the width of all four supports below to 24 inches [600
mm].
3 Set the height of all four supports below to 10 ft [3 m]. 4 Leave the bottom and top fixity of all supports below as
Fixed.
5 Click Next to proceed to the Drop Caps and Drop Panels
page.
1 Uncheck the stressing Start and End check boxes. 2 Set the minimum P/A to 140 psi [1 MPa].
3 Set the minimum balance load percentage to 65%. 4 Click Next to proceed to the Reinforcement page.
values: Set the thickness to 20 inches [500 mm]. Set the left width to 22.5 inches [600 mm]. Set the right width to 22.5 inches [600 mm]. Set the before length to 22.5 inches [600 mm]. Set the after length to 22.5 inches [600 mm].
2 For Support 4 in the Drop Caps table set the following
values: Set the thickness to 20 inches [500 mm]. Set the left width to 33 inches [900 mm]. Set the right width to 12 inches [300 mm]. Set the before length to 33 inches [900 mm]. Set the after length to 0 inches [0 mm].
3 Click Next to proceed to the Loads page.
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Complete the strip:
1 Click Save and name the file in the Save Strip Wizard
After you have completed Strip Wizard, you can proceed with RAM Concept. After you have created your strip, generate the mesh (with a 2.5-foot [0.75 m] mesh) and run a calculation analysis. Refer to the relevant manual chapters, or one of the three PT Flat Plate tutorials for further information.
View your strip:
Figure 46-2 The completed strip on the Mesh Input: Standard Plan.
46.12 Conclusion
Strip Wizard allows you to perform a preliminary or final design for a strip within a floor. The results are similar to those generated by any strip program, but not as accurate as a RAM Concept model that considers all of the irregularities within a floor.
Figure 46-3 The Element: Standard Plan showing the completed strip after the mesh has been generated.
Figure 46-4 The Element: Standard Plan after calculation and mesh regeneration.
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47 Analysis Notes
This chapter provides general information on finite element method (FEM) plate analysis as well as specific information on how RAM Concept calculates analysis results.
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From equilibrium considerations, the variation of the in-plane forces can be shown to be: Fx/x + Vxy/y = -Px Fy/y + Vxy/x = -Py where Px and Py are applied loads. If a different set of coordinate axes is used for references, the forces in terms of these new axes have a Mohrs circle relationship to the forces in terms of the original axes:
Fr = Fx cos2 + Fy sin2 + 2Fxy sin cos Fs = Fx sin2 + Fy cos2 2Fxy sin cos Vrs = Vxy (cos2 sin2 ) + (Fy Fx) sin cos This Mohrs circle relationship is based on equilibrium considerations, so it is valid for all materials. For every point in the slab there will be a set of two perpendicular principal axes where the shearing stresses are zero and the forces in the two perpendicular directions are at their maximum and minimum values. The angle between the principal axes and the x- and y-axes will vary from point to point in the slab.
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From equilibrium considerations, the variation of the out-of-plane forces can be shown to be: Vxz/x + Vyz /y = -Pz Mx/y + Txy/x = -Vyz My/x + Txy/y = -Vxz where Pz is an applied load. If a different set of coordinate axes is used for references, the moment in terms of these new axes have a Mohrs circle relationship to the forces in terms of the original axes, the shear forces have a simple vector-like relationship:
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Mr = Mx cos2 + My sin2 - 2Txy sin cos Ms = Mx sin2 + My cos2 + 2Txy sin cos Trs = Txy (cos2 sin2 ) + (Mx My) sin cos
Vrz = Vxz cos + Vyz sin Vsz = -Vxz sin + Vyz cos Again, these relationships are based on equilibrium considerations, so they are valid for all materials. For every point in the slab there will be a set of two perpendicular principal axes where the torsion moments are zero and the bending moments about the two perpendicular directions are at their maximum and minimum values. The angle between the principal axes and the x- and y-axes will vary from point to point in the slab.
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Chapter 47 The elements can (optionally) have different stiffnesses in two orthogonal directions. The elements consider transverse shear deformations. The elements consider the relative elevations of adjacent slab elements.
If custom settings are used, and both KMrs and KMr or both KMrs and KMs are reduced, the elements may become unstable and the analysis results may be suspect. For this reason we recommend that these parameters be kept within a limited range: KMr / KMs > 0.5 or KMrs / KMs > 0.5 KMs / KMr > 0.5 or KMrs / KMr > 0.5 Similar instabilities can occur with KVrs and KFr/KFs.
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The second analysis assumption that RAM Concept makes for slab elements is that the force and stress patterns in the element are that of a typical slab location. The following table shows the possible slab element forces and their associated stresses. Symbol Force
Fx Fy Vxy Vxz Vyz Mx My Txy Axial force on x-face Axial force on y-face In-plane shear force
Related Stress
Uniform axial stress x Uniform axial stress y Uniform shear stress xy
Transverse shear force on x-face Parabolic (along z-axis) shear stress xz Transverse shear force on y-face Parabolic (along z-axis) shear stress yz Bending moment about x-axis Bending moment about y-axis Torsional moment Linear (along z-axis) axial stress y Linear (along z-axis) axial stress x Linear (along z-axis) shear stress xy
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47.4.2 Analysis and design of deep beams For bending moment and shear
Because RAM Concept assumes that deep beams behave like slabs, Concept will assume a linear distribution of bending stress over the deep beam, while the actual stress distribution will be non-linear.
These analysis simplifications are generally not significant and are normally ignored. In design, Concept will not perform any special capacity calculations that are appropriate only for deep beams and Concept will not provide any deep beam detailing information. Concepts shallow beam calculations will generally be conservative for deep beams. The engineer will need to ensure that the deep beam is laterally stable. The engineer will also need to provide appropriate detailing for the deep beam.
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47.4.3 Analysis and design of deep beams with transverse bending moments
Because RAM Concept assumes that deep beams behave like slabs, Concept will over-estimate the stiffness of a deep beam subjected to transverse bending moments. Concepts analysis will assume that the entire beam is effective in resisting the transverse moment.
This over-estimation of the stiffness is generally not significant and is normally ignored. In design, it is important that Concepts design sections have the appropriate ignore depth settings, so only the portion of the beam that is truly effective is used in the capacity calculations.
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The torsion in the beam may be necessary for a complete structural load path - for this reason it cannot be ignored. It may be appropriate to reduce the torsional stiffness of the beam (this will modify the structural load path to one that is less
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Chapter 47 dependent upon the beam torsional capacity). Concept provides four options of considering this torsion in design. See Torsion Considerations on page 352 for more information.
Note: When the torsion stiffness of a beam has been reduced using a K-factor, it is generally recommended to provide a
minimum level of torsion stirrups/ligatures/links to ensure that the beam can torsionally crack without precipitating a failure.
This over-estimation of the stiffness is generally not significant and is normally ignored. However, it is up to the engineer to assure that step-beam has the capacity and detailing to transfer the analyzed moment.
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Chapter 47 Fixed Near = wall has torsional stiffness Fixed Far = (ignored) Shear Wall = beam has axial stiffness Compressible = (ignored) Note that while the prediction of the bending behavior of the slab and beam is accurate, the division of shear between the wall and the slab is not well predicted. For a combined wall-beam / slab section the proportion of the vertical shear force carried by the slab will be between the two extremes: As / Atotal, and Is / Itotal Where As = cross-sectional area of slab in section Atotal = cross-sectional area of slab and wall together Is = moment of inertia of slab Itotal = moment of inertia of slab and wall together
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Chapter 47 Concept bases the calculation of Fp on the tendons at each cross section.
Note: Because of this issue, it is incorrect to use Concepts slab analysis plots for cross-section design values in PT structures. (It is not recommend using slab analysis plots in RC slabs either, but that is because design strips and design sections provide much higher accuracy).
Note: For a more detailed discussion, refer to Complete Secondary (Hyperstatic) Effects by A. Bommer; PTI Journal, January 2004, Vol 2 No. 1).
The most common use of self-equilibrium analyses is to ensure that a load path in Concept is consistent with a load path in a lateral analysis performed by a separate program. If a lateral analysis of a building (perhaps using RAM Frame) is performed, and that analysis considers the slab to be part of the lateral load path, the slab - including the slab-column connections - needs to be designed to resist the forces and moments determined in the lateral analysis. This design can be performed using a self-equilibrium analysis. The forces/reactions from all of the supports (above and below the slab) onto the slab are considered as loads to the slab, any forces directly applied to the slab (such as a story-force in a seismic analysis) are also included. The result of this self-equilibrium analysis is a slab load path that is fully consistent with the lateral analysis of the entire building. The distribution of forces (and the displacements) within the slab may not match those in the building lateral analysis, but the distribution of slab forces in Concept is almost always more accurate than those predicted in the fullbuilding analysis.
Other Uses
While there are other potential uses of the self-equilibrium analysis, they are rare and not covered in this manual.
To have Concept analyze a loading using a self-equilibrium analysis, the loading's analysis type must be changed to Lateral SE (lateral self equilibrium). The loading analysis type can be changed in the loading window. See Changing Analysis on page 31 of Chapter 10, Specifying Loadings.
Note: The term Lateral SE is used instead of Self Equilibrium to remind users that this analysis type is primarily intended for lateral loadings.
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Defining the Loads
There is no limit to the type or quantity of loads that can be applied in a self-equilibrium loading. However, the loads applied must be nearly in self-equilibrium. If the loads are out of equilibrium Concept will apply restraints to the slab to ensure that equilibrium can be maintained. The restraint reactions can be viewed in the Calc Log.
Note: See Importing a database on page 45 of Chapter 14, Importing a Database from the RAM Structural System for
information on how to automatically import self-equilibrium lateral loads.
Note: Mat/Raft foundations are typically not well suited for self-equilibrium analyses as the soil reactions are not known before the analysis.
47.7.4 Self-Equilibrium Analyses Details
Floating Stiffness Matrix
If you use self-equilibrium loadings, Concept creates an internal floating stiffness matrix in addition to the regular stiffness matrix. The floating stiffness matrix considers the slab, but not the supports above or below the slab. Concept also adds some minimal supports to the matrix to make it stable.
Minimal Supports
The minimal supports that Concept adds to the floating stiffness matrix are located at real support locations, but not at every real support location. Typically, Concept adds three supports to provide full stability, but not to provide any restraint.
Note: Concept gives a warning if there are not at least two support locations where minimal supports can be added.
The motivation for adding the minimal supports at the same location as real supports is that these locations are likely to be locations where self-equilibrium loads are applied, so any reactions at these locations can typically be considered as corrections to the self-equilibrium loads.
Punching Check Reactions
Punching checks consider the loads applied at the punching check location in their reaction calculations. Punching checks are the only support that have reactions from self-equilibrium analyses.
Displacements
Concept reports all displacements for self-equilibrium loadings as zero. Self-equilibrium loadings have no effect on the displacements calculated for load combinations or rule sets.
Pattern Loading
Pattern loading can be used in a self-equilibrium analysis, but it should almost never be used. When used, all patterns should contain a self-equilibrium set of loads.
Note: For an example, see Example 37-1 on page 179 of Chapter 37, Frequently Asked Questions.
Chapter 47 Z-axis is parallel to the global z-axis and goes through the design centroid. This direction is also referred to as Vertical Forces for the design section are considered as the forces that the structure in the positive-s region applies to the structure in the negative-s region. A design section drawn from point B to point A will have the same forces as a design section drawn from point A to point B except that the following two forces will have opposite signs: Vz (vertical shear on the s-face) Mz (moment about the z axis)
will be the stem from the bottom of the section to the top of the section. For a rectangular section, the core will be the entire section.
4 The cores x and y centroid coordinates are the design centroids x and y coordinates. 5 You can view the centroid of a design strip segment cross section in the first page of an audit. See Chapter 30, Using the
Chapter 47 xx% DL Balanced xx% DL + RLL Balanced The values reported are valid for the last Calc All (tendon changes after that are not reflected). The values are calculated based on the total static moment for the span, for the balanced loadings and the dead and live loadings. For a cantilever span, the effective load is: w = 2M L where: M = moment at first cross section L = clear span For a regular span (with supports at both ends), the effective load is: w = 8M L where M = (M1 + M2)/2 - M3 M1 = moment at first cross section M2 = moment at last cross section M3 = moment at cross section closest to midway between first and last cross sections L = clear span The percentage is defined as: % = -100 Wb/Wl where Wb = effective load due to balance and transfer balance loadings Wl = effective load due to load combination under consideration (DL or DL + RLL) There is no possible calculation for design strip segments that are not part of a span. These have an undefined balance load percentage. The balance calculation may have some differences from the calculation available in the tendon plans. The difference are due to: diversion of PT effects clear span vs total span moment taken at first and last sections, not at support centerlines In the calculations, DL is based on the dead loading types, and means: Self Weight + Dead + Dead (transfer) but does NOT include Stressing Dead
2 2
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Chapter 47 In the calculations, RLL is based on the new loading types, and means: Live (reducible) + Live (unreducible) + Live (storage) + Live (roof) + Live (reducible)(transfer) + Live (unreducible)(transfer) + Live (storage)(transfer) + Live (roof)(transfer) All of these loadings are reduced per the live load reduction code before addition to the total.
47.8.6 Using the Don't Reduce Integrated M and V due to Sign Change option
Design sections and span segments contain an option (checkbox) with the label Don't reduce Integrated M and V due to Sign Change. If this option is selected, Concept will perform five integrations of the cross section forces for every loading and load pattern: 1. Standard Integration - this is as described in Calculating the forces on the cross section on page 337. 2. Max Moment Integration - same as item 1, except that only elements that would increase the integrated bending moment value are considered. 3. Min Moment Integration - same as item 1, except that only elements that would decrease the integrated bending moment value are considered. 4. Max Shear Integration - same as item 1, except that only elements that would increase the integrated vertical shear value are considered. 5. Min Shear Integration - same as item 1, except that only elements that would decrease the integrated vertical shear value are considered. The intent of this option is to allow for safe, conservative designs where cross sections include regions of moment (or shear) with opposite signs that cause the moment (or shear) recorded for the cross section to be less than that for a shorter sub- cross section. The values from the above integrations may not be considered in certain circumstances: Standard Integration - all values always considered. Max Moment Integration - bending moment value considered if bending moment is same sign as bending moment in Standard Integration. Min Moment Integration - bending moment value considered if bending moment is same sign as bending moment in Standard Integration. Max Shear Integration - vertical shear value considered if vertical shear is same sign as vertical shear in Standard Integration. Min Shear Integration - vertical shear value considered if vertical shear is same sign as vertical shear in Standard Integration. When the Don't reduce Integrated M and V due to Sign Change option is selected, the design forces are always more conservative than when the option is not selected. This option should not be used without due consideration.
Note: These selective integrations are performed independently for each loading. Load(ing) Combinations cross section forces therefore may include (and exclude) forces from different elements in each loading. This adds to the conservatism of the option.
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Standard Results for a loading are the results due to the application of all loads of the loading with no patterns considered. These results consists of the results on the Slab tab, the Standard context results on the Reaction tab and the Standard context results for the Strip tab.
Standard results - load combinations
Standard Results for a load combination are the linear combination of loading standard results using the standard load factors. These results consist of the results on the Slab tab, the Standard context results on the Reaction tab and the Standard context results for the Strip tab.
Note: Standard results also include all of the results for items other than design strip segments, design sections and punching checks. Items such as slab bending moments, column reactions and soil reactions are included in the standard (nonenveloped) results. Note: For rule set layers, there are no standard results; only envelope results are calculated.
47.9.2 Envelope results
Envelope results are kept for only 3 object types - design strip segments, design sections and punching checks. Envelope results fully consider pattern loadings and alternate envelope factors (as well as standard factors). For design strip segments and design sections all of the cross-section forces are calculated, and there are six envelope result sets kept: Max M (forces in place at time of maximum M) Min M (forces in place at time of minimum M) Max V (forces in place at time of maximum V) Min V (forces in place at time of minimum V) Max P (forces in place at time of maximum P) Min P (forces in place at time of minimum P)
Note: Min refers to the minimum signed value, not the minimum absolute value.
For punching checks all the reaction forces are calculated and there are 6 envelope result sets kept: Max Fz (reaction forces at time of maximum Fz reaction) Min Fz (reaction forces at time of minimum Fz reaction) Max Mx (reaction forces at time of maximum Mx reaction) Min Mx (reaction forces at time of minimum Mx reaction) Max My (reaction forces at time of maximum My reaction) Min My (reaction forces at time of minimum My reaction)
Envelope results for a loading are determined by comparing the results for the full loading and the results of all of the pattern loadings (considering the pattern factors). Envelope results consist of a subset of results which occur simultaneously with minimum and maximum values of certain resultants. 340 RAM Concept
Chapter 47 For example, for a design section, all of the pattern results would be compared, and the pattern result with the largest bending moment would become the Max M result for that design section; other design sections Max M results might be determined by other patterns. If the loading is not patterned, then all of the envelope results are identical to the standard results.
Envelope Results - Load Combinations
Envelope results for a load combination are determined by comparing all the permutations of standard and alternate load factors multiplied by all envelopes for each loading in the load combination. For each location and envelope type, the chosen load factors are those that create the most extreme envelope. In mathematical terms: There are 2n(p+1) results for n loadings and p patterns. These 2n(p+1) results are enveloped together. The actual calculations that RAM Concept uses do not consider 2n(p+1) load combinations, but the result of the RAM Concepts calculations is the same as if it did.
Envelope Results - Rule Sets
Envelope results for rule sets are determined by comparing all the envelopes for all of the load combinations that use the rule set. For each location and envelope type, the chosen values are those that occur simultaneously with the most extreme envelope. Envelope results for a loading, load combination or rule set are all the results on the Reaction tab and Strip tab except for those with the Standard context. The Standard context for these plots is sometimes referred to as the standard envelope, but technically it is not an envelope at all.
Note: RAM Concepts enveloping finds the critical cases in most regular and complicated models. It would be possible, however, for the six envelopes to miss the critical case. If you believe that a set of forces not included in the envelopes may be critical for the design, you can manually create additional loadings (without patterning) and/or additional load combinations (without alternate load factors) and/or additional rule sets (using a single load combination) to ensure that the force set of concern is considered in the design.
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0 0.00
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02 strain
0.025
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Chapter 48 fps = fse + u Ep cu(dp/c 1)(L1/L2) 0.80fpu where fps = tendon stress at ultimate bending strength fse = effective prestress in prestressed reinforcement Ep = elastic modulus of prestressed reinforcement cu = failure strain of concrete (typically assumed as 0.003) dp = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressed reinforcement. c = depth of neutral axis at ultimate strength L = span under consideration L1 = sum of lengths of loaded spans L2 = total length of tendon between anchorages u = K(dp/L) where K = 3 for uniform or third point loadings and 1.5 for midspan loading fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressed tendons It can be shown that: p cu ( d p c 1 ) where p = change in strain in concrete adjacent to the tendon from effective prestress level to ultimate bending With this substitution (and the one for u) the equation becomes: fps = fse + K(dp/L) Ep p (L1/L2) 0.80fpu L can both realistically and conservatively be assumed to equal L1 as it is unlikely for two spans to simultaneously have large inelastic deformations. This simplifies the equation further to: fps = fse + Ep (Kdp /L2) p 0.80fpu It is obvious that in the above equations that (Kdp /L2) is a strain reduction factor that accounts for the distribution of the localized strain over the length of the tendon. The numerator is a consideration of the length of the yielding (high strain) region, while the denominator is a consideration of the length over which this strain is distributed.
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Chapter 48 pse = strain in tendon at effective prestress level p = change in strain in concrete adjacent to the tendon from effective prestress level to ultimate bending k = strain reduction factor, taken as 0.1 flimit = limit stress as defined by the effective code For ACI 318-99, flimit is defined by equations 18-4 and 18-5. In the calculation of p used in the ACI equations, RAM Concept assumes the tendons are placed on the more beneficial side of the tendon centroid (the same limiting stress value is used for both positive and negative moment capacity calculations at each cross section). For AS 3600-2001, flimit is defined by section 8.1.6. In the calculation of befdp used in the AS equations, RAM Concept assumes the tendons are placed on the more beneficial side of the tendon centroid (the same limiting stress value is used for both positive and negative moment capacity calculations at each cross section).
Chapter 48 Ec = Concrete Elastic Modulus (tangent at zero strain) A third parameter, the strain at which the concrete behavior changes from parabolic to linear, is calculated: 0 = 2 (0.85 fc)/ Ec For c < 0 (tension) fc = 0 For 0 < c < 0 (parabolic range) fc = 0.85 fc [2(c/0) (c/0)2] For c 0 (plastic range)
fc = 0.85 fc
4000 3000 Fc (strain ) 0.85 fc 2000 1000 0
0.001
0.002
0.003 strain
0.004
Note: ACI 209 reports the value of 3.35 as an average creep value. RAM Concept files adopt this value as a default.
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Chapter 48 If there is no axial force, then this formulation is identical to Bransons formula. If there are axial forces, this formulation is a reasonable (but not theoretically identical) extrapolation of Bransons formula. We call the value (fcr/fa)4 Bransons Stress Ratio. Its value is always limited to be less than or equal to 1.0. Note that you will more commonly see Bransons formula used with a power of 3 instead of 4. The power of 3 is appropriate when a peak moment in a span is used to determine an effective moment of inertia for the entire span. The power of 4 is appropriate for determining a local effective moment of inertia using local section forces [Branson, Dan E., Instantaneous and Time-Dependent Deflections of Simple and Continuous Reinforced Concrete Beams, Report #7, Part 1, Alabama Highway Research Department, Bureau of Public Roads, August 1963, pp.1-78].
Ce is calculated by the approximate formula: Ce = (kc BSR Cg) + ((1 BSR) Cccs) where kc = the concrete material creep factor (often 3.35) = total strain / elastic strain BSR = Bransons Stress Ratio or Eurocode 2 Stress Ratio (see Bransons Stress Ratio on page 348 or Eurocode 2 Cracking Distribution Stress Ratio on page 349) Cccs = the cross section curvature considering cracking, creep and shrinkage (see Cracked Section Analyses on page 348) Note that if gross-section stresses are kept below the concrete tensile strength, then the effective curvature ratio will be equal to the concrete material creep factor (kc). If post-tensioning is considered as an internal force (not an external load) for the active design rules, then the gross-section calculations are performed with the post-tensioning primary forces added to the calculated cross section forces. It is unusual, but possible, for the ECR value to be less than the concrete material creep factor (kc). These cases occur if the amount of reinforcement is so large that the cracked stiffness (including concrete creep) is greater than the gross stiffness (including concrete creep).
( M ) ( ECR ) ( M EI ) dl ( M ) ( M EI ) dl
Note that this multiplier will likely be conservative for indeterminate structures as the bending moments in the structure will become rearranged (stiffer sections will attract more moment) in a manner that will reduce ecr.
Note: The deflection multiplier will always be less than the maximum ECR value in the span. Note: The L.T. deflection plot uses this integral. See Using strip based deflection plots for slabs on page 521.
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= where:
c = perpendicular (shortest) distance from concrete face to reinforcement centroid sb = spacing of reinforcement For deformed bars without special coatings (such as epoxy), Frosch has shown that: sc = 2 d * leads to reasonable predictions of the maximum crack width. RAM Concept uses this assumption, but limits d* to a maximum value of h (the crack height); this limiting value typically only controls in slabs without bonded reinforcement. The final equation RAM Concept uses for crack width calculation can be written as: w c = 2 c d * (d* h)
For multiple bars and layers of reinforcement, the reinforcement can be optimally placed such that: d* = ( c i + ( s i 2 ) ) for all reinforcement i
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w = si where: ci = perpendicular (shortest) distance from concrete face to reinforcement i centroid si = length along on concrete tension face allocated to reinforcement i w = width of concrete tension face RAM Concept iteratively solves for d* (to within 1 mm), using all bonded reinforcement that when considered minimizes the value of d*. When using bonded post-tensioning, each duct is considered as a reinforcing bar equivalent. Unbonded and external post-tensioning are ignored. Tendons at an angle of less than 45 degrees to the cross section are ignored also.
Chapter 48 To get the design bending moment, we add in the hyperstatic bending moment: MD = 1.2 ML + MH = 1.2 (fcr + (PP + PH)/A) S 1.2 (MP + MH) + MH Simplifying: MD = 1.2 (fcr +(PP + PH)/A) S 1.2 MP 0.2 MH It is common and usually conservative to assume that PH is zero: MD = 1.2 (fcr +PP/A) S 1.2 MP 0.2 MH It is common (although not technically correct) to ignore the 0.2 MH, giving the final design moment equation: MD = 1.2 (fcr + PP/A) S 1.2 MP
Chapter 48
Wood, R. H., The Reinforcement of Slabs in Accordance with a Pre-Determined Field of Moments, Concrete, vol. 2, pp. 69-76, February 1968. Armer, G. S. T., Discussion, Concrete, vol. 2, pp. 319-320, August 1968.
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49.1 Live Load Reduction for Loadings, Load Combinations and Rule Sets
RAM Concept individually applies live load reduction to each loading of each column, punching check, design strip segment and design section. For example, the reduction factor for a column may be different for a Live (Reducible) Loading than for a Live (Storage) Loading.
49.1.1 Loadings
While RAM Concept calculates the live load reductions per loading (and per member), the reductions do not affect the loading analysis. The analysis results that Concept displays for loadings are never reduced by live load reduction.
Note: Remember that Concept only reduces live load on columns, punching checks, design strip segments and design
sections.
Note: See Viewing live load reduction results on page 131 for more information.
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Figure 49-2 Slab layout with dimensions in feet from center of column to centerline of walls. An engineer would typically deem the influence area to be 2400 square feet.
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Figure 49-3 Column and punching check influence areas as calculated by RAM Concept
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Figure 49-5 Design strip segment influence areas as calculated by RAM Concept
Figure 49-6 Column and punching check influence areas for an irregular floor.
Note: ASCE-7 actually defines an application factor not a reduction factor (reduction factor = 1 - application factor).
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Note: IBC 2003 actually defines an application factor not a reduction factor (reduction factor = 1 - application factor).
Note: Section 3.4.2 actually defines an application factor not a reduction factor (reduction factor = 1 - application
factor).
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Note: Eurocode 1 actually defines an application factor not a reduction factor (reduction factor = 1 - application
factor).
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Chapter 49 Mat foundation loads that are imported from the RAM Structural System will be automatically reduced appropriately (by the RAM Structural System). User-drawn loads will need to be reduced manually.
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50 Reinforcement Notes
This chapter provides information on how RAM Concept utilizes span detailing, calculates reinforcement development lengths and lays out and details reinforcement. contraflexure, assumed to be 20% of a continuous span's length (hence the factor of 5 applied to Lc). Span Detailing is controlled via the span segment dialog. See Section 21.5 of Chapter 21, Defining Design Strips.
With Span Detailing considers the results considering the detailed reinforcement as a minimum requirement. Some other modifications to the span detailed summary diagram are done. The developed requirements are removed from inside the support regions (there is still the requirement that the reinforcement is developed at the face of the support). Also, for cantilevers, the span detailed requirements are removed from the last cross section to the end of the span. Also, in the summary reinforcement, at the end of each pass an assumed amount of developed reinforcement is calculated from the AsRaw requirements and the length available for development, and applied as a minimum AsDev requirement in each cross section.
A, B, and C represent different sets of reinforcement used to detail rebar in the support region. E, F, and G represent different sets of reinforcement used to detail rebar in the span region. Each set of reinforcement has an associated fraction which is the amount of the peak reinforcement quantity to assign to that set. The sum of the three fractions should always be between 0 and 1. The R1, R2 values represent factors to be multiplied by the span length to arrive at a set's desired bar lengths. Span detailing in accordance with user rules is always symmetrical in a span (but not in a cantilever). The R1 value is applied to the cantilever such that the cantilever is assumed to be that portion of a full span up to the point of
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The pass 0 summarized span detailed design requirements are used as the starting point for the pass 2 span detailed design.
50.1.3 ACI 318-99, ACI 318-02, and ACI 318-05 Code Span Detailing Rules
RC Beams and One-Way Slabs Rule 12.12.3 is implemented in support regions. For this provision, the inflection point is assumed to be 30% of the clear span from the face of support. ACI 12.11.1 is implemented in span regions. RC Two-Way Slabs Figure 13.3.8 (without drop panels) is implemented in support and span regions. PT Beams, One-Way Slabs, and Two-Way Slabs Rule 18.9.4.2 is implemented in support regions. Rule 18.9.4.1 is implemented in span regions.
step 3 requirements, which results in the final pass 0 span detailed requirements. The resulting pass 0 design can be approximate if the subtracted user defined reinforcement does not have the same properties as the program designed reinforcement at that location. The final designed reinforcement for each cross section, which will be determined in future passes, will always be accurate.
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For any length less than the additional extension length, the effective development is zero. For any length greater than or equal to the desired additional extension length, but less than the full development length, the effective percentage development is (provided length)/(full development length) x 100%. This is accomplished by considering a fraction of each bar developed. For any length greater than the full development length, the effective development is 100%.
50.2 Development lengths / anchorage Note: The term development length is used in this chapter. In some countries, the term anchorage is used rather than development length.
This section presents an overview of the development length calculations performed in RAM Concept. Development length calculations in Concept can be treated as per Code Rules, or development lengths can be specified by the user for a particular reinforcing bar as a multiple of the bar diameter. The general implementation used for calculating development lengths is: The clear spacing of the bars will be detailed to be greater than twice the minimum cover. This is the responsibility of the user, and is not checked by Concept. Each Code has a desired extension length beyond the theoretical cutoff point of the reinforcement. The desired extension length for ACI 318, BS 8110, and IS 456 is the maximum of d (effective depth) or 12 times the diameter of the bar. This is required primarily because diagonal tension cracks in a flexural member without transverse shear reinforcement may shift the location of the calculated tensile stress in a bar approximately d (effective depth) towards a point of zero moment. Refer to ACI 318 12.10.3, BS 8110 3.12.9.1, and IS 456 26.2.3.1. For AS 3600, the desired extension length, D, is used to satisfy provision 8.1.8.1 requiring use of a shifted moment diagram for design. While this implementation is not in strict compliance with the Code provisions near the ends of a member, it meets the design intent away from the ends. For a user defined bar, the effective development for any point along the bar is calculated in accordance with the following diagram. This approach is not used for AS 3600 - see section 50.2.2 on page page 366 for more details. The end of any user defined bar that is close to a slab edge such that it could not be extended will use a desired extension length of zero.
Figure 50-3 Effective development at any point along a bar. (This does not apply to AS3600 - see Figure 50-4)
When laying out program-designed bars, Concept uses the first option in the following list that fits in the slab: Straight bar end with full development length and full extension length. Straight bar end with full development length and partial (or no) extension length. 90 degree hook bar end with 90 degree hook development length 180 degree hook bar end with 180 degree hook development length Anchored bar end with no development length If the end of a bar is closer to a slab edge than the specified end cover, the bar will automatically be labeled anchored in Concept and considered to be fully developed. Development lengths of bars in compression are not considered. Tension development lengths are used in all locations where development of reinforcement is required, regardless of the actual stresses on the reinforcing bar.
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Chapter 50 = reinforcement location factor concrete below is taken as the depth from the rebar center to the bottom of the concrete section 1.3 for concrete below > 12 inches 1.0 for concrete below < 12 inches = coating factor 1.5 for epoxy coated bars with cover (to center of bar) less than 3db (spacing is not calculated) 1.2 for all other epoxy coated bars 1.0 for uncoated bars distance from the center of the reinforcing bar to the farthest concrete surface.
Figure 50-4 Effective development at any point along a bar for the undisplaced moment diagram (for AS3600 ONLY)
Basic straight tension development length is calculated using equation 13.1.2.1(a). The following factors are used in this equation: k1 = reinforcement location factor concrete below is taken as the depth from the bar center to the bottom of the concrete section 1.25 for concrete below > 300 mm 1.0 for concrete below < 300 mm k2 = 2.4 (conservatively) RAM Concept
Chapter 50 fsy = yield stress of bar Ab = cross sectional area of reinforcing bar 2a + db = twice the vertical distance from the nearest concrete surface to the center of the bar In addition, the following factors (from ACI 318) are applied: coating factor 1.5 for epoxy coated bars with cover (to center of bar) less than 3db (spacing is not calculated) 1.2 for all other epoxy coated bars 1.0 for uncoated bars lightweight aggregate concrete factor: 1.3 for concrete density < 1900 kg/m
3
Note: If any bars other than Type 2 deformed bar are used
or if minimum links in accordance with Table 3.7 are not provided, the development lengths will need to be specified manually. Table 3.27 can assist with this. In addition, the following factors (from ACI 318) are applied: coating factor 1.5 for epoxy coated bars with cover (to center of bar) less than 3db (spacing is not calculated) 1.2 for all other epoxy coated bars 1.0 for uncoated bars lightweight aggregate concrete factor: 1.3 for concrete density < 1900 kg/m3 1.0 for concrete density > 1900 kg/m3 For development of hooks, the internal bend radius is assumed to be 2db for bar diameters less than or equal to 18mm and 3.5db for bar diameters greater than 18mm. For 90 degree hooks, the effective anchorage of the hook is 4 times the internal bend radius but not to exceed 12db in accordance with 3.12.8.23 (b) For 180 degree hooks, the effective anchorage of the hook is 8 times the internal bend radius but not to exceed 24db in accordance with 3.12.8.23 (a) In accordance with 3.12.9.1, the extension length used for this Code is the maximum of 12 db or the effective depth of the member, taken as the maximum vertical distance from the center of the reinforcing bar to the farthest concrete surface.
1.0 for concrete density > 1900 kg/m3 For development of standard hooks, basic tension development length is calculated as half the straight tension development length in accordance with Clause 13.1.2.4. In accordance with 8.1.8.1, the extension length used for this Code is the overall depth of the section. This extension is applied in addition to the required development length. Concept applies the extension length to satisfy the Code provision requiring the displacement of the bending moment envelopes by a distance D. There are some noteworthy differences between Concept's approach and the Code provision: In most circumstances, extending the bar by a distance D beyond the required development length will satisfy the intent of the Code. Near the ends of members, where the displaced moment diagram would cause an increased design moment, Concept will design for the unmodified moment diagram, but will still ensure proper development is satisfied.
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Chapter 50 For high strength deformed bars, the bond stress can be increased by 60 percent. This increase is assumed for any bar with fy > 250 N/mm2. In addition, the following factors (from ACI 318) are applied: coating factor 1.5 for epoxy coated bars with cover (to center of bar) less than 3db (spacing is not calculated) 1.2 for all other epoxy coated bars 1.0 for uncoated bars lightweight aggregate concrete factor: 1.3 for concrete density < 1900 kg/m3 1.0 for concrete density > 1900 kg/m3 For development of hooks, the internal bend radius is assumed to be 2db for bars with yield stress less than or equal to 250 N/mm2 and 4db for bars with yield stress greater than 250 N/mm2. For 90 degree hooks, the effective anchorage of the hook is 8 times the diameter of the bar in accordance with 26.2.2.1 (1). For 180 degree hooks, the effective anchorage of the hook is 16 times the diameter of the bar in accordance with 26.2.2.1 (2). In accordance with 3.12.9.1, the extension length used for this Code is the maximum of 12 db or the effective depth of the member, taken as the maximum vertical distance from the center of the reinforcing bar to the farthest concrete surface. l bd = 1 2 3 4 5 l b, rqd l b, min where: 1 = bar shape factor from Table 8.1 2 = concrete factor from Table 8.1 3 = 1.0 (tranverse reinforcement not considered) 4 = 1.0 (transverse reinforcement not considered) 5 = 1.0 (transverse pressure not considered) l b, min max { 0.3l b, rqd, 10 , 100mm } For beams, the minimum cover cd is assumed to be 25 mm. As such, the minimum clear spacing between bars should be detailed as 50 mm. For slabs, the minimum cover cd for straight bars is calculated as the minimum vertical clear cover to the nearest concrete surface. For bent bars the cover cd is calculated as 5 times the bar diameter. The minimum clear spacing between bent bars should thus be detailed as 10 times the bar diameter. Anchorage length for bent bars is determined using Figure 8.1(a) and using the minimum bend diameters from Table 8.1N(a) A concrete density factor calculated in accordance with equation 11.1 is applied to the calculation of fbd in equation 8.2. In addition, the following factor (from ACI 318) are applied: coating factor 1.5 for epoxy coated bars with cover (to center of bar) less than 3db (spacing is not calculated) 1.2 for all other epoxy coated bars 1.0 for uncoated bars
50.3 How RAM Concept lays out program reinforcement Note: This section describes Concept's layout of longitudinal program reinforcement. Neither transverse reinforcement nor SSR are considered here.
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Chapter 50 Concept considers all of the spans' and all of the design sections' designs when laying out program reinforcement. Concept's layout algorithm uses 5 steps as follows: Step 1 Divide reinforcement requirements into groups. Concept divides all the span and section reinforcement requirements into similar groups by considering the following characteristics: Span Direction - latitude or longitude Slab Face - top or bottom Reinforcement Elevation - the absolute elevation of the reinforcement Reinforcement Orientation - the plan view orientation of the reinforcement (always perpendicular to the cross sections) Requirements with all similar characteristics are grouped together for further processing. Step 2 Find regions of overlapping and nearby requirement For each requirement group, Concept then finds requirements in a region that may be able to be satisfied by the same reinforcement callout. Step 3 Create preliminary callouts for each region For each region's requirements, Concept creates an optimal set of reinforcement callouts considering the cost factors specified in the Calc Options dialog. These preliminary callouts do not consider development lengths. Step 4 Consider development lengths For each preliminary callout, Concept investigates all of the related cross sections and determines (considering the area of developed reinforcement and the total area of reinforcement required at each cross section) the necessary extension of the bar beyond the related cross sections. If the required bar extension cannot be provided (due to a slab edge or bar end cover requirements), reduced extensions using 90-degree or 180-degree hooks are investigated. If the hooks will not provide the adequate development, anchors will be placed at the end of the bar.
Note: Any bar that is required to extend to within the end cover distance of a slab edge will be given an anchor end condition.
Step 5 Convert to concentrated program reinforcement As a final step, Concept converts the bar callouts (including development lengths and bar end conditions) into concentrated program reinforcement. See also Reinforcement layout and detailing parameters on page 127 of Chapter 27, Calculating Results. RAM Concept
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Chapter 50 The preliminary layout of bars is trimmed by the slab shape determined in step 3. Additionally, the required end cover (as defined in the Calc Options window) may shorten a bar further. This trimming may convert a single bar into multiple bars, or may eliminate a bar altogether. Note that bars with anchor ends do not consider the required end cover. They are only trimmed by the slab shape at the bar elevation. Step 5 Convert the trimmed bar locations to individual bars Lastly, Concept converts the trimmed preliminary layout of bars into individual bars. This conversion sets the individual bars generated from user reinforcement to be user bars and those generated by program reinforcement to be program bars.
Note: The detailing of user reinforcement takes place before the design calculations and the detailing of program reinforcement takes place after the design calculations.
Figure 50-5 Stepped one-way slab with two reinforcement objects identical except for the respective location of the elevation reference point.
50.5 How Concept treats transverse reinforcement and individual transverse bars
Concept generates transverse reinforcement and individual transverse bars from the results of its shear and torsion calculations. This generated reinforcement is for display purposes only - it is not used in calculations and cannot be changed to user reinforcement. 370 RAM Concept
Chapter 50 At locations of complicated geometry (such as multiple beams in a single span design, or curved beams), Concept may not be able to create an appropriate representation of the reinforcement required by the design calculations. The correct design quantities can always be viewed in the Section Design plots of the Design Status layer. Note that with code detailing: the top bars are longer some bottom bars are continuous
Note: The no detailing example is very similar to results obtained with version 2.1.
Note: Reinforcement required for torsion should always have 2 legs selected in the design spans. Otherwise Concept's design will show a correct overall quantity of reinforcement, but will not show a correct selection of closed and open ties. Note: Transverse reinforcement required by design sections is NOT shown on the Reinforcement layer. This is another reason why design spans are preferable to design sections.
Reinforcement layer
The following figure shows the effect of code detailing on the reinforcement on the reinforcement layer.
Note that: these program bars are rationalized such that the number of top bars is consistent either side of a support these program bars could be changed to User bars individual bars can be shown via the visible objects Concept details the top bars at the right hand support with a 90 degree bend
The following figure shows the effect of code detailing on the reinforcement for the design status layer.
The Reinforcement Layout and Detailing Parameters affect the reinforcement bar layout, Figure 50-9 exhibits different reinforcement results from Figure 50-8 when changes are made to one parameter (in this case, the Bar Length Cost parameter is 3 rather than 1). See Reinforcement layout and detailing parameters on page 127 of Chapter 27, Calculating Results.
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Chapter 50 Note that the design strips' span detailer setting of code produces more reinforcement.
Design Status layer with plot: Bottom (Developed) with span detailing:
This plot is exactly the same as Bottom without span detailing (that is, the Raw reinforcement) because this example uses just the Strength Rule Set and all such reinforcement must be developed.
Figure 50-9 Reinforcement: Standard Plan with the Bar Length Cost parameter set to 3.
For this plot, the design strips' span detailer setting of code has no effect.
Figure 50-12 Plot on Design Status layer: Bottom (Developed) WITH Span Detailing
The following figure shows the reinforcement for minimum and strength.
Note that the minimum designer has increased the bottom bars in the left hand span for the no detailing case. See Figure 50-8.
Figure 50-11 Plot on Design Status layer: Bottom [with span detailing]
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Design Status layer with plot: Bottom without span detailing: Design Status layer with plot: Bottom (Developed) without span detailing:
For this plot, the design strips' span detailer setting of code has no effect.
This plot is different from Bottom without span detailing (that is, the Raw reinforcement) because the Minimum reinforcement is not required to be developed.
Figure 50-14 Plot on Design Status layer: Bottom [WITHOUT span detailing] Design Status layer with plot: Bottom with span detailing: Figure 50-16 Plot on Design Status layer: Bottom (Developed) WITHOUT span detailing Design Status layer with plot: Bottom (Developed) with span detailing:
This plot is different from Bottom with span detailing (that is, the Raw reinforcement) because the Minimum reinforcement at the end supports is not developed, and so the plotted value is zero. Additionally, portions of the raw reinforcement are now assumed to be developed because the span detailing process for the design status layer considers that continuous bars, whether they are required to be developed or not, become at least partially developed.
Figure 50-15 Plot on Design Status layer: Bottom [WITH span detailing]
Note that the design strips' span detailer setting of code produces more reinforcement.
Figure 50-17 Plot on Design Status layer: Bottom (Developed) WITH span detailing
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Chapter 51
Note: Some load combinations in mat (raft) files are of the Lateral Group type and use a Zero-Tension analysis. Since a
load combination using a Zero-Tension analysis does NOT use Alternate Envelope Factors, then such load combinations in mat files have been expanded into multiple load combinations. See Chapter 11, Specifying Load Combinations for further description.
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Chapter 51
Note: Although elastic shortening produces a short-term loss, in RAM Concept elastic shortening losses are considered part
of the long term loss lump sum. Self-Dead Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Temporary Construction Loading (At Stressing): 1.0 (std & alt)
51.2.5 DL + 0.25LL LC
This load combination is intended for checking the requirements of UBC section 1918.9.2.2. This load combination is used by the DL + 0.25LL Design Rule Set. The load factors used are: Dead Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Live Loading: 0.25 (std) & 0.0 (alt)
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Chapter 51 Balance Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Dead Loading: 0.6 (std & alt) Ultimate Seismic Loading: 0.7 (std & alt)
Note: Since directionality factors were introduced in ASCE 7-98, the wind portion of the Factored Wind LC: 1.05D + 1.28L
+ 1.6W and Factored Wind LC: 0.9D + 1.6W load combinations have been increased to 1.6 to account for this effect. The need for this change is described in detail in ACI-02 9.2.1(b) and commentary. If directionality factors are not applied to the wind loads, the wind factors may be reduced in accordance with the original ACI 318-99 combinations.
Note: If you draw parking loads on a Live (Storage) layer, however, RAM Concept applies a (conservative) load factor of 1.0 in the Sustained Service LC, and a (conservative) load factor of 3.35 in the LT Uncracked Deflection LC.
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Chapter 51
33 f ci 33 f c
1.5
When the ACI code equation 8.5.1 (no Wc) is selected the following values are used: E ci = 57000 f ci E c = 57000 f c Where fci = cylinder strength at stressing fc = 28 day cylinder strength For calculations based on the gross section, concrete is assumed to be a perfectly linear-elastic material with no stress or strain limits. For detailed cross section analyses the stress strain curves are described in Concrete Stress-Strain Curves on page 346 of Chapter 48, Section Design Notes. The strength stress-strain curves are truncated at a strain of 0.003. The other stress-strain curves have no limit strain.
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Chapter 51 For ultimate resistance moment calculations, RAM Concepts general approach to unbonded tendon stress-strain curves is detailed in Unbonded Post-tensioning Stress-Strain Curves Program Implementation on page 345 of Chapter 48, Section Design Notes. For ACI 318-99, the maximum unbonded tendon stress, flimit, is defined by equations 18-4 and 18-5. In the calculation of p, RAM Concept assumes the tendons are placed on the more beneficial side of the cross section centroid (the same limiting stress value is used for both positive and negative moment capacity calculations at each cross section).
RC
10.5.1 7.12 7.12
PT
18.8.3, 18.9.2 18.8.3, 18.9.2 18.9.3.3 (at supports only)
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Chapter 51 Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
(none) (none) (none)
PT
18.4.1a, 18.4.1b 18.4.1a, 18.4.1b 18.4.1a, 18.4.1b
51.5.3 Service
Tendons are considered as an external load (and the balance loading is assumed to be included in the load factors). The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (reinforcement may be required on both faces). Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
10.6.4 10.6.4 (none)
PT
18.4.2b, 18.4.2c 18.4.2b, 18.4.2c 18.4.2b, 18.4.2c, 18.9.3.2
RC
(none) (none) (none)
PT
18.4.2a 18.4.2a 18.4.2a
51.5.5 Strength
Tendons are considered as an internal section force (and the hyperstatic loading is assumed to be included in the load factors). The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (failure could occur on both faces). See Torsion Considerations on page 353 for how torsion is implemented.
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Chapter 51 Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
10.2, 11.3, 11.6* 10.2, 11.3, 11.6* 10.2, 11.3, 11.6*
PT
11.4, 11.6*, 18.7 11.4, 11.6*, 18.7 11.4, 11.6*, 18.7
Note: * - 11.6 is applied only if beam torsion is selected (see torsion design notes)
51.5.6 Ductility
The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The longitudinal reinforcement from all other designs (except other ductility) is considered to be in place before ductility reinforcement is added. The bending moments sign (or signs) is determined by the moment envelope for the rule set layer (ductility could be required for both positive and negative moments). Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
10.3.3 10.3.3 10.3.3
PT
18.8.1 18.8.1 18.8.1
RC
(none) (none) (none)
PT
11.4, 18.7 (=1) 11.4, 18.7 (=1) (none)
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Chapter 51 where y = maximum reinforcement yield strain of all reinforcement in the cross section in tension d = depth of tensile reinforcement centroid (excluding PT) Due to very large bar covers or other unusual conditions, the compression bar will be considered when determining d if the compression bar is in tension. For details on how the neutral axis depth limit is related to the code criterion, see Unified Design Recommendations for Reinforced.... by Antoine Naaman in ACI Structural Journal, pp 200-210, Vol 89, no.2, April-March 1992
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Chapter 51
Chapter 51 Transverse reinforcement is designed in Pass 2. Stirrups/links are assumed to be closed hoops. RAM Concept will report the reinforcement in terms of the number of legs specified (by the user), but the calculations assume a hoop shape. The link detailing reported by RAM Concept will be difficult to decipher if the number of legs specified by the user is not 2. Section 11.6.3.1 (equation 11-18) is implemented such that shear capacity is reduced by torsion. For very high torsions, this can make shear capacity negative. The spacing of transverse reinforcement is determined by 11.6.6.1. The area of transverse reinforcement is determined by 11.6.3.6 Minimum transverse reinforcement is determined by 11.6.5.1 and 11.6.5.2 Torsional longitudinal reinforcement is considered along with other longitudinal reinforcement when determining effective depths and other bending parameters that affect shear design.
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Chapter 51
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Chapter 51 For sections with multiple concrete strengths, approximate extreme fiber stresses and centroid stresses are calculated and reported. If 2 f c is exceeded the entire tensile load, Nc, is taken by bonded reinforcement. User defined reinforcement on the appropriate face and bonded post-tensioning that is in the tension zone is counted toward the requirement. Vector components are taken of reinforcement and bonded post-tensioning that are not orthogonal to the cross section. Usable bonded tendon stresses are limited to the minimum of (fpy-fse), (0.5 fpy) and 30 ksi. Reinforcing bar stresses are limited to the minimum of (0.5 fpy) and 30 ksi. The reinforcement is only provided where stresses exceed 2 f c , the minimum length requirements of 18.9.4.1 are not considered. No check is made to ensure that the structure is post-tensioned.
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Chapter 52
Note: Some load combinations in mat (raft) files are of the Lateral Group type and use a Zero-Tension analysis. Since a
load combination using a Zero-Tension analysis does NOT use Alternate Envelope Factors, then such load combinations in mat files have been expanded into multiple load combinations. See Chapter 11, Specifying Load Combinations for further description.
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Chapter 52
Note: Although elastic shortening produces a short-term loss, in RAM Concept elastic shortening losses are considered part
of the long term loss lump sum. Self-Dead Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Temporary Construction Loading (At Stressing): 1.0 (std & alt)
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Chapter 52 Hyperstatic Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Dead Loading: 1.2 (std) and 0.9 (alt) Live (Reducible) Loading: 1.6 (std) and 0.0 (alt) Live (Unreducible) Loading: 1.6 (std) and 0.0 (alt) Live (Storage) Loading: 1.6 (std) and 0.0 (alt) Live (Roof) Loading: 0.5 (std) and 0.0 (alt)
Chapter 52 Balance Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Dead Loading: 0.6 (std & alt) Service Wind Loading: 1.0 (std & alt)
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Chapter 52
Note: If you draw parking loads on a Live (Storage) layer, however, RAM Concept applies a (conservative) load factor of 1.0 in the Sustained Service LC, and a (conservative) load factor of 3.35 in the LT Uncracked Deflection LC.
33 f ci 33 f c
1.5
When the ACI code equation 8.5.1 (no Wc) is selected the following values are used: E ci = 57000 f ci
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Chapter 52 E c = 57000 f c Where fci = cylinder strength at stressing fc = 28 day cylinder strength For calculations based on the gross section, concrete is assumed to be a perfectly linear-elastic material with no stress or strain limits. For detailed cross section analyses the stress strain curves are described in Concrete Stress-Strain Curves on page 346 of Chapter 48, Section Design Notes. The strength stress-strain curves are truncated at a strain of 0.003. The other stress-strain curves have no limit strain.
Chapter 52 Tension Face Reinforcement location is determined by the design moment envelope for the rule set (reinforcement may be required on both faces). Top Reinforcement is always located at the top of slab (Engineer discretion advised) Bottom Reinforcement is always located at the bottom of slab (Engineer discretion advised) None No reinforcement is provided (Engineer discretion advised) Section 18.9.3.2 is not applied (here), as that is a service reinforcement requirement, not a minimum reinforcement requirement (see Service on page 398). Section 18.8.2 is not applied to two-way slabs with bonded post-tensioning, even though the code technically requires it. Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
10.5.1 7.12 7.12
PT
18.8.2, 18.9.2 18.8.2, 18.9.2 18.9.3.3 (at supports only)
Each span segment has four user-specified reinforcement ratio values: Column Strip Top Reinforcement Column Strip Bottom Reinforcement Middle Strip Top Reinforcement Middle Strip Bottom Reinforcement Concepts User Minimum Reinforcement rule set uses these values to design reinforcement at each cross section. These values are not included in the reinforcement calculated for other rule sets. For example, the bending strength reinforcement reported in the Strength Rule Set is not in addition to the reinforcement in the User Minimum Reinforcement rule set.
User Minimum Reinforcement Calculations
Concepts User Minimum Reinforcement calculations are based on the gross area of the cross section (after trimming) and the user-specified ratios. For example: columnStripTopAs = (cross section Ac)(column strip top reinforcement ratio)
Requirements
The User Minimum Reinforcement rule set will not design reinforcement unless this rule set is used by at least on load combination.
Old Files
Pre-Concept 2.0 files require rebuilding of the load combinations and rule sets to have the User Minimum Reinforcement rule set added. See Rebuilding load combinations on page 35of Chapter 11, Specifying Load Combinations for further information.
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Chapter 52
RC
(none) (none) (none)
PT
18.4.1a, 18.4.1b 18.4.1a, 18.4.1b 18.4.1a, 18.4.1b
52.5.4 Service
Tendons are considered as an external load (and the balance loading is assumed to be included in the load factors). The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (reinforcement may be required on both faces). The design strip segment or design section property Environment is used to determine the class of post-tensioned members as follows: Protected: Class C Normal: Class T Corrosive: Class U Very Corrosive: Class U Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System RC
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab 10.6.4 10.6.4 (none)
PT Class U
PT Class T
PT Class C
18.3.3, 18.4.2b 18.3.3, 18.4.2b 10.6.4, 18.4.4 18.3.3, 18.4.2b 18.3.3, 18.4.2b 10.6.4, 18.4.4 18.3.3, 18.4.2b, (not applicable) (not applicable) 18.9.3.2
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Chapter 52 Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
(none) (none) (none)
PT
18.4.2a 18.4.2a 18.4.2a
52.5.6 Strength
Tendons are considered as an internal section force (and the hyperstatic loading is assumed to be included in the load factors). The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (failure could occur on both faces). See Torsion Considerations on page 353 for how torsion is implemented. Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
10.2, 11.3, 11.6* 10.2, 11.3, 11.6* 10.2, 11.3, 11.6*
PT
11.4, 11.6*, 18.7 11.4, 11.6*, 18.7 11.4, 11.6*, 18.7
Note: * - 11.6 is applied only if beam torsion is selected (see torsion design notes)
52.5.7 Ductility
The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The longitudinal reinforcement from all other designs (except other ductility) is considered to be in place before ductility reinforcement is added. The bending moments sign (or signs) is determined by the moment envelope for the rule set layer (ductility could be required for both positive and negative moments). Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
10.3.5 10.3.5 10.3.5
PT
(none) (none) (none)
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Chapter 52
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Chapter 52 Post-tensioning Tendon forces are ignored Axial forces (loads) on the section are either considered or ignored based on the settings in the design section of design strip segment under consideration. If axial forces are chosen to be included, the cross section is designed to provide the required moment simultaneously with the given axial force. At T, L and Z beams, the beam stem and flanges may have significant tension and compression forces (at different elevations) that are required for moment equilibrium. If a cross section crosses the entire beam, these forces will largely cancel (while increasing the bending moment). However, if a cross section extends only part way across a flanged beam, then the section may have significant axial forces that are required for moment equilibrium; designing for the axial loads (by selecting the appropriate design section or design strip segment properties) is necessary to ensure a safe design. User Es values are used For sections with multiple values of f c, the f c of each concrete block is used appropriately. For cross sections with very small moments, the amount of reinforcement calculated by Concept may exceed the amount necessary. This is because Concept will not allow cross sections to have strains greater than 20%, which would be necessary to create a smaller compression zone. The reinforcement Concept selects is that necessary for axial force equilibrium in the cross section.
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Chapter 52 The section width used to determine the spacing is the width of the solid areas of the extreme tension face. For beams with stems in tension, this will typically be the sum of the stem widths. The spacing is considered as the width divided by the number of bars. An additional bar is not added to make the width start and end with a bar. Post-tensioning is ignored (except as it naturally affects the cracked section calculations). RAM Concept may use more reinforcement than necessary in two circumstances: The reinforcement is necessary for equilibrium in the cracked section analysis. Compression reinforcement added later in the design process lowers the reinforcement demands.
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Chapter 52
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403
Chapter 52
Class T
Transition between uncracked and cracked Gross section
Class C
Cracked Cracked section No limit
Tensile stress limit ft 7.5 fc Deflection calcula- Gross section tion Crack control Computation of fs for crack control
Table 52-7
7.5 fc < ft 12 fc
Consider effects of crack- Consider ing effects of cracking No requirement Not applicable 10.6.4 / 18.4.4 Cracked section analysis
If a design strip or section is defined as Class C, but the gross tensile stresses are within the Class T limits, the provisions of 10.6.4/18.4.4 will not be applied. For sections with multiple concrete strengths, the minimum concrete strength is used to determine the limiting stress. For sections with multiple concrete strengths, approximate extreme fiber stresses and centroid stresses are reported. No check is made to ensure that the structure is post-tensioned.
Chapter 52 The limiting stress is reported, but reinforcement per section 18.4.1 is added to resist the total tensile force if necessary, so no section will fail this criterion. User defined reinforcement that is at an angle to the cross section will only have the component perpendicular to the cross section considered. Usable reinforcing stresses are limited to 0.6fy and 30,000 psi. No check is made to ensure that the structure is post-tensioned.
This width is subtracted from the total tension face width, and the rebar spacing is calculated using the remaining width. A stress limit is calculated using re-arranged equation (10-4) and compared with the fs calculated in the first step. Rebar is added and all steps are repeated until fs is within the calculated stress limit. If tendons are used to reduce the required tension face reinforcement width, the tendon fps will be limited to 36 ksi in accordance with 18.4.4.3. Rebar will be added until this limit is met. If any tendon wi or any required bar spacing is negative the bar or tendon is deemed ineffective for controlling crack width and is ignored. In the unusual circumstance where no bars or tendons are in the tension zone, no rebar will be added.
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Chapter 52
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Chapter 52 User defined reinforcement on the appropriate face and bonded post tensioning that is on the tension side of the centroid is counted toward this requirement. Vector components are taken of reinforcement or bonded post-tensioning that is not orthogonal to the cross section. No check is made to ensure that the structure is post-tensioned.
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Chapter 52
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Chapter 53
Note: Some load combinations in mat (raft) files are of the Lateral Group type and use a Zero-Tension analysis. Since a
load combination using a Zero-Tension analysis does NOT use Alternate Envelope Factors, then such load combinations in mat files have been expanded into multiple load combinations. See Chapter 11, Specifying Load Combinations for further description.
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Chapter 53
Note: Although elastic shortening produces a short-term loss, in RAM Concept elastic shortening losses are considered part
of the long term loss lump sum. Self-Dead Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Temporary Construction Loading (At Stressing): 1.0 (std & alt)
Note: This combination is used to cover IBC 2006 eq. 16-8 through 16-11. This combination is conservative for eq. 16-11,
and normally controls for structural elements supporting more than one level.
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Chapter 53 Live (Reducible) Loading: 1.6 (std) and 0.0 (alt) Live (Unreducible) Loading: 1.6 (std) and 0.0 (alt) Live (Storage) Loading: 1.6 (std) and 0.0 (alt) Live (Roof) Loading: 0.5 (std) and 0.0 (alt)
Chapter 53 Live (Storage) Loading: 1.0 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Roof) Loading: 0.5 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Service Wind Loading: 1.6 (std & alt)
Note: If you draw parking loads on a Live (Storage) layer, however, RAM Concept applies a (conservative) load factor of 1.0 in the Sustained Service LC, and a (conservative) load factor of 3.35 in the LT Uncracked Deflection LC.
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Chapter 53
33 f ci 33 f c
1.5
When the ACI code equation 8.5.1 (no Wc) is selected the following values are used: E ci = 57000 f ci E c = 57000 f c Where fci = cylinder strength at stressing fc = 28 day cylinder strength For calculations based on the gross section, concrete is assumed to be a perfectly linear-elastic material with no stress or strain limits. For detailed cross section analyses the stress strain curves are described in Concrete Stress-Strain Curves on page 346 of Chapter 48, Section Design Notes. The strength stress-strain curves are truncated at a strain of 0.003. The other stress-strain curves have no limit strain.
414
RAM Concept
Chapter 53 For ACI 318-05, the maximum unbonded tendon stress, flimit, is defined by equations 18-4 and 18-5. In the calculation of p, RAM Concept assumes that the tendons are placed on the more beneficial side of the cross section centroid (the same limiting stress value is used for both positive and negative moment capacity calculations at each cross section).
RC
10.5.1 7.12 7.12
PT
18.8.2, 18.9.2 18.8.2, 18.9.2 18.9.3.3 (at supports only)
Each span segment has four user-specified reinforcement ratio values: Column Strip Top Reinforcement Column Strip Bottom Reinforcement Middle Strip Top Reinforcement Middle Strip Bottom Reinforcement
RAM Concept
415
Chapter 53 Concepts User Minimum Reinforcement rule set uses these values to design reinforcement at each cross section. These values are not included in the reinforcement calculated for other rule sets. For example, the bending strength reinforcement reported in the Strength Rule Set is not in addition to the reinforcement in the User Minimum Reinforcement rule set.
User Minimum Reinforcement Calculations
Concepts User Minimum Reinforcement calculations are based on the gross area of the cross section (after trimming) and the user-specified ratios. For example: columnStripTopAs = (cross section Ac)(column strip top reinforcement ratio)
Requirements
The User Minimum Reinforcement rule set will not design reinforcement unless this rule set is used by at least on load combination.
Old Files
Pre-Concept 2.0 files require rebuilding of the load combinations and rule sets to have the User Minimum Reinforcement rule set added. See Rebuilding load combinations on page 35of Chapter 11, Specifying Load Combinations for further information.
RC
(none) (none) (none)
PT
18.4.1a, 18.4.1b 18.4.1a, 18.4.1b 18.4.1a, 18.4.1b
53.5.4 Service
Tendons are considered as an external load (and the balance loading is assumed to be included in the load factors). The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (reinforcement may be required on both faces). The design strip segment or design section property Environment is used to determine the class of post-tensioned members as follows: Protected: Class C Normal: Class T Corrosive: Class U Very Corrosive: Class U
416
RAM Concept
Chapter 53 Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System RC
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab 10.6.4 10.6.4 (none)
PT Class U
PT Class T
PT Class C
18.3.3, 18.4.2b 18.3.3, 18.4.2b 10.6.4, 18.4.4 18.3.3, 18.4.2b 18.3.3, 18.4.2b 10.6.4, 18.4.4 18.3.3, 18.4.2b, (not applicable) (not applicable) 18.9.3.2
RC
(none) (none) (none)
PT
18.4.2a 18.4.2a 18.4.2a
53.5.6 Strength
Tendons are considered as an internal section force (and the hyperstatic loading is assumed to be included in the load factors). The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (failure could occur on both faces). See Torsion Considerations on page 353 for how torsion is implemented. Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
10.2, 11.3, 11.6* 10.2, 11.3, 11.6* 10.2, 11.3, 11.6*
PT
11.4, 11.6*, 18.7 11.4, 11.6*, 18.7 11.4, 11.6*, 18.7
Note: * - 11.6 is applied only if beam torsion is selected (see torsion design notes)
53.5.7 Ductility
The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The longitudinal reinforcement from all other designs (except other ductility) is considered to be in place before ductility reinforcement is added. RAM Concept 417
Chapter 53 The bending moments sign (or signs) is determined by the moment envelope for the rule set layer (ductility could be required for both positive and negative moments). Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
10.3.5 10.3.5 10.3.5
PT
(none) (none) (none)
Chapter 53 the balanced strain condition, the member is defined as compression controlled and a strength reduction factor of 0.65 is used. Between these tensile strain values a linear transition between 0.65 and 0.9 is used. RAM Concept uses the ratio of neutral axis depth to the depth of the resultant tensile force (rather than the depth of the extreme tension steel) to calculate the strength reduction factor. For singly reinforced sections, the results will be identical to using the depth of the extreme tension steel. For sections with multiple layers of reinforcement (including post-tensioning), this implementation will provide a smoother transition and will be conservative. In determining the compression-controlled strain limit, RAM Concept uses the maximum of 0.002 and fy / Es. The tension-controlled strain limit is 0.005. Reinforcement areas are not deducted from the concrete area. Strain compatibility design is used. RAM Concepts design may exceed the maximum amount of allowed reinforcement, and therefore may create an overreinforced section. See Ductility on page 418 for more information on applying ductility requirements. Post-tensioning Tendon forces are ignored Axial forces (loads) on the section are either considered or ignored based on the settings in the design section of design strip segment under consideration. If axial forces are chosen to be included, the cross section is designed to provide the required moment simultaneously with the given axial force. At T, L and Z beams, the beam stem and flanges may have significant tension and compression forces (at different elevations) that are required for moment equilibrium. If a cross section crosses the entire beam, these forces will largely cancel (while increasing the bending moment). However, if a cross section extends only part way across a flanged beam, then the section may have significant axial forces that are required for moment equilibrium; designing for the axial loads (by selecting the appropriate design section or design strip segment properties) is necessary to ensure a safe design. User Es values are used For sections with multiple values of f c , the f c of each concrete block is used appropriately. For cross sections with very small moments, the amount of reinforcement calculated by RAM Concept may exceed the amount necessary. This is because RAM Concept will not allow cross sections to have strains greater than 20%, which would be necessary to create a smaller compression zone. The reinforcement RAM Concept selects is that necessary for axial force equilibrium in the cross section.
RAM Concept
419
Chapter 53 Post-tensioning is ignored. A spacing limit of 3h is utilized in accordance with 10.5.4. For typically sized beams, this limit will not control the amount of reinforcement. The provisions of section 10.5.2 are not implemented.
420
RAM Concept
Chapter 53 Equations 11-13 (including 50bws/fy) and 11-15 are implemented. Section 11.1.2 is implemented (but optional 11.1.2.1 is not). Sections 11.5.2, 11.5.4.1, 11.5.4.3 and 11.5.6.9 are implemented. A minimum reinforcement criterion of section 11.5.5 is implemented; if the member is a slab, then this requirement is waived per 11.5.5.1a. Axial Compression (or Tension) is not considered If beam torsion design is selected, see Section 11.6 Beam Torsion on page 421 for further requirements. No check is made to ensure that the structure is post-tensioned.
RAM Concept
421
Chapter 53 Stirrups/links are assumed to be closed hoops. RAM Concept will report the reinforcement in terms of the number of legs specified (by the user), but the calculations assume a hoop shape. The link detailing reported by RAM Concept will be difficult to decipher if the number of legs specified by the user is not 2. Section 11.6.3.1 (equation 11-18) is implemented such that shear capacity is reduced by torsion. For very high torsions, this can make shear capacity negative. The spacing of transverse reinforcement is determined by 11.6.6.1. The area of transverse reinforcement is determined by 11.6.3.6 Minimum transverse reinforcement is determined by 11.6.5.1 and 11.6.5.2 Torsional longitudinal reinforcement is considered along with other longitudinal reinforcement when determining effective depths and other bending parameters that affect shear design.
Class T
Transition between uncracked and cracked Gross section
Class C
Cracked Cracked section No limit
Tensile stress limit ft 7.5 fc Deflection calcula- Gross section tion Crack control Computation of fs for crack control
Table 53-7
7.5 fc < ft 12 fc
Consider effects of crack- Consider ing effects of cracking No requirement Not applicable 10.6.4 / 18.4.4 Cracked section analysis
Note: All post-tensioned two-way slabs are considered as Class U with ft <= 6 root fc'
If a design strip or section is defined as Class C, but the gross tensile stresses are within the Class T limits, the provisions of 10.6.4/18.4.4 will not be applied. For sections with multiple concrete strengths, the minimum concrete strength is used to determine the limiting stress. For sections with multiple concrete strengths, approximate extreme fiber stresses and centroid stresses are reported. No check is made to ensure that the structure is post-tensioned.
422
RAM Concept
Chapter 53
Chapter 53 For bonded PT in tension zone, an effectively reinforced width is calculated: 480000 2 600000 - -- numberofducts - 2.5cci, ----------------w i = min ---------------- maxf maxf s 3 s This width is subtracted from the total tension face width, and the rebar spacing is calculated using the remaining width. A stress limit is calculated using re-arranged equation (10-4) and compared with the fs calculated in the first step. Rebar is added and all steps are repeated until fs is within the calculated stress limit. If tendons are used to reduce the required tension face reinforcement width, the tendon fps will be limited to 36 ksi in accordance with 18.4.4.3. Rebar will be added until this limit is met. If any tendon wi or any required bar spacing is negative the bar or tendon is deemed ineffective for controlling crack width and is ignored. In the unusual circumstance where no bars or tendons are in the tension zone, no rebar will be added.
424
RAM Concept
Chapter 53
RAM Concept
425
Chapter 53 User defined reinforcement on the appropriate face and bonded post-tensioning that is on the appropriate side of the centroid is counted toward the requirement. Vector components are taken of reinforcement and bonded post-tensioning that is not orthogonal to the cross section. The location of bonded reinforcement (the 1.5 h requirement) is not checked. The number of bars (4 bars or wires) is not checked. No check is made to ensure that the structure is post-tensioned.
426
RAM Concept
Chapter 53
RAM Concept
427
Chapter 53
428
RAM Concept
Chapter 54
54 AS 3600-2001 Design
This chapter details RAM Concepts implementation of AS 3600-2001. The six sections outline the following: Default loadings Default load combinations Live load factors Material behaviors How code rules are selected for cross section design Implementation of code rules
Note: Some load combinations in mat (raft) files are of the Lateral Group type and use a Zero-Tension analysis. Since a
load combination using a Zero-Tension analysis does NOT use Alternate Envelope Factors, then such load combinations in mat files have been expanded into multiple load combinations. See Chapter 11, Specifying Load Combinations for further description.
RAM Concept
429
Chapter 54
Note: Although elastic shortening produces a short-term loss, in RAM Concept elastic shortening losses are considered part
of the long term loss lump sum. Self-Dead Loading: 0.8 (std) & 1.15 (alt) Temporary Construction Loading (At Stressing): 0.8 (std) & 1.15 (alt)
430
RAM Concept
Chapter 54
Chapter 54 Live (Storage) Loading: 0.6 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Ultimate Wind Loading: 1.0 (std & alt)
Note: If you draw car park loads on a Live (Storage) layer, however, RAM Concept applies a (conservative) load factor of
1.0 in the Service LC, a (conservative) load factor of 0.6 in the wind and seismic load combinations (both service and ultimate), and a (conservative) load factor of 2.41 in the LT Uncracked Deflection LC.
Note: If you draw assembly loads on a Live (Unreducible) layer, however, RAM Concept applies a load factor of 2.41 in the LT Uncracked Deflection LC.
Chapter 54 E ci = Ec = Where fcmi = mean value of cylinder strength at stressing fcm = mean value of 28 day cylinder strength For calculations based on the gross section, concrete is assumed to be a perfectly linear-elastic material with no stress or strain limits. For detailed cross section analyses the stress strain curves are described in Concrete Stress-Strain Curves on page 346 of Chapter 48, Section Design Notes. The strength stress-strain curves are truncated at a strain of 0.003. The other stress-strain curves have no limit strain.
1.5
0.043 f cmi
1.5
0.043 f cm
RAM Concept
433
Chapter 54 The placement of the reinforcement is based on the min. reinforcement location selection for the design strip segment or design section: Elevated Slab Reinforcement is at top near supports and bottom near midspan. Mat Foundation Reinforcement is at bottom near supports and top near midspan. Tension Face Reinforcement location is determined by the design moment envelope for the rule set (reinforcement may be required on both faces). Top Reinforcement is always located at the top of slab (Engineer discretion advised) Bottom Reinforcement is always located at the bottom of slab (Engineer discretion advised) None No reinforcement is provided (Engineer discretion advised) Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
8.1.4, 9.4.3.2 8.1.4, 9.4.3.2 8.1.4, 9.4.3.2
PT
8.1.4, 9.4.3.2 8.1.4, 9.4.3.2 8.1.4, 9.4.3.2
Each span segment has four user-specified reinforcement ratio values: Column Strip Top Reinforcement Column Strip Bottom Reinforcement Middle Strip Top Reinforcement Middle Strip Bottom Reinforcement Concepts User Minimum Reinforcement rule set uses these values to design reinforcement at each cross section. These values are not included in the reinforcement calculated for other rule sets. For example, the bending strength reinforcement reported in the Strength Rule Set is not in addition to the reinforcement in the User Minimum Reinforcement rule set.
User Minimum Reinforcement Calculations
Concepts User Minimum Reinforcement calculations are based on the gross area of the cross section (after trimming) and the user-specified ratios. For example: columnStripTopAs = (cross section Ac)(column strip top reinforcement ratio)
Requirements
The User Minimum Reinforcement rule set will not design reinforcement unless this rule set is used by at least on load combination.
Old Files
Pre-Concept 2.0 files require rebuilding of the load combinations and rule sets to have the User Minimum Reinforcement rule set added. See Rebuilding load combinations on page 35of Chapter 11, Specifying Load Combinations for further information.
434
RAM Concept
Chapter 54
RC
(none) (none) (none)
PT
8.1.4.2 8.1.4.2 8.1.4.2
54.5.4 Service
Tendons are considered as an external load (and the balance loading is assumed to be included in the load factors). The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (reinforcement may be required on both faces). Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
8.6.1 (portions) 9.4.1 (portions) 9.4.1 (portions)
PT
8.6.2 9.4.2 9.4.2
RC
8.6.1 (portions) 9.4.1 (portions) 9.4.1 (portions)
PT
(none) (none) (none)
RAM Concept
435
Chapter 54
54.5.6 Strength
Tendons are considered as an internal section force (and the hyperstatic loading is assumed to be included in the load factors). The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (failure could occur on both faces). See Torsion Considerations on page 353 for an explanation how torsion is implemented. Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
8.1, 8.2, 8.3* 8.1, 8.2, 8.3* 8.1, 8.2, 8.3*
PT
8.1, 8.2, 8.3* 8.1, 8.2, 8.3* 8.1, 8.2, 8.3*
Note: * - 8.3 is applied only if beam torsion is selected (see torsion design notes)
54.5.7 Ductility
The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The longitudinal reinforcement from all other designs (except other ductility) is considered to be in place before ductility reinforcement is added. The bending moments sign (or signs) is determined by the moment envelope for the rule set layer (ductility could be required for both positive and negative moments). Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
8.1.3 8.1.3 8.1.3
PT
8.1.3 8.1.3 8.1.3
Chapter 54
Note: The program does not consider section 19.3.5 which states that unbonded tendons should only be used on grade; the engineer needs to take this into account before starting the design.
54.6.4 Section 8.1 Strength of Beams in Bending
Reinforcement areas are not deducted from the concrete area. Strain compatibility design is used. See General Design Approach on page 343 for a description of RAM Concepts strain compatibility design. See Concrete Stress-Strain Curves on page 346 and for tendon, concrete and mild steel reinforcement stress strain curves User Es values are used For sections with multiple values of fc, the fc of each concrete block is used appropriately. RAM Concepts design may exceed the maximum amount of allowed reinforcement, and therefore may create an overreinforced section. See Ductility on page 437 for applying ductility requirements. If the section or strip is declared as not being post-tensioned, then post-tensioning Tendon forces are ignored Axial forces (loads) on the section are either considered or ignored based on the settings in the design section or design strip segment under consideration. If axial forces are chosen to be included, the cross section is designed to provide the required moment simultaneously with the given axial force. At T, L and Z beams, the beam stem and flanges may have significant tension and compression forces (at different elevations) that are required for moment equilibrium. If a cross section crosses the entire beam, these forces will largely cancel (while increasing the bending moment). However, if a cross section extends only part way across a flanged beam, then the section may have significant axial forces that are required for moment equilibrium; designing for the axial loads (by selecting the appropriate design section or design strip segment properties) is necessary to ensure a safe design. For cross sections with very small moments, the amount of reinforcement calculated by RAM Concept may exceed the amount necessary. This is because RAM Concept will not allow cross sections to have strains greater than 20%, which would be necessary to create a smaller compression zone. The reinforcement RAM Concept selects is that necessary for axial force equilibrium in the cross section. The diversion of post-tensioning forces into supports (and other regions of the structure) will cause a hyperstatic (secondary) tension in many cross sections, as is appropriate. RAM Concept does not consider section 19.3.5 which states that unbonded tendons should only be used on grade; the engineer needs to take this into account before starting the design. Section 8.1.8 (Detailing of flexural reinforcement and tendons) is not implemented. The standard strength reduction factor () of 0.8 is used.
RAM Concept
437
Chapter 54 See Cracking Moment Used in Design Calculations on page 352 for a theoretical discussion of the cracking load.
438
RAM Concept
Chapter 54 If beam torsion is selected, torsion design is also performed (see Section 8.3 Beam Torsion Design on page 440). Maximum shear capacity is reduced by section 8.3.3. If torsion reinforcement is required, then Section 8.3.4(b) is used to reduce available shear capacity. Stirrup spacings are reduced by a factor of 0.8 per 8.2.12.4(c).
Chapter 54 Section (ii) This section is always used in the service design, but never used in the max service design. Reinforcement is added to limit maximum spacing to 300 mm. All bars on the appropriate face (including fractional components for bars at an angle to the cross section) are considered for spacing requirements, including those that are less than half the diameter of the largest bar in the section. A non-integral number of bars and spaces may be used. Section (iii) This section is used if the cross section is a tension member and the environment is not protected. For the service design: Reinforcement is added both faces to keep the reinforcement stresses within the limits of Table 8.6.1(A). The maximum diameter of all reinforcement assigned to a particular face is used in Table 8.6.1(A). For the max service design: Reinforcement is added both faces to keep the reinforcement stresses less than 0.8 fsy. Section (iv) This section is used if the cross section is not a tension member and the environment is not protected. The second code option (the one beginning with Alternately,) is used. For the service design: Reinforcement is added to both faces to keep the reinforcement stresses within the limits of Table 8.6.1(B). The bar spacing is calculated using all bars on the appropriate face (including fractional components for bars at an angle to the cross section), including those that are less than half the diameter of the largest bar in the section. A fraction number of bars and number of spaces may be used. For the max service design: Reinforcement is added to both faces to keep the reinforcement stresses less than 0.8 fsy.
Chapter 54
RAM Concept
441
Chapter 54 Reinforcement is also added if necessary to provide a centre-to-centre reinforcement spacing of 500 mm or less. For this requirement, each bonded tendon duct (that is in the tension zone based on gross section stresses) is considered to be equivalent to a single mild steel bar (even if it is far from the tension face). In the spacing calculation, all bonded tendon ducts are assumed to be optimally positioned to minimize the number of mild steel bars required. A fractional number of bars and number of spaces may be specified to meet the spacing requirement.
442
RAM Concept
Chapter 54
RAM Concept
443
Chapter 54
444
RAM Concept
Chapter 55
Note: Some load combinations in mat (raft) files are of the Lateral Group type and use a Zero-Tension analysis. Since a
load combination using a Zero-Tension analysis does NOT use Alternate Envelope Factors, then such load combinations in mat files have been expanded into multiple load combinations. See Chapter 11, Specifying Load Combinations for further description.
RAM Concept
445
Chapter 55
Note: Although elastic shortening produces a short-term loss, in RAM Concept elastic shortening losses are considered part
of the long term loss lump sum. Self-Dead Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Temporary Construction Loading (At Stressing): 1.0 (std & alt)
446
RAM Concept
Chapter 55
55.2.10 Accident LC
This load combination is intended to fulfill the requirements of code section 2.4.3.2 and TR 43 section 6.10.4. The load factors used are: Dead Loading: 1.05 (std) and 1.0 (alt) Live Loading: 0.35 (std) (this is 1.05/3) and 0.0 (alt) This load combination is used by the Accident Design Rule Set.
RAM Concept
447
Chapter 55
Note: If you draw car park loads on a Live (Storage) layer, however, RAM Concept applies a (conservative) load factor of
2.76 in the LT Uncracked Deflection LC.
Chapter 55 The strength stress-strain curves are truncated at a strain of 0.0035. The other stress-strain curves have no limit strain. For ECR calculations, the maximum tension stress in concrete is assumed to be 0.6 f cu . For service design crack width calculations and for service design cracked stress analyses, a tension stiffened concrete stress strain curve is used:
Use of this curve is similar, but not technically equivalent, to the provisions of BS 8110-2:1985 Figure 3.1. A comparison of the stress diagrams for the Code provision and the Concept implementation are shown below:
Concept implementation
RAM Concept
449
Chapter 55 Since Concepts crack width design does a cracked stress analysis (with a non tension stiffened concrete stress strain curve) for the 0.8 fy provision, the concrete and rebar stress results for members on which a crack width design is done will represent the range of results between the tension stiffened and the non tension stiffened concrete stress strain curve. Concrete and rebar stress results for all other members will represent use the tension stiffened concrete stress strain curve only.
450
RAM Concept
Chapter 55 fcu bd = minimum concrete cube strength multiplied by the compression face width and the depth to the centroid of the vector component tendon area For BS 8110: 1997, the value used as a strain reduction factor for unbonded tendons is: k = 5d / L where L = length of the unbonded tendon. d = depth of the post-tensioning tendon (measured from furthest concrete face) This is equivalent to assuming a neutral axis depth of 0.5 d and zone of inelasticity of ten times this length [see BS 8110 code text that accompanies equation 52]. In equation 52, RAM Concept needs to determine d and b. RAM Concept assumes that each tendon is placed on the more beneficial side of the cross section centroid (the same limiting stress value is used for both positive and negative moment capacity calculations at each cross section). This assumption typically has no impact on the ultimate stress in the tendon as when the tendon is on the wrong side of the cross section centroid, the stress in the tendon is less than fpb, due to the small tension strains (possibly compression strains) in the cross section at the tendon elevation. The tendon length l in equation 52 is (conservatively) not modified to assume multiple simultaneous inelastic zones.
RAM Concept
451
Chapter 55 Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam
RC
3.12.5, 3.12.11.2.4
PT - bonded tendons
4.12.2
PT - unbonded tendons
3.12.5, 3.12.11.2.4, 4.12.2, TR43/6.10.6 3.12.5, 3.12.11.2.7, 4.12.2, TR43 / 6.10.6
One-Way Slab
3.12.5, 3.12.11.2.7
4.12.2
Two-Way Slab
3.12.5, 3.12.11.2.7
TR43 / 6.10.6
TR43 / 6.10.6
Each span segment has four user-specified reinforcement ratio values: Column Strip Top Reinforcement Column Strip Bottom Reinforcement Middle Strip Top Reinforcement Middle Strip Bottom Reinforcement Concepts User Minimum Reinforcement rule set uses these values to design reinforcement at each cross section. These values are not included in the reinforcement calculated for other rule sets. For example, the bending strength reinforcement reported in the Strength Rule Set is not in addition to the reinforcement in the User Minimum Reinforcement rule set.
User Minimum Reinforcement Calculations
Concepts User Minimum Reinforcement calculations are based on the gross area of the cross section (after trimming) and the user-specified ratios. For example: columnStripTopAs = (cross section Ac)(column strip top reinforcement ratio)
Requirements
The User Minimum Reinforcement rule set will not design reinforcement unless this rule set is used by at least on load combination.
Old Files
Pre-Concept 2.0 files require rebuilding of the load combinations and rule sets to have the User Minimum Reinforcement rule set added. See Rebuilding load combinations on page 35of Chapter 11, Specifying Load Combinations for further information.
452
RAM Concept
Chapter 55 The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (reinforcement may be required on both faces). Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam
RC
(none)
PT
4.3.5.1 4.3.5.2
One-Way Slab
(none)
4.3.5.1 4.3.5.2
Two-Way Slab
(none)
4.3.5.1 4.3.5.2
55.5.4 Service
Tendons are considered as an external load (and the balance loading is assumed to be included in the load factors). The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (reinforcement may be required on both faces). The design strip segment or design section property Environment is used to determine the class of post-tensioned members as follows: Protected: Class 3 (0.2 mm crack) Normal: Class 3 (0.1 mm crack) Corrosive: Class 2 Very Corrosive: Class 1 Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam
RC
3.12.11.2.1
PT
3.12.11.2.1 4.3.4.2 4.3.4.3 / TR 43
One-Way Slab
3.12.11.2.1
Two-Way Slab
3.12.11.2.1
4.3.4.2 4.3.4.3 / TR 43
55.5.5 Strength
Tendons are considered as an internal section force (and the hyperstatic loading is assumed to be included in the load factors). RAM Concept 453
Chapter 55 The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (failure could occur on both faces). See Torsion Considerations on page 353 for how torsion is implemented. Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam
RC
3.4.4 3.4.5 3.4.5.13*
PT
4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9* 4.3.7 4.4.1 / 4.3.8 4.3.9* 4.3.7 4.4.1 / 4.3.8 4.3.9*
One-Way Slab
Two-Way Slab
Note: * - 3.4.5.13 and 4.3.9 are applied only if beam torsion is selected (see torsion design notes)
55.5.6 Ductility
The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The longitudinal reinforcement from all other designs (except other ductility) is considered to be in place before ductility reinforcement is added. The bending moments sign (or signs) is determined by the moment envelope for the rule set layer (ductility could be required for both positive and negative moments). Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
3.2.2.1 3.2.2.1 3.2.2.1
PT
4.2.3.1 4.2.3.1 4.2.3.1
55.5.7 Accident
Strength calculations in accordance with code sections 2.4.3.2, 2.4.4.2 and TR 43 section 6.10.4 are performed if appropriate. Unbonded post-tensioning tendons are assumed to have zero stress. The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (failure could occur on both faces).
454
RAM Concept
Chapter 55 Reduced m factors are used in the strength calculations. For concrete in flexure, m = 1.3 and for reinforcement, m = 1.0. Note that for shear reinforcement calculations, the 0.95fyv values are changed to 1.0fyv. Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam
RC
(none)
PT
4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9* (reduced m )
One-Way Slab
(none)
Two-Way Slab
(none)
(none)
Note: * - 4.3.9 is applied only if beam torsion is selected (see torsion design notes)
RAM Concept
455
Chapter 55 Axial forces (loads) on the section are either considered or ignored based on the settings in the design section or design span under consideration. If axial forces are chosen to be included, the cross section is designed to provide the required moment simultaneously with the given axial force. At T, L and Z beams, the beam stem and flanges may have significant tension and compression forces (at different elevations) that are required for moment equilibrium. If a cross section crosses the entire beam, these forces will largely cancel (while increasing the bending moment). However, if a cross section extends only part way across a flanged beam, then the section may have significant axial forces that are required for moment equilibrium; designing for the axial loads (by selecting the appropriate design section or design span properties) is necessary to ensure a safe design. RAM Concepts design may exceed the maximum amount of allowed reinforcement, and therefore may create an overreinforced section. See Ductility in the previous section for applying ductility requirements. For cross sections with very small moments, the amount of reinforcement calculated by RAM Concept may exceed the amount necessary. This is because RAM Concept will not allow cross sections to have strains greater than 20%, which would be necessary to create a smaller compression zone. The reinforcement RAM Concept selects is that necessary for axial force equilibrium in the cross section.
456
RAM Concept
Chapter 55
Note: Assume in equations in table 2.3, note 2 is a misprint, and should instead be .
55.6.5 Section 3.5.4 Resistance moment of solid slabs
Included code sections - 3.5.4 Excluded code sections - none See section 3.4.4 for additional details.
Note: This section is not used for post-tensioned members that are primarily bonded. Refer to Determination of Bonded vs.
Unbonded Cross Sections on page 460 for discussion. Included code sections - 3.12.5.1 through 3.12.5.3 Excluded code sections - 3.12.5.4 Reinforcement is provided per Table 3.25, assuming that sections are rectangular and subject to flexure. Reinforcement is provided such that: A s f y ( 0.0013 ) ( 460N mm ) A c A s ( 0.0013 ) A c
2
RAM Concept
457
Chapter 55 For sections that are not declared as post-tensioned, all post-tensioned reinforcement is ignored. For post-tensioned beams and post-tensioned one-way slabs, bonded post-tensioning that is on the tension-most side of the cross section centroid, or is within 10% of the cross section depth of the centroid elevation, is considered to be equivalent to un-tensioned 460 N/mm2 reinforcement, and will reduce the amount of un-tensioned reinforcement necessary. Bonded tendons at an angle to the cross section will have vector components of their reinforcement areas considered toward the requirement. This interpretation is somewhat more conservative than a literal reading of the code requirements. User defined reinforcement that is at an angle to the cross section will only have the component perpendicular to the cross section considered.
Note: This section is not used for post-tensioned beams that are primarily bonded. Refer to Determination of Bonded vs.
Unbonded Cross Sections on page 460 for discussion. In beams, the clear distance between bars is limited to 300 mm. This code section is applied even though it is not required as crack widths are controlled per 3.12.11.2.1. In post-tensioned beams, bonded (grouted) post-tensioning ducts that are on the tension side of the cross section centroid, or are within 10% of the cross section depth of the centroid elevation are considered as equivalent to an un-tensioned bar. These ducts are assumed to be optimally placed for spacing purposes - their plan locations are ignored. This implementation is somewhat more conservative than a literal reading of the code requirements. User defined bars are counted toward satisfying the maximum spacing requirements. Bars at an angle to the cross section consider the sum of their vector components divided by the gross area of one bar as the total number of provided bars for spacing calculations.
Note: This section is not used for post-tensioned slabs that are primarily bonded. Refer to Determination of Bonded vs.
Unbonded Cross Sections on page 460 for discussion. In RC slabs and PT one-way slabs, the clear distance between bars is limited to the smaller of 750 mm or 3 d. This code section is applied even though it is not required as crack widths are controlled per 3.12.11.2.1. In one-way slabs, bonded (grouted) post-tensioning ducts that are on the tension side of the cross section centroid, or are within 10% of the cross section depth of the centroid elevation are considered as equivalent to an un-tensioned bar. These ducts are assumed to be optimally placed for spacing purposes - their plan locations are ignored. This implementation is somewhat more conservative than a literal reading of the code requirements. User defined bars are counted toward satisfying the maximum spacing requirements. Bars at an angle to the cross section consider the sum of their vector components divided by the gross area of one bar as the total number of provided bars for spacing calculations.
458
RAM Concept
Chapter 55
RAM Concept
459
Chapter 55
Class
Reinforcement calculation
1 2
4.3.4.3 (c) 4.3.4.3 (c) 4.3.4.3 (c) 4.3.4.3 (c) 4.3.4.3 (c) 4.3.4.3 (c) 4.3.4.3 (c) 4.3.4.3 (c)
0.36 f cu
0.36 f cu
3 / 0.1 mm Tables 4.2 / 4.3 0.25fcu 3 / 0.2 mm Tables 4.2 / 4.3 0.25fcu 1 2 0 0
0.36 f cu
0.36 f cu
3 / 0.1 mm Tables 4.2 / 4.3 0.25fcu 3 / 0.2 mm Tables 4.2 / 4.3 0.25fcu All 1 2 TR 43 Table 2 0 0
TR 43 Table 2 TR 43, 6.10.5 0 TR 43, 6.10.5 TR 43, 6.10.5 TR 43, 6.10.5 TR 43, 6.10.5 TR 43, 6.10.5 TR 43, 6.10.5 TR 43, 6.10.5 TR 43, 6.10.5
Unbonded Beam Unbonded Beam Unbonded Beam Unbonded Beam Unbonded One-way Unbonded One-way Unbonded One-way Unbonded One-way Unbonded Two-way
0.36 f cu
Tables 4.2 / 4.3* Tables 4.2 / 4.3* 0
3 / 0.1 mm 0 3 / 0.2 mm 0 1 2 0 0
0.36 f cu
Tables 4.2 / 4.3* Tables 4.2 / 4.3*
Note: * - When Tables 4.2/4.3 are used with unbonded tendons, the values for grouted post-tensioned tendons and a 0.1mm crack width are used.
55.6.14 Determination of Bonded vs. Unbonded Cross Sections
For the purposes of this section, a cross section is considered as being with bonded tendons if the majority of the tendons in the cross section (based on vector-component areas) are bonded. Cross sections that do not qualify as with bonded tendons are considered as being with unbonded tendons. A cross section without tendons is therefore considered as being with unbonded tendons.
460
RAM Concept
Chapter 55
Note: For span regions of two-way slabs, and all regions of one-way slabs, this implementation is somewhat different from
a literal code interpretation as it considers the possibility of a mix of bonded and unbonded tendons in a cross section. It also may require additional un-tensioned reinforcement for a cross section with bonded tendons, which the code does not require. User defined reinforcement that is at an angle to the cross section will only have the component perpendicular to the cross section considered. For sections with multiple concrete mixes, the minimum fcu is used to determine the limit stresses and the peak stress reported may be approximate. No check is made to ensure the cross section is post-tensioned.
RAM Concept
461
Chapter 55 For beams and one-way slabs, compressive stresses in concrete, based on the concrete sections, at the concrete section centroid are limited to 0.4fci. For two-way slabs, compressive stresses in concrete, based on the concrete section, are limited to 0.24fci in the support region and 0.33fci in the span region [TR 43, 6.10.2]. For sections with multiple concrete mixes, the minimum fci is used to determine the limit stress and the peak stress reported may be approximate. No check is made to ensure the cross section is post-tensioned
Note: Clause 4.3.5.2 is unclear on this stress limit for Class 2, as it states that additional reinforcement should be provided if necessary. This is interpreted as reinforcement is only necessary if the tensile stress exceeds 0.36 f ci (since this stress is less than the cracking stress). Hence the stress may exceed this limit if the additional reinforcement is provided.
55.6.20 Section 4.3.7 Ultimate limit state for beams in flexure
Included code sections - 4.3.7.1, 4.2.7.2, 4.3.7.3 (partial) Excluded code sections - 4.3.7.3 (partial), 4.3.7.4 See section 3.4.4 for general approach. Note that if axial forces are included in the design (per the design span or design section setting), then the diversion of post-tensioning forces into supports will cause a hyperstatic (secondary) tension in many design sections, as is appropriate. Post-tensioning Tendons are included. See Post-tensioning Material Stress-Strain Curves on page 343 for tendon stressstrain curves. Bonded tendon strains are calculated using strain compatibility. 462 RAM Concept
Chapter 55 If a tendon is not perpendicular (in plan) to the cross section under consideration, then vector components of the cross section strains and the tendon stresses are used. Unbonded tendon stresses are calculated using a strain reduction factor approach (see detailed description in Unbonded Post-tensioning Stress-Strain Curves General Theory on page 344). If tendon centroid is closer to the extreme compression fiber than the compression reinforcement, a solution may not be possible. Equation 51 and Table 4.4 are not used.
Vc Implementation
Vc = Vco Vc = (stress)bvh
M > Mo
and tension is on the Vc = (stress)bvh tension face * M > Mo and no tension on the tension face * Vc = min (Vco, Vcr) Vc = (stress)bvh d = dt (assumed) As = 0 (none in tension zone) Aps = 0 (none in tension zone)
Table 55-8 Vc rule mapping
Note: * The calculation of Mo uses only 80% of the stress due to prestress. This can produce the rare case where the section
is in reality uncracked and has a tension face different to that calculated with Mo. For the unusual case of M > Mo and the section is actually uncracked (when considering the full prestress force) the conservative assumptions of column four are made.
d is defined as the depth to the centroid of the tension force in the tension zone (including rebar and post-tensioning). This is slightly different (and likely more rational) than the distance from the extreme compression fibre to the centroid of the tendons as defined in the code. dt is defined as the maximum depth to any longitudinal mild reinforcement, or the depth to the centroid of the tendons, whichever is greater. The vertical tendon force component is ignored. For sections with multiple concrete mixes, the minimum fcu is used in calculations.
RAM Concept
463
Chapter 55 Longitudinal reinforcement designed by Minimum, Service and Strength designers is considered in the determination of As used in the calculation of vc. bv is adjusted by considering any tendons in the shear core. The full width of unbonded tendons is deducted, and two-thirds of the width of bonded tendons is deducted from bv. For cross sections with multiple tendons, the fpu and fpe values used in the calculations are averaged. vc is calculated per Note 2 of Table 3.8, including the fcu modifier term, with (Aps + As) used in place of As. See section 3.4.5 for detail of the implementation of this table. When unbonded tendons are used, the value of vc is reduced by a factor of 0.9 [TR 43, 6.11.1]. Shear reinforcement is calculated per 4.3.8.6 to 4.3.8.8. Link spacing is calculated per 4.3.8.10, with lateral spacing requirements ignored. The web thickness used in the calculations is the same as the shear core width - this may be incorrect if the core width is made up of multiple webs. In such cases, multiple design sections or design strips can be used; each containing only one web. Links are only provided in the regions required by calculation, not the whole length of the beam.
464
RAM Concept
Chapter 55 The crack-limiting capabilities of appropriately placed bonded post-tensioning tendons are considered, and the balance loading will be considered if included in the load combinations. In determining the effectiveness of bonded tendons, equation 12 can be manipulated as follows: Crack width = (3acrm) / [1+2(acr - cmin) / (h-x)] = msc sc = 3acr / [1+2(acr - cmin) / (h-x)] = crack spacing RAM Concept assumes the maximum crack spacing is 3(h-x). RAM Concept assumes that each bar and bonded tendon is placed horizontally to give the same crack spacing. Bars and tendons that - due to their elevation - cannot provide the crack spacing are ignored. sc = 3acr / [1+2(acr - cmin) / ht ] where ht = (h-x) = height of tension zone sc = 3acr ht / [ht +2(acr - cmin) ] sc [ht +2(acr - cmin) ] = 3acr ht sc ht +2scacr - 2sccmin = 3acr ht sc ht - 2sccmin = 3acr ht - 2scacr sc ht - 2sccmin = acr (3ht - 2sc) acr = (sc ht - 2sccmin) / (3ht - 2sc) However, a cr =
2 2
( s c h t 2s c c min ) ( 3h t 2s c ) c min
Using this final equation, RAM Concept determines a spacing for each bar or bonded tendon that is effective in controlling cracking. RAM Concept iteratively determines the sc that gives the sbs that sum to the tension face width. For bonded tendons, the cover cmin is assumed to be the cover to the centroid of the tendon, and the bar diameter is assumed to be zero. Both of these assumptions are conservative.
Note: This section is not used for post-tensioned beams or one-way slabs that are primarily bonded. Refer to Determination
of Bonded vs. Unbonded Cross Sections on page 460 for discussion. For post-tensioned beams and one-way slabs the requirements of 3.12.5 and 3.12.11.2 are also applied. (Note that Table 3.27 in TR 43 refers to the 1985 BS 8110 - this table has been renumbered 3.25 in the 1997 edition). This interpretation is somewhat more conservative than a literal reading of the code requirements. For post-tensioned two-way slabs with bonded or unbonded tendons, un-tensioned reinforcement is provided in support regions as follows: RAM Concept 465
Chapter 55 As = 0.00075Ac. For span segment strips, this criteria is only applied to the first cross section at a support if the span ratio is less than 0.2. For design sections, this criteria is applied when the span ratio is less than 0.2. The 300mm spacing requirement is not checked. The recommendations for slab edge reinforcement are not implemented. User defined reinforcement that is at an angle to the cross section will only have the component perpendicular to the cross section considered.
466
RAM Concept
Chapter 56
Note: Some load combinations in mat (raft) files are of the Lateral Group type and use a Zero-Tension analysis. Since a
load combination using a Zero-Tension analysis does NOT use Alternate Envelope Factors, then such load combinations in mat files have been expanded into multiple load combinations. See Chapter 11, Specifying Load Combinations for further description.
RAM Concept
467
Chapter 56 Balance Loading: 1.15 (std & alt) (this includes a 15% increase for long-term losses, which have normally not occurred at this stage)
Note: Although elastic shortening produces a short-term loss, in RAM Concept elastic shortening losses are considered part
of the long term loss lump sum. Self-Dead Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Temporary Construction Loading (At Stressing): 1.0 (std & alt)
Note: 100% of live loads are assumed sustained for storage, and 70% for all other live loads in accordance with recommendations in SP-24-1983 clause 35.4.1.
468
RAM Concept
RAM Concept
469
Chapter 56
Note: If you draw car park loads on a Live (Storage) layer, however, RAM Concept applies a (conservative) load factor of
2.76 in the LT Uncracked Deflection LC.
470
RAM Concept
Chapter 56
Note: Calculations on the gross cross-section always use the Ec values calculated above, while the cracked cross-section
strain analyses use the stress strain curve of IS 456 Fig 21. The elastic modulus for these two conditions will therefore be different for most concrete strengths. This may have an effect on initial concrete strains and ECR calculations. For service design crack width calculations and for service design cracked stress analyses, a tension stiffened concrete stress strain curve is used:
RAM Concept
471
Chapter 56
Use of this curve is similar, but not technically equivalent, to the provisions of IS 456 Annex F, Fig. 28. A comparison of the stress diagrams for the Code provision and the Concept implementation are shown below:
Fig. 28 Provision
Concept Implementation Since Concepts crack width design does a cracked stress analysis (with a non tension stiffened concrete stress strain curve) for the 0.8 fy provision, the concrete and rebar stress results for members on which a crack width design is done will
472
RAM Concept
Chapter 56 represent the range of results between the tension stiffened and the non tension stiffened concrete stress strain curve. Concrete and rebar stress results for all other members will represent use the tension stiffened concrete stress strain curve only.
RAM Concept
473
Chapter 56 centroid, the stress in the tendon is less than fpb, due to the small tension strains (possibly compression strains) in the cross section at the tendon elevation.
Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
26.5.1.1 (456) 26.5.2.1 (456) 26.5.2.1 (456) 31.7.1 (456)
PT
18.6.3.3 (1343) 18.6.3.3 (1343) 18.6.3.3 (1343) 31.7.1 (456)
Each span segment has four user-specified reinforcement ratio values: Column Strip Top Reinforcement Column Strip Bottom Reinforcement Middle Strip Top Reinforcement Middle Strip Bottom Reinforcement 474 RAM Concept
Chapter 56 Concepts User Minimum Reinforcement rule set uses these values to design reinforcement at each cross section. These values are not included in the reinforcement calculated for other rule sets. For example, the bending strength reinforcement reported in the Strength Rule Set is not in addition to the reinforcement in the User Minimum Reinforcement rule set.
User Minimum Reinforcement Calculations
Concepts User Minimum Reinforcement calculations are based on the gross area of the cross section (after trimming) and the user-specified ratios. For example: columnStripTopAs = (cross section Ac)(column strip top reinforcement ratio)
Requirements
The User Minimum Reinforcement rule set will not design reinforcement unless this rule set is used by at least on load combination.
Old Files
Pre-Concept 2.0 files require rebuilding of the load combinations and rule sets to have the User Minimum Reinforcement rule set added. See Rebuilding load combinations on page 35 of Chapter 11, Specifying Load Combinations for further information.
RC
(none)
PT
22.8.2.1 (1343) 22.8.2.2 (1343)
One-Way Slab
(none)
Two-Way Slab
(none)
56.5.4 Service
Tendons are considered as an external load (and the balance loading is assumed to be included in the load factors). The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (reinforcement may be required on both faces). The design strip segment or design section property Environment is used to determine the Type of post-tensioned members as follows: Protected: Type 3 (0.2 mm crack) Normal: Type 3 (0.1 mm crack)
RAM Concept
475
Chapter 56 Corrosive: Type 2 Very Corrosive: Type 1 Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam
RC
PT
26.3.3/Annex F (456) 22.7.1 (1343) 22.8.1.1 (1343) 22.8.1.2 (1343) 26.3.3/Annex F (456) (except Type 1)
One-Way Slab
26.3.3/Annex F (456) 22.7.1 (1343) 22.8.1.1 (1343) 22.8.1.2 (1343) 26.3.3/Annex F (456) (except Type 1)
Two-Way Slab
26.3.3/Annex F (456) 22.7.1 (1343) 22.8.1.1 (1343) 22.8.1.2 (1343) 26.3.3/Annex F (456) (except Type 1)
Note: Crack width design is done on all post-tensioned members except Type 1. This is required by IS 1343 11.3.2 and IS 456 26.3.3. Since the spacing provisions of 26.3.3 are not specifically applied, detailed crack width design is performed for all members in accordance with 26.3.3. Crack width design is not required for Type 1 members as by definition they have no tensile stresses, and thus no cracking. See code implementation for additional information.
56.5.5 Strength
Tendons are considered as an internal section force (and the hyperstatic loading is assumed to be included in the load factors). The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (failure could occur on both faces). See Torsion Considerations on page 353 for how torsion is implemented.
476
RAM Concept
Chapter 56 Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam
RC
38 (456) 40 (456) 41 (456)
PT
22.1 (1343) 22.4 (1343) 22.5 (1343)
26.5.1.5 - 26.5.1.7 (456) 18.6.3.2c (1343) One-Way Slab 38 (456) 40 (456) 41 (456) 22.1 (1343) 22.4 (1343) 22.5 (1343)
26.5.1.5 - 26.5.1.7 (456) 18.6.3.2c (1343) Two-Way Slab 38 (456) 40 (456) 41 (456) 22.1 (1343) 22.4 (1343) 22.5 (1343)
Note: * - IS 456 Clause 41 and IS 1343 Clause 22.5 are applied only if beam torsion is selected (see torsion design notes)
56.5.6 Ductility
The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The longitudinal reinforcement from all other designs (except other ductility) is considered to be in place before ductility reinforcement is added. The bending moments sign (or signs) is determined by the moment envelope for the rule set layer (ductility could be required for both positive and negative moments). Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam
RC
37.1.1d (456) 38.1f (456)
PT
21.1.1d (1343)
One-Way Slab
21.1.1d (1343)
Two-Way Slab
21.1.1d (1343)
RAM Concept
477
Chapter 56
Chapter 56 0.0035 - in accordance with 38.1 item f; The neutral axis depth is further limited to ---------------------------y 0.0055 + ----m where y = maximum reinforcement yield strain of all reinforcement in the cross section in tension.
Chapter 56 For one-way shear in slabs, the design shear strength is increased by the depth factor in accordance with 40.2.1.1 For cross sections with multiple concrete mixes, the minimum fcu is used. The effective depth is determined by a cracked section analysis using the bending moment and axial force in place at time of the shear being investigated. If all of the reinforcement in the cross section is in compression, then the effective depth is calculated as the distance from the compression-most face to the furthest active reinforcement (in this case 100As / bd is taken as 0.15). fy is limited to 415 N/mm2. Stirrups are provided per 26.5.1.5, 26.5.1.6, and 40.4 In beams, at least minimum stirrups will be provided at all locations. Maximum allowable shear stress is determined in accordance with Table 20. Slabs use 1/2 the values in Table 20 in accordance with 40.2.3.1. Maximum spacing of stirrups along the span is the smaller of 0.75 d and 300 mm. The spacing across the span is not considered. Bent up bars and regions close to supports are not considered. The anchorage of longitudinal bars is not checked. Enhanced shear strength close to supports is not considered. Beams of varying depth are not considered. Net axial compression is considered per 40.2.2 if the Consider Net Axial checkbox is checked. Bottom loaded beams are not considered.
480
RAM Concept
Chapter 56
Using this final equation, Concept determines a spacing for each bar or bonded tendon that is effective in controlling cracking. Concept iteratively determines the sc that gives the sbs that sum to the tension face width. For bonded tendons, the cover cmin is assumed to be the cover to the centroid of the tendon, and the bar diameter is assumed to be zero. Both of these assumptions are conservative. RAM Concept 481
Chapter 56
482
RAM Concept
Chapter 56 Unbonded tendon stresses are calculated using a strain reduction factor approach (see detailed description in Unbonded Post-tensioning Stress-Strain Curves General Theory on page 344). If tendon centroid is closer to the extreme compression fiber than the compression reinforcement, a solution may not be possible.
Vc Implementation
Vc = Vco Vc = (stress)bh
M > Mo
and tension is on the Vc = (stress)bh tension face * M > Mo and no tension on the tension face * Vc = min (Vco, Vcr) Vc = (stress)bh d = dt (assumed) As = 0 (none in tension zone) Aps = 0 (none in tension zone)
Table 56-6 Vc rule mapping
Note: * The calculation of Mo uses only 80% of the stress due to prestress. This can produce the rare case where the section
is in reality uncracked and has a tension face different to that calculated with Mo. For the unusual case of M > Mo and the section is actually uncracked (when considering the full prestress force) the conservative assumptions of column four are made.
d is defined as the depth to the centroid of the tension force in the tension zone (including rebar and post-tensioning). This is slightly different (and likely more rational) than the distance from the extreme compression fibre to the centroid of the tendons as defined in the code. dt is defined as the maximum depth to any longitudinal mild reinforcement, or the depth to the centroid of the tendons, whichever is greater. The vertical tendon force component is ignored. For sections with multiple concrete mixes, the minimum fcu is used in calculations. Longitudinal reinforcement designed by Minimum, Service and Strength designers is considered in the determination of Ap used in the calculation of vc. b is adjusted by considering any tendons in the shear core. The full width of unbonded tendons is deducted, and two-thirds of the width of bonded tendons is deducted from b. For cross sections with multiple tendons, the fpu and fpe values used in the calculations are averaged. Longitudinal unstressed reinforcement is converted into equivalent area of prestressed reinforcement to determine Ap used in Table 6. RAM Concept 483
Chapter 56 When calculating fpe/fpu, fpe is taken as the effective prestressing force divided by the equivalent area of prestressing steel. vc is calculated per the equation in SP : 24 - 1983 to calculate values from Table 6. For slabs, Table 6 values are modified by IS 456 40.2.1.1 as appropriate. Maximum shear stress is in accordance with Table 7. For slabs, this value is adjusted in accordance with IS 456 40.2.3.1. Shear reinforcement is calculated per 22.4.3. Minimum shear reinforcement is provided at all locations in beams. Minimum reinforcement is provided in slabs when Vu > Vc. The web thickness used in the calculations is the same as the shear core width - this may be incorrect if the core width is made up of multiple webs. In such cases, multiple design sections or design strips can be used; each containing only one web.
Note: There is a typographical error in the code section 22.5.4.2 for the calculation of Ve1. The term in the numerator should
484
RAM Concept
Chapter 56 For type 2 members, the temporary service loads adjustment is not taken. For bonded and unbonded cross sections, Type 3 hypothetical flexural tensile stress limits are taken from Table 8 as Grouted post-tensioned tendons. The values in Table 8 are multiplied by the Depth Factors in Fig. 6 as necessary. For each section, two limit stresses are calculated. The first limit stress is the maximum stress allowed if no supplemental un-tensioned reinforcement is used. The second limit stress is the absolute maximum stress allowed. The supplemental untensioned reinforcement is calculated in accordance with the Note under Table 8. Cross sections with unbonded tendons (see Determination of Bonded vs. Unbonded Cross Sections on page 486) are classified as other members when calculating supplemental reinforcement.
Note: When calculating supplemental reinforcement per the Note under Table 8, the additional reinforcement is calculated
as a percentage of the cross-sectional area of the concrete in the tension zone as is done in BS 8110. This is different than a literal reading of the IS 1343 code.
Chapter 56 For sections with multiple concrete strengths, the section limiting stress is reported as the smallest (absolute value) stress limit of all of the individual concrete areas. The average of the top and bottom concrete stress in the cracked section is limited to the direct compressive stress limit of 0.8 times the value from Fig. 8.
486
RAM Concept
Chapter 57
RAM Concept
489
Chapter 57 Balance Loading: 1.15 (std & alt) (this includes a 15% increase for long-term losses, which have normally not occurred at this stage)
Note: Although elastic shortening produces a short-term loss, in RAM Concept elastic shortening losses are considered part
of the long term loss lump sum. Self-Dead Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Temporary Construction Loading (At Stressing): 1.0 (std & alt)
Note: For mats / rafts this combination is broken into several combinations as no alternate factors are used
57.2.5 Frequent Service LC: D + 1L
This load combination is intended for checking the frequent serviceability limit state. It conservatively applies 1 to all live loads, even though the Code technically permits 2 to be applied to accompanying variable actions. The load factors used are: Balance Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Dead Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Live (Reducible) Loading: 0.5 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Unreducible) Loading: 0.7 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Storage) Loading: 0.9 (std) & 0.0 (alt)
Note: For mats / rafts this combination is broken into several combinations as no alternate factors are used
57.2.6 Quasi-Permanent Service LC: D + 2L
This load combination is intended for checking the quasi-permanent serviceability limit state. The load factors used are: Balance Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Dead Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Live (Reducible) Loading: 0.3 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Unreducible) Loading: 0.6 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Storage) Loading: 0.8 (std) & 0.0 (alt)
Note: For mats / rafts this combination is broken into several combinations as no alternate factors are used
490
RAM Concept
Chapter 57
Note: For mats / rafts this combination is broken into several combinations as no alternate factors are used
57.2.8 Ultimate LC: 1.25D + 0.9H + 1.5L
This load combination is intended for checking the strength limit state in accordance with Exp. (6.10b) in Table NA.A1.2 (B) of UK National Annex to BS EN 1990:2002. It conservatively applies a factor of 1.5 to all live loads, even though the Code technically permits 0 to be applied to accompanying variable actions. The load factors used are: Hyperstatic Loading: 0.9 (std) & 1.1 (alt) Dead Loading: 1.25 (std) & 1.0 (alt) Live (Reducible) Loading: 1.5 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Unreducible) Loading: 1.5 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Storage) Loading: 1.5 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Roof) Loading: 1.5 (std) & 0.0 (alt)
Note: Note: For mats / rafts this combination is broken into several combinations as no alternate factors are used
57.2.9 Accident LC
This load combination is intended for checking the accident limit state. The load factors used are: Dead Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Live Loading: 1.0 (std & alt)
RAM Concept
491
Chapter 57
Note: For mats / rafts this combination is broken into several combinations as no alternate factors are used
57.2.12 Characteristic Service Wind LC: D + L + 0.5W
This load combination is intended for checking the characteristic serviceability limit state with wind. It considers wind as the accompanying action and treats all other variable actions as leading actions. The load factors used are: Balance Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Dead Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Live (Reducible) Loading: 1.0 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Unreducible) Loading: 1.0 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Storage) Loading: 1.0 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Roof) Loading: 1.0 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Wind-Service Loading: 0.5 (std) & -0.5 (alt)
Note: For mats / rafts this combination is broken into several combinations as no alternate factors are used
57.2.13 Frequent Service Wind LC: D + 2L + 0.2W
This load combination is intended for checking the frequent serviceability limit state with wind. The load factors used are: Balance Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Dead Loading: 1.0 (std & alt) Live (Reducible) Loading: 0.3 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Unreducible) Loading: 0.6 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Storage) Loading: 0.8 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Wind-Service Loading: 0.2 (std) & -0.2 (alt)
Note: For mats / rafts this combination is broken into several combinations as no alternate factors are used
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Note: For mats / rafts this combination is broken into several combinations as no alternate factors are used
57.2.15 Ultimate Wind LC: 1.25D + 0.9H + 1.5L + 0.75W
This load combination is intended for checking the strength limit state in accordance with Exp. (6.10b) in Table NA.A1.2 (B) of UK National Annex to BS EN 1990:2002. The wind load is treated as an accompanying action and all other variable loads are treated as the leading actions. The load factors used are: Hyperstatic Loading: 0.9 (std) & 1.1 (alt) Dead Loading: 1.25 (std) & 1.0 (alt) Live (Reducible) Loading: 1.5 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Unreducible) Loading: 1.5 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Storage) Loading: 1.5 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Roof) Loading: 1.5 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Wind-Service Loading: 0.75 (std) & -0.75 (alt)
Note: For mats / rafts this combination is broken into several combinations as no alternate factors are used
57.2.16 Ultimate Wind LC: 1.25D + 0.9H + 1.5 0L + 1.5W
This load combination is intended for checking the strength limit state in accordance with Exp. (6.10b) in Table NA.A1.2 (B) of UK National Annex to BS EN 1990:2002. The wind load is treated as the leading action and all other variable loads are treated as accompanying actions. The load factors used are: Hyperstatic Loading: 0.9 (std) & 1.1 (alt) Dead Loading: 1.25 (std) & 1.0 (alt) Live (Reducible) Loading: 1.05 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Unreducible) Loading: 1.05 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Storage) Loading: 1.5 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Live (Roof) Loading: 1.05 (std) & 0.0 (alt) Wind-Service Loading: 1.5 (std) & -1.5 (alt)
Note: For mats / rafts this combination is broken into several combinations as no alternate factors are used
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Chapter 57
57.3 Eurocode 1 Part 1-1 (UK National Annex) Live Load Reduction
It is recommended that, in order to get the appropriate factors, you draw: Domestic, residential, and office (Category A and B) loads on a Live (Reducible) layer Assembly (Category C and D) loads on a Live (Unreducible) layer Car park loads (Category F) on a Live (Unreducible) layer Storage loads(Category E) on a Live (Storage) layer. Roof loads (Category H) on a Live (Roof) layer.
Note: Live load reduction will conservatively not be considered on Assembly loads in Category C and D. However it is
necessary to assign the loads to the Live (Unreducible) type to get the appropriate factors in the load combinations.
When the EC2 code equation is selected the following values are used: Eci = 22,000[(fcki + 8)/10]0.3 MPa (fcki in MPa) Ec = 22,000[(fck + 8)/10]0.3 MPa (fck in MPa) Where fcki = characteristic cylinder strength at stressing fck = 28 day characteristic cylinder strength 494 RAM Concept
Chapter 57
For calculations based on the concrete section, concrete is assumed to be a perfectly linear-elastic material with no stress or strain limits. For detailed cross section analyses three different stress strain curves are used. All three stress-strain curves are paraboliclinear curves as detailed in clause 3.1.7. The transition strain is at c2. For initial stress conditions, the peak stress in the stress strain curve is 0.85fcki . For service stress conditions, the peak stress in the stress-strain curve is 0.85fck. For strength conditions, the peak stress in the stress-strain curve is 0.85fck / 1.5. The strength stress-strain curves are truncated at a strain of cu2. The other stress-strain curves have no limit strain.
Note: Calculations on the gross cross-section always use the Ec values calculated above, while the cracked cross-section
strain analyses use the stress strain curve of Figure 3.3. The elastic modulus for these two conditions will therefore be different for most concrete strengths. This may have an effect on initial concrete strains and ECR calculations.
For strength considerations, a of 1.15 is used. For all other considerations (including accident strength) a of 1.0 is used.
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Chapter 57 For accident strength conditions, RAM Concept assumes that unbonded tendons have no stress. For ultimate resistance moment calculations, RAM Concept's general approach to unbonded tendon stress-strain curves is detailed in Chapter 41, Section Design Notes. For Eurocode 2:2004, the maximum unbonded tendon stress (fpb, called flimit in Unbonded Post-tensioning Stress-Strain Curves Program Implementation on page 345) is defined by the equation in TR-43 clause 5.8.5. When this equation is used in a cross section that contains multiple tendons, the following terms are used in the calculation: l / d = length of an individual tendon divided by its depth fpuAps = sum of all the individual tendons fpu multiplied by the vector component of their Aps fckbd = minimum concrete characteristic cylinder strength multiplied by the compression face width and the depth to the centroid of the vector component tendon area For Eurocode 2:2004, the value used as a strain reduction factor for unbonded tendons is k = 5d/L Where L = length of the unbonded tendon d = depth of the post-tensioning tendon (measured from the furthest concrete face) This is equivalent to assuming a neutral axis depth of 0.5 d and a zone of inelasticity of 10 times this length. RAM Concept assumes that each tendon is placed on the more beneficial side of the cross section centroid (the same limiting stress value is used for both positive and negative moment capacity calculations at each cross section). This assumption typically has no impact on the ultimate stress in the tendon as when the tendon is on the wrong side of the cross section centroid, the stress in the tendon is less than fpb, due to the small tension strains (possibly compression strains) in the cross section at the tendon elevation.
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Chapter 57 Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
9.2.1.1 9.3.1.1 9.3.1.1
PT
TR-43 5.8.8 TR-43 5.8.8 TR-43 5.8.8
Each span segment has four user-specified reinforcement ratio values: Column Strip Top Reinforcement Column Strip Bottom Reinforcement Middle Strip Top Reinforcement Middle Strip Bottom Reinforcement Concepts User Minimum Reinforcement rule set uses these values to design reinforcement at each cross section. These values are not included in the reinforcement calculated for other rule sets. For example, the bending strength reinforcement reported in the Strength Rule Set is not in addition to the reinforcement in the User Minimum Reinforcement rule set.
User Minimum Reinforcement Calculations
Concepts User Minimum Reinforcement calculations are based on the gross area of the cross section (after trimming) and the user-specified ratios. For example: columnStripTopAs = (cross section Ac)(column strip top reinforcement ratio)
Requirements
The User Minimum Reinforcement rule set will not design reinforcement unless this rule set is used by at least one load combination.
Old Files
Pre-Concept 2.0 files require rebuilding of the load combinations and rule sets to have the User Minimum Reinforcement rule set added. See Rebuilding load combinations on page 33 of Chapter 11, Specifying Load Combinations for further information.
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Chapter 57 Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam
RC
(none)
PT
5.10.2.2 / TR-43 5.8.2
One-Way Slab
(none)
Two-Way Slab
(none)
RC
7.2(2) 7.2(5)
Bonded PT
7.2(2) 7.2(5)1 7.2(2) 7.2(5)1 7.2(2) 7.2(5)1 TR-43 5.8.12 (Table 4) TR-43 5.8.72
Unbonded PT
7.2(5)1
One-Way Slab
7.2(2) 7.2(5)
7.2(5)1
Two-Way Slab
7.2(2) 7.2(5)
Note: 1 - for PT members 7.2(5) is only performed where crack width design is requested. Note: 2 - TR-43 5.8.1/5.8.7 hypothetical stress limit design is only performed where stress design is requested.
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RC
(none)
Bonded PT
7.31 TR-43 5.8.12
Unbonded PT
TR-43 5.8.12 TR-43 5.8.72 TR-43 5.8.12 TR-43 5.8.72 TR-43 5.8.12 (Table 5) TR-43 5.8.72
One-Way Slab
(none)
Two-Way Slab
(none)
Note: 1 - for PT members 7.3 is only performed where crack width design is requested. Note: 2 - TR-43 5.8.1/5.8.7 hypothetical stress limit design is only performed where stress design is requested.
57.5.6 Quasi-Permanent Service
Tendons are considered as an external load (and the balance loading is assumed to be included in the load factors). The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (reinforcement may be required on both faces). The design strip segment or design section property Environment is used to determine the exposure category of members as follows: Protected: X0, XC1 Normal: XC2, XC3, XC4 Corrosive, Very Corrosive: XD1, XD2, XS1, XS2, XS3
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Chapter 57 Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table: Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
RC
7.3 7.3 7.3
Bonded PT
(none) (none) (none)
Unbonded PT
7.31 7.31 7.31
Note: 1- for PT members 7.3 is only performed where crack width design is requested.
57.5.7 Strength
Tendons are considered as an internal section force (and the hyperstatic loading is assumed to be included in the load factors). The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (failure could occur on both faces). See Torsion Considerations on page 353 for how torsion is implemented. Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table.
Design System
Beam
RC
6.1 6.2 6.3
PT
6.1/TR-43 5.8.5 6.2/TR-43 5.9 6.3 6.1/TR-43 5.8.5 6.2/TR-43 5.9 6.3 6.1/TR-43 5.8.5 6.2/TR-43 5.9 6.3
One-Way Slab
Two-Way Slab
57.5.8 Ductility
The reinforcement type (as defined in the design section or design strip segment) is considered (PT or RC). The longitudinal reinforcement from all other designs (except other ductility) is considered to be in place before ductility reinforcement is added. The bending moments sign (or signs) is determined by the moment envelope for the rule set layer (ductility could be required for both positive and negative moments).
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Chapter 57 Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
Table 57-7
RC
5.5 5.5 5.5
PT
5.5 5.5 5.5
57.5.9 Accident
The stress levels in the structure are determined by the moment envelope for the rule set (failure could occur on both faces). Reduced m factors are used in the strength calculations. For reinforcement m = 1.0. Reinforcement location is determined by the Min. Reinforcement Location setting. Code Rules are applied as shown in the following table. Design System
Beam One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
Table 57-8
RC
9.10 9.10 9.10
PT
9.10 9.10 9.10
Chapter 57
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Chapter 57 The effective depth is determined by a cracked section analysis using the bending moment and axial force in place at time of the shear being investigated. The effective depth is calculated as the distance from the compression most face to the resultant tension force. For cross sections with no reinforcement in tension, a column style effective depth is determined from the compression most face to the maximum depth of any reinforcement. If the member is declared PT, the primary axial force contribution to cp in the calculation of equation 6.2.a, 6.2.b, and 6.4 is multiplied by P,fav. The primary axial force contribution to cp used in equation 6.11 is multiplied by either P,fav or P,unfav, whichever results in the lowest value of cw. The shift rule required by 6.2.2(5) and 9.2.1.3 is performed for all members (with and without shear reinforcement) by attempting to extend the reinforcement beyond the required development length by 1.125 times the effective depth. This is calculated using eq. 9.2 and using z = 0.9d and cot = 2.5. Additional tension reinforcement in accordance with 6.2.3(7) is assumed to be accounted for using this provision. In normal circumstances, this will be the case because the horizontal shift required by 6.2.2(5) is related to the magnitude of the vertical shift performed according to 6.2.3(7). In all beams at least minimum links will be provided. Links are provided in accordance with 6.2.3 and 9.2.2. The angle is calculated as the minimum value that can satisfy the requirement that VEd VRd,max , within the range specified in 6.2.3(2). Minimum density of shear reinforcement is determined in accordance with 9.2.2(5). Maximum shear reinforcement spacing along the span is determined by 9.2.2(6). The shear reinforcement spacing across the span is not considered. Bent up bars and regions close to supports are not considered. Net axial force is considered if the Consider Net Axial checkbox is checked.
Chapter 57 If the interaction equation 6.31 is satisfied, only minimum reinforcement is provided. If equation 6.31 is not satisfied, equation 6.29 is used to calculate a maximum shear capacity by deducting the torsion portion of the interaction capacity. This equation is used to iteratively solve for the smallest value of theta that can satisfy the interaction equation 6.29. This theta is then used in all subsequent shear and torsion calculations. Maximum spacing of links is calculated in accordance with 9.2.3(3). Minimum torsion reinforcement is provided in accordance with 9.2.3(2). Minimum longitudinal tension reinforcement is calculated in accordance with equation 6.28. The tension demand on a particular face is reduced by the minimum expected compression chord force. If torsion design is selected and the torsion is greater than zero, at least minimum links will be provided.
Chapter 57
s
tension stress in un-tensioned reinforcement from a cracked section analysis, or maximum differential bonded tendon stress from tendon stress level at zero strain in the concrete at the same level 0.6 for frequent service design 0.4 for quasi-permanent service design
kt =
fct,eff = fctm p,eff = (As + 12 Ap)/Ac,eff As = Ap = area of un-tensioned reinforcement within depth hc,eff area of bonded tendons within depth hc,eff
Ac,eff = area of concrete within depth hc,eff hc,eff = minimum of 2.5(h-d), (h-x)/3, or h/2 d= 1 = = depth to the outermost layer of reinforcement [ (s/p)] 0.5 for fck C50/60 0.25 for fck C70/85 Linearly interpolated between C50/60 and C70/85 largest diameter of reinforcement contained within depth hc,eff 1.6Ap Es/Ecm
s = p = e =
sr,max = k3c + k1k2k4eq /p,eff = crack spacing (eq. 7.11) k3 = c= k1 = 3.4 average cover to reinforcement, weighted by bar/tendon units 0.8 for un-tensioned reinforcement 1.6 for bonded tendons averaged for cross sections containing both tendons and un-tensioned reinforcement, weighted by bar/tendon units 0.5 for bending (compression strain on one face) (1 + 2) / 2 1 for tension (tension strain on both faces) 0.425 n112 + n222 + nii2 / (n11 + n22 + nii)
k2 = k4 = eq =
If the bonded reinforcement within hc,eff is less than or equal to 5(c+ eq /2), RAM Concept uses equation 7.11 for sr,max. If a larger spacing exists, RAM Concept uses a crack spacing of 1.3(h-x) in accordance with equation 7.14. RAM Concept always assumes the maximum crack spacing is 1.3(h-x). For bonded PT systems, decompression is checked for exposure class XC2, XC3, and XC4 for the quasi-permanent load combination and for exposure class XD and XS for the frequent load combination. For the decompression checks, a check is made that the entire bonded tendon lies within 25mm of concrete in compression, using cracked section properties. For the purposes of this check the tendon is assumed to be round with a diameter equal to the width specified in the material properties.
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RAM Concept
Chapter 57 (fpy fse) is utilized as the available yield stress. Bonded tendons at an angle to the cross section will have vector components of their reinforcement areas applied toward these requirements. The maximum spacing between bars is limited to the minimum of 400mm or 3h. For two-way slabs in column strips in the first cross section in a support region, the spacing between bars is limited to the minimum of 250 mm or 2h. In post-tensioned slabs, bonded (grouted) post-tensioning ducts that are on the tension side of the cross section centroid, or are within 10% of the cross section depth of the centroid elevation are considered as equivalent to an un-tensioned bar. These ducts are assumed to be optimally placed for spacing purposes their plan locations are ignored. User defined bars are counted toward satisfying the maximum spacing requirements. Bars at an angle to the cross section consider the sum of their vector components divided by the gross area of one bar as the total number of provided bars for spacing calculations.
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Chapter 57 The design strip segment or design section property Environment is used to determine the exposure category of members as follows: Protected: X0, XC1 Normal: XC2, XC3, XC4 Corrosive, Very Corrosive: XD1, XD2, XS1, XS2, XS3 For bonded beams and one way slabs, it is assumed that the hypothetical tensile stresses in Table 3 exist at the limiting crack width values given in Eurocode 2. For exposure class XD or XS, a limiting crack width value of 0.1mm is assumed for the determination of hypothetical tensile stresses. The recommended design strip property setting PT Service Design Type is either Stress or Stress and Crack Width. Crack Width only is not explicitly permitted by TR43. The supplemental reinforcement for bonded beams and one way slabs in accordance with TR43 5.8.1 is calculated as follows: Stress Difference = Actual Stress - Supplemental Reinforcement Limit Stress As = Act [(Stress Difference) / (400 N/mm2)] where Act = cross-sectional area of the concrete in the tension zone User defined reinforcement that is at an angle to the cross section will only have the component perpendicular to the cross section considered. For unbonded beam and one way slabs, for members with tension stresses supplemental reinforcement is always provided in accordance with TR43 5.8.7. TR43 does not provide an absolute tensile stress limit for exceeding the Table 3 values. As such, RAM Concept uses the Table 3 values as absolute limits and therefore does not permit enhancing the stresses by adding un-tensioned reinforcement. The recommended design strip property setting PT Service Design Type is either Stress or Stress and Crack Width. Crack Width only is not explicitly permitted by TR43. For two way slabs, for members with tension stresses supplemental reinforcement is always provided in accordance with TR43 5.8.7. Table 4 or Table 5 values are used depending upon whether or not full panel width strips are used (average stresses) or column/middle strips are used (design strip stresses). In determination of using with bonded reinforcement limits the average spacing of the bonded reinforcement on the tension face is checked (using bonded tendons in the tension zone). If the bonded reinforcement spacing limit is greater than 500 mm at the time when the limits are being determined, the without bonded reinforcement limits are used. Since the reinforcement in the service design is left in the cross section from force envelope to envelope, it is possible that an envelope will use the without bonded reinforcement limits while the subsequent envelope will use with bonded reinforcement limits due to the reinforcement added in the previous envelope. Where full panel width strips are used, the recommended design strip property setting PT Service Design Type is either Stress or Stress and Crack Width. Crack Width only is not explicitly permitted by TR43. In the case where column/middle strips are used the recommended setting is Stress or Stress and Crack Width or Crack Width as TR43 explicitly permits the stress limits in Table 5 to be exceeded where explicit crack width checks are performed.
Member Type Exposure Class Code Design Crack Width (mm) 0.2 0.2 Hypothetical Crack Width (used to determine stress limits) (mm) 0.2 0.2 Tension limit without supplemental reinforcement 1.65fctm 1.65fctm Absolute Tension Limit Supplemental Reinforcement Calculation Load Combination
0.3fck 0.3fck
5.8.1 5.8.1
0.2 0.3
0.1 -
1.35fctm 0
0.3fck 1.35fctm
5.8.1 5.8.7
All
508
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Bonded Two Way Slab, Full Panel Width X0, XC1 XC2, XC3, XC4 XD or XS Bonded Two Way Slab, Column/Middle Strips X0, XC1 XC2, XC3, XC4 XD or XS Unbonded Two Way Slab, Full Panel Width Unbonded Two Way Slab, Column/Middle Strips All 0.2 0.2 0(support) 0.9fctm(span) 0(support) 0.9fctm(span) 0.9fctm 0.9fctm 5.8.7 5.8.7 Characteristic2, Frequent1 Characteristic2, Frequent1, Quasi0.9fctm 1.2fctm 1.2fctm 5.8.7 5.8.7 5.8.7 Permanent3 Characteristic2, Frequent1,3 Frequent1,2 Frequent1,2, QuasiPermanent3 Frequent1,2,3 Characteristic2, QuasiPermanent1 Frequent2, QuasiPermanent1
0(support) 0.9fctm(span) 0(support) 1.2fctm(span) 0(support) 1.2fctm(span) 0(support) 1.2fctm(span) 0(support) 0.3fctm(span) 0(support) 0.4fctm(span)
0.2 0.3
1.2fctm 0.9fctm
5.8.7 5.8.7
All
0.3
1.2fctm
5.8.7
Note: 1 - Used for crack width design (when requested by user) Note: 2 - Used for hypothetical stress checks (when requested by user) Note: 3 - Used for decompression check (when crack width design is requested by user)
57.6.13 TR-43 5.8.2 PT Initial Service (transfer) Stresses
This section applies to post-tensioned beams, one-way slabs, and two-way slabs. For beams and one-way slabs, where the flexural tensile stresses exceed 0.72fctm additional un-tensioned reinforcement is designed in accordance with 5.8.7. Compressive stresses are limited to the values in 5.8.2. For two-way slabs, the flexural compressive and tensile stresses are limited to the values in Table 5 for column/middle strip design, or Table 4 for full panel width design, where fck is replaced with fcki. For sections with multiple concrete mixes, the minimum fck is used to determine the limit stress and the peak stress reported may be approximate.
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Chapter 57
Note: There are no minimum un-tensioned reinforcement requirements for post-tensioned beams or one-way slabs that are primarily bonded. Refer to Determination of Bonded vs. Unbonded Cross Sections on page 506 for discussion.
For primarily unbonded post-tensioned beams and one-way slabs the requirements of 9.2.1.1 or 9.3.1.1 are applied as appropriate. For post-tensioned two-way slabs in column strips, un-tensioned reinforcement is provided in support regions as follows: As = 0.00075Act. Act = sum of cross sectional area of column strip and adjacent middle strips(generated from the same span segment) For span segment strips, this criteria is only applied to the first cross section at a support if the span ratio is less than 0.2. For design sections, this criterion is applied when the span ratio is less than 0.2. The 300mm spacing requirement is not checked. The requirement that this reinforcement be concentrated between lines that are 1.5 times the slab depth is not checked. User defined reinforcement and bonded tendons that are at an angle to the cross section will only have the component perpendicular to the cross section considered. For post-tensioned two-way slabs, minimum reinforcement consisting of un-tensioned reinforcement and bonded tendons is provided as follows: As = 0.001Ac Ac = area of cross section For span segment strips, this criteria is only applied to the first cross section at a support if the span ratio is less than 0.2. For design sections, this criteria is applied when the span ratio is less than 0.2. The spacing of this reinforcement is limited to 500 mm. Bonded (grouted) post-tensioning ducts that are on the tension side of the cross section centroid, or are within 10% of the cross section depth of the centroid elevation are considered as
510
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Chapter 57 equivalent to an un-tensioned bar. These ducts are assumed to be optimally placed for spacing purposes their plan locations are ignored. User defined bars are counted toward satisfying the maximum spacing requirements. Bars at an angle to the cross section consider the sum of their vector components divided by the gross area of one bar as the total number of provided bars for spacing calculations. The recommendations for slab edge reinforcement are not implemented.
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Chapter 57
512
RAM Concept
Chapter 58
58 Estimating deflections
Note: This chapter presents various methods of estimating deflections that vary in accuracy and complexity. Although we suggest you read the whole chapter, you will probably find Detailed deflection predictions using strip based deflection plots on page 520, and Using strip based deflection plots for slabs on page 521 the most useful for a quick and reasonably accurate estimation of long term deflections. The various methods are summarized in Summary of RAM Concepts deflection capabilities on page 526.
The calculation of concrete floor deflections is complicated. There are many issues to consider, and even with adequate consideration and calculation, any deflection prediction should only be considered an estimate. Deflections are affected by: member size (section properties) concrete modulus of elasticity reinforcement (unstressed and post-tensioning) applied loads load history cracking shrinkage creep dynamic effects (vibrations) Historically, designers have usually calculated deflections of concrete members using elastic methods with modifications made for some of the factors listed above. Most post-tensioned floors have been designed to minimize cracking and so elastic deflection calculation methods have generally been acceptable. The increasing usage of partial prestress methods has made deflection calculations more important for post-tensioned design. Reinforced floors usually undergo more extensive cracking than post-tensioned floors, which is one reason why they need more concrete section, and more consideration of deflection issues. More aggressive designs (that is, with shallower or thinner concrete sections) require a more rigorous analysis to determine that the deflection limit states are satisfactory. RAM Concept allows the use of simplistic methods in addition to more detailed and accurate methods for determining deflections. The aggressive designer must, however, have a thorough understanding of the methods and issues to ensure satisfactory deflections. In particular, if the designer pushes the floor design to the limit then problems may occur due to issues that are unforeseen or not considered by Concept. These include: cracking from overload during construction poor placement of reinforcement (less effective depth resulting in more cracking) vibrations (dynamic effects are not considered by Concept)
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Chapter 58 Load history is not considered, but it might affect the choice you make for the creep coefficient for the ECR calculations. Dynamic effects are not considered.
Figure 58-1 Calculation of live load creep factor (with design creep factor of 3)
512
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Chapter 58
Live Load 1 2 3
Figure 58-2 Calculation of live load creep factor (with design creep factor of 3.35)
Note: ACI 209 reports the value of 3.35 as an average creep value. RAM Concept files adopt this value as a default.
RAM Concept
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Chapter 58
Figure 58-3 A plot of the moment squares for a fixed end beam
Note: The maximum moments for a fixed end beam are -wl2/12 and wl2/24 respectively. The moment squares of these are
Integral
wL5 prefix
Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3
Ii / Itotal
514
RAM Concept
Chapter 58
Figure 58-5 A plot of the moment squares for a propped cantilever (fixed one end, simply supported the other)
Note: The maximum moments for a propped cantilever are -wl2/8 and 0.0703wl2/12 respectively. The moment squares of
these are 0.01563(wl2)2 and 0.00494(wl2)2, which correspond to the plot.
Integral
wL5 prefix
Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3
Ii / Itotal
0.001147 0.001978 0
0.367 0.633 0
RAM Concept
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Chapter 58
Span type Continuous both ends Simply supported one end Simply supported Cantilever
The Service LC Deflection Plan uses service loads (as defined in the Service Load Combination) and reports deflection contours based upon gross sections without any considerations of creep and cracking.
LT Uncracked Deflection LC
The LT Uncracked Deflection LC uses long term loads (as defined in the LT Uncracked Deflection Load Combination) and reports deflection contours based upon gross sections. This could be considered the old-fashioned method where the effect of creep and shrinkage is estimated by applying a load factor (of, say, 3) to dead loads and post-tensioning loads, and a different load factor (of, say, 1.5) to live loads. As discussed in About creep calculations on page 512, the choice of live load factor should consider the type of live load.
Note: The LT Uncracked Deflection LC load factors are not automatically linked to the creep factor parameter in the Calc
Options Dialog window.
Note: The Sustained Service LC (used only for ACI 318) is not recommended for deflection investigation as it is actually provided for the service design rule 18.4.2(a) that requires compression stresses for permanent live loads to be less than 0.45*f'c. Its load factors are similar to those used for the Service LC, not the LT Uncracked Deflection LC.
516 RAM Concept
Chapter 58
58.5 Detailed deflection predictions using weighted ECR values for permanent live loads
You can use RAM Concepts ECR calculations for a more accurate method of predicting deflections. This method uses a service (short term) deflection plan with a weighted ECR for critical spans.
58.5.1 Method 2: Modify the maximum deflection with a weighted ECR value
This method uses the following steps: Determine maximum deflection from the appropriate service deflection plan Multiply this deflection by the weighted ECR for the span
Note: Sometimes the maximum deflection does not occur in the span with the maximum ECR. You can be conservative and
use the maximum deflection and the floors maximum weighted ECR, or check different spans with the appropriate weighted ECR
Note: The LT Uncracked Deflection LC deflection plan should not be used to determine the value that is multiplied by the
weighted ECR. Example 58-1 Method 2 A continuous beam has been analyzed with a creep factor of 3.35 (defined in the calculation options dialog box). The service deflection is 3.14 mm. The ECR values vary from 3.35 at the left hand support, to 6.65 at midspan, to 5.72 at the right hand support.
The long term deflection can be estimated as: Weighted average of ECR = 0.3*3.35 + 0.4*6.65 + 0.3*5.72 = 5.38 Deflection = 3.14 *5.38 = 17 mm (0.67 inches)
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58.6 Detailed deflection predictions using weighted ECR values for transient live loads
The live load for most floors is not 100% permanent. That is, some or all of the live load is transient. For such floors, using ECR values for permanent loads is conservative. The creep factor for transient, or partly transient live loads, should be less than the creep factor for dead load. Refer to Figures 58-1 and 58-2 for a discussion of live load creep factors. Consideration of a lower creep value for live load makes the calculations more difficult, because it is not sufficient to look at ECR for the reduced live loads. This is because: the concrete may be uncracked due to reduced loads, but cracked for maximum loads. a uniform creep factor cannot be applied. Two additional deflection prediction methods are discussed here. These methods consider transient live loads. Both have merit but you should decide which is more appropriate.
58.6.1 Method 3: Modify the maximum deflection with a weighted ECR value that considers the transient nature of the live load
This method uses the following: For the LT Uncracked Deflection Load combination Adopt the value of ECR from Method 2 as the load factor for the dead loadings and balanced loading. Adopt a modified ECR value for live loading that reflects the proportion of live load that is transient. Example 58-2 Method 3 For the same continuous beam as in method 2: The load factor for the dead loadings and balanced loading is 5.38 The live load is considered to 50% permanent and the remainder is transient. From Figure 58-2, the live load creep factor is 2.18. The modified ECR for live loading is 5.38*2.18/3.35=3.50 The LT Uncracked Deflection LC has been changed to factors of 5.38 on all dead loading and balanced loading, and 3.50 for live load.
Figure 58-9 Long term deflection with load factors based upon ECR.
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Chapter 58 The estimated long term deflection is thus 13 mm (0.52 inches). As expected, this is less than for Example 58-1.
Note: It would be prudent to rename the load combination if you have changed the load factors to recognize cracking. Note: If significant compression steel is present in the cross-section, these methods will not be valid as the application and use of the 3.35 creep factor makes the assumption that this factor represents the ratio of cracked and creeped curvature to cracked curvature. This is approximately true in a singly reinforced section. However, in the case with compression steel the steel and concrete share the forces on the compression side, but only the concrete undergoes creep and thus this creep factor ratio is no longer accurate.
58.6.2 Method 4: Modify the maximum deflection with a cracking factor derived from the weighted ECR that considers the transient live load
This method uses the following procedure: Determine the effect of cracking for maximum live load by dividing the weighted ECR by the Calc option creep value to obtain a cracking factor. Apply this cracking factor to a new deflection LC, called, say, the Creep but no cracking Deflection LC Example 58-3 Method 4 For the same continuous beam as in method 2, the cracking factor is estimated as: Crack factor = ECR / (creep factor) Thus, crack factor = 5.38 / 3.35 = 1.61 The live load is considered to be 50% permanent and the remainder is transient. From Figure 58-2, the live load creep factor would be 2.18. The Creep but no cracking Deflection LC has been changed to factors of 3.35 on all dead loading and balanced load, and 2.18 for live load.
The Creep but no cracking Deflection LC deflection is 8.2 mm. The estimated long term deflection is thus 8.2 * 1.61 = 13 mm (0.52 inches). As expected, this is the same as Example 58-2.
Note: If significant compression steel is present in the cross-section, these methods will not be valid as the application and use of the 3.35 creep factor makes the assumption that this factor represents the ratio of cracked and creeped curvature to cracked curvature. This is approximately true in a singly reinforced section. However, in the case with compression steel the steel and concrete share the forces on the compression side, but only the concrete undergoes creep and thus this creep factor ratio is no longer accurate.
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More significantly, RAM Concept provides section analysis deflection plots for rule sets. These are available using the plot dialog and section analysis tab as shown in Figure 58-12.
Note: Theses section analysis deflection plots are more powerful, as the ECR values are integrated along the strip and included for long-term deflection. Note: The plots show deflection along the strip spines. There is no averaging across the design strip cross section.
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1 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Service Design > L.T. Deflection Plan.
To view the long-term deflection plot for AS3600
1 Choose Layers > Rule Set Designs > Max Service Design > L.T. Deflection Plan.
Example 58-4 Method 5 For the same continuous beam as in method 2, the L.T. Deflection Plan shows the plot in Figure 58-13.
The strip based long-term deflection is 17.4 mm (0.69 inches). This compares with Method 2 (17 mm) as neither method considered a reduced creep factor for live load.
Figure 58-14 Flat slab example with the analyzed panel shown in gray
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Chapter 58 The examples use the L.T. deflection plan in the Service Rule Set (see To view the long-term deflection plot on page 521 for instructions). Some files show this plan in the Maximum Service Rule Set (depending upon the code used).
Note: The elastic deflections were shown on the same plan by changing the plot.
Example 58-5 Flat slab - cracking in one strip Figure 58-15 shows the elastic deflection of the east-west column strips and north-south middle strip. The deflections are identical where the strips intersect.
Note: The plots may not show identical results if the middle strip spine does not intersect the midpoint of the column strips, or maximum deflection is not at midspan.
Figure 58-15 Flat slab Example 58-5: elastic deflections of selected column and middle strips
Figure 58-16 shows the long term deflection plots. The beam strip and middle strip are uncracked and so have identical deflections where they intersect. The column strip (east-west) has undergone cracking whereas the middle strip (north-south) has not. Hence the values where they intersect (point A) are not the same.
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Figure 58-16 Flat slab Example 58-5: long-term deflections of selected column and middle strips Relative deflection at midspan of middle strip
The relative middle strip deflection can be rationalized as follows: = 22.6 - (11.5 + 2.9)/2 = 22.6 - 7.2 = 15.4 mm
Absolute deflection at midspan of middle strip
The absolute middle strip deflection can be rationalized as follows: = 22.6 - (11.5 + 2.9)/2 +(23.1 + 2.9)/2 = 22.6 - 7.2 + 13.0 = 28.4 mm
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Chapter 58 Figure 58-18 shows the elastic deflection of the east-west column strips and north-south middle strip. The deflections are identical where the strips intersect.
Note: The plots may not show identical results if the middle strip spine does not intersect the midpoint of the column strips, or maximum deflection is not at midspan.
The maximum elastic deflection is approximately 10% greater than that of Example 58-5.
Figure 58-17 Flat slab Example 58-6: elastic deflections of selected column and middle strips
Figure 58-18 shows the long term deflection plots. All strips have cracked and so have the deflections values are different where the strips intersect.
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Figure 58-18 Flat slab Example 58-6: long-term deflections of selected column and middle strips Relative deflection at midspan of middle strip
The relative middle strip deflection can be rationalized as follows: =26.8 - (13.2 + 4.9)/2 = 26.8 - 9.1 = 17.7 mm
Absolute deflection at midspan of middle strip
The absolute middle strip deflection can be rationalized as follows: = 26.8 - (13.2 + 4.9)/2 + (24.6 + 6.3)/2 = 26.8 - 9.1 + 15.5 = 33.2 mm
Note: A deflection analysis using north-south column strips and east-west middle strips could produce slightly different
results.
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(1) Requires user to multiply deflections from contour plan by ECR. (2) Overestimates deflection if live load is not permanent (1) If design is changed then ECR may change which could require load factors to be changed. (2) Implies that the worst weighted ECR will be used everywhere. (3) Thus conservative for all but the critical span (1) Requires user to multiply long term deflections by cracking factor.
Calculate load factors based on ECR from method 2 for dead load factors, and modify ECR for reduced live load factors
(1) Relatively simple. (2) Provides a contour plan with long term deflections.
Calculate load factors from method 1, and modify with cracking factor rationalized from method 2 None, other than to modify if strip is not directly supported.
(1) Requires some manual adjustment for flat slabs to account for differential cracking.
ECR can be very useful for more accurately predicting deflections. The weighted ECR is always less than the maximum ECR value in the span. The designer should consider modifying the creep value for live load. It is generally conservative (and quick) to find an upper bound on deflection by multiplying the maximum ECR for the floor by the appropriate short term deflection.
Chapter 58 In the cracked section analyses, Concept considers concrete to have no tension strength. Since concrete obviously does have some tension strength, this assumption is equivalent to considering that the concrete has been previously cracked by some other loading condition (this assumption is conservative). This pre-cracked assumption is used to determine the cracked cross section stresses and the cracked moment of inertia. This assumption does not effect the ECR calculations as Branson's formula does not consider the cracked moment of inertia unless the cross section stresses exceed the modulus of rupture. Concept considers any compression reinforcement in the calculation of ECR. If there is no cracking, then shrinkage is irrelevant as gross section properties are used. If there is cracking, then the reinforcement restrains the shrinkage, so the side with more reinforcement shrinks less than the side with less reinforcement. Assuming that the side with more reinforcement is the tension side, this accentuates the curvature. The calculations do not consider the effect of restrained shrinkage and the cracking it may cause. The shrinkage strain as specified in the Calc Options window is for ECR calculations only. The creep coefficient as specified in the Calc Options window is used for ECR calculations only. This coefficient is the value of (total strain under constant stress) / (initial strain under same stress); a typical value is 3.35 (1.0 for initial strain and 2.35 for creep strain).
Note: For more information, refer to Creep and Shrinkage Effects on page 347, Cracked Section Analyses on page 348,
Bransons Stress Ratio on page 348 and Calculation of Effective Curvature Ratio on page 349.
Figure 58-19 Design strip property for Figures 58-20 and 58-21.
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Figure 58-21 Reinforcement and deflection: metric units Bottom user-defined reinforcement
Figure 58-22 Design strip property for Figures 58-23 and 58-26.
Figure 58-24 Increased (user-defined) bottom reinforcement and deflection: metric units Top and bottom user-defined reinforcement
Figure 58-25 Design strip property for Figures 58-26 and 58-27
Figure 58-26 Increased (user-defined) top and bottom reinforcement and deflection: US units
Figure 58-27 Increased (user-defined) top and bottom reinforcement and deflection: metric units
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Any loads that are applied within the critical section shape could be excluded from the punching reaction since they do not contribute to the forces passing through the critical section. Concept calculates the punching reaction by summing the column above and below reactions with any point loads applied within the column shape. The column shape is used for this
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Chapter 59 calculation (instead of the critical section shape) as it guarantees a single set of punching reactions for each punching check. Line and area loads are not considered in this summation.
Punching Reactions for Lateral SE Loads
Loads of analysis type Lateral SE are appropriately included in the punching reactions. These loads are typically applied at the column/wall locations and normally consist of at least an applied out of plane concentrated force with a set of orthogonally applied moments. These forces typically represent the total joint forces applied from the supports to the slab for the given lateral loading. The correct punching reaction for this type of loading is simply the loading itself. Since Concept internally removes the column and wall supports in the Lateral SE loading analysis, the resulting punching reaction will be the summation of any loads applied within the column shape.
Contribution from the Vertical Component of Prestress
Some building codes allow the vertical component of prestress to be considered in the punching calculations. This is normally accomplished by adding the contribution of the vertical prestress to the capacity at the critical section, or by subtracting the vertical prestress component from the punching reaction. Concept can approximate this effect using the Calc Option Include Tendon Component in Punch Check Reaction. If this option is selected, after the tendons have been converted into equivalent concentrated balance loads Concept will modify (normally reduce) the punching reaction by any concentrated forces located within the column shape.
Note: Due to the fact that the tendons are idealized as concentrated balance forces as well as the fact that Concept uses the column shape instead of the critical section shape, this calculation is approximate. When using this option, it is extremely important to make sure that the Concept model tendon plan locations and profile shapes match the final design and field placement in order to obtain accurate results. As such, this option should be used with extreme caution.
59.2.2 Step 2: Determine the column critical sections
Concept investigates the slab geometry within the punching zone radius specified to find likely failure locations. Concepts critical section calculations correctly consider slab thicknesses, but make simplifying assumptions about the elevations of the slab regions. In certain situations this can result in improper location of critical sections. In areas of varying thickness, Concept's punching calculations assume that the thickenings protrude toward the load application. For example, in an elevated slab shear caps are assumed to be located below the slab, and in a mat/raft foundation plinths are assumed to be located above the mat/raft. If this is not the case, Concept may not locate the critical sections appropriately. See the example in Figure 59-1.
Analyzed correctly
Figure 59-1 Shortcoming of Concepts consideration of failure planes
The location at some distance (usually a function of effective depth d) from the face of the column is considered to be a likely failure area. The location at some distance from a change in section thickness is also considered to be a likely failure area. If the slab edge/hole treatment is set to Sector Voids, then any slab edge or hole found within the punching zone radius creates a sector or zone that offers no resistance to punching.
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Chapter 59 If the slab edge/hole treatment is set to Failure Planes, then Concept investigates a number of critical sections including sections that connect to edges or openings (which provide no punching resistance) in attempts to find the most critical section. If the slab edge/hole treatment is set to Ignore Edges, then the location of the critical sections is not affected by the holes, but any part of a section intersecting a hole will be considered to provide no punching resistance. It is recommended that Ignore Edges is only used if the Sector Voids and Failure Planes treatments do not produce desired critical sections.
Figure 59-2 Failure plane results for the three different slab edge / hole treatments
Concept tries to connect the likely failure locations together to determine logical potentially critical sections. The method that Concept uses tends to find the appropriate sections, but does not always find them. You should always visually inspect the locations of the critical sections that Concept has checked to see if they are appropriate (this is usually accomplished by a simple visual review of the Design Status: Punching Shear Status Plan).
stressed sections from being reinforced. Please refer to the specific Code section for a detailed description of how each handles this check.
2 Install Initial Rails - some initial rails are installed with an arbitrary length. The initial rails are installed to satisfy the
maximum transverse spacing requirement of the active Code at the face of the column or support.
3 Extend the Rails - the rails are iteratively extended until all cutoff section stresses are within the Code-allowable stresses for unreinforced sections. A cutoff section is one at the Code specified offset distance outside the zone reinforced with SSR.
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4 Check the calculated/designed stud spacing resulting from the current rail layout. If the spacing doesn't work, rails are added and the design is restarted at step 2.
Note: In punch checks containing slab edges, it is possible for Concept to extend the rails to a distance within the punch check radius, but points projected perpendicular to the slab edge would be outside the punch check radius. In this case Concept may not find the most critical cutoff sections. This can normally be rectified by increasing the punch check radius. The Engineer should inspect cutoff sections for appropriateness and adjust punch check properties as necessary.
59.2.6 Step 6: Summarize the Results
Finally, the results are summarized. Direct summarizing of SSR designs is not possible for a number of reasons (for example, two independent designs might have rails of different lengths, and therefore different depths which would dictate a different stud spacing). Therefore, if more than one design rule specifies punching shear design, the force envelopes from each design rule are combined into a single force envelope, then a summary design is carried out for this combined force envelope as outlined above. For each resulting critical section the calculated stress is divided by the code allowable stress to determine an unreinforced stress ratio (USR). If the column contains SSR reinforcement, Concept also reports a reinforced strength ratio (RSR), which is the punching demand over the strengthened capacity. If one or more of the potentially critical sections does not fit the standard conditions, then the column is tagged with a Nonstandard Section label in which case the engineer should review the applicability of the code design equations to the critical section labeled nonstandard.
59.3 Using Concept's results to specify stud shear reinforcement (SSR) systems
Typical values specified for an SSR System include number and arrangement of rails at the column or support, first stud spacing, typical stud spacing, stud diameter, and rail height in addition to the typical stud properties. Most of the properties required to specify an SSR System are available by plotting the SSR under visible objects > Punch Checks. The overall height of the rails is not reported by Concept but can be easily determined from the geometry. Generally, the height of the rails should be dimensioned to be as close as possible to the structural member's outer surfaces (while observing necessary cover and other Code requirements). Concept's strength calculations assume that each individual shear stud rail has a single effective depth, calculated as the thinnest effective depth of any slab area intersected by the shear stud rail. A punching design may have shear stud rails with multiple depths at a column or support.
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Chapter 59 if the total angle of the voids is less than 180, but greater than 90 degrees: edge otherwise: interior Due to the possible complex geometries, Concept will not always assign the appropriate connection type, so we advise you to use discretion when using the Auto setting. The connection type assigned by Concept can be viewed on a plan by checking the Column Condition box under Punching checks on any plan that displays Rule Set Design Layers, or the Design Status Layer. For connections that don't neatly fit into one of the categories, it is conservative to select an option that has more slab edges (i.e., if a connection appears to be somewhere between an edge and a corner, it is conservative to select corner for connection type).
The ACI punching shear analysis and design approach uses the ACI 318 provisions for the basis of the implementation. A critical section is defined at d/2 from the periphery of the area of application of force. These critical sections are arranged to minimize bod. For slab edges located within the punching check, additional critical sections will be generated by projecting perpendicular lines from the original section to the slab edges. Additionally, a set of sections will be generated for each basic slab shape (column, drop cap, etc.). To calculate the section stresses, an elastic distribution of stresses caused by the eccentricity between the load/reaction and the critical section centroid is superimposed with the shear stresses caused by the concentric loading to calculate a linearly varying stress distribution on the section. Where there are eccentricities in two orthogonal directions, they are considered simultaneously. v for each section is calculated about the principal axes for that section. For column sections, the length/width ratios used to calculate v are unmodified. For cutoff sections, the length/width ratios are modified in accordance with ACI 421.1R99.
A = area of one side of the critical section, in2 bo = total length of the critical section, in. b1 = width of the critical section measured in the direction of the span for which moments are determined, in. b2 = width of the critical section measured in the direction perpendicular to b1, in. d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal tension reinforcement, as outlined in ACI 318, in. Ixx = moment of inertia for bending about the x-axis for the entire critical section, in4 Ixx = moment of inertia contribution about the x-axis for an individual side of the critical section, calculated with respect to the centroid of the critical section, in4 Iyy = moment of inertia for bending about the y-axis for the entire critical section, in4
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Chapter 59 Iyy = moment of inertia contribution about the y-axis for an individual side of the critical section, calculated with respect to the centroid of the critical section, in4 Ixy = product of inertia for the entire critical section, in4 Ixy = product of inertia contribution for an individual side of the critical section, calculated with respect to the centroid of the critical section, in4 L = length of one side of the critical section, in. Mox = joint reaction (moments from columns above and below) about the x-axis at the centroid of the column utilizing a right-hand rule for sign convention, kip-in Moy = Joint reaction (moments from columns above and below) about the y-axis at the centroid of the column utilizing a right-hand rule for sign convention, kip-in Mux = Muy = vu = Vu = column reaction, moment about the x-axis at the centroid of the critical section, kip-in column reaction, moment about the y-axis at the centroid of the critical section, kip-in shear stress located at some point on the critical section, ksi axial column reaction, located at the centroid of the column with an upward column reaction being positive, kips
x = x-coordinate of the centroid of the entire critical section, in. xside = x-coordinate of the centroid of a side of the critical section, in. xcol = x-coordinate of the centroid of the column, in. xpoint = x-coordinate of the point at which you are calculating stresses, in. y = y-coordinate of the centroid of the entire critical section, in. yside = y-coordinate of the centroid of a side of the critical section, in. ycol = y-coordinate of the centroid of the column, in. ypoint = y-coordinate of the point at which you are calculating stresses, in. vx = fraction of unbalanced moment about the x-axis transferred by eccentricity of shear, in accordance with ACI 318 vy = fraction of unbalanced moment about the y-axis transferred by eccentricity of shear, in accordance with ACI 318
= angle between a side of the critical section and the positive x-axis
Equations for calculation of shear stress
The equations presented are derived from basic mechanics of materials. A similar formulation can be found in the article Design of Stud Shear Reinforcement for Slabs by Ghali & Elgabry, ACI Structural Journal, May-June 1990. The values of vx and vy are always calculated about the principal axes of the critical section.
y po int y vx M ux Iyy + vy M uy I xy Vu + 2 bo d I xx I yy I xy x vy M uy Ixx + vx M ux I xy I xx I yy I xy
2
vu =
)[
a)
(x
po int
)[
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b) M ux = M ox + Vu ( ycol y )
c) M uy = M oy Vu ( xcol x)
d) I xx =
sides =1
I
n
xx
e) I = yy
sides =1
I
n
yy
f) I = xy
sides =1
xy
3 g) I = dL (sin 2 ) + Ld ( y y ) 2 xx side 12
3 h) I = dL (cos 2 ) + Ld ( x x ) 2 yy side 12
j)
v = 1
1 2 b1 1+ 3 b2
Note: Equation a) is based upon standard strength of materials equations for bending in an asymmetric section. If the moments are applied about one or more axis of symmetry, then Ixy = 0 and equation a) reduces to the more familiar:
vu = Vu vx M ux ( y po int y ) vy M uy ( x po int x) + bo d Ix Iy
The allowable shear stress is calculated by selecting the appropriate equation from ACI-318 (11-33), (11-34), (11-35), or (11-36). Equation 11-33 controls in non-prestressed concrete zones with large column aspect ratios. As the aspect ratio of the column gets larger, the allowable punching shear stress approaches the allowable one-way shear stress. Equation 11-34 is intended to correlate the allowable shear stress in non-prestressed zones with the ratio bo/d. This equation generally controls in thinner slabs with large columns or at critical sections outside column caps. Equation 11-35 is the upper bound of allowable shear stress for non-prestressed zones, 4 f c . Equation 11-36 is for application to prestressed punching zones. In order to qualify as prestressed, a zone must meet the following criterion:
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1 The effective prestress, fpc at the column shall not be less than 125 psi. The effective prestress is calculated by averaging the precompression in all the elements within the punching check radius. This could result in non-prestressed equations being used in drop caps of prestressed slabs where the precompression drops below 125 psi in the cap. Additionally, if large restraining elements are used (i.e., shear walls) that divert the prestressing force in a region, the non-prestressed equations would correctly be used where the average precompression is below 125 psi. 2 fc shall not be taken greater than 5000 psi. If a concrete strength is input greater than 5000 psi, a maximum fc of 5000 psi
will be used in prestressed punching zones, but the allowable shear stress will still be calculated using equation 11-36.
3 The column must not be located near a slab edge or large opening.
If any of the above conditions are not met, equations 11-33 through 11-35 are applied.
Note: These equation numbers are from the ACI 318-02 and ACI 318-05 codes.
Maximum Reinforced Section Stress
The reinforced shear stresses vu on the column sections are limited to a maximum of v n , where vn = 6 f c per ACI 318 11.12.3.2. This limit can be raised to vn = 8 f c by using the suggestion in ACI 421.1R-99 of a higher limit for vn. Sections with unreinforced stresses larger than these values cannot be successfully reinforced with SSR.
Calculation of Punching Resistance with SSR
Where SSR is used the punching resistance is calculated as follows: vn = vc + vs where vc = 2 f c or vc = 3 f c vs = Av fyvdaveRail / (bosd) (11-15) (ACI 421.1R-99 suggestion for higher vc) (11.12.3.1) (11-2)
Note: This equation has been extended from ACI equation 11-15 to approximately account for the situation where different
rails at a column have different heights due to geometrical irregularities. Av = area in one peripheral line of stud shear reinforcement daveRail = the average effective depth of the slab containing the rails
Miscellaneous Provisions
The spacing to the first stud is calculated as 0.4 d in accordance with ACI 421.1R-99 equation 3.12. This spacing is rounded down to the nearest 1/8 in. for US units or 5 mm for metric units. The maximum typical stud spacing is 0.5 d in accordance with ACI 318, but can be increased to 0.75 d when v u is less than or equal to 6 f c by using the suggestion in ACI 421.1R-99 for a higher limit for spacing. The maximum tangential spacing of rails at the face of the column is limited to 2d in accordance with ACI 421.1R-99 appendix A.2 and ACI 318-02 11.12.3.3. Tangential spacing requirements are not checked at locations other than the face of the column/support.
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Chapter 59 The SSR is extended until the cutoff section stresses are within the allowable limit of 2 f c per ACI 318-02 11.12.6.2(b). For cutoff sections outside the original column perimeter sections, v is adjusted in accordance with ACI 421.1R-99 Appendix B.
The critical section for punching shear is assumed to be at dom/2 from the face of the loaded area or support, where dom represents the mean value of do, averaged around the critical perimeter. Based on the derivation of the code equations, dom is not meant to include the thickness of beams. Concept uses a heuristic method for determining the critical section thickness in regions of differing slab/beam thicknesses around the punching check. The critical section thicknesses can be inspected by turning them on using visible objects. The AS 3600 model for punching shear assumes that the shear force V* is distributed evenly around the critical section creating a uniform average shear stress of v = V*/udom. The unbalanced moment, Mv* is resisted by a 3-component mechanism:
1 Difference in yield moments at the front and back faces of the slab strips. 2 Eccentricity of the uniform shear stresses v from the centroid of the support or load. 3 Torsional moment on the side faces (torsion strips).
In the model, the torsional moment in #3 is resolved into a maximum shear stress and added to the uniform average shear stress v. The proportion of Mv* contributing to the torsional moment in #3 is actually variable, but is assumed to be constant to simplify the model. The value of Mv* is taken at the centre of the column/support.
Design Equations
The resulting shear capacity Vuo where Mv* is zero (as well as on slab strip faces) is calculated per AS 3600 clause 9.2.3a: V uo = ud om ( f cv + 0.3 cp ) Rearranged to view in terms of limiting stress, this equation becomes: V ------------ f + 0.3 cp ud om cv Where Mv* is not zero, the model results in the following design equation in AS 3600 clause 9.2.4a when there are no closed ties in the torsion strips and no spandrel beams: V uo V u = ------------------------------------------ uM v 1 + ----------------------- 8V ad om This expression sets an upper limit on the combination of Mv* and V* that can be resisted by the concrete. This equation can be rearranged to view in terms of limiting stresses: M v V - f + 0.3 --------------- + -----------cv cp 2 ud om 8ad om The code allows for increasing the punching capacity by placing a minimum quantity of closed ties in the torsion strips. Concept provides check box items to include calculation based upon the presence of these minimum closed ties in
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Chapter 59 accordance with AS 3600 clause 9.2.4b. Concept does not calculate the quantities of minimum ties required by this clause, which must be calculated and included by the Engineer. When the minimum quantity of closed ties is present in the torsion strips, the equation in clause 9.2.4b is used: 1.2V uo V u = --------------------------------------- uM v - 1.0 + -------------- 2V a 2 This expression can also be re-arranged to view in terms of limiting stresses: M v V ---------------------- + -------------------- f cv + 0.3 cp 2 2.4a d om 1.2ud om In scenarios where the shear to moment ratio is small and/or torsion strip width to effective depth is small, it is possible for the AS 3600 equations to calculate a lower strength with ties than without. Concept does not calculate shear capacity using the beam provisions of clause 9.2.4c and 9.2.4d.
Calculation of Maximum and Allowable Shear Stress and Corresponding Stress Ratio
and cp is the average prestress in the punching check region. If cp results in tension it reduces the allowable stress. The reported allowable shear stresses are multiplied by = 0.7 . For each set of enveloped force reactions, a maximum unreinforced shear stress is calculated as follows:
1 The maximum unreinforced shear stress on the slab strip face is calculated. 2 The maximum unreinforced shear stress on the torsion strip due to combined shear and bending is calculated for bending about the r-axis, using the closed ties provisions if selected by the user. 3 The maximum unreinforced shear stress on the torsion strip due to combined shear and bending is calculated for bending about the s-axis, using the closed ties provisions if selected by the user.
The absolute maximum shear stress from above is reported as the maximum unreinforced shear stress for that force envelope. The unreinforced stress ratio for each force envelope is the maximum unreinforced stress/allowable stress.
Calculation of Punching Resistance with SSR
The SSR is used to resist direct shear stresses, but not torsion stresses. Where SSR is provided the punching resistance is calculated as follows:
1 The following operations are performed individually on each face: 2 A minimum number of rails are installed based upon a maximum transverse rail spacing of 2dom. The rails are installed
at the allowable maximum spacing. The length of each rail is a minimum of 2.5d.
3 The number of strips used for strength is calculated, up to a total of 4 (2 slab and 2 torsion strips). This is accomplished by
determining how many faces contain parts of the critical section. If there is no part of the critical section on a particular face, this face will not be used for strength design but will get rails placed, if possible, using the maximum transverse spacing requirement.
4 The perimeter length of the face is calculated both as a slab strip and a torsion strip. The length of the torsion strip is simply
the appropriate width of the critical section. The length of the slab strip is calculated as the length remaining after any torsion strip lengths have been deducted. If the torsion strip is broken up with holes/openings, it is possible that the slab strip length will be less than or equal to zero. In this event no design will be reported and the status will be reported as Failed.
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5 The average effective depth of the slabs containing the existing rails is calculated. 6 The number of additional rails required is calculated and added, if necessary, and step 4 and 5 are repeated until a satis-
factory solution is found. The strength equations used in the calculation of SSR are as follows: For slab strips: V u = V uo ( 1 + K s ) where 1d u - -K s = -------A f -V uo vs vy s b and Avs = cross sectional area of one peripheral line of studs in the strip b = width of the strip fvy = yield stress of the studs in the strip d = average effective depth of the slab containing the shear stud rails u = perimeter length of the critical section For torsion strips: V uo V u = --------------------------------------------uM v 1 -------------- + ----------------------1 + K t 8V ad om where u 1d - - -K t = -------A f -V uo vt vy s a and a = width of the strip The maximum punching shear force which can be transferred to the column is taken as the smaller of these two values of Vu : where V Vu = 0.7
Maximum Reinforced Strength
The maximum strength of the reinforced slab/column connection is given as: Vumax = 0.2fcudom thus giving the following 2 conditions that must be satisfied: In the slab strip,
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Miscellaneous Provisions
The spacing to the first stud is calculated as 0.35 d. This spacing is rounded down to the nearest 5 mm for metric units (or 1/8 inch for US units). The maximum typical stud spacing is 0.75 d. In seismic applications, the Engineer can limit the typical spacing to a smaller value by specifying the typical stud spacing directly. A minimum quantity of SSR reinforcement is provided as follows: In the slab strip, 0.35bs A vs = --------------f vy In the torsion strip, 0.35as A vs = --------------f vy When SSR reinforcement is required, the minimum quantity of reinforcement is required on all strength strips.
The punching shear analysis and design approach uses the EC2 provisions for the basis of the implementation. Some condition specific EC2 provisions were generalized using CEB-FIP 90. The implementation also implements suggestions in TR-43 regarding treatment of precompression in the shear strength equations. A control perimeter (u1) is defined at 2d from the periphery of area of application of force. This control perimeter is constructed so as to minimize its length. The corners of the perimeter are rounded. For slab edges located within the punching check, additional control perimeters will be generated by projecting perpendicular lines from the original control perimeter to the slab edges. Additionally, control perimeters will be generated for each basic slab shape, cap, etc. This could result in a number of basic control perimeters. To calculate the perimeter stresses, a plastic distribution of stresses caused by the eccentricity between the load/reaction and the control perimeter is superimposed with the shear stresses caused by the concentric loading to calculate a complete stress distribution on the perimeter. Where there are eccentricities in two orthogonal directions, they are considered simultaneously. The k factor in EC2 equation 6.39 is applied to the unbalanced moment after the column forces are transformed to the plastic neutral axis of the control perimeter. EC2 clause 6.4.3(3) requires the calculation of a factor on the basic control perimeter. The same factor is then applied to all subsequent perimeter calculations. This simplification is made due to the complexity in the plastic section calculations. Concept does not make this assumption, but instead calculates and applies an appropriate factor for each perimeter calculated. This is in accordance with the approach for the cutoff section in CEB-FIP 90.
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Before any calculations are performed, the following manipulations are carried out on the reactions at the column center:
1 The column reactions are transformed to the control perimeter elastic centroid. 2 k factors are calculated using ratios about the column principal axes. 3 The reactions are rotated to the column principal axes and multiplied by appropriate k factors. 4 The reactions are rotated to the control perimeter elastic principal axes.
a + d
a + c
area a
b + d
b + c
area b
The remainder of the calculations are carried out about the elastic principal axes of the control perimeter. Since a plastic stress distribution is used, if the punching area of the control perimeter on each side of the elastic neutral axes is not equal, the magnitudes must vary to maintain vertical equilibrium. This is handled by using multiplication factors representing the ratio of stress on one side of the principal axis over the stress on the other side. These factors are represented in the following form: Area a x = -------------Area b Area c y = -------------Area d The stresses in each quadrant (considering bending about each axis separately) can then be represented as: b = x a d = y c Equation 1 Equation 2
Two simultaneous equations can then be set up and solved for the state of stress around the critical section: Mox = unbalanced moment about the principal x-axis of the critical section (after adjustment by k) Moy = unbalanced moment about the principal y-axis of the critical section (after adjustment by k) d = effective depth at location in critical section
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area c
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These terms can be envisioned as plastic section moduli and each term has units of cubic length. Due to the interaction of in the above equations and the equations below, these values are only valid for the axes about which they are calculated. Equation 3 and 4 then become:
We can then use equations 1 and 2 to solve for b and d . The stress in any given quadrant of the critical section is then solved for as:
The punching resistance for an unreinforced section is calculated as follows: v Rd ,c = C Rd ,c k ( 100 1 f ck ) + k 1 cp v min + k 1 cp where C Rd ,c = 0.18 --------c
1 -3
(6.47)
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d in mm relates to bonded tension steel in y and z directions (this value is input directly by the user as a
punching check property) fck = characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days k1 = 0.1 cp = ( cy + cz ) 2 average compression in the punching check region.
Calculation of Punching Resistance with SSR
Where SSR is used the punching resistance is calculated as follows: v Rd ,cs = 0.75v Rd ,c + [ 1.5 ( d sw s r ) A sw f ywd ] u i d i (6.52)
dsw = average effective depth of slab containing shear reinforcement sr = radial spacing of shear reinforcement Asw = area of one peripheral line of shear reinforcement di = the average effective depth of the perimeter under consideration fywd = effective design strength of the shear reinforcement = f yk s di = the average effective depth of the perimeter under consideration
Note: Because the head sizes of SSR are typically selected to ensure 100% development of the stem, the yield strength of the SSR reinforcement is used without adjustment for effective depth, d. If the Engineer needs to make reductions to the effective yield strength of the studs due to depth issues these modifications can be made by specifying a reduced yield stress in the SSR Systems on the Materials page.
Limitation of Punching Stress at the Perimeter of the Column or Loaded Area
At the perimeter of the column face the maximum shear stress is limited to: vEd = vRd,max where v Ed = V Ed ( u 0 d ) vRd,max = 0.5 v fcd = maximum beta from calculated control perimeters, u1 v = 0.6[1 - fck/250] fck in N/mm2 fcd = design value of concrete compressive strength u0 = length of column or loaded area periphery u0 is further limited as follows: (6.53)
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Note: This simplification for edge columns was necessary due to difficulty in calculating the code equation for irregular situations. This provision is not in strict compliance with the code and should be reviewed by the Engineer as necessary.
Corner columns: u0 < 3d
Miscellaneous Provisions
The control perimeter at which shear reinforcement is not required is calculated using eq. 6.47. The outermost perimeter of shear reinforcement is placed not greater than 1.5d within this perimeter. The spacing to the first stud is calculated as 0.5 d. The maximum typical stud spacing is 0.75 d. A minimum quantity of SSR reinforcement is provided in accordance with EC2 equation 9.11: A sw ,m in ( 0.08 f ck s r s t ) 1.5f yk where st is assumed to be < 2d (Final rail layout should be confirmed/adjusted to be in agreement with this assumption)
Note: Arrangement of SSR in accordance with Figure 6.22 is not considered. The Engineer should re-arrange the SSR as appropriate or add infill rails to satisfy the requirements of tangential spacing limits. Adjustment of control perimeters in accordance with Figure 6.22B is not considered. Note: EC2 has special provisions for column bases. These provisions are not implemented in Concept (the provisions above are applied to all punching checks). For slabs without prestress, this will always be conservative. For slabs with prestress, the Engineer will need to evaluate the validity of the results.
Figure 59-4 Positive moment reactions derived from the right-hand rule sign convention.
Concept reports the reactions applied from the column to the slab. The reactions are the forces and moments that would need to be applied to the column joint in order to keep the system in equilibrium if the columns were removed. This can be envisioned by removing the column from the structure and replacing it with the reported reactions applied at the column centroid. Refer to Figure 59-5 for clarification.
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For post-tensioned slabs, the allowable calculated by Concept may be smaller than that calculated by 2D frame programs, because Concept uses an effective prestress value that is an average for the punching zone. This punching zone average will reflect a lower effective prestress in column capitals and other thickened areas.
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