1. TNM: Telecomunication Network Management 1.

1 Nhim v: Mc ch:Gim st v iu khin: i tng:H thng mng rng ln, cc ti nguyn mng v cc h thng my tnh. Phm vi qun l:Truyn thng, sn xut kinh doanh, ti chnh ngn hng, gio dc, nghin cu v pht trin.

1.2 Cc vng chc nng qun l: 1.2.1 Qun l li: D tm Xc nh v tr Tm nguyn nhn

1.2.2 Qun l cu hnh: ln k hoch v thit k lp t mng thit k cung cp dch v v to li nhun

1.2.3 Qun l k ton: xc nh cc phng php o s dng ti nguyn mng xc nh mc cc lp phiu cc

1.2.4 Qun l hiu nng: 1.2.5 gim st kh nng thc thi ca mng tp hp d liu thc thi. phn tch d liu thc thi ngn nga h thng hot ng suy gim iu khin hot ng thc thi duy tr kh nng hot ng ca mng v dch v Qun l bo an: ngn nga v d tm s gian ln s dng ti nguyn mng ch ng v khi phc cc h hng do s dng ti nguyn mng cung cp cc c ch bo v vic s dng ti nguyn mng

1.3 Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng qun l mng.

1.3.1 Management Station (trm qun l): cung cp 1 nn tng trn tn ti chc nng qun l thng qua: nn tng phn cng v h iu hnh thc thi cc ng dng qun l mt giao tip ngi dng ngii dng c th truy cp cc ng dng qun l

1.3.2 Manager (qun l): c chc nng nh 1 trung tm iu khin chu trch nhim thit lp tt c cc quyt nh qun l quan trng: chc nng qun l gi tt c cc lnh n thc th qun l thc thi cc cc quyt nh qun l 1.3.3 Management agent (thc th qun l): thnh phn ny phn t mng c qun l v chu trch nhim: Thc thi cc lnh gi t chc nng qun l bao gm ci t v kim tra gi tr thuc tnh ca phn t mng Tp hp d liu trn phn t mng v gi d liu ny n b phn qun l khi c yu cu Thng bo 1 s kin quan trng xy ra trn phn t mng cho b phn qun l (iu ny khng mong mun)

1.3.4 MIB (c s thng tin qun l): ging nh CSDL, cha tt c cc thng tin cn thit cho b phn qun l v mt phn t mng c qun l. Mt phn t mng c th l: mt b chuyn mch, thit b truyn dn 1.3.5 Management Protocol (giao thc qun l): dng xc nh tin trnh v cu trc m b phn qun l v thc th qun l s dng trao i cc thng tin qun l 1.4 Hot ng ca h thng mng:

Query Operation: hot ng truy vn, b phn qun l yu cu agent v cc thng tin trn phn t mng nh l: trng thi, tnh trng, hoc s liu dng thng k. Set Operation: hot dng ci t, Manager yu cu agent thay i thng tin qun l ca agent lm thay i cc thuc tnh ca phnn t mng. Reporting Event: thng bo mt s kin khng bnh thng cho manager bng cch gi bn tin n cho manager.

2. TMN: Telecomunication Management Network 2.1 Kin trc chc nng Bao gm 05 khi chc nng v 08 thnh phn chc nng, 05 im tham chiu. SF: cung cp cc dch v bo an bao gm: xc thc, iu khin truy nhp, bo mt d liu, ton vn d liu v khng chi t. (xem ti liu) Mi quan h gia khi chc nng v cc thnh phn chc nng c th hin trong bng sau:

FUNCTION BLOCK OSF WSF NEF MF QAF

FUNNCTION COMPONENT OSF-MAF,WSF,ICF,DSF,DAF,SF UISF, DAF,SF NEF-MAF,DSF,DAF,SF MF-MAF,ICF,WSF,DAF,SF QAF-MAF,ICF,DSF,DAF,SF

N nh ngha cc thnh phn chc nng c yu cu bi 1 khi chc nng v 05 im tham chiu: * Cu hi: im tham chiu trong kin trc chc nng TMN l g? im tham chiu: l im mang tnh khi nim trao i thng tin gia cc chc nng khng chng ln nhau. im tham chiu c th tr thnh mt giao din khi: Cc khi chc nng kt ni vi n l cc thit b ring bit v mt vt l. Cc im tham chiu bao gm: q; f; x; g v m. Cc im tham chiu xc nh ranh gii dch v gia hai khi chc nng qun l. Mi im tham chiu yu cu v cc c tnh giao thc truyn tin khc nhau, n c nh ngha khi qut th tc trao i thng tin gia cc khi chc nng khc nhau. Trong 5 loi im tham chiu trn, TMN c 3 loi im tham chiu c nh ngha nh sau: - q: Gia OSF, QAF, MF v NEF - f: Gia OSF hoc MF vi WSF - x: Gia OSF ca hai TMN Ngoi ra hai im tham chiu phi TMN (non-TMN) c nh ngha l : - g: Gia WSF v ngi s dng (users) - m: Gia QAF v thc th non-TMN b qun l

2.2 Kin trc vt l TMN: Kin trc vt l bao gm cc khi nh sau: OS, MD, Q. Adapter, DCN, NE, WST v cc giao tip: X, F, Q. WS: l h thng thc hin cc WSF. Cc chc nng trm lm vic dch thng tin im tham chiu f ti 1 khun dng c th hin im tham chiu giao din ngi my v ngc li.
4

Mt trm lm vic thc hin 2 loi chc nng hin th v chc nng WSF. Chc nng hin th cung cp cho ngi s dng u vo, u ra vt l v nhng phng tin din gii xm nhp, hin th v sa i chi tit ca thng tin bn trong mt TMN. Chc nng ny cng cp s h tr cho giao din ngi-my, c gi l im tham chiu g. Mt WSF cung cp cho ngi s dng nhng chc nng chung ti thit b u cui x l u vo, u ra ca d liu n hay i t thit b u cui ca ngi s dng. nhng chc nng ny bao gm; an ton truy cp ti thit b u cui, phn tch v xc nhn tnh hp l u vo; t khun dng v xc nhn tnh hp l ca u ra; duy tr CSDL, h tr danh mc, mn hnh, ca s v thanh cun.

* Cu hi Chc nng v cho v d v cc khi trong hnh v? Khi OS: l h thng m thc hin cc chc nng h iu hnh OSF. OS c th cung cp ty chn v QAF v cc WSF. Trong thc t n x l thng tin c lin quan ti qun l vin thng nhm mc ch theo di, iu khin v gim st mng vin thng. OS cung cp kh nng gim st hoc kh nng iu khin cho p ng qun l. V d: MD: thit b trung gian. 1 MD thc hin chc nng trung gian l x l thng tin truyn gia OS v phn t mng m bo lm cho thng tin ph hp. chc nng ti nhng im ny c th l: lu tr, chuyn i, lc, sp xp v phn loi thng tin. V d: * Vai tr 3 giao din X,Q,F? a) Giao din Q Giao din Q c p dng ti im tham chiu q, cung cp tnh linh hot trong h tr giao thc truyn thng. Giao din Q c chia thnh: Giao din Q3 c p dng ti im tham chiu q3 Giao din Qx c p dng ti im tham chiu qx Giao din Q3 l giao din ca h thng khai thc bt c thc th TMN no kt ni trc tip ti OS u s dng giao din Q3. Giao din Q3 h tr mt t hp chc nng rt phc tp, v v vy n i hi rt nhiu dch v giao thc m ng nhim v ny. Giao din Qx c p dng ti im tham chiu qx, Qx l phn giao tip gia NE v MD, MD v QA. Giao din Qx h tr mt tp hp nh chc nng bng cch s dng giao thc n gin nhng ph hp vi cc thnh phn mng khng i hi nhiu chc nng v c s dng vi s lng ln nh thay i trong trng thi cnh bo, khi to li cnh bo Hai nhm giao din Q3 v Qx c xp th t theo s dch v truyn thng m n cung cp v phong ph cng nh phc hp ca cc ng dng TMN m chng h tr. Thng thng
5

giao din Q3 cung cp cc dch v v giao thc phc tp hn, thc hin nhiu chc nng hn cho mi thnh phn mng (NE). Khi mt thnh phn mng ch c giao din Qx mun kt ni ti OS th phi qua thit b trung gian (MD) b) Giao din X Giao din X p dng ti im tham chiu x, dng lin kt hai TMN vi nhau hoc gia TMN vi mt loi mng qun l khc. Cc bn tin v giao thc c nh ngha cho giao din X cng c th thch hp cho giao din Q3 s dng gia cc OS. M hnh thng tin ti giao din X gii hn kh nng truy nhp t bn ngoi mng qun l vin thng, v c th yu cu thm cc giao thc m bo an ton c) Giao din F Giao din F p dng cho im tham chiu f, cn thit cho s kt ni gia trm lm vic WS vi cc khi c bn ca TMN thng qua mng truyn s liu (DCN). 2.3 S kin trc phn lp?

S kin trc phn lp 2.3.1 Lp qun l phn t NEML Lp qun l phn t mng chu trch nhim qun l cc NE. Cc thng tin qun l TMN do cc NE cung cp. NEML chu trch nhim giao tip gia thng tin qun l v cu trc h tng mng qun l vin thng 0 Hay ni cch khc lp qun l phn t mng c nhim v qun l tng phn t mng hoc mt nhm cc phn t mng (mng con). Cc chc nng mng qun l vin thng do khi iu khin mng con (SNC) cung cp. Lp qun l phn t mng c ba vai tr c bn sau: + Kim sot v phi hp mt tp con cc phn t mng trn c s chc nng phn t mng ring + Kim sot v phi hp mt tp con cc phn t mng trn c s chc nng tp hp chung + Thu thp v qun l cc s liu thng k, trng thi v s liu v hot ng ca cc phn t mng trong phm vi iu khin ca mnh Lp qun l phn t mng c mt hoc nhiu hn mt phn t OSF (c vai tr ring bit) trn mt c s chuyn giao t lp qun l ti nguyn cho vi tp con ca cc chc nng phn t mng. Nh mt mc tiu, mt quan im c lp nh cung cp thit b s c cung cp ti lp qun l ti nguyn. 2.3.2 Lp qun l mng NML Lp qun l mng thc hin qun l bao qut ton mng da trn thng tin NE do cc OS ca NEML cung cp. Lp ny cung cp cc chc nng v cu hnh mng, phn tch hiu nng
6

v thng k mng. NML kt hp hot ng vi h tr cc yu cu ca lp qun l dch v. OS trong NML giao tip vi OS trong cc lp khc qua giao din tiu chun Lp qun l mng c 4 vai tr c bn sau: + iu khin v phi hp trn ton mng, bao gm tt c cc phn t mng trong phm vi hoc trong vng ca n + Cung cp, nh ch hoc thay i tnh nng mng h tr vic cung cp dch v + Bo dng, duy tr cc tnh nng c bn ca mng + Thu thp, lu tr v thng k cc s liu v mng v giao tip vi lp qun l dch v v hiu nng, mc s dng mng 2.3.3 Lp qun l dch v SML `Lp qun l dch v s dng thng tin nhn t lp qun l mng qun l cc dch v cung cp cho khch hng. Lp qun l dch v c trch nhim i vi cc vn v hp ng dch v ang cung cp cho khch hng hoc sn sng cung cp cho khch hng mi . N lm u mi lin h vi khch hng v ton b giao dch dch v nh lp t, cung cp dch v, cht lng dch v. Lp qun l dch v c bn vai tr c bn sau: Gp g khch hng v giao giao tip vi cc nh qun tr khc. Giao tip vi nh cung cp dch v. Bo dng s liu trng thi. Duy tr mi tng tc gia cc dch v. Lp qun l dch v chu trch nhim m phn, tho thun gia khch hng v nh cung cp dch v. Tng qun l dch v (SML) h tr cc chc nng qun l phn phi v m bo cc dch v ti ngi dng theo nhng s mong i khch hng. N thc hin cc chc nng : + Qun l cc tiu s vn tt dch v, mi tiu s vn tt dch v biu din cc yu cu cc ti nguyn dch v v mng cn kch hot dch v. Cc min qun l ti nguyn dch v (SRM) v qun l ti nguyn truyn dn (NRM) bn di sp xp cc yu cu ny vo cc thng s mng ca cc phn t mng nm di. + Qun l kt hp cc thu bao thng thng ti tp cc l lch vn tt tng ng hp ng cc thu bao ny. + Qun l dch v v cc ti nguyn mng yu cu cho php kch hot cc dch v theo hp ng ngi s dng, bao gm yu cu kt ni v cc c tnh kt hp ca n: bng thng, QoS, mc SLA. + Gim st cc dch v kch hot bo m hi t SLA bng hp ng v s nh hng ca chi tit khng c th cc chc nng (phn phi thng tin ti ngi khai thc, gim bt cc ch s ti h thng tnh cc trong trng hp QoS qu thp, vv) 2.3.4 Lp qun l kinh doanh BML Lp qun l kinh doanh chu trch nhim v ton b hot ng ca h thng v giao tip vi cc h thng qun l khc. Trong khi nhng chc nng chnh ca lp qun l dch v v lp qun l mng l s dng ti u cc ngun ti nguyn th cc chc nng ca lp qun l kinh doanh l quyt nh u t v a vo s dng cc ti nguyn mi. N thc hin lp k hoch mc v m, d ton kinh ph, t mc tiu, quyt nh hnh chnh, tho thun thng mi... Lp qun l kinh doanh c vai tr c bn sau: + H tr tin trnh ra quyt nh u t v s dng hiu qu cc ngun ti nguyn mi. + H tr qun l OA & M lin quan ti ngn sch. + H tr vic cung cp v yu cu OA & M lin quan ti ngun nhn lc. + Bo dng s liu ton b h thng.
7

3 Giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP (simple network management protocol) * Cu hi: SNMP l g? Cc phin bn SNMP (simple network management protocol): 3.1 Gii thiu SNMP 3.1.1 Khi nim SNMP SNMP l mt cng c cho php qun l ti ch t xa cc thnh phn mng, bao gm cc server, cc bn lm vic, cc router, cc b chuyn mch v cc thnh phn chuyn mch khc. SNMP bao gm cc agent v cc manager: - Agent: l mt tin trnh hot ng trn nt c qun l tp hp thng tin v thit b hot ng trn . - Manager: l tin trnh hot ng trn mt trm qun l yu cu thng tin v cc thit b hot ng trn mng. 3.1.2 Cc phin bn SNPM: SNMP c hai phin bn chnh l SNMPv1 v SNMPv2. SNMPv1: l phin bn c khuyn ngh lm tiu chun SNMPv2: c chia ra thnh SNMPv2u l SNMPv2 da trn c s c bo an cho ngi s dng . SNMPv2*: l SNMPv2 da trn c s bo an cho ngi s dng v c thm nhng c tnh khc. SNMPv2C: l SNMPv2 khng c bo an. 3.1.3 Cc thnh phn ca SNMP? Gm 3 phn c bn: - giao thc SNMP: + nh dng cc bn tin dng cc bn tin c trao i bi h thng v agent. + c trng bi cc thao tc Get, Getnext, Trap - cu trc thng tin qun l: SMI (structure of management information): c trng cho khun dng s dng nh ngha cc i tng c qun l m cc i tng ny truy sut qua giao thc SNMP. - C s thng tin qun l: l 1 bn c phn cp qun l cc i tng. * Cu hi: Th no l hm Get, GetNext, Trap, Set? GET: l tm li gi tr ca mt bin MIB c lu tr trn agent (internet, string, address). Get: get c gi t NMS yu cu ti agent. Agent nhn yu cu v x l vi kh nng tt nht c th. Nu mt thit b no ang bn ti nng, nh router, n khng c kh nng tr li yu cu nn n s hy li yu cu ny. Nu agent tp hp thng tin cn thit cho li yu cu, n gi li cho NMS mt get-response. agent hiu c NMS cn tm thng tin g, n da vo mt mc trong get l variable binding hay varbind. Varbind l mt danh sch cc i tng ca MIB m NMS mun ly t agent. Getnext: tm li gi tr tip theo ca bin MIB ca ngn ng tip theo. Get-next: get-next a ra mt dy cc lnh ly thng tin t mt nhm trong MIB. Agent s ln lt tr li tt c cc i tng c trong cu truy vn ca get-next tng t nh get, cho n khi no ht cc i tng trong dy. SET: thay i gi tr ca mt bin MIB. TRAP: l thng bo khng mong mun gi t agent n ng dng qun l cc li sut hin trn thit b. Khi nhn c mt trap t agent, NMS khng tr li li bng ACK. Do agent khng th no bit c l li cnh bo ca n c ti c NMS hay khng. Khi nhn c mt trap t agent, n tm xem trap number hiu ngha ca trap :
8

* Poll v Alert? Poll: l c ch 2 chiu, khi c yu cu t ngi qun l th tr li. Alert: l c ch 1 chiu, t ng thng bo khi c 1 s vic no xy ra. Ngi qun l khng t cu hi. Nguyn l ca poll: trung tm gim st s thng xuyn hi thng tin ca thit b cn gim st. Nu manager khng hi th device s khng tr li. nu maneger hi th device phi tr li. bng cch hi thng xuyn, maneger s cp nht thng tin thng xuyn v mi nht t device. Nguyn l ca alert: mi khi trong device xy ra 1 s kin no , th device s t ng gi thng bo cho manager. Manager s khng hi thng tin dnh k t device. Poll u im: ch ng ly thng tin, c quyn lc chn cc thng tin cn thit. Khuyt im: b st s kin, ch khi no mi tr li * Th no l Object ID? Mt thit b h tr SNMP c th cung cp nhiu thng tin khc nhau, mi thng tin gi l mt object. V d : + My tnh c th cung cp cc thng tin : tng s cng, tng s port ni mng, tng s byte truyn/nhn, tn my tnh, tn cc process ang chy, . + Router c th cung cp cc thng tin : tng s card, tng s port, tng s byte truyn/nhn, tn router, tnh trng cc port ca router, . Mi object c mt tn gi v mt m s nhn dng object , m s gi l Object ID (OID). V d : + Tn thit b c gi l sysName, OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5 4. + Tng s port giao tip (interface) c gi l ifNumber, OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.1. + a ch Mac Address ca mt port c gi l ifPhysAddress, OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.6. + S byte nhn trn mt port c gi l ifInOctets, OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.10. Mt object ch c mt OID, chng hn tn ca thit b l mt object. Tuy nhin nu mt thit b li c nhiu tn th lm th no phn bit ? Lc ny ngi ta dng thm 1 ch s gi l scalar instance index (cng c th gi l sub-id) t ngay sau OID. V d : + Tn thit b c gi l sysName, OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5; nu thit b c 2 tn th chng s c gi l sysName.0 & sysName.1 v c OID ln lt l 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0 & 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.1. + a ch Mac address c gi l ifPhysAddress, OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.6; nu thit b c 2 mac address th chng s c gi l ifPhysAddress.0 & ifPhysAddress.1 v c OID ln lt l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.6.0 & 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.6.1. + Tng s port c gi l ifNumber, gi tr ny ch c 1 (duy nht) nn OID ca n khng c phn cp con v vn l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.1. hu ht cc thit b, cc object c th c nhiu gi tr th thng c vit di dng c sub-id. VD: mt thit b d ch c 1 tn th n vn phi c OID l sysName.0 hay 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0. Bn cn nh quy tc ny ng dng trong lp trnh phn mm SNMP manager. Sub-id khng nht thit phi lin tc hay bt u t 0.
9

Alert u im: khi c s kin xy ra, thng bo cho ngi qun l, gip cho ngi qun l ch ng nm bt tt c thng tin Khuyt im: nhiu thng tin xy ra nhng khng c b lc lc thng tin.

VD mt thit b c 2 mac address th c th chng c gi l ifPhysAddress.23 v ifPhysAddress.125645.

OID ca cc object ph bin c th c chun ha, OID ca cc object do bn to ra th bn phi t m t chng. ly mt thng tin c OID chun ha th SNMP application phi gi mt bn tin SNMP c cha OID ca object cho SNMP agent, SNMP agent khi nhn c th n phi tr li bng thng tin ng vi OID .
VD : Mun ly tn ca mt PC chy Windows, tn ca mt PC chy Linux hoc tn ca mt router th SNMP application ch cn gi bn tin c cha OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0. Khi SNMP agent chy trn PC Windows, PC Linux hay router nhn c bn tin c cha OID 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0, agent lp tc hiu rng y l bn tin hi sysName.0, v agent s tr li bng tn ca h thng. Nu SNMP agent nhn c mt OID m n khng hiu (khng h tr) th n s khng tr li.

* Cch thc khai bo SNMP manager v SNMP agent? Khai bo SNMP cho h thng cn 4 giai on: Cu hnh Get/Set trn SNMP agent, Cu hnh trn SNMP manager, Cu hnh Trap trn SNMP agent, Cu hnh Trap trn SNMP Trap Receiver. 1. Cu hnh Get/Set trn SNMP agent + Bt tnh nng SNMP agent trn thit b cn gim st: cc thit b h tr SNMP c th khng mc nh bt tnh nng ny, bn phi bt n ln tin trnh agent hot ng. + Khai bo community-string v quyn truy cp tng ng: bn phi khai bo cc community string v ch ra community no c quyn g (read, write, set). + Khai bo phin bn SNMP: ch nh agent s hot ng bng phin bn SNMP no (v1, v2, v3). Nu agent khng cho php khai bo version th agent ny c th ch h tr SNMPv1. + Khai bo SNMP ACL: ACL cho php ch nhng dy IP no mi c gim st agent. + Khai bo Location, Contact, HostName : y l cc tham s ph, khng quan trng. 2. Cu hnh trn SNMP manager + Khai bo IP ca thit b cn gim st. + Khai bo community-string : community string c khai bo trn manager phi ging nh khai bo trn agent. + Khai bo phin bn SNMP : phin bn m manager s dng gim st phi ging vi phin bn khai bo trn agent. + Chu k ly mu : do SNMP Get/Set s dng phng thc poll nn bn cn khai bo chu k ly thng tin ca manger. 3. Cu hnh Trap trn SNMP agent + Bt tnh nng trap sender. + Khai bo a ch IP ca trap receiver. + Khai bo community-string ca bn tin trap. + Khai bo version ca SNMP trap. 4. Cu hnh Trap trn SNMP Trap Receiver + Bt tnh nng trap receiver. + Khai bo dy a ch IP ca sender m trap receiver s nhn, nhng IP nm ngoi dy ny th trap receiver s khng nhn trap. Tnh nng ny l ty chn, c th nhiu trap receiver khng h tr. + Khai bo b lc kiu trap: y l danh sch cc kiu trap s c hin ra trn mn hnh ca trap receiver. Tnh nng ny cng l ty chn. * C ch bo mt ca SNMP? + community string: v d l password. + view: l tp hp cc i tng c phn lp, ch manager c cp quyn view th mi qun l view . + SNMP Acess Control List: ch cho php nhng manager c cp nht trong list th mi truy cp qun l c.
10

* Cc i tng MIB II? Vit on m?

Hnh v:

vit on m:

MIB-II DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN IMPORTS Mgmt,networkAddress, IpAddress, counter, gauge, TimeTicks FORM RFC1155-SMI OBJECT-TYPE FROM RFC-1212; Mib-2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER::={mgmt 1} Displaystring::=OCTETSTRING physAddress::= OCTET STRING system interfaces OBJECT IDENTIFIER::={mib-2 1} OBJECT IDENTIFIER::={mib }

at OBJECT IDENTIFIER::={mib-2 3 } ip OBJECT IDENTIFIER::={mib-2 4 } icmp OBJECT IDENTIFIER::={mib-2 5} tcp OBJECT IDENTIFIER::={mib-2 6 } udp OBJECT IDENTIFIER::={mib-2 7 } egp OBJECT IDENTIFIER::={mib-2 8 } cmot OBJECT IDENTIFIER::={mib-2 9} transmission OBJECT DENTIFIER::={mib-2 10} snmp OBJECT IDENTIFIER::={mib-2 11} END
11