Chapter20 Magnetism

UnitsofChapter20
MagnetsandMagneticFields ElectricCurrentsProduceMagneticFields ForceonanElectricCurrentinaMagneticField; DefinitionofB ForceonElectricChargeMovinginaMagnetic Field

UnitsofChapter20
MagneticFieldDuetoaLongStraightWire ForcebetweenTwoParallelWires SolenoidsandElectromagnets AmpresLaw TorqueonaCurrentLoop;MagneticMoment

MagnetsandMagneticFields
Magnetshavetwoendspolescallednorth andsouth.DipoleMagnets Likepolesrepel;unlikepolesattract.

MagnetsandMagneticFields
However,ifyoucutamagnetinhalf,youneverget anorthpoleandasouthpoleyoualwaysgettwo smallermagnets.

MagnetsandMagneticFields
Magneticfieldscanbevisualizedusingmagneticfield lines,whicharealwaysclosedloops.Themagnetic fieldcontinuesthroughthebarmagnetitself.

EarthsMagneticField
TheEarthsmagneticfieldissimilartothatofabar magnet. NotethattheEarths NorthPoleisreallya southmagneticpole, asthenorthendsof magnetsareattracted toit.

MagnetsandMagneticFields
Auniformmagneticfieldisconstantinmagnitude anddirection. Thefieldbetween thesetwowidepoles isnearlyuniform.

ElectricCurrentsProduceMagneticFields
Experimentshowsthatanelectriccurrent producesamagneticfield.

ElectricCurrentsProduceMagneticFields
Thedirectionofthefield relativetothecurrentis givenbyarighthandrule. Themagneticfield circulatesaroundthe currentinaright handedsense.

ForceonanElectricCurrentina MagneticField;DefinitionofB
Amagnetexertsaforceonacurrentcarrying wire.Thedirectionoftheforceisalsogivenby arighthandrule.

ForceonanElectricCurrentina MagneticField;DefinitionofB
Theforceonthewiredependsonthecurrent, thelengthofthewire,themagneticfield,andits orientation.

ThisequationdefinesthemagneticfieldB. TheSIUnitofB:thetesla,T. 1T=1N/Am. Anotherunitsometimesused:thegauss(G). 1G=104T.

ForceonElectricChargeMovingina MagneticField
Theforceonamovingchargeisrelatedtothe forceonacurrent:

Onceagain,the directionisgivenbya righthandrule.

ForceonElectricChargeMovingina MagneticField
Ifachargedparticleis movingperpendicularto auniformmagneticfield, itspathwillbeacircle. Theradiusisgivenby

r=qB/mv
ForagivenBField,theris controlledbytheparticles momentumanddirectionof circulationbythesignofq

ForceonElectricChargeMovingina MagneticField
ProblemsolvingwithMagneticFields&Forces thingstoremember 2. Themagneticforceisperpendiculartothe magneticfielddirection. 3. Themagneticforceisperpendiculartothe movementofcharge(currentorpt.ch.velocity 4. Therighthandruleisusefulfordetermining directions. 5. Equationsinthischaptergivemagnitudesonly. Therighthandrulegivesthedirection.

SummaryofRightHandRules

MagneticFieldDuetoaLongStraightWire
Thefieldisinverselyproportionaltothedistance fromthewire:

Theconstant0iscalledthepermeabilityoffree space,andhasthevalue:

ForcebetweenTwoParallelWires
Themagneticfieldproducedat thepositionofwire2duetothe currentinwire1is:

Theforcethisfieldexertsona lengthl2ofwire2is:

ForcebetweenTwoParallelWires
Parallelcurrentsattract;antiparallelcurrentsrepel.

SolenoidsandElectromagnets
Asolenoidisalongcoilofwire.Ifitistightly wrapped,themagneticfieldinitsinteriorisalmost uniform:

SolenoidsandElectromagnets
Ifapieceofironisinsertedinthesolenoid,the magneticfieldgreatlyincreases.Such electromagnetshavemanypracticalapplications.

AmpresLaw
Ampreslawrelatesthe magneticfieldaroundaclosed looptothetotalcurrent flowingthroughtheloop.

AmpresLaw
Ampreslawcanbeusedtocalculatethe magneticfieldinsituationswithahighsymmetry.

TorqueonaCurrentLoop; MagneticMoment
Theforcesonoppositesidesofacurrentloopwill beequalandopposite(ifthefieldisuniformand theloopissymmetric),buttheremaybeatorque. Themagnitudeofthetorqueisgivenby:

ThequantityNIAiscalledthemagnetic dipolemoment,M:

MassSpectrometer/VelocitySelector
Amassspectrometermeasuresthemassesof atoms.Ifachargedparticleismovingthrough perpendicularelectricandmagneticfields,thereis aparticularspeedatwhichitwillnotbedeflected:

Lookatthemathtodevelopthisrelationship.

MassSpectrometer

Alltheatomsreaching thesecondmagnetic fieldwillhavethesame speed;theirradiusof curvaturewilldepend ontheirmass.

SummaryofChapter20
Magnetshavenorthandsouthpoles Likepolesrepel,unlikeattract Unitofmagneticfield:tesla Electriccurrentsproducemagneticfields Amagneticfieldexertsaforceonanelectric current:

SummaryofChapter20
Amagneticfieldexertsaforceonamovingcharge:

Magnitudeofthefieldofalong,straight currentcarryingwire:

Parallelcurrentsattract;antiparallelcurrentsrepel

SummaryofChapter20
Magneticfieldinsideasolenoid:

Ampreslaw:

Torqueonacurrentloop: