CHAPTER 4

The Integral Forms of the

Fundamental Laws
4.1

4.2

4.3
4.4

v
a) No net force may act on the system: F = 0.
b) The energy transferred to or from the system must be zero: Q - W = 0.
v
c) If V3n = V3 n 2 = 10i ( j ) = 0 is the same for all volume elements then
v D v
v D
v
F =
V dm , or F =
(mV ). Since mass is constant for a system
Dt
v
v Dt
v
v
DV
DV v
v
F = m
. Since
= a,
F = ma.
Dt
Dt

v
1
Extensive properties: Mass, m; Momentum, mV ; kinetic energy, mV 2 ;
2
potential energy, mgh; enthalpy, H.
v
Associated intensive properties (divide by the mass): unity, 1; velocity, V; V2 /2;
gh; H/m = h (specific enthalpy).
Intensive properties: Temperature, T; time, t; pressure, p; density, ; viscosity, .
(B)

System (t ) = V 1
c.v.(t ) = V 1
System (t + t ) = V 1 + V
c.v.(t + t ) = V

4.5

System ( t ) = V 1 + V
c.v.( t ) = V 1 + V
System (t + t ) = V

2
2

+V

c.v.( t + t ) = V 1 + V

2
pump

50

4.6

a) The energy equation (the 1st law of Thermo).

b) The conservation of mass.
c) Newtons 2nd law.
d) The energy equation.
e) The energy equation.

4.7

4.8

n
n
v

4.9

v
v

n
4.10

4.11

1 $ 1 $
n$ 1 =
i
j = 0.707(i$ + $j ) .
n$ 2 = 0.866 $i 0.5 $j .
2
2
v
V1n = V1 n1 = 10i [ 0.707( i + j )] = 7.07 fps
v
V2 n = V2 n$ 2 = 10i$ ( 0.866i$ 0.5 $j ) = 8.66 fps
v
V3n = V3 n 2 = 10i ( j ) = 0

v
flux = n$ VA
flux1 = [0.707 (i$ + $j )] 10i$A / 0.707 = 10A
flux2 = ( 0.866i$ 0.5 $j ) 10i$A / 0.866 = 10A
flux3 = ( $j ) 10$iA = 0
3

51

n$ 3 = $j .

4.12

v
(B n$ ) A = 15(0.5i$ + 0.866 $j ) $j (10 12)
= 15 0.866 120 = 1559 cm 3
Volume = 15 sin 60 o 10 12 = 1559 cm 3

4.13

The control volume must be independent of time. Since all space coordinates are
integrated out on the left, only time remains; thus, we use an ordinary derivative
to differentiate a function of time. But, on the right, we note that and may be
functions of (x, y, z, t); hence, the partial derivative is used.

4.14
2
c.v. (0) = c.v. (t)
= volume 1

4.15

system (t) is in
volumes 1 and 2

2
3

system (t) = V1 + V 2 + V 3
c.v. ( t) = V1 + V2

4.16
system boundary
at (t + t)

4.17

If fluid crosses the control surface only on areas A1 and A2 ,

v
v
v
$
$
$

VdA
=

VdA
+

V
dA = 0

c .s .

A1

A2

For uniform flow all quantities are constant over each area:
v
v
1n$ 1 V 1 dA + 2 n$ 2 V 2 dA = 0
A1

2
v
v
Let A 1 be the inlet so n$ 1 V1 = V1 and A 2 be the outlet so n$ 2 V2 = V 2 . Then

1V1 A 1 + 2 V2 A 2 = 0
or

2 A 2V 2 = 1A 1V 1

52

4.18

Use Eq. 4.4.2 with m V representing the mass in the volume:

v
dm V
dm V
0=
+ n$ V dA =
+ A 2 V 2 A 1V 1
dt
dt
c. s .
dm V
=
+ Q m& .
dt
Finally,
dmV
= m& Q.
dt

4.19

Use Eq. 4.4.2 with m S representing the mass in the sponge:

v
dm S
dm S
0=
+ n$ VdA =
+ A 2 V2 + A 3V 3 A 1V1
dt
dt
=

dm S
+ m& 2 + A 3V 3 Q 1 .
dt

Finally,
dm S
= Q1 m& 2 A 3V 3 .
dt
m& = AV =

4.20

(D)

4.21

A1V1 = A2V2.

p
200
AV =
0.042 70 = 0.837 kg/s .
RT
0.287 293

1.25 2
2.5 2
60 =
V2.
144
144

V2 = 15 ft/sec.

1.25 2
1.25 2
m& = AV = 1.94
60 = 3.968 slug/sec. Q = AV =
60 = 2.045 ft 3 / sec.
144
144
4.22

A1 V1 = A2 V2 . .0252 10 = (2 .6 .003)V2 .
V2 = 1.736 m/s.
2
m
& = AV = 1000 .025 10 = 19.63 kg/s. Q = AV= .0252 10 = 0.01963 m 3 / s.

4.23

& in = A1 V1 + A2 V2 . 200 = 1000 .0252 25 + 1000 Q2 . Q2 = 0.1509 m 3 / s.

m

4.24

1 =

p1
40 144
7 144
=
= .006455 slug/ft3 . 2 =
= .000963 slug/ft3 .
RT1 1716 520
1716 610
&
m
.2
& = AV .
m
V1 =
=
.
V1 = 355 fps.
2
1 A 1 ( 2 / 144 ).006455
m
& 2 = 0.2 =.000963 (2 3 / 144)V2 .
V2 = 4984 fps.

53

4.25

p1
500
kg
1246
kg
=
= 4.433 3 . 2 =
= 8.317 3
RT .287 393
m
.287 522
m
2
2
4.433 .05 600 = 8.317 .05 V2 . V2 = 319.8 m/s.
m
& = 1 A1V1 = 20.89 kg/s. Q 1 = A1V1 = 4.712 m 3 / s . Q2 = 2.512 m 3 / s .

4.26

1 A1V1 = 2 A2V2
p1
p
A 1V1 = 2 A 2V 2
RT1
RT2
200
120
0.05 2 40 =
0.03 2 120.
293
T2

1 A1V1 = 2 A2V2 .

T 2 = 189.9 K

4.27

1 =

or

83 o C.

d 22
a) A 1V 1 = A 2 V 2 .
(2 1.5 + 1.5 1.5) 3 =
2.
4
d2 2
b) (2 1.5 + 1.5 1.5) 3 = 2 . d2 = 4.478 m
4 2
1
R
c) (2 1.5 + 1.5 1.5) 3 = R 2 .866 R 2.
3

2
R = 3.581 m. d2 = 7.162 m

4.28

(A)

4.29

r
a) v = 10 1 .
r0

d2 = 3.167 m
cos = 1/2
= 60o

Refer to the circle of Problem 4.27:

75.7 2
Q = AV = ( 0.42
0.10 0.40 sin75.5o ) 3 = 0.516 m 3 /s.
360
r0

r
r2
r V = vdA = 10 1 2rdr = 20 r dr .
r0
r0
0
0
0
r0

r0

2
0

20 r02 r02 10
V = 2 =
= 3.333 m/s.
r0 2
3
3
m& = A V = 1000 .04 2 3.33 = 16.75 kg / s.

Q = AV = 0.01675 m 3 / s.

r0
r2

r2 r2
r2
b) v = 10 1 2 . r02V = 10 1 2 2rdr = 20 0 0 . V = 5 m/s
r0
4
r0

2
0
2
m& = A V = 1000 .04 5 = 25.13 kg / s.
Q = AV = 0.02513 m 3 / s.

r
c) v = 20 1 .
r0

r02V =

r
2
20
1

r / 2 r0 2rdr + 10r0 / 4.
0
r0

m
& = AV = 1000 .04 2 5.833 = 29.32 kg / s.

54

V = 5.833 m/s

Q = 0.02932 m 3 / s.

4.30

a) Since the area is rectangular, V = 5 m/s.

m& = A V = 1000 .08 .8 5 = 320 kg / s.

Q=

&
m
= 0.32 m 3 / s .

y y2
b) v = 40 2 with y = 0 at the lower wall.
h h
y y2
h
Vhw = 40 2 wdy = 40 w. V = 6.667 m/s.
6
h h
0
h

m& = A V = 1000 .08 .8 6.667 = 426.7 kg / s.

c) V .08 = 10 .04 + 5 .02 + 5 .02.

Q = 0.4267 m 3 / s.

V = 7.5 m/s.
m&
Q& =
= 0.48 m 3 / s .

m& = A V = 1000 .08 .8 7.5 = 480 kg / s.

4.31

a) A 1V 1 = v 2 dA .
With r0 =

1
,
24

b) A 1V 1 = v 2 dA .
With h =

1
,
24

c) A1V1 = v2 dA.

2
r0

r2
r02
1
6 = v max 1 2 2rdr = 2v m a x .
24
r0
4

1
w 6=
12

v ( y ) = 9(1 576y 2 ) fps.

r2
r02
0.01 2 = vmax 1 2 2 rdr = 2 vmax .
r
4
0

0
2

r0

v ( r ) = 4(1 10000r 2 ) m/s.

vmax = 4 m/s.

y2
4h
0.02 w 2 = vmax 1 2 wdy = vmax w .

3
h
h

With h = 0.01 m,
4.32

y2
4h
hv m a x 1 h 2 wdy = v m a x w 3 .
h

v max = 9 fps.

With r0 = 0.01 m,
d) n

v (r ) = 12( 1 576r 2 ) fps.

v max = 12 fps.

vmax = 3 m/s.

v( y ) = 3(1 10000 y 2 ) m/s.

If dm / dt = 0 , then 1 A 1V1 = 2 A 2 V 2 + 3 A 3 V3 . In terms of m& 2 and Q 3 this

becomes, letting 1 = 2 = 3 ,
1000 0.02 2 12 = m& 2 + 1000 0.01.
r1

4.33

v dA = A V .
1

2v max

m& 2 = 5.08 kg / s .

r2
2
0 v m a x 1 r12 2rdr = .0025 2.
r1

.005 2
= .0025 2 2.
4

v max = 1 m/s.

55

r2
v (r ) = 1
m / s.
.005 2

4.34

.1

2
.2 2 10 = 10(20 y 100y )2 dy + .1 2 10 + m& .
0

Note: We see that at y = 0.1 m the velocity u(.1) = 10 m/s. Thus we integrate to
y = 0.1, and between y = 0.1 and 0.2 the velocity u = 10.
4

m& = 0.6667 = 0.82 kg/s.

4 = + 2 + m& .
3

m& in = m& out + m& .

4.35

V1 h1 = u( y )dy .

10.05 = 10( 20y 100y 2 )dy

100 3

2
= 10 10 h
h .

3
666.7 h3 200 h2 = 1. This can be solved by trial-and-error:
h = .06:
.576 ? 1.
h = .07:
.751 ? 1.
h = .08:
.939 ? 1.
h = .083:
.997 ? 1.
h = .084:
1.016 ? 1.
h = 0.0832:
or 8.32 cm.

Note: Fluid does not cross a streamline so all the flow that enters on the left leaves on
the right. The streamline simply moves further from the wall.
4.36

m& = VdA =

1/ 3

2.2(1.3545y )(6 y 9 y

)2 5dy

1/ 3

= 22 6 y 2.127 y 2 9 y 2 + 3.19 y 3 dy = 4.528 slug/sec.

0

2
2
4
u m a x = 2 = fps. (See Prob. 4.31b).
3
3
3
2.2 + 1.94
4
1
=
= 2.07 slug/ft3 .
V A = 2.07 5 = 4.6 slug/sec.
2
3
3

V =

Thus, V A m& since = (y) and V = V(y) so that V V .

4.37

A 1V 1 = A 2 V 2 .

4.38

3
4
m 3 of air
3 m of H 2 O
2000 .0015

9000

5
= 1.5 (1.5h).
3
m 3 of air
s

4.39

Use Eq. 4.3.3:

.012 8 = ( 2 .2.04 )V 2 cos 30 o .

1 A 1V1 =
tire .
V
t

0=

t d V

v
+ 1V1 n$ 1 A 1 .

V2 = 0.05774 m/s.

v
V1 n$ 1 = V1 .

( 37 + 14.7)144
1

180 =
17.
96
1716 520
t
2

56

h = 0.565 m.

4.40

slug

= 3.01 10 5 3
.
t
ft sec

m
& in = m
&2+m
& 3.

V1 = 20 m/s (see Prob. 4.31c).

20 1000 .02 = 10 + 1000 .02 2 V3 .
V3 = 12.04 m/s.
2

4.41

0=

4.42

4.43

4.44

d
d
& net = m c. v. + m
&2 +m
&3 m
&1
m c .v. + m
dt
dt

d
& 1 m
&2 m
& 3 = 1000 .02 2 20 10 1000 .02 2 10
m c . v. = m
dt
= 2.57 kg/s.

The control surface is close to the

Ve
interface at the instant shown.
n
Vi = interface velocity.
e A eV e = i A i Vi .
8000
1.5 .15 2 300 =
12 V i .
.287 673
Vi = 0.244 m/s.
Assume an incompressible flow:
4Q1 = A 2 V 2 .
4 1500 / 60 = (2 4)V 2 .

V 2 = 12.5 fps.

For an incompressible flow (low speed air flow)

udA = A V
2

0. 2

20 y

1/ 5

0.8dy = 0.15 2 V 2 .

A1

5
20 0.8 0.2 6/ 5 = 0.15 2 V 2 .
6

4.45

Vi

V 2 = 27.3 m / s.

A 1V1 + v 2 dA = A e Ve

r2
2
200
1

0 0.025 2 2rdr = 0.1 V e

0.1178 + 0.1963 = 0.0314V e .
V e = 10.0 m / s.
0 .025

( 0.1 2 0.025 2 ) 4 +

4.46

Draw a control volume around the entire set-up:

dm tissue
0=
+ V 2 A 2 V1 A 1
dt
d2 d2 &
2
= m& tissue + 2
h2 ( h1 tan ) h&1
4

57

or
d 2 d 22 &

& tissue =
m
h2 + h 21 h& 1 tan 2 .
4

4.47

The width w of the channel is constant throughout the flow. Then

dm
d
0=
+ A 2 V 2 A 1V 1 .
0 = ( whL ) + A 2 V 2 A 1V 1
dt
dt
dh
0=
w 100 + 0.2 w 8 4 w 0.2.
h& = 0.008 m / s .
dt

4.48

0=

4.49

dm
+ A 2 V 2 A 1V 1
dt
& + 1000( 0.003 2 0.02 10 10 6 / 60).
=m

1 A 1 V1 = 2 A 2 V 2 .

m& 1 = 2 A 2V 2 .

400e 10/ 100 10 6 900 = 0.2 0.05 2 Ve .

4.50

m& = 3.99 10 4 kg / s.

V e = 207 m / s.

dm
+ 3Q 3 1 A 1V1 m& 2 where m = Ah.
dt
a) 0 = 1000 0.6 2 h& + 1000 0.6 / 60 1000 0.02 2 10 10.
h& = 0.0111 m / s
or
11.1 mm / s
0=

b) 0 = 1000 0.6 2 h& + 1000 0.01 0 20.

h& = 0.00884 m / s
or
8.84 mm / s .
c) 0 = 1000 0.62 h& + 1000 1.0/60 1000 0.022 5 10.
h& = 0.000339 m/s
or
0.339 mm/s.
4.51

A 1V1 = A 2V 2 where A 2 is an area just under the top surface.

dh
a) 0.02 2 10e t/ 10 = ( h tan 60 o ) 2
dt
2
t / 10
h dh = 0.001333 e
dt .
h 3 = 0.04 e t/ 10 + 0.04.
Finally,
h( t ) = 0.342(1 e t/ 10 ) 1/ 3 .
b) 0.04 10 10e t/ 10 = ( h tan 60 o ) 10 h&
hdh = 0.2309e t/ 10 dt.
Finally,

h 2 = 4.62 e t/ 10 + 4.62.

h (t ) = 2.15(1 e t /10 )1 / 2 .

58

4.52

du
W& = T + pAV +
A belt
dy

= 20 500 2 / 60 + 400 0.4 0.5 10 + 1.81 10 5 100 0.5 0.8

= 1047 + 800 + 0.000724 = 1847 W
4.53

If the temperature is essentially constant, the internal energy of the c.v. does not
change and the flux of internal energy into the pipe is the same as that leaving
the pipe. Hence, the two integral terms are zero. The losses are equal to the heat
transfer exiting the pipe.

4.54

80% of the power is used to increase the pressure while 20% increases the
internal energy (Q& = 0 because of the insulation). Hence,
m& ~
u = 0.2W&

1000 0.02 4.18 T = 0.2 500.

4.55

W& P V22 V12

p p1
=
+ 2
.
Q
2g

(D)

W& P = 40 kW

4.56
4.57

T = 0.836 oC .

W& P
1200 200
=
.
0.040

and energy req'd =

40
= 47.1 kW.
0.85

Q 9800 20
& P = Q H P .
W
5 746 =
.
0.87
p
&
W
T = 40 0.89.
&
mg
a) W& = 40 0.89 200 9.81 = 69 850 W

Q = 0.01656 m 3 / s .

b) W& T = 40 0.89 ( 90 000 / 60 ) 9.81 = 523 900 W

& T = 40 0.89 (8 10 6 / 3600) 9.81 = 776 100 W
c) W
4.58
4.59

W&T
10000000
= T z .
= 0.89 50. V = 1.273 m/s
AVg
100 3 60 V 9.8
3 ft
V12 p 1
V2 p
+
+ z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 .
V1
2g
2g

h2
V2

12
36
+6 =
+ h2 .
2 32.2
64.4 h22
20.1
8.236 = 2 + h2 .
h2

Continuity: 3 12 = h2 V2 .

59

4.60

This can be solved by trial-and-error.

h2 = 8': 8.24 ? 8.31
h2 = 7.9': 8.24 ? 8.22

Q h2 = 7.93' .

h2 = 1.8': 8.24 ? 8.00

h2 = 1.75': 8.24 ? 8.31

Q h2 = 1.76'.

V12
V 22
+ z1 =
+ z 2 + hL .
2g
2g

42
16

+2=
+ h 2 + 0.2.
2 9.81
2 9.81h22

2.615 = 0.815 / h 22 + h 2 . Trial-and-error provides the following:

4.61

h2 = 2.5: 2.615 ?= 2.63

h2 = 2.45: 2.615 =? 2.59.

h2 = 2.47 m

h2 = 0.65: 2.615 =? 2.58

h2 = 0.64: 2.615 =? 2.63.

h2 = 0.646 m

Manometer: Position the datum at the top of the right mercury level.
V2
9810 . 4 + 9810 z 2 + p 2 + 2 1000 = ( 9810 13.6).4 + 9810 2 + p1
2
p2 V 22
p
Divide by = 9810:
.4 + z 2 +
+
= 13.6.4 + 2 + 1 .
(1)

2g

Energy:

V12 p 1
V 22 p 2
+
+ z1 =
+
+ z2 .
2g
2g
V12
= 12.6 .4.
2g

Subtract (1) from (2): With z1 = 2 m,

4.62

(2)

The manometer equation (see Prob. 4.61) is

p
V2
p
0.4 + z 2 + 2 + 2 = 13.6.4 + 2 + 1 .

2g

V1 = 9.94 m/s

(1)

V12 p 1
V2 p
V2
+
+ z 1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 + 0.05 2 .
(2)
2g
2g
2g
Subtract (1) from (2): With z1 = 2 m, and with V2 = 4V1 (continuity)
1.8V12
= 12.6 0.4.
V1 = 7.41 m/s.
2g
Energy:

0=

V22 V12

p 2 p1

1202
p
. 0=
+ 2 . p2 = 7 200000 Pa.
2 9.8 9810

4.63

(A)

4.64

1
Q = 120 0.002228 = V 1.
12

2g

V1 = 12.25 fps.

60

Continuity:

1
1.5
V1 = V 2 .
12
12

Energy:

V12 p 1 V 22 p 2
V12
+
=
+
+ 0.37
.
2g
2g
2g

V2 = 5.44 fps.

12.25 2 5.44 2
p 2 = 60 144 + 62.4 0.63

= 8702.9 psf or 60.44 psi

64.4
64.4

4.65

Q = 600 10-3 /60 = .022 V1 .

V1 = 7.958 m/s.

V dA =
AV 3
0.02 w 6.673
A 1V1 .04 2 7.958
V2 =
=
= 3.537 m/s.
A2
.06 2

Energy:

y2
10
1

wdy

0.02
0

0.02

V12 p1 V 22 p 2
+
=
+
+ hL .
2g
2g

7 .958 2 3.537 2 690 000 700 000

hL =
+
= 1.571 m
2 9.81
9810
4.66

V1 = Q / A1 =
Energy:

4.67

0.08
= 28.29 m/s.
V2 = 9V1 = 254.6 m/s.
.03 2
V12 p1 V22 p2
V2
+
=
+
+.2 1 .
2g
2g
2g
254.6 2
28.29 2
6
p1 = 9810
0.8
= 32.1 10 Pa.
2

9
.
81
2

9
.
81

.07 2V1 = .0252 V2 .

a) Across the nozzle:

V2 = 7.84 V1 .

V
p
V
p
7.84 2 1 2
+ 1 =
+ 2.
p1 = 9810
V1 .
2g
2g
2 9.81
For the contraction:
.07 2 V1 = .052 V3 .
V3 = 1.96 V1 .
Energy:

Energy:

2
1

2
2

V12 p1 V32 p3
+
=
+ .
2g
2g
p1
p
= 12.6.15 + 3 .

2
2
2
V
V1
V
+ 12.6 .15 = 3 = 1.96 2 1 .
2g
2g
2g
V1 = 3.612 m/s. p1 = 394 400 Pa.

Manometer: .15 + p1 = 13.6 .15 + p3 .

Subtract the above 2 eqns:
(1.96 2 1) V12 = 12.6 .15 2g.

61

From the reservoir surface to section 1:

V02 p 0
V12 p 1
+
+ z0 =
+
+ z1
2g
2g
3.612 2 394 400
H=
+
= 40.0 m.
19.62
9810
p
p
b) Manometer:
.2 + p1 = 13.6 .2 + p3 .
1 = 12.6 .2 + 3 .

2
2
V
p
V1
p
Energy:
+ 1 = 3 + 3.
Also, V3 = 1.96 V1 .
2g
2g
V12
1.96 2 V12

+ 12.6 .2 =
.
V1 = 4.171 m/s.
2g
2g
The nozzle is the same as in part (a):
p1 = 534 700 Pa.
From the reservoir surface to the nozzle exit:
V02 p 0
V2 p
V2
32.7 2
+
+ z0 = 2 + 2 + z2 .
H = 2 =
= 54.5 m.
2g
2g
2 g 2 9.81
4.68 a) Energy:

V 02 p 0
V2 p
+
+ z 0 = 2 + 2 + z 2 . V 2 = 2 gz 0 = 2 9.81 2.4 = 6.862 m/s.
2g
2g

Q = AV = .8 1 6.862 = 5.49 m 3 / s .
For the second geometry the pressure on the surface is zero but it increases
with depth. The elevation of the surface is 0.8 m.
V2
z 0 = 2 + h.
V2 = 2g( z 0 h) = 2 9.81 2 = 6.264 m/s.
2g
Q = .8 6.264 = 5.01 m 3 / s .
Note: z0 is measured from the channel bottom in the 2nd geometry.
z0 = H + h.

V02 p 0
V22 p2

b)
+
+ z0 =
+
+ z2 .
V 2 = 2 gz 0 = 2 32.2 6 +

2g
2g
Q = AV = (2 1) 21.23 = 42.5 cfs.
For the second geometry, the bottom is used as the datum:
V2
V2
z 0 = 2 + 0 + h.
2 = ( H + h) h.
2g
2g
V2 = 2gH = 2 32.2 6 = 19.66 fps.
Q = 39.3 cfs.

62

2
= 21.23 fps.
2

4.69

4.70

From the reservoir surface to the exit:

Continuity:
2
2
2
V0
p0
V2
p2
V1
.03 2
+
+ z0 =
+
+ z2 + K
.
V1 = V2
= .1406 V2 .
.08 2
2g
2g
2g
V2
.1406 2 V22
10 = 2 + 5
2g
2g
V2 = 13.36 m/s.
Q = 13.36 .0152 = 0.00944 m 3 / s.
The velocity in the pipe is V1 = 1.878 m/s.
p
1.8782
1.8782
Energy
0 A: 10 =
+ A +.8
+ 3.
pA = 65 500 Pa.
2 9.81 9810
2 9.81
p
1.8782
1.8782
Energy
0 B: 10 =
+ B + 2.0
+ 10. pB = 5290 Pa.
2 9.81 9810
2 9.81
p
1.878 2
1878
. 2
Energy
0 C: 10 =
+ C + 12 + 2.8
. pC = 26 300 Pa.
2 9.81 9810
2 9.81
p
1.8782
1.878 2
Energy
0 D: 10 =
+ D +0+ 5
.
pD = 87 500 Pa.
2 9.81 9810
2 9.81
V 02 p 0
V2 p
+
+ z 0 = 2 + 2 + z 2.
2g
2g

V 22
80 000
+4=
.
9810
2 9.81

V2 = 19.04 m/s.

a) Q = A 2 V2 = .025 2 19.04 = 0.0374 m 3 / s.

b) Q = A 2 V2 = .09 2 19.04 = 0.485 m 3 / s .
c) Q = A 2 V2 = .05 2 19.04 = 0.1495 m 3 / s.
4.71

a)

p0
V2
V2
+ z 0 = 2 + 1.54 1 .

2g
2g

16V12
V2
80 000
+4=
+ 1.54 1 .
9810
2g
2g

V1 = 3.687 m/s.

Q = A 1V1 = .05 2 3.687 = 0.0290 m 3 / s.

.09 2
V = 3.24V 2 .
.05 2 2
V2
3.24 2 V 22
80 000
+ 4 = 2 + 2.3
. V2 = 3.08 m/s. Q = A 2V 2 = 0.0784 m 3 / s.
9810
2g
2g

b) A 1V 1 = A 2 V 2 .

c)

4.72

V1 =

V2
V2
80 000
+ 4 = 2 + 1.5 2 .
9810
2g
2g

(C)

V2 = 9.77 m/s.

Manometer: H + p1 = g
Energy: K

V22
+ p2
2g

7.962
100000
=
.
2 9.81
9810

or 9810 0.02 + p1 = g

K = 3.15.

63

Q = A 2V 2 = 0.0767 m 3 / s .
V22
.
2g

Combine the equations: 9810 0.02 = 1.2

4.73

Manometer: H + z + p1 = 13.6H + z + p 2 .
Energy:

p1
p
= 12.6 H + 2 .

V 22 V 12
12.6 H =
.
2g

V2 =

d12
d 22

d14

V = 12.6 H 2 g / 4 1 .
d2

2
1

V1 .

d 2 12.6 H 2 g
Q = V1 1 = 4

4
4 d1 / d 24 1

4.74

V1 = 18.1 m/s.

p1 V 12 p 2 V22
+
=
+
.

2g

2g

Combine energy and manometer:

Continuity:

V12
.
2

1/ 2

H
d = 12.35 d d 4

d1 d24
2
1

2
1

1/ 2

2
2

Use the result of Problem 4.73:

1/ 2
.2

a) Q = 12.35 .16 2 .08 2 4

= 0.0365 m 3 / s .
.16 .084
1/2
.4

b) Q = 12.35 .24 2 .082 4

= 0.0503 m 3 / s .
.24 .08 4

H
Q = 22.37 d d 4
4
d1 d 2

c) Using English units with g = 32.2:

2

1
1
10 / 12
Q = 22.37 4

2 4 .5 .25 4
2

1 15 / 12
d) Q = 22.37 1 4

3 1 .3333 4

2
1

4.75

4.76

(B)

1/ 2

1/ 2

= 1.318 cfs.
1/ 2

= 2.796 cfs.

V 2 p
hL = K
=
.
2g

2
2

Q
0.040
=
= 7.96 m/s.
A 0.042
7.962
100000
K
=
.
K = 3.15.
2 9.81
9810
V=

V 22
= H.
2g

a) Energy from surface to outlet:

Energy from constriction to outlet:

64

V 22 = 2 gH .

p1 V 12 p 2 V22
+
=
+
.

2g

2g

Continuity: V1 = 4V 2 . With p1 = pv = 2450 Pa and p2 = 100 000 Pa,

2450
16
100 000
1
+
2 gH =
+
2 gH .
H = 0.663 m.
9810 2 9.81
9810
2 9.81
b) With p1 = 0.34 psia, p2 = 14.7 psia,
.34 144 16
14.7 144
1
+
2 gH =
+
2 gH .
62.4
2g
62.4
2g
4.77

Continuity:

H = 2.21 ft.

V 22
V1 = 4V 2 . Energy surface to exit:
= H.
2g

Energy constriction to exit:

p v V 12 p 2 V 22
+
=
+
.

2g

2g

V 22 16V 22
pv = p2 +
= p 2 15 H = 100 000 15.65 9810 = 4350 Pa.
2g
From Table B.1, T = 30C.
4.78

Energy surface to surface:

z 0 = z 2 + hL .

30 = 20 + 2

V 22
.
2g

V 12 = 160 g.
V 22 = 10 g.
160 g (94 000)
Energy surface to constriction: 30 =
+
+ z1
2g
9810

Continuity: V1 = 4V2 .

z1 = 40.4 m.
4.79

Continuity:
Energy:

H = 40.4 + 20 = 60.4 m.

10 2
V = 2.778 V1 .
62 1
V12 p 1 V 22 p 2
+
=
+ .
2g
2g

V2 =

V 1 = 7.67 m/s.
4.80

V12 200 000 2.778 2 V12 2450

+
=
+
.
2g
9810
2g
9810

Q = .052 7.67 = 0.0602 m 3 / s.

Velocity at exit = Ve . Velocity in constriction = V1 . Velocity in pipe = V2 .

Energy surface to exit:

V e2
= H.
2g

V e2 = 2 gH .

D2
V . Also, V1 = 4V 2 .
d2 e
V12 pv
Energy surface to constriction: H =
+ .
2g
Continuity across nozzle: V2 =

65

a) 5 =

1
D4
97 550
.
16 4 2 g 5 +
2g
.2
9810

b) 15 =

4.81

D = 0.131 m

1
D4
(.34 14.7 )144
2 g 15 +
.
16
4
2 g ( 8 / 12)
62.4

V22
V 22
Energy surface to exit: 3 =
+4
.
2g
2g

D = 0. 446 or 5.35

V 22 = 11.77.

11.77
1176 100 000
11.77 2
Energy surface to A: 3 =
+
+ ( H + 3) + 1.5
.
2 9.81
9810
2 9.81
H = 8.57 m .
2

4.82

1
m& = A V = 1.94 120 = 5.079 slug / sec.
12
2
2
& = 5.079 32.2 30 120 + 120 144 / 0.85 = 12 ,950 ft - lb or 23.5 Hp .
W
P
2 32.2
62. 4
sec

4.83

m& = A V = 1000 .02 2 40 = 50.27 kg / s.

p
10 2 40 2
20 000 = 50.27 9.81
+
/ 0.82.
9810
2 9.81

4.84

(C)

p = 1.088 10 6 Pa .

W& P V22 V12 p

=
+
.
Q
2g

W&P
16
W& P = Q p = 0.040 400 = 16 kW.
=
= 18.0 kW.

0.89
4.85

4.86

0 10.2 2 600 000

&
W T = 2 1000 9.81
+
0.87.
9810
2 9.81
2
We used V2 = Q / A 2 =
= 10.2 m / s.
.25 2

W& T = 1.304 10 6 W .

450
450
= 15.9 fps.
V2 =
= 10.19 fps .
2
3
3.75 2
1019
. 2 15.9 2 (18 140)144
1
10,000
550 = 450 1.94 32.2
+
T .
.746
62.4
2 32.2

T = 0.924

V1 =

66

4.87

V 2 V12 p2 p1
c

& 2
a) Q& W& S = mg
+

+ z2 z1 + v ( T2 T1 ) .
2 1
g
2g

The above is Eq. 4.5.17 with Eq. 4.5.18 and Eq. 1.7.13.
p g
85 9.81
600 9.81 20 500
1 = 1 =
= 9.92 N / m 3 . 2 =
=
.
RT1 .287 293
.287 T2
T2
200 2
600 000T2 85 000 716.5

( 1 500 000) = 5 9.81

+

+
(T2 293) .
20 500
9.92
9.81
2 9.81

o
T 2 = 572 K or 299 C .

Be careful of units! p 2 = 600 000 Pa, cv = 716.5

b) 60 000 + 1 500 000 = same as above.
4.88

1 =

J
K kg

T2 = 560 K

or

287 o C.

p 1 g 14.7 144 32.2

lb
60 144 32.2
lb
=
= 0.0764 3 . 2 =
= 0.213 3 .
RT1
1716 520
ft
1716 760
ft

ft - lb
c v = 4296
.
slug - oR

1
& = AVg = AV =.213 600 =.697 lb /sec.
mg
24

Use Eq. 4.5.17 with Eqs. 4.5.18 and 1.7.13:

V 2 V 12 p 2 p1 c v

& 2
Q& + W& c = mg
+

+ (T2 T1 ) + z 2 z 1 .
2 1 g
2g

600 2
60 144 14.7 144 4296

10 778 .697 + W& c =.697

+

+
( 300 60)
.213
.0764
32.2
2 32.2

ft - lb
W& c = 40 600
or 73.8 Hp.
sec

4.89

4.90

V22
V22
& = mg
&
Energy surface to exit: W

20
+
4
.
5

.
T T
2
g
2
g

15
V2 =
mg
& = Q = 15 9810 = 147 150 N / s.
2 = 13.26 m / s.
.6
13.26 2
13.26 2
&
WT 0.8 = 147 150
20 + 4.5
W& T = 5390 kW.
.
2

9
.
81
2

9
.
81

(D)

4.582
pB
7.16 2
36.0 + 15 =
+
+ 3.2
.
2 9.81 9810
2 9.81
In the above energy equation we used

hL = K

pB = 416 000 Pa

V2
Q
0.2
with V = =
= 4.42 m/s.
2g
A 0.2 2

67

4.91

Energy surface to C:
10 2
200 000
10 2
W& P .8 + mg
& 10 =
+
+ 7.7
770.5.
9810
2 9.81
2 9.81
& = A V g = 1000 .05 2 10 9.81 = 770.5 N / s.) W& P = 52 700 W .
(mg
p
10 2
10 2
+ A + 1.5
. p A = 169 300 Pa .
2 9.81 9810
2 9.81
V 2 V O2 p B pO
V2
& B
Energy surface to B: W& PP = mg
+
+ z B zO + K B

2 g
2 g
Energy surface to A: 30 =

102
p
10 2
52 700.8 = 770.5
+ B 30 + 15
.
.
2 9.81
2 9.81 9810
4.92

V2
20
20
+ z 1 + p1 = 13.6
+ z 2 + p 2 + 2 .
12
12
2
2
p
p
V
20
20

+ z 1 + 1 = 13.6
+ z2 + 2 + 2 .
12

12

2g

Manometer:

V12
p
p
V2
+ z1 + 1 = H T + z 2 + 2 + 2 .
2g

2g

Energy:

20
20 V 12
= 13.6
+
HT.
12
12 2 g

H T = 12.6

20
51.6 2
+
= 62.3' .
12 2 32.2

V1 =

18
= 51.6 fps.
2
1

W& T = Q T H T = 62.4 18.9 62.3

= 62,980

4.93

p B = 706 100 Pa.

Energyacross the nozzle:

p1 V12
p2 V22
+
=
+
.

2g

2g

V12
6.252 V12
400 000
+
=
.
9810
2 9.81 2 9.81

ft - lb
sec

V2 =

or

52
22

115 Hp .

V1 = 6.25V1.

V1 = 4.58 m/s , VA = 7.16 m/s , V2 = 28.6 m/s.

Energysurface to exit:
28.62
4.58 2
7.16 2
H P + 15 =
+ 1.5
+ 3.2
.
H P = 36.8 m.
2 9.81
2 9.81
2 9.81
W& P = QH P / P = 9810 ( .012 ) 28.6 36.8/.85 = 3820 W.

68

Energy surface to A:
7.16 2
p
7.162
15 =
+ A + 3.2
. p A = 39 400 Pa
2 9.81 9810
2 9.81
Energy surface to B:
4.582
p
7.16 2
36.0 + 15 =
+ B + 3.2
. pB = 416 000 Pa
2 9.81 9810
2 9.81
4.94

(A)

V=

Q
0.1
=
= 19.89 m / s.
A .04 2

V 22 p 2
V 22
HP =
+
+ z2 + K
.
2g
2g

Energy surface to entrance:

19.89 2 180 000

19.89 2
+
+ 50 + 5.6
= 201. 4 m .
2 9.81
9810
2 9.81
W& P = QH P / P = 9810 0.1 201.4 / 0.75 = 263 000 W .
HP =

4.95

Energy surface to exit:

V 2 = 7.83 m / s.

4.96

V 22 p 2
V 22
10 =
+
+ z 2 + 2.2
.
2g
2g

Q = 0.02 = 7.83 d 22 / 4.

d 2 = 0.0570 m .

Depth on raised section = y 2 . Continuity: 3 3 = V2 y 2 .

V22
32
+3 =
+ (0.4 + y 2 ).
2g
2g

Energy (see Eq. 4.5.21):

92
3.059 =
+ y2,
2 g y 22
Trial-and-error:

or

y2 = 2.0:
y2 = 1.8:
y 2 = 2.1:
y2 = 2.3:

y 32 3.059 y 22 + 4.128 = 0

.11 ? 0.
y2 = 1.85 m.

+ .05 ? 0.
.1 ? 0.
y 2 = 2.22 m.
+ .1 ? 0.

The depth that actually occurs depends on the downstream conditions.

We cannot select a correct answer between the two.
.
m
3

4.97

Mass flux occurs as shown. The velocity

of all fluid elements leaving the top and
bottom is approximately 32 m/s. The
distance where u = 32 m /s is y = 2 m.

69

.
m
2

.
m
1

.
m
3

To find m& 3 use continuity:

2

m& 1 = m& 2 + 2 m& 3 .

4 10 32 = 2 ( 28 + y 2 )10dy + 2 m& 3 .
0

m& 3 = 640 10 28 2 + = 53.3.

3

Rate of K.E. loss = m& 1

2
V12
V2
u3
2m& 3 1 2 10 dy
2
2
2
0

2
32 2
2
= 1280
53.3 32 10 ( 28 + y 2 ) 3 dy
2
0

= [655360 54579 507320] = 115000 W .

4.98

The average velocity at section 2 is also 8 m/s. The kinetic-energycorrection factor for a parabola is 2 (see Example 4.9). The energy
equation is:
V12 p 1
V2 p
+
= 2 2 + 2 + hL .
2g
2g
82
150 000
82
110 000
+
=2
+
+ hL .
2 9.81
9810
2 9.81
9810

hL = 0.815 m .
4.99

1
12
1
23
2
VdA
=
(
28
+
y
)
dy
=
28

2
+
= 29.33 m / s
A
2 0
2
3
2
1
1
3
=
V dA =
( 28 + y 2 ) 3 dy
3
3
AV
2 29.33 0
1
=
28 3 2 + 3 28 2 2 3 / 3 + 3 28 2 5 / 5 + 2 7 / 7 = 1.005
3
2 29.33
V =

4.100 a) V =

0.01
1
1
r2
10
1

VdA =

0.012
A
0.012 0

1
=
AV

1
V dA = 0.012 5 3
3

0 . 01

20 0.012
0.014

2 rdr =

= 5 m/s
0.012 2
4 0.012

r2
10 1
2rdr

0.01 2
3

2000 0.01 2 3 0.01 4 3 0.016

0.018

= 2.00
0.012 5 3 2
4 0.012 6 0.014 8 0.016

70

b) V =

1
1 0.02
y2
VdA
=
10
1

2
A
0.02w 0
0.02

10
0.023
wdy
=
0.02

0.02
3 0.022

y2
=
V
dA
=
10
1

wdy

AV 3
0.02 w 6.673 0
0.02

3
1000

3 0.02
3 0.02 5
0.02 7
=
0
.
02

= 1.541
0.02 6.67 3
3 0.02 2 5 0.02 4 7 0.02 6
1

0.02

1
1 R
r

4.101 V = VdA =
u
1
2 max

A
R 0
R

1/ n

= 6.67 m/s

n
n
2rdr = 2u max

2n + 1 n + 1

V 2
R 3
r
K. E. = V dA = u max 1

2
20
R

3 /n

n
2rdr = u 3max R 2

3 + 2n 3 + n

5
a) V = 2u m a x
11

5
= 0.758 u m a x
6
5 5
2 3
2 3
K. E. = R u max = 0.24 R u max
8 13
0.24 R 2u 3m a x
K . E.
=
=
= 1.102
1
1
3
2
3 3
AV
R 0.758 u m a x
2
2

7 7
b) V = 2u max = 0.817 u max
15 8
7
3
2 7
2 3
K. E. = u max R = 0.288 R u max
10 17
3
0.288 R 2 u max
K. E.
=
=
= 1.056
V 2
0.817 2 u 2max
2
AV
R 0.817 u m a x

2
2

9
9
c) V = 2u m a x = 0.853 u max
19 10
9
9
2 3
2 3
K. E. = R u max = 0.321 R u m a x
12 21
0.321R 2 u m3 a x
K . E.
=
=
= 1.034
1
1
3
2
3 3
AV
R 0.853 u m a x
2
2

71

 V 2 V 12 ~ ~
4.102 Engine power = FD V + m& 2
+ u2 u1
2

V22 V12

&
&
m f g f = FD V + m
+ cv (T2 T1 )
2

W& = FD V

4.103

10 3 m 3
kJ 100 km
1340 100 000
kg
. =

930 3 q f

015
m
5 km
kg 3600 s
1000
3600
q f = 48 030 kJ / kg

4.104 0 = 2

V 22 p 2
V2 p
LV
+
+ z 2 1 1 z 1 + 32
2g
2g
gD 2

V2
10 6 180V
0.35 + 32
.
2 9.81
9.81 0.02 2
V 2 + 14.4V 3.434 = 0.
V = 0.235 m / s
0= 2

4.105 Energy from surface to surface:

and

Q = 7.37 10 5 m 3 / s

V22 p 2
V12 p 1
V2
HP =
+
+ z2

z1 + K
.
2g
2g
2g

Q2
a) H P = 40 + 5
= 40 + 50.7 Q 2
2
0.04 2 9.81
Try Q = 0.25: H P = 43.2 (energy). H P = 58 (curve)
Try Q = 0.30: H P = 44.6 (energy). H P = 48 (curve)
Solution: Q = 0.32 m 3 / s .
20 Q 2
= 40 + 203 Q 2
0.04 2 2 9.81
Try Q = 0.25: H P = 52.7 (energy). H P = 58 (curve)

b) H P = 40 +

Solution: Q = 0.27 m 3 / s
Note: The curve does not allow for significant accuracy.

4.106 Continuity:

A 1 V1 = A 2 V2 + A 3 V3

0.06 2 5 = 0.02 2 20 + 0.03 2 V 3 .

V 3 = 1111
. m/ s
Energy:
energy in + pump energy = energy out
V 2 p
V 2 p
V 2 p
m& 1 1 + 1 + W& P P = m& 2 2 + 2 + m& 3 3 + 3

2
2
2

72

 5 2 120 000
20 2 300 000
2
1000 0.06 2 5
+
+
+ 0.85W& P = 1000 0.02 20

1000
1000
2
2
11.112 500 000
+1000 0.03 2 11.11
+

1000
2

W& P = 26 700 W
4.107 (A)

After the pressure is found, that pressure is multiplied by the area of the
window. The pressure is relatively constant over the area.

V12 p 1 V 22 p 2
4.108
+
=
+ .
2g
2g

V2 =

V12
16 V 12
200 000
a)
+
=
.
2 9.81
9810
2 9.81
p1 A 1 F = m& (V 2 V 1 ).

d2
( d /2) 2

V1 = 4 V1 .

V 1 = 5.164 m / s.

200 000 .03 2 F = 1000 .03 2 5.164( 4 5.164 5.164 ). F = 339 N .

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

V12
16 V 12
400 000
+
=
. V 1 = 7.303 m / s.
2 9.81
9810
2 9.81
400 000 .03 2 F = 1000 .03 2 7.303( 4 7.303 7.303). F = 679 N .

V12
200 000 16 V12
+
=
.
V1 = 5.164 m/s.
2 9.81
9810
2 9.81
200 000 .06 2 F = 1000 .062 5.164(4 5.164 5.164). F = 1356 N.
V12
30 144 16 V12
+
=
.
V1 = 17.24 fps.
2 32.2
62.4
2 32.2
30 1.52 F = 1.94 (1.5/12) 2 17.242 (4 1).

F = 127 lb.

V12
60 144 16 V12
+
=
.
V1 = 24.38 fps.
2 32.2
62.4
2 32.2
60 1.52 F = 1.94 (1.5/12) 2 24.382 (4 1).

F = 254 lb.

30 144 16
=
.
V1 = 17.24 fps.
2 32.2
62.4
2 32.2
30 32 F = 1.94 (3/12) 2 17.242 (4 1).
V12

V12

V12 p 1 V 22 p 2
4.109
+
=
+ .
2g
2g

92
V2 = 2 V1 = 9V1 .
3

V12
81 V12
2 000 000
+
=
.
2 9.81
9810
2 9.81

V12 = 50.

73

F = 509 lb.

p1 A 1 F = m& ( V2 V1 ) = m& 8V 1
2 000 000 .045 2 F = 1000 .045 2 8 50
F = 10 180 N .

4.110

V12 p1 V22 p2
+
=
+
.
2g
2g
Fx = m& (V 2 x V 1x ).

V0 .012 = Ve .006 .15.

10 2
V = 1.562 V 1.
82 1
p 1A 1 F = m& (V 2 V 1 ).
a) V2 =

Ve = 11.1 m/s.

V12
400 000 2.441 V12
+
=
. V 1 = 23.56 m / s .
2 9.81
9810
2 9.81

400 000 .05 2 F = 1000 .05 2 23.56(.562 23.56). F = 692 N .

V12 400 000 7.716 V12
10 2
b) V2 = 2 V 1 = 2.778 V 1.
+
=
. V 1 = 10.91 m / s.
6
2g
9810
2g
400 000 .05 2 F = 1000 .05 2 10.91(1.778 10.91). F = 1479 N .
V12 400 000 39.06 V12
10 2
c) V2 = 2 V 1 = 6.25 V 1 .
+
=
. V 1 = 4.585 m / s.
4
2g
9810
2g
400 000 .05 2 F = 1000 .05 2 4.585( 5.25 4.585). F = 2275 N .
V12 400 000 625 V12
10 2
d) V2 = 2 V 1 = 25 V1 .
+
=
. V 1 = 1132
.
m / s.
2
2g
9810
2g
400 000 .05 2 F = 1000 .05 2 1.132( 24 1.132).
4.111 (C)

V12 p1 V22
p
+
=
+ 2.
2g
2g

p1 = 9810

F = 2900 N .

(6.252 1) 12.732
= 3085000 Pa.
2 9.81

p1 A1 F = Q(V2 V1 ). 3085000 0.052 F = 1000 0.1 12.73(6.25 1)

F = 17500 N.
4.112 V2 = 4V1 = 120 fps.

V22 V12
120 2 30 2
p1 =
= 62.4
= 13,080 psf.
2 32.2
2g
2

1.5
1.5
F = p1 A1 m& (V2 x V1x ) = 13,080 1.94
30( 120 30) = 1072 lb.
12
12
V 12 p1 V22 p 2
15 V12 p1
+
=
+ .

= .
2g
2g
2g

2 9.81
a) V12 =
200 000 = 26.67.
V 1 = 5.16 m / s, V2 = 20.7 m / s.
15 9810
p1 A 1 Fx = m& (V 2x V1x ). Fx = 200 000 .04 2 + 1000 .04 2 5.16 2 = 1139 N.

4.113 V2 = 4 V1 .

74

 Fy = 1000 .04 2 5.16( 20.7 ) = 537 N .

Fy = m& (V 2 y V1y ).

2 9.81
400 000 = 53.33.
V 1 = 7.30 m / s, V 2 = 29.2 m / s.
15 9810
p1 A 1 Fx = m& (V 2x V1x ). Fx = 400 000 .04 2 + 1000 .04 2 7.3 2 = 2280 N .

b) V12 =

Fy = m& (V 2 y V1y ) = 1000 .04 2 7.3 ( 29.2) = 1071 N .

c) V12 =

2 9.81
800 000 = 106.7.
15 9810

V 1 = 10.33 m / s, V 2 = 41.3 m / s.

Fx = p1 A1 + A1V12 = 800 000 .042 + 1000 .042 10.332 = 4560 N.

Fy = m& (V 2 y ) = 1000 .04 2 10.33( 41.3) = 2140 N .
V12 p 1 V22 p 2
+
=
+
2g
2g

40 2
4.114 V2 = 2 V 1 = 80 m / s.
10

p1A 1

V2

80
5

p 1 = 9810

= 3.19 10 6 Pa.

2 9.81 2 9.81
p1 A 1 F = m& (V2 x V1x ). F = 3.19 10 6 .2 2 1000 .2 2 5(80 5) = 353 000 N.
2

4.115 A 1V1 = A 2V 2 .

.025 2 4 = (.025 2 .02 2 )V 2 .

V 2 = 11.11 m / s.

p1 V 12 p 2 V22
+
=
+
.

2g

2g

11.112 42
p1 = 9810
2 9.81

p1 A1 F = m& (V2 V1 ).

p 1A 1

= 53700 Pa.

F = 53 700 .0252 1000 .0252 4(11.11 4) = 49.6 N.

4.116 Continuity:
Energy:

.7 V 1 =.1 V2 .

V 2 = 7 V 1.

V12 p1
V2 p
+
+ z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2
2g
2g

F1
Rx

V12
49V12
+.7 =
+.1.
V1 = 0.495 , V 2 = 3.467 m / s.
2 9.81
2 9.81
Momentum: F1 F2 R x = m& ( V2 V1 )
9810 .35(.7 1.5) 9810.05( 0.1 1.5) R x = 1000 (.1 1.5) 3.467( 3. 467 .495)
R x = 1986 N.
R x acts to the left on the water, and to the right on the obstruction.

75

F2

4.117 Continuity: 6 V1 =.2 V 2 .

V 2 = 30 V1 .
Energy (along bottom streamline):
V12 p1
V22 p 2
+
+ z1 =
+
+ z2
2g
2g

F
F1

V22 /900
V22
+6=
+ 0.2.
2 9.81
2 9.81
V2 = 10.67, V1 = .36 m/s.
Momentum: F1 F2 F = m& (V 2 V 1 )
9810 3( 6 4) 9810 .1(.2 4) F = 1000 (.2 4 ) 10.67 (10.67 .36)
F = 618 000 N .
(F acts to the right on the gate.)
4.118 a) 8 .6 = V 2 y 2 .

F1 F2 = m& (V 2 V 1 ).

y2
8 .6

y 2 w = .6w 8
8 .
2
y2

.6 y 2

4.8 8 2
(.36 y 22 ) = 4.8 8
.
(.6 + y 2 ) y 2 =
.
2
y2
9.81

.3.6 w

y 22 +.6 y 2 7 .829 = 0.

y 2 = 2.51 m .

(See Example 4.12.)

b) y 2 =

1
1
8
8
2
2
2
2
.4 12 = 3.23 m .
y 1 + y 1 + y 1V 1 = .4 + .4 +
2
g
9.81
2

c) y 2 =

1
1
8
8
2
2
2
2
2 20 = 6.12 ft .
y 1 + y 1 + y 1V1 = 2 + 2 +
2
g
32.2
2

d) y 2 =

1
1
8
8
2
2
2
2
3 30 = 11.54 ft .
y 1 + y 1 + y 1V1 = 3 + 3 +
2
g
32.2
2

4.119 Continuity:

V2 y 2 = V1 y 1 = 4V 2 y 1 .

Use the result of Example 4.12:

a) y 2 = 4.8 = 3.2 m .

3.2 =

y 2 = 4y 1 .

1
8
y 2 = y 1 + y 12 + y 1V 12
2
g

1
8

.8 + .82 +
.8 V12
2
9.81

1/2

b) y 2 = 4 2 = 8 ft.
8=

1
8
2
2
2 V1
2 + 2 +

2
32.2

1/ 2

76

1/ 2

V 1 = 8.86 m / s.

V 1 = 25.4 fps.

F2

V12
12
+3=
+ y1 .
2 9.81
2 9.81

9
4.120 V =
= 1 m / s.
33

V1 y 1 = 1 3.

3.05 ? 2.93
=
V
3
V1 = 7.19 m / s.
3.05 =
+
. Trial-and-error:

19.62 V 1
y 1 =. 417 m.
V1 = 7.2: 3.05 =? 3.06

1/2
1
8

y2 = .417 + .4172 +
.417 7.19 2 = 1.90 m.
2
9.81

V2 1.9 = 7 .19.417.
V2 = 1.58 m / s.
V 1 = 7:

2
1

4.121 Refer to Example 4.12:

y1

60
y 1 w 3 6w = 6 w 10 10 . (V1 y 1 = 6 10).
2
y1

y 6

1200
( y 12 36) = 600 1
. ( y 1 + 6) y 1 =
= 37.27. y 1 = 3.8 ft , V1 = 15.8 fps.
2
32.2
y1
4.122 Continuity:
Momentum:

20 .015 2 = V2 .03 2 .

p2A2

p1A1

V 2 = 5 m / s.
p1 A 1 p 2 A 2 = m& (V 2 V 1 ).

60 000 .03 2 p 2 .03 2 = 1000 .015 2 20( 5 20). p 2 = 135 kPa.

4.123 V1 A1 = 2V2 A2 .

V2 =15

p1 V12 p 2 V 22
+
=
+
.

2g

2g

Fx = m& (V2 x V1x ) .

.052
2 .0252

= 30 m/s.

30 2 15 2
p 1 = 9810
= 337 500 Pa.
2 9.81

p1 A1 F = m& ( V1 ).

F = p1 A 1 + m& V1 = 337 500 .05 2 + 1000 .05 2 15 2 = 4420 N .

4.124 m& 1 = 1000 .03 2 12 = 33.93 kg / s.

m& 3 = 1000 .02 2 8 = 10.05 kg / s.
m& 2 = m& 1 m& 3 = 23.88 = 1000 .03 2 V2 . V 2 = 8.446 m / s.

R x Ry
p1A1

p2A2
p3A 3

Energy from 1 2:

V12 p 1 V 22 p2
+
=
+ .
2g
2g

77

12 2 8.446 2
9810
2 9.81
= 536 300 Pa.

p2 = 500 000 +

V12 p 1 V 32 p 3
Energy from 1 3:
+
=
+ .
2g
2g
12 2 8 2
9810 = 540 000 Pa.
2 9.81
p1 A 1 p 2 A 2 R x = m& 2V 2x + m& 3V 3 x m& 1V 1x .

p 3 = 500 000 +

R x = 500 000 .03 2 536 300 .03 2 + 33.93 12 23.88 8.446 = 103 N .
p3 A 3 R y = m& 3 V3 y + m& 2V 2y m& 1V 1y .

Ry = 540 000 .02 2 10.05 ( 8) = 759 N.

4.125 a) Fx = m& (V 2x V1x ).

& 1.
F = mV
=

F = 300 38.2 = 11 460 N .

V1 =

m&
A 1

300
= 38.2 m/s
1000 .05 2

V2

F
V1

b) F = m& r (V 1 VB )(cos 1).

28.2
F = 300
(38.2 10) = 6250 N .
38.2
c) F = m& r (V 1 VB )(cos 1).
48.2
F = 300
( 38.2 ( 10)) = 18 250 N .
38.2
2
1.25
4.126 a) F = m& (V 2 x V1x ).
200 = 1.94
V 12 .
12

V 1 = 55 fps.

1.25
b) F = m& r (V 1 VB )(cos 1). 200 = 1.94
(V1 30) 2 . V 1 = 85 fps.
12
2

1.25
c) F = m& r (V 1 VB )(cos 1). 200 = 1.94
(V1 + 30) 2 . V 1 = 25 fps.
12
4.127 a) F = m& (V 2 x V1x ). 700 = 1000 .04 2 V 1 (V1 cos 30 o V1 ). V 1 = 32.24 m / s.
m& = A 1V 1 = 1000 .04 2 32.24 = 162.1 kg / s.
b) F = m& r (V 1 VB )(cos 1). 700 = 1000 .04 2 (V 1 8) 2 (.866 1). V 1 = 40.24 m / s.
m& = A 1V 1 = 1000 .04 2 40.24 = 202 kg / s .
c) F = m& r (V 1 VB )(cos 1). 700 = 1000 .04 2 (V 1 + 8 ) 2 (.866 1). V 1 = 24.24 m / s.
m& = A 1V 1 = 1000 .04 2 24.24 = 121.8 kg / s .
4.128 (D)

Fx = m& (V2 x V1x ) = 1000 0.01 0.2 50(50cos60o 50) = 2500 N.

78

4.129 a) R x = m& (V 2x

1
V 1x ) = 1.94 120(120 cos 60 o 120 ). R x = 305 lb.
12
2

R y = m& (V2 y

1
V1y ) = 1.94 120 (120 .866).
12

R y = 528 lb.

1
b) R x = m& r (V1 V B )(cos 1) = 1.94 60 60(.5 1). R x = 76.2 lb.
12
2

1
R y = m& r (V 1 VB ) sin = 1.94 60 ( 60.866 ).
12

R y = 132 lb.

1
c) R x = m& r (V1 V B )(cos 1) = 1.94 180 180(.5 1). R x = 686 lb.
12
2

1
R y = m& r (V 1 VB ) sin = 1.94 180 (180.866).
R y = 1188 lb.
12
4.130
VB = R = 0.5 30 = 15 m / s.
R x = m& (V1 V B )(cos 1) = 1000 .025 2 40 25(.5 1). R x = 982 N.
W& = 10 R V = 10 982 15 = 147 300 W .
x

4.131 a) R x = m& (V 2x V1x ) = 4 .02 2 400( 400 cos 60 o 400).

R x = 1206 N.

R y = m& (V2 y V1y ) = 4 .02 400( 400 sin 60 ).

R y = 696 N.
o
2
2
& r (V1 VB )(cos 120 1) = 4 .02 300 ( .5 1). R x = 679 N .
b) R x = m
o

R y = m& r (V 1 VB )sin = 4 .02 2 300 2 .866.

R y = 392 N.
o
2
2
& r (V1 VB )(cos 120 1) = 4 .02 500 ( .5 1). R x = 1885 N.
c) R x = m
R y = m& r (V 1 VB )sin = 4 .02 2 500 2 .866.

R y = 1088 N.

4.132 Fx = m& (V1 V B )(cos 120 o 1) = 4 .02 2 ( 400 180) 2 (.5 1). R x = 365 N.
VB = 1.2 150 = 180 m / s.
W& = 15 365 180 = 986 000 W.
The y-component force does no work.
4.133 (A)

Fx = m& (Vr 2 x Vr1x ) = 1000 0.022 60 (40cos45o 40) = 884 N.

Power = Fx VB = 884 20 = 17700 W.

V = 507 fps.
r1

= Vr 2
750cos 1 300 = Vr1 cos45o
Note: V2 x V1x = V r 2 cos 2 + V B V r1 cos 1 VB = Vr1 (cos 2 + cos 1 ).

4.134 a) Refer to Fig. 4.16:

750sin 1 = Vr1 sin45o

.5
& r1 (cos 2 + cos 1 ) =.015 750 507(cos 30 o + cos 45 o ) = 48.9 lb.
R x = mV
12

79

& = 15 R V = 15 48.9 300 = 220,000 ft - lb or 400 Hp.

W
x B
sec
o
750 sin 1 = V r1 sin 60

b)
V = 554 fps = V r 2 .
o
750 cos 1 300 = V r1 cos 60 r1
2
.5
& r1 (cos 2 + cos 1 ) =.015 750 554(cos 30 o + cos 60 o ) = 46.4 lb.
R x = mV
12
& = 15 R V = 15 46.4 300 = 209 ,000 ft - lb or 380 Hp.
W
x B
sec
o
750 sin 1 = V r1 sin 90

c)
V = 687 fps = Vr 2 .
o
750 cos 1 300 = V r1 cos 90 r1
2
.5
& r1 (cos 2 + cos 1 ) =.015 750 687(cos 30 o + 0) = 36.5 lb.
R x = mV
12
& = 15 R V = 15 36.5 300 = 164 ,300 ft - lb or 299 Hp.
W
x B
sec

100 sin 30 o = Vr 1 sin 1

o
1 = 36.9 , Vr1 = 83.3 m / s.
100 cos 30 o 20 = Vr 1 cos 1

4.135 a) Refer to Fig. 4.16:

o
V2 = 71.5, 2 = 48 .
o
V2 cos60 = 83.3cos 2 20
V1x ) = 1000 .015 2 100( 71.5 cos 60 o 100 cos 30 o ). R x = 8650 N .
V2 sin60o = 83.3sin 2

R x = m& (V 2x
W& = 12V B R x = 12 20 8650 = 2.08 10 6 W .

b)

100 sin 30 o = V r1 sin 1

o
1 = 47 , V r1 = V r2 = 68.35 m / s.
100 cos 30 o 40 = Vr 1 cos 1

o
V2 = 38.9 m/s, 2 = 29.5 .
o
V2 cos60 = 68.35cos 2 40
R x = m& (V 2x V 1x ) = 1000 .015 2 100( 38.9 cos 60 o 100 cos 30 o ). R x = 7500 N .
W& = 12V R = 12 40 7500 = 3.60 10 6 W.
V2 sin60o = 68.35sin 2

c)

100 sin 30 o = V r1 sin 1

o
1 = 53.8 , V r1 = V r2 = 61.96 m / s.
100 cos 30o 50 = V r1 cos 1

o
V2 = 19.32 m/s, 2 = 15.66 .
o
V2 cos60 = 61.96cos 2 50
V2 sin60o = 61.76sin 2

80

R x = m& (V 2x V 1x ) = 1000 .015 2 100( 19.32 cos 60 o 100 cos 30 o ). R x = 6800 N .

W& = 12 R V = 12 6800 50 = 4.08 10 6 W .
x

50 sin 30 o = V r1 sin 1
2
2
V r1 = 2500 86.6V B + V B
o
50 cos 30 VB = V r1 cos 1

4.136 a) Refer to Fig. 4.16:

2
2
2
Vr 2 = Vr1 = 900 + 30VB + VB .
o
30cos60 Vr 2 cos 2 = VB
Combine the above: VB = 13.72 m / s. Then, 1 = 59.4 o , 2 = 42.1o .
R x = m& (V 2x V 1x ) = 1000 .01 2 50( 30 cos 60 o 50 cos 30 o ).
R x = 916 N .
W& = 15V R = 15 13.72 916 = 188 500 W .
30sin60o = Vr 2 sin 2

b)

50 sin 30 o = V r1 sin 1
2
2
V r1 = 2500 86.6V B + V B
50 cos 30 o VB = V r1 cos 1

V B = 14.94 m / s.

2
2
o
o
Vr 2 = 900 + 20.52VB + VB . 1 = 41.4 , 2 = 48.2
o
30cos70 Vr 2 cos 2 = VB
Rx = m& (V2 x V1x ) = 1000 .012 50( 30cos70o 50cos30o ). Rx = 841 N.
W& = 15V R = 15 14.94 841 = 188 500 W .
30sin70o = Vr 2 sin 2

50 sin 30 o = V r1 sin 1
2
2
c)
Vr 1 = 2500 86.6VB + V B V B = 16.49 m / s
o
50 cos 30 VB = V r1 cos 1

2
2
o
o
Vr 2 = 900 + 10.42VB + VB . 1 = 43 , 2 = 53.7
o
30cos80 Vr 2 cos 2 = VB
R x = m& (V 2x V 1x ) = 1000 .012 50( 30 cos 80 o 50 cos 30 o ).
R x = 762 N .
W& = 15V R = 15 16.49 762 = 188 500 W .
30sin80o = Vr 2 sin 2

4.137 To find F, sum forces normal to the plate: Fn = m

& (Vout )n V1n .

o
a) F = 1000.02.4 40 ( 40 sin 60 ) = 11 080 N . (We have neglected friction)

Ft = 0 = m& 2V2 + m&3 ( V3 ) m& 1 40sin30o. Bernoulli: V1 = V 2 = V 3 .

0 = m& 2 m& 3 .5 m& 1 m& 2 =.75m& 1 =.75 320 = 240 kg / s.

m& 3 = 80 kg / s.
Continuity: m& 1 = m& 2 + m& 3
1 20
120( 120sin60o ) = 3360 lb. (We have neglected friction)
12 12
Ft = 0 = m& 2V 2 + m& 3 ( V 3 ) m& 1 120 sin 30 o . Bernoulli: V1 = V 2 = V 3 .

b) F = 1.94

81

20
120

0 = m& 2 m& 3 0.5m& 1 m& 2 = .75m& 1 = .75 1.94

144

Continuity: m& 1 = m&2 + m&3

= 22.6 slug/sec. and m& 3 = 9.7 slug/sec.

4.138 F = m& r (V1r ) n = 1000 .02 . 4 ( 40 + 20) 2 sin 60 o = 24 940 N.

F = 24 940 cos 30 o = 21 600 N. W& = 21 600 20 = 432 000 W .
x

4.139 F = m& r (V1r ) n = 1000 .02.4( 40 VB ) 2 sin 60 o . Fx = 8( 40 V B2 ) sin 2 60 o .

W& = V F = 8V ( 40 V ) 2 .75 = 6(1600V 80V 2 + V 3 ).
B x

dW&
= 6(1600 160V B + 3VB2 ) = 0.
dVB
4.140 (A)

V B = 13.33 m / s.

Let the vehicle move to the right. The scoop then diverts the water to the
right. Then
F = m& (V2 x V1x ) = 1000 0.05 2 60 [60 ( 60)] = 720000 N.

4.141 F = m& r (V1 VB )(cos 1) = 1000 .1 .6VB (VB )( 2) = 120VB2 .

2

120 1000
At t = 0 : F = 120
= 133 300 N.
3600
133 300
ao =
= 1.33 m/s2
100 000
16 .67
t
F dVB 120VB2
dVB
=
=
. 2 =.0012 dt .
m
dt
100 000
VB
33.33
0
1
1

=.0012 t.
16.67 33.33

V2
F
V1 = 0

t = 26.6 sec.

4.142 F = m& r (V1 VB )(cos 1) = 90 .8 2.5 13.89 ( 13.89)( 1) = 34700 N.

50 1000

= 13.89 m/s W& = 34700 13.89 = 482 000 W or 647 Hp.

VB =
3600

4.143 See the figure in Problem 4.141.

F =m
& r (V1 VB )(cos 1) = 1000.06.2 VB ( VB )( 2) = 24 VB2 .
dV B
dV B
.
24V B2 = 5000V B
.
dx
dx
x
24 dx 27. 78 dV B
24

=
.

x = ln 27.78 ln 250.
5000
VB
5000
0
250
F = mV B

82

x = 458 m .

1.25
V2
4.144 F = m& r (V1 VB )(cos 1) = 1.94
(V1 VB ) 2 ( 2).
12
F
dV
F = 0.1323(V1 V B ) 2 = 20 B .
VB
dt
dV
At t = 0, V B = 0. Then 20 B = 0.1323V12 .
dt
dVB
With
= 6, V1 = 30.1 fps .
dt
VB
2
dVB
1
1
For t > 0,
= 0.006615 dt . 0.01323 =

. VB = 8.57 fps.
2
( 30.1 VB )
30.1 VB 30.1
0
0
4.145 For this steady-state flow, we fix the boat and move the upstream air. This
provides us with the steady-state flow of Fig. 4.17. This is the same as
observing the flow while standing on the boat.
& = FV . 20 000 = F 50 1000 . F = 1440 N. (V = 13.89 m / s)
W
1
1
3600
V + 13.89
F = m& (V 2 V 1 ). 1440 = 1.23 12 2
(V 2 13.89).
V 2 = 30.6 m / s.
2
30.6 + 13.89
Q = A 3 V 3 = 12
= 69.9 m 3 / s.
2
V
13.89
p = 1 =
= 0.625 or 62.5%.
V 3 22.24
200 1000
= 55.56 m / s.
3600
320 1000
55.56 + 88.89
V2 =
= 88.89 m / s.
m& = 1.2 1.12
= 329.5 kg / s.
3600
2
F = 329.5( 88.89 55.56) = 10 980 N.
= p 1.12 .
p = 2890 Pa.
& = F V = 10 980 55.56 = 610 000 W or 818 Hp.
W

4.146 Fix the reference frame to the aircraft so that V1 =

88
= 29.33 fps.
60
2
88
10 29.33 + 58.67
V2 = 40
= 58.67 fps. F = m& (V 2 V1 ) = 1.94
( 58.67 29.33)
12
60
2
= 5460 lb.
ft
lb
& = F V = 5460 29.33 = 160 ,000
W
or 291 Hp.
1
sec

4.147 Fix the reference frame to the boat so that V1 = 20

83

10 29.33 + 58.67
m& = 1.94
= 186.2 slug / sec.
12
2
2

4.148 Fix the reference frame to the boat: V1 = 10 m / s, V2 = 20 m / s.

Thrust = m& (V 2 V1 ) = 1000 0.2( 20 10) = 2000 N .
& = F V1 = 2000 10 = 20 000 W or 26.8 Hp.
W
4.149 0.2 = V1 A 1 = V 1 .2 1.0. V1 = 1 m / s. V1 m a x = 2 m / s. V1 ( y ) = 20( 0.1 y ).
.1

.1

.13
flux in = 2 V dy = 2 1000 20 (.1 y ) dy = 800 000
= 267 N .
3
0
0
The slope at section 1 is 20. V 2 ( y ) = 20y + A .
2

Continuity: A 1V1 = A 2 V 2 .

V2 = 2V1 = 2 m / s.

2 = A 1 / 2. A = 2.5.

V 2 ( y ) = 2.5 20y .

V 2 (0) = A

V2 = A 1 / 2.
V2 (.05) = A 1
.05

( y .125) 3
800 000
flux out = 2 1000( 2.5 20y ) dy = 800 000
[0.00153]
=
3
3

0
0
= 408.3 N .
change = 408 267 = 141 N.
.05

.1

2
V dA

2 20 2 (.1 y ) 2 dy

.1 3 4
= .
V 2A
12 .2 1.0
3
3
b) See Problem 4.149: V2 ( y ) = 20( 0.125 y ), .05 y 0. V 2 = 2 m / s.

4.150 a) =

= 4000

. 05

2
V dA
2

V A

2 20 2 ( y .125 ) 2 dy
0

2 .1 1.0
2

= 2000

( y .125) 3
3

4.151 From the c.v. shown: ( p1 p 2 )r02 = w 2ro L.

p ro
du
du
0.03 144.75 / 12
w =
=
.

=
2L
dr w
dr w 2 30 2.36 10 5
ft / sec
= 191
.
ft

r2
4.152 Write the equation of the parabola: V (r ) = V m a x 1 2 .
r0

84

.05
0

= 1.021.
w2roL

p1A1

p2A2

.006

Continuity: .006 2 8 =

r2
V max 1
2rdr.
.006 2

V max = 16 m / s.

& 1.
Momentum: p1 A 1 p 2 A 2 FDrag = V 2 dA mV
.006

40 000 .006 FDrag =

2

r2
2
1000 16 1
2rdr 1000 .006 8 8

.006 2
2

4.524 FDrag = 9.651 7.238.

FDrag = 2.11 N .

4.153 m& top = A 1V 1 V2 ( y )dA = 1.23 2 10 32 ( 28 + y 2 )10 dy = 65.6 kg / s.

2
F
= V 2 dA + m& top V 1 m& 1V1 = 1.23 ( 28 + y 2 ) 2 10dy + 65.6 32 1.23 20 32 2 .
2
0
F = 3780 N .

.1

4.154 a) m& top = m& 1 m& 2 = A 1V1 u( y )dA = 1.23 .1 2 8 ( 20 y 100 y 2 )8 2 dy

= 0.656 kg / s. (Note: y = 0.1 for u ( y ) = 8).

.1

Momentum: FDrag = 64( 20 y 100 y 2 ) 2 2 dy +.656 8 .1 2 8 2

0

= 1.23 6.83 + 5.25 1.23 12.8.

FDrag = 2.1 N

.1

b) To find h:

8 h = 8(20 y 100 y 2 )dy .

0

h =

20 .12 100 .001

= 0.0667 m .
2
3
.1

Momentum: FDrag = 1.23 64( 20 y 100 y 2 ) 2 2 dy 1.23 .0667 2 8 2 .

0

= 1.23 6.83 10.50.

4.155 a) Energy:

V12
V2
+ z1 = 2 + z 2 + hL .
2g
2g

FDrag = 2.1 N .

See Problem 4.118(a).

82
1.912 2
+ 0.6 =
+ 2.51 + h L .
hL = 1166
.
m.
2 9.81
2 9.81
losses = A 1V1 hL = 9810 (.6 1) 8 1.166 = 54 900 W / m of width.
V12
V 22
b) See Problem 4.120:
+ z1 =
+ z 2 + hL .
2g
2g

85

7.19 2
1.58 2
+.417 =
+ 1.9 + h L .
hL = 1.025 m.
2 9.81
2 9.81
losses = A 1V1 hL = 9810.417 3 7.19 1.025 = 90 300 W
5.17 2
32
+ 1.16 =
+ 2 + hL . hL = 0.0636 m.
2 9.81
2 9.81
losses = A 1V1 hL = 9810 116
. 5.17 0.0636 = 3740 W / m of width.

c) See Problem 4.121:

4.156 See Problem 4.122: V1 = 20 m / s, V 2 = 5 m / s, p1 = 60 kPa, p2 = 135 kPa.

V12 p 1 V 22 p 2
Then,
+
=
+
+ hL .
2g
2g

20 2
60 000
52
135 000
+
=
+
+ hL .
2 9.81
9810
2 9.81
9810

V12
20 2
h L = 11.47 m = K
=K
.
2g
2 9.81
4.157 Continuity:
Energy:

V1 D 2 = Vd 2 .

V1 =

V12
V2
+ H (t) =
.
2g
2g

d
Momentum: Fx ( FI ) x =
dt

K = 0.562.

d2
V.
D2

V = 2 gH ( t ).

d V + m& (V 2x

c.v .

v
d2 s
V1x ). 2 = ax .
dt x

t
d 2
d 2
a x m(t ) =
V (V ). m( t ) = mo
V ( t )dt .
4
4
0

But, V1 =

dH
dH d 2
.
= 2
dt
dt
D

2 gH .

d 2 2gd

ax =
2 g
t
+
H
o
2
4
2D

dH
d2
=
H 1/ 2 D 2

d 2

2 gdt . H 1/ 2 =

2 gd 2

2D 2

2 gd 2

2 g
t
+
H
dt

m
o
o
2
2D

t + Ho .

4.158 This is a very difficult design problem. There is an optimum initial mass of water
for a maximum height attained by the rocket. It will take a team of students
many hours to work this problem. It involves continuity, energy, and
momentum.
4.159 Ve =
v
MI =

m&
4
=
= 19.89 m / s.
A e 1000 4 .004 2

Velocity in a rm = V .

.3
v
v
r

(
2

V
)

d
V

=
4

ri$ ( 2 k$ Vi$)Adr

c. v .

86

.3

= 8AV k$ rdr = 0.36 AV k$.

0

v
d
v v
M = 0 and
(
r V )d
V = 0.
dt c. v .
The z-component of

v v v $
r V (V n )dA =.3i$ (.707V e $j +.707V e k$)Ve A e .

c .s .

v v v $
r V (V n )dA =.3.707V e2 A e .

c .s .

Finally, ( M I ) z = 0.36 AV = 4 .3.707Ve2 Ae . Using AV = A eVe ,

0.36 = 4 .3.707 19.89.
= 46.9 rad / s.
y

v
4.160 A moment M resists the motion thereby
producing power. One of the arms is shown.

r
V

Ve

10 /12
. 25
v
M I = 4 ri$ ( 2k$ Vi$ ) Adr = 8 AVk$ rdr = 2.778AVk$ .
0

v
d
v v
M = M k$ ,
(
r V )d V = 0, and
dt c.v .

10
v v v $
c.s.r V (V n )dA = 12 V e2 A e 4 k$.

.75
200
10
1/ 4
Thus, M + 2.778 1.94
30 = 200 2
1.94
4.
12
12
9
12
M = 309 ft - lb.
&
W = M = 309 30 = 9270 ft - lb / sec.
4.161 m& = 10 = A V = 1000 .012 V0 .
Continuity:

V 0 = 31.8 m / s.

V0 .01 = V .01 + Ve .006( r .05).

2

V0 .012 = Ve .006 .15. Ve = 11.1 m/s.

V = V0 19.1( r .05)Ve = 42.4 212r .
. 05
.2
v
$
$
$
M I = 2 ri ( +2k V0 i ) Adr + 2 ri$ [ +2 k$ ( 42.4 212 r )$i ] Adr
0

. 05

.05

.2

. 05

= 4 V0 Ak$ rdr + 4 Ak$ ( 42.4 r 212 r 2 )dr

= 4 31.8 1000 .01 2

.05 2 $
k + 4 1000 .01 2
2
212 3
42.4 2
2
3
(.
2

.
05
)

(.2 .05 ) k$
2
3

87

= ( 0.05 + 0.3 ) k$ = 0.35 k$.

.2

.2

. 05

. 05

2
ri$ (V e $j )V e .006 dr = 11.1 1000 .006 rdr k$ = 13.86 k$.

0.35 = 13.86.

= 39.6 rad /s.

1000
4.162 1000 = M.
M =
= 2 N m.
500
v
M I = ri$r ( 2k$ V ( r )$i r ) 2r .02dr
R

= 0.08 r 2V( r )drk$.

0

Continuity: V ( r) 2r .02 = Vr cos 30 o 2R .02.

V ( r) = 0.866 RV r / r .

v v v $
r
V (V n )dA = R(R + Vr sin 30 o )Vr cos 30 o 2R.02 k$ = .00301Vr (35 +.5Vr )k$.

c .s .

.15

2 16.32V r r dr = .00301V r ( 35+.5V r ).

V r2 52.1Vr 1333 = 0.

1
V r = ( 52.1 52.12 + 4 1333 ) = 70.9 m / s.
2
The flow rate is Q = A e Vr cos 30 o = 2 .15 .02 70.9 .866 = 1.16 m 3 / s .

.008 2
4.163 See Problem 4.159. Ve = 19.89 m / s. V =
19.89 = 3.18 m / s.
.02 2
.3
v

d $ $
M I = 4 ri$ ( 2 k$ Vi$ ) +
k ri Adr. A = .012 , Ae = .004 2 .

dt

0
.3
.3
d $ 2
d $
= 8 AV k$ rdr 4 A
k r dr = 360 AVk$ 36 A
k.
dt 0
dt
0
v

(r V ) (V n$)dA = 212V
z

2
e

A e k$.

c .s .

d
d
= 212Ve2 A e or
+ 31.8 = 373.
dt
dt
The solution is = Ce 31. 8t + 11.73.
The initial condition is ( 0) = 0.
C = 11.73.

Thus, 360 AV + 36 A

Finally,

= 11.73( 1 e 31. 8t ) rad / s.

4.164 This design problem would be good for a team of students to do as a project. How large a
horsepower blower could be handled by an average person?

88