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British Library Cataloguig i uliti Data

Woodcocl<, Thomas

929,6,094

L Title

The Oxford guide to heraldry, 1, Creat Britain. Heraldry

1

II. Ris, Jh rti

ISBN 0-19-211658-4
Library
o;f

(Data auailabIe)

gr catalogig i ulkti Data

ritd i creat Britai Butler r Ltd., Frome, Somerset

Typeset tr Ltd,,

High Wm, Bucks

hr wldg,ts
authors would like to thank the ollowing fr their assistance with th text and in obtaining photographs:
College Minutes and r.rdu illustraiions frm the College Lib1; r Y/illiam Chandler f the San Diego Museum; ;r, hrr-,f the British Museum; utr Lt iustrations on . 1_41, t48, and 15; r Peter Day and th Tiustees f the Chatsworth Settlement; Miss Rachel Fairhurst; the Hon. Janet Grant, especially fr picture research and work the Glossary; Mr Peter Gwyn-;orres, Lancaster Herald; M1lona1!11-5i"g; r Michael Maclagan, Richmond Herald; Miss _Olive Middteton; Mr Godrey New, , photogrh; His Gr The Duke f Nrflk, Earl N4arshal; r Robert Parsons, fr the drawings that m the Glossary; tgrhi Giraudon fr illustratiol 9".._11; r;h Rose, f"r'htrh; r Colin Shf Christie'J; r Grg Squibb, Norfolk'Herald Extraordinlly; Sir Anthony'Wagner, lu King f Arms; and r Robert Yorke, Archivist at College f rms. "
h. htr f the college of Arms, fr permission to quote frm the

tts
List f lur plates
Introduction

I Origins of rldr II European rldr I Grantees f Engiish rs IV h Shield f rms V Crests Supporters, Badges, and Mottoes VII Marshalling f Arms VI Heraldic Authority in Great Britain IX mri Heraldry h Use f Heraldry as Decoration
Appendix : h Royal Arms f Great Britain Appendix : English and Scottish Kings of rms
Glossary f Heraldic Terms in General IJse

ix xi

I4
JJ 5
75

rr
I9
I5 I72 I87

r92
I97

Bibliography
[ndex

)2I

List of lr Pltos
tw

Ordinary f lions frm Prince Arthur's Book, .I52 College f Arms (photo:John Rose)
College f Arms (photo:John Rose)

. 48 d 49

Checky coats frm Flwr's Ordinary, c.r52o

.

Roundels and annulets fromJenyns's Ordinary, College f Arms (photo:John Rose)

College rms (ht: John Rose)

r8
. r

Arms f College and Kings f rms frm Lant's Roll, rms f Lord Harris, r8r5

595

Col1ege f Arms (photo: John Rose)

College f Arms (ht: Jh Rose)

Grm Heraldry frm the Hyghalmen Roll, late 5th century

Frh rldr, .lz9

Private collection (photo: Jh Rose)

Confirmation f rms and crest to r Stanley, T57617

College f rms (photo:John Rose)

Grant f arms and crest to George Toke, 547 College f Arms (photo:John Rose) Grants Y/illiam Hervy, lru, .r5 Coilege f Arms (photo:John Rose)

British arms, late Tsth century

College f Arms (photo:John Rose)

Medieval coats frm Segar's Roll College f Arms (photo:John Rose)

Grants f rms and crests Sir hms Y/riothesley, c.T5z8 rit collection (photo: John Rose)

rl Tudol crests College rms (ht: John Rose) Crest proposed fr Sir Francis Drake, 58r College f rms (photo:John Rose)

Armorial bearings th rl f tgmr, rr Armorial bearings f the 4th Marquess of 'Winchester, rr

College f Arms (photo:John Rose) College f Arms (ht: John Rose)

List of lr Plates
beteett , 111 d 145 Confirmation f rms. crest. and supporters to th r1 of rudl, I5 8 Coliege f Arms (photo:_|ohn Rose)

Banners of Knighrs th Garter, mid-th century College of Arms (hr:_|h Rose)

rmril bearings f the Princess f

College f rms (h: Jh Rose)

'/ls

Patent f Major General Vr'Wrr Hussey frm the mrr f Hindustan, r8 College of Arms (photo:John Rose) Badges with arms and crests rm Ballard's Book, late r5th centuly College f Arms (photo:John Rose)

Armorial bearings f the znd rl f Egmont

College f Arms (photo:John Rose) '/illiam Beckford, 88 Quarterings f (ht: College f Arms John Rose) College of Arms (photo:John Rose)

Quarterings f Lloyd f Stockton, I894

Painting f heralds participating in the creation f new Garter King f rms, rl r7th century College f Arms (photo: Jh Rose) Funeral certificate ofSirJohn Sr, d. I599lr Coliege of Arms (photo: utr Life)

Coffin f Electress Sophia f Hanover, d, T7l4 Coliege f Arms (photo: utr L) Armorial bearings f . . h hr t, r877 Coilege rms (photo: utr L)
Flag f Kota, 1877 College f Arms (photo: utr L) Robes and insignia f nobles f the Province f Carolina, I705 College f Arms (photo:John Rose) Catafalque f the rd Earl of Derby, d. T57z College of Arms (photo: John Rose)

m f the th r1 f Shrewsbury, d. r59o College of Arms (photo:John Rose)

Christie's (photo: Christie's lur Liary)

Chinese rmril plates, r8th century

rms f the sovereigns f England, early I9th century

College f Arms (photo: Gdfr New)

Irltrodction
queried whthr yet another is necessary, or indeed whthr heraldry is very 'rlt' subject to write about. deal with these two questions separately, it might best to concentrate first on wh this

are m books on hrldr. So m, that it might

immediately spring to mind. Though constantly updated, these tend to reflect the state f heraldic knowledge, historical research, and the general theories urrt at the time f their original inception, added to which they r on the lrg side, and perhaps rather daunting for the general rdr. Though thr are several smalier, popular books on hrldr, m f thm r based on, if not actually cribbed frm, Fox-Davies/Boutell, and they tend to repeat th same oid facts and stories, and the same illustrations, which makes fr dull and repetitive reading. It seemed to us, therefore, that there was rreed fr short guide to hrldr which contained all th basic technical information about arnrs, usirrg reasonably simple layman's language rather than the (often bogus) heraldic vocabulary invented heralds between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Also, the subject could made mr intelligie if set irr its wider historical context, covering the evolution f the College f Arms and the Court f the Lord Lyon r the centuries, and the way that hrldr has been used at different tinres as frm rhitturl decoration. This, at least, is '/hether the aim f this little guide. or not it succeeds is fr the reader to decide. It seemed particularly worthwhile to try to illustrate our book with historically interesting and/or beautiful examples f heraldry which are not already well known to the public, and to draw fr this purpose on the library f the College f Arms which contains th most important collection f heraldic manuscripts in the world, most which h r been reproduced in print. This is the reason why, whrr possible, the iilustrations in this book h been chosen frm examples in the College lirr, and it is hoped that this will give the book an additional attraction. h aim has been to provide the type ofheraldic information that an interested, educated person, not specialist, might want to know. As otTicer f arms one is often asked questions about heraldry. Such

book fills gap when svrl others already exist. Many f the standard works on hrldr still in print date back to the late nineteenth or early twentieth centuries. Fox-Davies and Boutell

\11

[trduti

general questions hr- been borne in mind, and the attempt to answel thm has made in the fol1owing chapters, and especiallv i the glossary f heraldic terms incorporated at the back f the book. Anybody r,vho bur-s guide to hrldr is rl already largely

converted, so does tr need to h its interest and importance pointed out, Others. hrr-r. m have at the back f their mind the sneer of Lord Chesterfield, or some other eighteenth century Scepti. dismissing heraidrr- as rh 'science f fls with long memories'. Heraldry is indeed science, -ith its own rules and terms, but also an art, and beautiful one at that, perhaps mI importantly it is the 'shorthand f history'. Alexander Nisbet in his System of Heraldry, published t l7zz, had some r.ery sensible things to say about the subject:'Knowledge thrf is worthy f any gentleman. if rrl understood it is as useful as it is interesting', because it illustrates through symbols the history f prominent families, and thrr f the nation in general. The purpose of heraldry since its inception has always been partly 'show and pageantry', and these r important eatures f civilized society. It has also long hd practica1 function in'distinguishing, differencing, and illustlating rss, Families and Communities'. hrugh hrldr it is ssi to tIace the origin f families and the various steps which they 'arTived greatness', and to distinguish the different hanches descended frm the sr families and the relations between families. Even slight knowledge f hrldr thrfr can make ail th difference in looking at old houses, hurhs, and monuments, and add greatly to the pleasure to derived frm thm, quite apart frm its intrinsic interest or its relevance to genealogical studies. quote Nisbet again: coats rms 'represent the heroick Achievements f our Arrcestors and perpetuate thir mmr'.

Gd

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ERALDRy, defined as the systematic hereditary use f an arrangement f charges or devices on shield, emerged at about the same moment in the mid-twelfth century r wide r f ur. Between 5 and rr55 seals show the general adoption heraidic devices in England, Fr, Grm, Spain, and Italy. The question is why? hr has much debate about th origins hrldr, but the subject remains obscure, and definite or convincing conclusions h been reached. It is often stated that hrldr in its early stages had strong military associations, and that its original purpose was the identification f knights in rmur on the battlefield. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries the rml tactic f European warfare was the massed cavalry hrg with lance and shield. This great set-piece frmti could only executed once, and if the m was not completely overwhelmed the first charge, the battle then k up into handto-hand mi where some symbol or device, it is argued, was necessary to iderrtify the combatants. m in Imur was very hard '/illiam to recognize. the qurr, fr instance, was forced to Im his hlmt in th thick f the battle f Hastings in rdr to identify himself to his fllwrs who thought h had been killed. victorian heraldic theorists claimed that man's rms m to painted on his shield so that he could recognized his followers in battle, and that such mrk ofidentification m essential ftr the development f the closed hlmt which completely concealed man's f. This argument has been elaborated to show how hrldr was product f the feudal system ofland-tenure in ur. m held his land in return fr military service, and was bound personal allegiance to his lord under whom he must serve in war. Arms m to used so that knights could distinguished their 'followers' in battle. h hereditary nature of hrldr is also result f the feudal system. If service in war was the rent which land was held, the right f inheritance the natural hir was an understood condition f feudal tenure. In Sir Anthony 'W'agner's words: 'Th hereditary succession to the Iw f France r England was not mr firmly based in law than that f the pettiest knightly house to its ancestral f.' At time when the right to lead or th duty to follow in battle was inherited, the coat f arms was likely to m hereditary too. In this

rigis of I7eraldry

way, it is argued, heraldic devices m symbol f the owner's ia""tity and'also mark f his status. knights needed to distinguishei selds and coats f arms, so arms thus m mark f knightly status r l rk. . iu,"r thr of th origin f heraldry is develope_d in its most The rIt elaborate frm in rrrcb e".lv tr,ventieth-century works s some m there Cuide to Heraldry . . Fox-Davies. But while Round, , truth in it, there r also strong grounds fr sceptici,-, J_ the Fin his entertaining essay'Heraldry and the Gent', demolished ]imited the only that out " pointed ,9r. Davies theory lorrg "go ", i capite had followers to whm they "r r tts class f 'barons' those who needed to identify themselves in battle. The great body of held land -ilitary service, the 'knights', r _g"_t,y_, .hd followers. service due frm military tenant in the feudal System was well defined. held his land service of two knights, one knight, r hlf knight, and as time passed these fs m prJgr.rrir,.ly subdividd. Long fr closed helmets made the of arms necesSary fr recognition in battle, m Were already "aolrion holding land the service of one-third, one-quarter, one-fifth, or even oie-twelfth of knight in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, single knight, let alone raction f knight, had no_band f flwrs,"s had no need to identify himself to them. h single knight, in ft, went to War not to lead but to led, Yet heraldry indibitably m the distinguishing mrk f this class. Many landowners, great and small, who bore arms did not in any case hold their land iut"r service at all. Military service was only one f m forms offeudal tenure; there was also tenure in serjeanty, tenure ir, ,o."g., and tenure in frank-almoin, Even such l.,id]"q twelth..rr',rrli-rgnate as'/illiam d'ubigny, r1 f rudl, held his vast .rt"t.ri, Nbrfolk and Sussex grand serjeanty_the duty to serve as butler at the coronation banquet-not military service, Many |andowners went to some lengths to shield themselves from the burden of knight's service. Round quotes the particular ml of Ralph Fitzr (ancestor of the okeovers f kr in stfrdsbire;, who held estates at okeover, Ilam, and stretton udr the t f Burton, at Mayfield under the Prior f Tutbury, and at Callow under Robert Frrrs, Earl ofDerby, none of which properties were subject to knight's service. r,r, the need r identification in battle had existed, the shield was hardly the most practical choice to meet it. h surface f shield, being two-dimensional, can only viewed frm very limited angle. ls] being held at body height on th battlefield, it would h obscured ], other combatants in the course f struggle, and would, in ."r., h"rr. rapidly been obscured cuts, dents, mud, and

Origitts oiHeraIdry

blood. These difficulties would have been exaccrbated the nature f th heraldic charges, m f which closely resembled each other. h earliest English rolls of rms, dating frm the thirteenth century, show m very similar charges, oI even duplication f charges; quarter fth thirteenth-century English shields of arms, r example, contain th lion, which would not h made fr an easy identification. It seems, thrfr, that the identification with any certainty f arms on shield battlefield would h been so difficult that it must assumed that such was not the practical urs f arms. It seems muh mr likely that the depiction f rms on shield was subjective demonstration on the part f individual warriors, frm f individual 'vanity, and display rthr than practical military device. Nevertheless, if marks which knights and lords might readily known were not absolutely called fr miiitary needs, the social and military oTder f the twelfth centuly was suh that, once invented, they fud ready market as military Status symbols, and wr popularized rl th tournament rthr than in real wrfr. The tournament is supposed to h invented in the mid-eleventh century in Fr Gdr de Preuilly, and it developed as ulr frm f regular training in the handling f weapons and horses, It rapidly m highly organized and hedged around with ruies and eiaborate pageantry. Ambitious knights travelled round Europe fighting in tournaments at fortnightly intervals. It provided the means fr warlike young men to make their frtu, as is 'V/illiam the Marshal who rs frm demonstrated the career f simple knight to m Regent f England. and thr knight, Roger de Gaugi, entered into partnership i Tl77, and travelled frm tournament to tournament gaining muh lenown. their skill at arms they captured no fwr than one hundred and three knights in ten months, making large profit in ransoms. It is rl that such itinerant participants in tournaments helped to spread th usages and conventions f hrldr across Europe. Later in th Middle Ages th bearing of arms m to accepted as an essential prerequisite f participation in tournament. In r89, fr J.nstance, whenJohn de Kyngeston was challenged to joust Frh knight, in order to enable him to accept the challenge Richard II 'received him into the estate f Gentleman and h made him Esquire, and wiil that h known rms, and bear them henceforth'. h growing import f milrtary pageantry and its association with fhe tournament would h excluded those f insuffrcient sociai standing who were unable to meet the expense, and this would have helped to restrict the use f arms to th knightly class. hus, rms m to seen as mark f noble status, and were granted th l Roman mrr and the European kings as corollary to ennoblement. In rl days,

Krri::-.:,_:

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Joust lvitlr heralds in atleldance. DTawing f r. r 5 illustratrlrg ordinances made Tiptoft, Earl f Jorl 'Worcester, Constable f England, fr jousts f

roval 4 (Coll. rms, , f. )

hwr. most rms w slssumd. and their wrs sometimes changed them at wili. In about I I95, r instatrce, Richard I altered his rms rm either two iions combatant r lion rampant (only hlf the shield is visible on his first Great Seal) to the thr golj leopards r lions passant guardant on red field, which remains th"e Rdhrms England. But in the twelfth century, and fr the Tapid proliferation f armorial devices led to growing mSur f r1 control, thr was some equation betweerr nobility f b1ood and rmril bearings. clue suggests an alternative thr fr the origins f hrldr. _This Although heraldry m to have strong bilit"ry .rsJci"tiorrr, it m have developed frm th civil personal -"r, the seal device, f ce{tain rth European ruling families descended rm hrlmg,, who perpetuated some f the administrative organization and ss-

Origitts

o_f

Heraldry

the symbolic devices ofhis court. The latter included the sun and the m, the fleur-de-lis (which later m the symbol of royalty i Fr), and the symbols f the Evangelists: St Mark's lion and St John's eagle. This is the argument put forward rl Platts in hr recent book

iblr

Knight in rrur with shield of

rms and heraldic hrs trapper seal um (de hu), Earl of Hereford and

Corlstab]e Elrglalld. (PRO Eazl65).

. l z75

Origis of Heraldry (I9So). Though Miss Platts's argument is not supported any positive evidence, it m, as tentative theory, help to throw new light on this obscure subject. But fr mr detailed rsrh still needs to done on the ur dimension fr hr arglrment accepted in 11 its aspects. She claims that personal fmil identification in recognizably hereditary frm was practised in certain couIts frthr Europe, especially those f the Counts f Flanders, Boulogne, and their allies, fr the Norman Conquest, and that mmrs f those families who accompanied Duke'William to England brought their own devices with them, and passed them on to their heirs who transferred them to shields. In England, all heraldry, she thinks, is either survival f those original Flemish devices or imitation f thm, while in Scotland they remain today 'the hif foundation f that country's hrldr system'. Such devices survived because they were treasured as links with the lost world f the Carolingian mrh, especially the descendants f Charlemagne among the Boulonnais nobility, and this is the real reason fr the reverential status f rms in the Middle Ages. Consequently, the origin ofheraldry was not Norman but Flemish. h Nrms were not in position to know about the symbolic 'V/illiam the Conqueror himself was devices f Charlemagne's court. frm the Scandinavian pirate Rollo. oniy four generations away \X/hatever Rollo's standing might h been in his own utr, it is virtually certain that h had little r no knowledge of the patterns f social behaviour surviving out of the old kingdom f the Franks. It is argued Miss Platts that'William the Conqueror's army contained m m who were not Norman. His invasion fr included lrg contingent frm Brittany led Alain Fergent, son f the reigning duke 1 V, and mr importantly contingent frm Flanders and '/illiam's father-in-law was Baldwin V, Count f its dependencies. Flanders, one of the most powerful princes in north-west Eulope. Although Baldwin himslf did not personally lead contingent f troops to Hastings in r, nevertheless large umr f knights came frm his Flemish mt d its neighbours: Guy f Ponthieu, Gilbert Ghent, Arnold Ardres (the hereditaIy seneschal f Boulogne), and the sons r nephews f the Counts f Guisnes, St Pol, and Hesdin. h r11 commander f this Flemish contingent was Count Eustace II f Boulogne. It must at once said that only Eustace II f Boulogne is in the

Origis

oJ

Heraldr1,

accepted list f fift men known to h fought under William at Hastings (see Collrplcrc rg, XII/r, app.L) . h rr was, however, f about Se\-en thousand men, so th others mar- har.e been 'Whether ther- lr present at Hastings or not, 11 these thr too.

nobles were itrrltd. 11 were linked to th fmil Count Baldwin f Flanders. and al1 rvere directly descended frm hrlmagne. hrugh the troubled yrs after the death f Charlemagne, Fiarrders and its subsidrarr- ts, unlike th rest of the Frankish Empire, had managed to retain something f the character f his rul. Boulogne in particular, u,ith its Roman lighthouse and ramparts, and the international trade ofits port, was rih and sophisticated. Its count, Eustace II, who was definitely at Hastings, had the strongest Carolingian ancestry. Through ponthieu and Guisnes, h was descended fm Charlemagne's favourite daughter Berthe, but mr importantly, thrugh his mthr, Maud of Louvain, h was the greatgrandson f Charles, Duke f Lorraine, the iast ml heir f the carolingians. Not only was count Eustace descendant f the Frkish empeloI, but his court at Boulogne copied the synodic pattern laid down Charlemagne; it comprised seneschal, an advocatus, master ofhunting, constable, standaTd-bearer, mrshl, and utlr, supported fur chatelains, two viscounts, and twelve barons. rl Platts argues that not l did sm f the administrative and hierarchicai character f Charlemagne's court survive at Boulogne, but so also did its most rarified and colourful symbolism. She states that such sophisticated and elegant mt, with its complicated international fiscal, nrilitary, commercial, and social connections, must h had badges f identity which would provide instant recognition fr the Count and his ffirs within r without his territories. Although it cannot proved it is suggested that such devices, oftheir nature, could not h been changed on the death of the reigning count, but must have been hereditary in the fmil. Furthrmr, if Boulogne empioyed hereditary devices in th eleventh century to identify its ruler and ffirs, so also must the thr linked mts f Flanders, Hainaut, Louvain, Alost, Ponthieu, Guisnes, Hesdin, Lens, and St 1. Miss Platts claims that such rt-hrldi devices were displayed, not on shields at that stage (many similar shields r shown on th Bayeux Tapestry), but on seals and rs. Even ifthis were so, what evidence is there fr hr claim that in Io66 the Counts f Boulogne used as theiT personal symbol thTee red balls (torteaux) representing the sun on gold grourrd? That the second son f th Boulonnais house used thr red crescents (representing the m) on silver ground? That the Counts f Flanders used black and gold triangles in gyronny pattern? That the Counts f St 1 used wheatsheaf as their

rigis of Heraldry

device, and the count ofesdin, the escallop? The thr red balls on gold ground the counts f Boulogne indeed seen in the "{:"" Tapestry, on the r , l. flag carried one of the cavalrymen, but this does not necessarily identify it as 'eading Boulogne, and Count Eustace himself sy.mbo_lf (in the fm,r.rs scene whr he identifies Duke'William in th helmet-remo"bg irr.iaent) is shown carrying banner with device f cross and fur smaller cIosses (mistaken Miss platts r fur small balls), said to have been used later his sons atJerusalem, on the First Crusade in 9, and so proving that these devices were already hereditary in the eleventh tur. In other words hereditary devices m" ha.re been known in r, and symbolic banners seem to have been rrid at the battle f Hastings and in the First Crusade. However, Matthew Paris, the compiler f England's first rl1 f rms, shows Count Eustace's SonS as kings f;slm bearing the famous rms f r Cross Alrgel when h. ..., the death in roo f the elder son, Gdfr de Bouillon, and the coronati"" i, thr Baldwin I in the Same r. Also, the r carried Count Eustace in the Bayeux TapestTy is usually identified as t "|"r r granted to'/illiam, and the device f cross and fur smaller crosses is not associated with the kingdom ofJerusalem till the mid-thirteenth centuly, when Hugh de Lusignan, whose descent frm the counts f Boulogne WaS Iemote, took the title. Again, if the Counts f St 1 already had hereditary device f whhf ,, was Guy III de Chatillon, Count f St Pol (died rz89) recorded - on '''/alford's Roll'with r'.'s { Paly Vair d uls Chief Or Label zur? Nor does thr seem to any evidence fr the srrjgestion,brirb. .st 1 wheatsheaf 'was ugt to England R"i. Co-irr.r; it, ,rr" fmil in ScotlanJi, e"ample f canting . p,rrrrrirrg 9:-1 ',h, hrIdr, the garbs rstig th shearres seal showing the hk coat of ,. pirni cummin " V/rs used jh (de -:h, if anything, positively dirs Miss Platts's ssrti, Wr). Earl of Surr. !: thirty r mr_l flgs the Bayeux Tapestry w;rb . Il/I9 (PRO 4:/r). .rheraldic devices should not, hbwever, .ompletbly dismissed. Fr instance, one rs to show three buckles, and ihree buckles r formalets were the rms later attributed to the Malet a-iry, one f whm, 'Wiiliam Malet, seigneur f Graville, is in the those at Hastings. Lance fla_gs or pennants appear "- list f in rlqustri seals, and certain groups f coats depicted in^this -"f .irr. traced back to time very ciose to the conquest. certainly, there is evidence f charges which m hrditrig used diff.."rrt mmrs f fmil whose mm ancestor in t eleventh century, traditionallythought f as pre-heraldic 'id period. For instance, variations of checky (see Glossary fr this and other heraldic t.r-r; *.r. r descendants f Isabel de Vermandois hr marriag.es to

'Holles's Ordinary': shields f quarterly arrns, nrany fmilis related to Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex, on nrid-seventeenth-cerrtury Ordirrary f painted rms (11, rms, EDN I, . 7).

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both Robert de Beaumont, rl f Leicester (died r r r 8), and 'William d'Wr, Earl f Surrey (died I8), and this is th origin f the -Warenne arms (still quartered the Duke f Norfolk as rl of Surr). J. . Round, i CeolJrey de d ille (r 89z), pointed out that Gffr de Mandevilie, ri of Essex killed in Tr44 was the centTal . r 8), Rouge DTagon figure in group f families related to him, including FitzPiers, Lacy, Pursuivant. Purchased :drvard, Duke f Norfolk, fr Vere, uhm dfrd, Clavering, Say, and Sackville, who all :: College ilr r 759 at th sale of bore quarterly coat. h descendants f three f the four children f i..hn /arburton, Sotnerset ut Hugh II f Clermont-en-Beauvaisis (died I ) his wife Herald's library (ColI. rms, Marguerite de Ramerupe bore garbs (wheatsheafs): the thr children Snrith's Ordinary, EDN zz, :,r 4.]). were his son Reynold arrd his daughters Marguerite, wife f Gerard de Gerberoy, and Ermentrude, wife f ugh d'rhs, Earl f Chester, and garbs are associated with Cheshire to this day. h descendants f their sister dl, wife f Gilbert de Clare (died rz), bore hrs, as did hr mother's fmil f Rmru.. i, tb. thirteenth tur, Gilbert de Clare's great-nephew, Robert ".ity Fitz'/ltr, r Fess t ttyo hr.s in the same tinciures as Clare, and his brother-in-law Gilbert h r rgt Fess t t hrs Guls, changing the field frr Or to Argerrt. h origins of these families'arms must so close to the Norman conquest that it would seem highly likely that the use f heraldic devices began with l flags fr being transferred to shields to m 'true hrldr'. ftr the Conquest, 'William rwrdd his
:lcluding Earls of Chester and :ne m ril, frr th Book of sutes r ordinaries. :o1lected and finished i r599 -v /illiam Smitb 1. l55oShields of arms ,ith garbs,

i.d,'.,b

Banners and shields f rms with hrs f clare and related families, mid-sixteenth century (Coll. Arms, Flower's Ordinary, u G9, fs. 155-6).

"ie

]9",i

i:"]1:r

-Nrm allies, aS well as his own Nrm fol|owers, with grants of land, h cadets in England f the Flemish families, and the devices used them, must h influenced the development f heraldry in England and in Scotland, where Some f them nrigrated. If the unJouhed links f the ruling families of Flanders with hrlmg had any hrldi connotations, the political decline f Flanders in th twelfth and thirteenth centuries and the misfortunes that rwhelmed its ruling houses, would have given their descendants in England an additional urg to rSr their heritage and promote their rmril devices. '/htr its origins, it is clear that what had , in the late eleventh century, the inheritance f small group f inteTTelated families in north-west ur, spread through th ur ranks f society in the twelfth century. This widespread adoption f colourful devices and symbols r,vas one aspect f the twelfth-century renaissarrce, that 'great age f rwl after long night f the mind', wh 'the seed f h thought was carried r and quickly to take root and grow in other minds than his who fiist thought it', to quote Sir th Y/agner. synrbols were transferred to the shield, they gave rise to What is uncontroversially accepted as heraldry, and this practice spread across ur irr period f less than thirty years. So much fr theories; what of facts? h oldest documented ml f rms on shield in Europe is, urriquely, recorded both in written and pictorial frm. hrilr, Jean de Marmentier, tells us that when Henry I f England knighted his newly-wed son-in-law Gffr (Plantagenet), Count f Anjou, i llz7, he hung about his

:*:-;a

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Etrarel portrait f Gfrl,. Cclunt f Anjou (fornrcrlv ovcr s torrrb irr Le Mans thdrl), slrolr.irrg thc arnrs bcstorved orr hir r,h,is fthrrl-larv. King Herrrv I Erlglarrcl (us Tess6. Lc
_\1ans, Fr:,rrrcc).

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l"

,,

O,tgt",

H",|d

,usedtohangabovehistonrbinthecathedral,whichshowshim

neckashieldpaintedrTithgoldliorrsonanAzureground.(Theearliest Gffr died in seal showirrg arr heraldic*shield dates frm rI36.) in Nrmd, Mans Le at rr5r, and was buried irr the cathedrai preserved in the usum thr, is ml portrait f him rhih
r,vith six holding the hild rTith lions. Furthrmr, u shield 'V/illianr grandson, bastard goldeJliorrs appears olr the tom_b f his iorrg.rp.", Brrj f Salisbury (died zz), in Salisbury Cathedral, ,i"g that the arms were treated as hereditary, knights The earliest shields f rrs Were eSSentially simple. Many

adoptedunadornedstripesorcSSeSwhich,ithasbeensuggested, in th bands f leather or metal which wr -r h".,. hacl their rig, an obvious used to strengthen *d"r, shields, arrd which otTered it has been surface fr p"ainting simple pattern. Fr instance, which shield the on battens suggested tht hs originaled in shield, f the evolved into 'v's due to the pointed convex surf wheatothers adopted specific objecis suh as th crescents, suns, l have descended sheafs, lions, and "gl., which, as we h Seen, the Flemish ts, via court rm the symboiisni f charlenragne's is the others chose punnirrg r 'canting; arms, An important factor blood or use f .--r, char"ges groups f families linked f the feudal fudl tenure. There l, e.riderrce that the second tier '/estmorland, fr ml, took rms which were Structule in f Appleby variations on those f their overlord, the Vipont fmil Castle.TheVipontarnlscomprisedblackannulets(orrings)onagold y/estgrorrrd, and ritis f these r r those survivirrg II, borland families whose descent traced to the reign f HenTy

fmrl such as the Lowthers, Earls f Lonsdale, and th Musgraves, f rtl and Edenhall, in Frm its simple origins in the twelfth century heraldry developed acquiring was it cerrtury complexity arrj.laboiation. the thirteenth

(lcf) Rrs sl with rlle .rrnrs [ mr (de Vl), Ear1 f mk (rz96-z),

showing Barry (fjJt) orle of i artlets, combination of rs rh"s derived fronr th *ood.r, battens on the shield and martlets t associated w,ith the Crusades (PRO

z9l87).
(rll) Seal of

shield compos ed l barry u,auy gsi, an excellent ml of the simple geometricai hrtr f rl rnedieval

Gilbert Basset, his

heraldty (PRO zl6).

Seal dated rz75 fdrud Plantagellet. r1 f Corrrlvall (d.), hw ofHenly III. rl use fth 1ion ranrpant

(PRO z9lr9i).

f rms irr the twentieth centuly.

was the ilrcorporation of quarterings f thr arms ihritJ via heraldic heiresses, creating r mI ml patterns. More will said about this in the htr on mrshllig. Many shields of rl sixteenth-century origin were r complicated, with hrs and chiefs rd with differerrt charges. Eventually, arms m to irrclude pictorial Scenes 'rr', sometimes rfrrd to as 'landscape heraldry'. This can seerr in the arms f several f the g.rr.r"ir, admirals, and governors who built up the British mi in the eighteenth century. h arms f Lord Nelson, fr instance, show the battle f the Nile orr chief,, while those of the Lords rris include hiff augnrentation showing th fortress oseringapatam with the drawidge let dowrr and the LJnion flag f Great i hoisted over that ofTippoo sahib, all rr, to mmmrt the conquest ofthat Indian city in I799._ This sort f pictorial lrti in hrldr, however, m to seen as 'degerrerate', and in the nineteenth century, as an aspect f the general Gothic Revival, there was reaction against 'bad' hrldr and th reinstatentent of medieval standards, with clear, vigorous afrangements of simple charges. And this taste for'rl'hrldr has continued to goverrr rriort f t design

with tlre irrtroduction f umI f fabulous arrd ihimerical rtures, and patterns which md fr away frm the simple vigorous geometry f the rl days. later development, originating ii,

the ruls and terminology which r the basis f its present laws and larrguage, As time passed, it m increasingly ll in its design

ttt

7L

Horldt

rmril bearings were adopted i th in most western countries, h -iaal. th. trvelfth century is thought t s,rdden and widespread emergence f hetaldry tournaments, f rise th -,;tb ibe rrlds and h associated with the crusades
rr' rrr".

l,T

thrushits rl Stages heraldry was rmrkl uniform

i-il".

_1, :, -bi.boughttogetherknightsfromalloverLatinChristendom.and tr_ DurlnB emphasized"the uirir,ersrlity" f WStern civilization

into approxinratelrt..rrth century the science of heraldry crystallized metals, and colours, f rg th rr we know today, with the same that rms principle h furs, and the same .ul.s f, marshaliing arms. and could not used thr rr,-as -.r p.rronal rrt was onlr g.;;."i acceptbd .r,gh"t most f ur, though this in diffrt r do arms 3rrfor..j natibnally, so that similar officers h to m ..rrr'r;"r, Gradualiy 11 the leading ruling houses record to heraldry and f rms or heralds, whosejob it was to regulate minstrels rvho ;;, It is thought that the heralds originated as roving speciai acquired gradually and attached thmls to tournaments, is to m they krro-ledg. of arms this means, As_a result and wr called upon to adjudicate in cases of supervision r,., "r*,, ,}: heralds lifui,. In the fifteerrih century in France and England, and.liIaries, hdqurtrs were frmd into colleges with rmt records ied to the h establishment f Jffi..r, oi "r-, and heraldic ,"i., " hrldr bccoming formalized and regulated, to handed kigdms, down frm generation to eneration in the European f E,uropeatl part aS developed The scierrce and systcm f heraldry

_1h

ratherthannationalculture,andwascoterminouswithLatinChristiancivilization,butastimepassedcharacteristicspeculiartoindiEuropecourrtries r areas began to emerge, Thus in Germatric

viclual

Germany,AustTia,Switzerlancl'andScandinavia-theuseofthecTest

developeditsowtrrules,leadingtoaproliferationinthenumberof display fur _r five crests crests. single Grm coat f arms might ontop.Thiscontrastswiththepracticefurtherwest.InHollarrd.

B"gr"lra, and Scotland, for instance, except in rr circumstances, above the shield, while in .rrr,]r.r"l to display rr than single crest entiIely in th ltr France the usf ihe crest the shield died out territorial Middle Ages. ln str Europe, especially Polan_d, whole, the same adoled blood . g"rolrp, f families nbt reiated WeSt. furthr "r.r, with rmril earir.gs, frm f l affiliation not met

it is

ur

Heraldry

15

simiiarly, in the east there was more restricted use f colours, with marked rfr fr simple gold or silver charges on red r blue fields, *.r.., in Fr, England, and Scotland there was rfrence fr mr elaborate arrangements f arms, with small hrgs peppering the whole f the shield, arrd the use f elaborate patterns of i"ir. . ,doption f mrks f diffr also developed in different f ur. In the east the practice is almost degrees irr dirent parts -t i rgit Fl, or irr Scotland, differen,rrr"krro-rr, whereas cing was developed with high degree f elaboration, variations in hrldr tended to Ii the 1ater Middle gs regionai '/ith growth of nationalism, the the m more emphasized. mrg f ,trorrg organized monarchies, and th gradual dissolution f universal medieval civilization, th hrldr f individuai countries absorbed and developed its own 11 characteristics and practices, and emphasized individual aspects f the armorial achieveberrt i, differenJ degrees. Thus, Scotland and Fr placed great emphasis on ntottoeS, often incorporating thm above the_crest on top of ihe shield, whereas in Germany mottoes were used sparingly. Englarrd m to make rr f supporters (the figures or animals wh Support the shield bearing the arms) than any other ur country, the knights f certain rdrs, and important corporatiorls

"li."rr, being entitled to tm as an integral part of their arms. Italy evolved its -nr- f crest wreath, which is thinner than that used elsewhere. In Flanders (now Belgium) there emerged the practice f suspending

the shield strap frm the helmet. similar distinct national variations cai, found throughout ur, leading to particular heraldic characteristics in different regions. German, r Teutonic, heraldry extended its sphere f influence

frm Austria and switzerland in the south to scandinavia in the noIth. h GrmS, as might expected, Wcre mr thorough in the marshalling f rms than thr European nation. The most striking characteristic f Grm hrldr, however, is the design and tTeatment f crests. These ft reflect the shield repeating th charges and tinctures in mr virtually unknown in English h.rd.. f the ancient nobility (dI) whose arms, dating frm tlre thirteenth centuly, conrprise sinrpie designs f bend r ss on the shield, Iepeat the same on their crest. For instarrce, there are two rs orr both the arnrs and the crest f the kreys family f Ratisbon. sometinres the charges on the shield are repeated in the crest. h demi-monk, likewise Monnich fmil f Basle, whose rms depict '/h srl arms were incorporate demi-monk in th crest. marshalled the same shield h corresponding crest Was placed on helmet top, leadirrg to the typically Grm arrangement rws f different crests above the shield. This was copied in new grants of

l
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illrrstratirrg Bohcrrriarl ".,-,rr.];, ArnTs, Poi,ey's llo]1, z, fs, ,l7Y-,1t),

(irr :]:: rl fiftecntll-cellturv'Povey'S Roll'. cxecuted lCc sin-rple bold.".g., oftctr repc:rtcd ilr t}re rst

Von rIS, Those f thc Prussian field nrarshal, luhr fmil CfeSt tlis th ll r8r4, have f.r....,* lhih only
1:,

Blucher, gtanted

f hur, l, t1]! .,,oJ, .r, the others are umllttills sword in lvreath, arl; Prussian eagle, crossed rsi;l's batotr atrd stali plate at'V/irrdsor illustratcs the Irorr Cross. riir lrt's Garter Gernran muitiple crests, f th thr charactcristics Teutotric heralclry r -rduts it, lvith loose poiitical or,arrizatio11 f the l Romarr_Ernpire ioca' authoritrc., .o"rpJr*'i""ly .".ik ccntral lllrh aird r,rful especiallr seni-irrdeperrdetrt, W MalrY f tlre towns, fr instarrce, to :. arms civic ; fr].. imperial cities. Thus, frr rl tinres prominelltaSpcctofGernratrheraldrl..Likepersorralheraldry,tl-rc the lrave,beetr brigi", f civic hldr r not entlrely lr, and develope.l rs town that is ,.r].., ruh .rlrrr,..r. lr r,il
ilrdeperrdelrtly lltrr r.ierv is tlrat civic coats rrs developed

fromtlrecir,icsealsofthetlvelftlrarrdthiteerrthcctrturjes.Thc f

l.

i1,1ryi,ll o"x}rll.tr li$?f,,4}z,Ltl,]"'l.yrrl' ',fr},t{}]Ni}!,]l{, lf?trdtln}lAln,etdeilAl,N5fi{i{;,'1??r'l.j''ill.iell'{v}:.1.]i|td.T{}N,\' "'"' - "

,r",./.]DuJrILmftS'CLlBrBERB.oT*tsstDEt,r\{Tl''lt.'!E,

HARL -l]L '' ],ii-tlus- i: ', - J ul i-.z,, r UR{} "" {lt' Ti 1,

tl ffisrr, tS ']'tS ILLr-TE ?iiINCy

) /:,tls;t- ctc La Rlill{, _,. lv"lilt i;K-{lROIXlilTltrtS t{ofi ItI,}; $Rtr)}lll l, l1l, l"}*, avail.R o R* t}LE 0nBR, rj}t Lfi {I Lr-],lis
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engraving f th GaTter sta1l plate f (top t) Grm heraldry: 'rt), with crests dexter to sinister fr t.r, (th ri

Marck, Thuringia, Saxony, Meissen, Jutih, and Berg (1l, Arms, Garter Statl Ptates IlSoT-4,1], , 85)

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ti,rTo"n..

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(top right) Gerrnan heraldry: manuscript given to the Col1ege Sii'V/illiam pugdale, Nrr, on zJune r676, illustratirrg th rrs f the severr rirrl Electors of the l Roman Empire, rramely_ th Kirrg of hmi, th ri Palatine f th Rhine, the Duke of Saxony, Marquess f rdurg, and the rhish of Ma,inz, Cologne, and Trier (Coll. Arms, L 4, pt, I, f, I),

nobility ."...,'. in 1_5!lo, depicting,the arnrs Saxotry (Coll. rms, Vincent 17r, f, r),

(botto right) Grm heraldry: lum of Gernran and Venetran

the

Duke f

,8

E""p", H""|d
seals, lvith ,hih theT hr, nothing in rm.

is lr is that but selassumed originally were civic arms, like personal rms, or his mrr Roman to granted arrd controlled the Holy status to the delegat*es. It the rul that when village was raised of bororgh, r olr the founding f new town, it was granted coat
" rms.

'/ht

Over the greater rt f th teIritory that was once the Holy Roman E,mpire the arms t..',r., r rmrkl similatities, raking use fortifications, gate\Yays, rmrts, towers, and so frth as charges. thr m ftur Grm civic arms is the augmentation 'wittenbers Thus, rlrd. torvn's escutcheon f the rms f the

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Grr civic hrldr, showirrg the rm use f fortifications as charges. h

five-volume col1ection f tr Lc Bretorl. Kilrg Arms f Fr, was given to th College f Arms George '/arkworth in r686 lm f (Coll, Arrns, tr Le Bretotr, rms de ris de 1'ur,
shields nos. 7s-8).

:
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[7'rlltlr

f Saxony, and m :]:! Jtl escutcheon f the arms f the Dukes the Habsburg arms f silver _\ustri towlls have an eScutcheon with h fr Imperial cities tss Ied glound (Gls Fcss l,gt), imperial eagie, as in the cases enrphasized thiir status displaying the civic arms do not use h, Vienna, ,"d i{","st German
f helms, crests or SupPorters, but the placing

tJ11

ib" ,i i,

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aS.

rof

strrrda,d practice, thr peculiarity Grm restriction ;;;" is th use otwi,, arms side side. hr WaSto rftl io ,i"gr. shield, and twinned arns r considered arms f such " is represented in the acceptable, ln civic arms this practice have two shields uh cities as Fulda, Brr",,,""d NurembeTg *i,h
side-by-side. yis-d-yis the mrh furthr aSpect f the strerrgth f towns f noble arms, but was the emergence f burgheiarms in_emulation nobiliary StatuS, ,.|.rr'. frm-thr, ,rrd r.ot recognized as bestowitrg assume armorial to. Promitrent citizens wr l *ith i-p.rnity whr states in ;;"gr" bilar to those sported the ul nobility burgher rms ib.-3-p"r.r's authority i"", distant and weak. These difrd rm treated ,, , diff"",t species, arrd were .l-. the crest, Support to arms the use f closed tilti"g hlmt ,r. '. Burgher bars, with Noble rms, .rrrr^,', sported op"n h,l-"ts ,..r to Scarrai"""a, -he,e th were freely,assumed "r-, cities f the Baliic (m f whm wr f merchants in the 'rrJ-g hereditary there, unlike Germarr descent), b,,t ti,"y failed to m noble rms.

ru.rl rW on top

of th Lor,v Burgher aImS Wr also feature of th hrldr towns and cities f countries in the later Middle Ages, h rich FianclerswerethemostadvancedcommeTcialandindustrialcentresof frm their distant .rr., arrd enjoyed considerable lndependenc.e arms f overloTds, the Dukes of Burgundy, L, p^,es",t-day,Belgium arms the absence f urghr descerrt r differenied frm noble gold medallions on heimets. Noble arms are urthr distinguished to approximately chains. In Holiand only noble arn1s, amountillg civic rms, r rgthose f fur hundred families, together with Council f Nobility), and nized the Hoge Raad Ade1 ( High r self-assumed and uncontrolled. |.'..'" 1. Burgher arms pleasant simplicity, Nevertheless, Dutch ,ldr is noted fr its

;;"

-est .r"ir, rr. ,hi"lJ] Thepractic.o-"',b.llingarmsintheformofquarteringisrare,and is the other harrd, thr nottoes r not lrormally d, In Belgium, country was Tuled the sidr later Germ"r, influence aS the f .-... in the eighteelrth century, and orr the estaishment r,vas fmil royal the kigi in th nineteenth centuly
iddt

unlike Grm shields having single charge,only, In general, is the norm in Holland. rr. hlrrr.t, d rr.

German. Until the First Y/rld'/r the ri arms Sable Liott r,ltl: Or (derived frm the arms f the frmr Duchy f Brabant) rr charged with an escutcheon f Saxony: Barry oJ t Or d Sal]lc .; Craiceli irt d i ciT (familiar to English eyes frm the rms ofAiber:. the Prince Consort). In Fr the choice hrgs and their arrangement bears l;. simiiarity to British heraldry, though it is perhaps not fifu1 to see :Frh hrldr in general certain Gallic elegance. h r_j: diffr between the two countries is th absence f crests in Fr:, Frm the sixteenth century onwards, French families tended plac. coronets f rank only on top f the hlmt, and in the ightr:: century th helmet, too, disappeared frm general usage, the coron:: being placed directly on top f th shield. supporters ajsc co-paiatirrely rr in Frh heraldry. Fr ml, though the |;:: useddifferent Supporters at different times, th Royai rms \r- :.S often depicted without. pair f angeis was the best-knorr-n oi ihrl supporters; these were sometimes shown wearing dl--. charged with fleurs-de-lis, and sometimes not. h most m:. depiction f the Royal rms was just the shield f fleurs-de-ijs (oiiginally semy ail over, but reduced to thr in the second hlh fourleenth century hris V) and the cTown, encircled br tllrs of the two Frh Orders of Chivalry, St Michael anJ S: Esprit. good surviving example f the Frh Roya1 rms rTith tbc angel supporters is the carving on the pediment f the Frh hur:l f St Luigi dei Francesi in Rome. surtrs and crests were as r in French civic herald\ as i_ rd noble arms, though the mural crown was frequentlr- uscj. Frh civic arms are distinguished the incorporation of fs ., the rms oftheir frmr overlords. Thus, Dijon has hif the rs ofthe Dukes ofBurgundy, Nancy those of the Dukes oflorraine. anJ m towns, including Paris, the royal fleur-de-lis. Mottoes \\-very popular in France, and coat of arms often sported trvo; oTle above the shield and one below. This is true f th Rl rms -il dispiayed the ancient Frh war-cry Motjoie st Deis the shield and the biblical Latin tag below, Lilia N Lrt Ne4trc _\clrl. interesting, if exotic, offshoot f Frh heraldry urrd in h early nineteenth century in Haiti, where r Christophe. illegitimate k slave, proclaimed himself king in 8l I, and Set up full-scale court on the roya1 Frh model with titled nobilitv and French-style heraldry. King Henry of Haiti instituted the Royal and Military order f st r, and established king ATms and thirteen heralds, h carefully graded nobility took their names from places on the island, leading to some delightful and imr titles including count f Lemonade and Duke frmld. h Roval

l!rLlll Heraldry

2I

was instituted on lines rfull laid down and precisely regulated Napoleorr. h arms f the nobles and f towns weIe organized into several degrees, all with rrit charges and diffrs. Civic heraldry was divided into thr classes f 'good towns', h category
Q,ftr) Frerrch heraldry: rmril g{rl l'mir Frgis, 1. _5 (rSIz), shou,,ing Napoleorric augmentations fr l ecclesiastica1 and civic heraldry.
de l}

rms f Haiti depicted phoenix, symbolizing the King's resurrectron frm the chains f slavery. lJrrfortunately this fascinating and origina1 heraldic experiment enjoyed only rif existence. King Henry shot himslf on 8 October 8zo. But the arms f the short-lived Court f Haiti are recorded in all their frfrhil elegance in manuscript preserved in the lirr f the Col1ege f Arms in London. Frm the seventeenth century up to 1789 the control of rms irl France was hereditary in th d'Hozier fmil as Juges d'Armes. Revolution saw the abolition f French hrldr, as f the mrh and nobility. Fifteen rs later, however, new imperial hrldr

(l,)rmri1 gr1 f the Kingdom f Haiti compiled fr Herrry Christophe. an illiterate k slave wh proclaimed himself King f Haiti in r. r8r t. instituted the Royal and Military rdr of
St rrr, th llr f which surrounds his rms (Coll. Arrns, JP 77. f. ).

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Ettr,-lpeart Jl,;-,li,i

SportilIq itS t'rll

]pL]l'-":ll' "'-i:lbols' 'bJ's, cigles. bc.s. ..iij ille irilli1 .]r\ti" ftr r1l. R,.,,,il,rl ilr T8l4. lSr to\1-]li :.-r tij to the-ir allCieIlt a,IrjlS, btlt F,.,:,_,.,l:l,:ll1ea,.r i..Lrild hs kept jtr l,tse lilc \.1i.1|,otli';: r,rS f 'gd tori,tl' .li:ll'N' \\-L-i-. .i:lliiai'll' illS rloble iii .l , -iTlicltl, Napolccltric: ciass. ivith a-ll griid. hr ilg-s rj]t,,] Napoicolr'S nrilitar C.lill|r.liS1l_i. \\-itt1 i".-nl1or-,, ailc1 'iterlls ,-lf ri.ti-,i,llclllgr},'. Cresi:s, SlirtS. hclrrrets. a,,rd r-rrottoc: \\- ,i] j,,lt]r]. but STS|clil f pltrred h;its ol"loqr]cS t!]thr u,ith 11 top r-,f the:,}rieid \\.]_i al]()ptcc1 to irlc]ic:lie rrobic rallk, h rms itself. slricld cactr,rlly g;d.l .iilq1l}L,tlta.tiollS to tlre "nrio,ru horlorablt, (:t tl{ |tt,lir c!'Eiltpiit,. itlstalrcr,. cotltaitrccl r piicc fss, bcnd, hrll, d so orr) hrd r,vith;r simptrificd dcsigll ot'thc -t,i+niort rl''{-]c,,,trtt,l!r. i{rrrglrts 1iot f th Lc;gioli d'f7ortutl, placcc1 arl orr tl-rc orc-Liirarl . LJarorrs red siilist calltoll alld "rrrr,ri"'r!]llt toqlle roitir th Pi-r.lrles ostriclr fths atrd corrrrter-\,ilir edge; .ourrrr. lu dexter Catlto11, frr.e strih ptrr-lnres atld coutlte-cririille cdqc to tl-1c toque; clukc:s ;r rcd hisr lsih,r Stars, sevcrl ostTich rryjth rii. Plitlccs thc: },Tapoleorl,ic lrr,-rr"r, l}ild tocl.Lie edgec1 Lrs a]ld toqucl ,ith se,,,eti clstriclr .r.rpir" r :lif scrlrv -hr-,," Sifi hrgs ;rtrc1 rrllg1l1llts plrti-rres atlt-i :rtr c:c,ige of l,irir. jaid fur thc _cel,cral grds f rrobilrt1:, t 84 itl dorvrr f (.1.-sigil \\,Cre crffir,iali, a.tlc-l cjvic hcra]c]i:r, tirrotightlut tlrc trril. Tire Naptllcotl-ic: Svstenl" itl t,mrtr, 1\,aS lgl\. abolislrec1 oll thc ii ttr ,tlli tell is rilll Colltrol rls ill Frtt. but tlre 1,:*"r, 1.t.r. Toda-; |lrc:re trobilit-r, lse tlreir -\,iutirrl,r-;s in tlre sr \\iay tliat the}, us tire-ir tities, clc:spite tlre ]ack f ofEcral recogtlitiotl L-,l, thc Rui. Cir-ic hrjdrv Colllillllcs itl getrcrai us, attc] 1ras l arrgretltcd itl this c:errturv, At-r intlo-",atiori f thc last hlirlded rs is tirc adc]ition to thc shield f si kiTrc] f rilit,r, ilc-coratioll ttl det,trotlstTate llrr,:rv Ll1l dr clic-lll\I fi. Ibeiarr hrllrr.. aS iS to cxplected, }ias nlallv Stllg Cilllrateristrcs f its orr,-n. l-r Spalirard arld thc Porttigrtcse glor-ies irr the atltiqr-ritv of }ris pedigree ;rirC collSic]el s tris to ;1 \-r\: sutir l<irld f rrobi]it". hr is \rast a1l1ourrt f Sp;urisii rvrititig orr tlig aild trrridv, pi].rth.bc:cause t}ris rrras brarlcl-r f,lrtritlg rvhich clid rrot :1ltract the hostile irrteresr f ti-lc Illquisitiorl. (Tl-rc rls tlr Spalrislr ()lit,t: Br,ltlclt lrrqlris-ition, i}, tt-rc 1;11. 1 Saliit (1,_i_l },rl dt:xtcr alt sirrlsrcl 5tt,oltl .ith the 4otto Esi-trge Dolllirrc et _judica Cal-iSa1ll tr.l:irTr") lrr Spairr, scarcciv fanrill,of enlil}ellce 1-ras sprlrrrg frl atrv origirr Conllcted rl,itl-i iarr,,, co1l]lllerC, r the Clrulclr. those 'copious fi,_rirtairrs'of tlrc ]istt];lis rrglrr-l, Vrli:. ;rnd f Rotlrc" Tlie Spallislr rrobilitT is basccl ll.st erilireiv l_)11 illilitar service. h grcat lili oSp-,lliil origlrt thir lrrar,tcl thi rallk; their'cor{-]l1ets jTlto tr.r.,o classes, thc 1r gairrec] b,r,t}re sivot-c] otll-r". Tllcl-arc divided
-]]_'ia'i_lit C;l1lto11

r iri

lrl

G:;rrdees and the nobility of Castile. h latter rvere originally life recrages, unless otherwise specified. In the eighteenth century under ihe Bourbon mrhs they were usually rendered hereditary their patent f creatiorr, but were greatly multiplied and further devalued in ih"t -". h number of GTandees, on the other hand, tended to contract intermarriage, with the result that th m I inbred. young bodyguard at the Royal Palace in Madrid in the late eighteenth century asked whm h should salute, and received the ,l ' frid, the safe rul is to Suppose everybody in the l who 1ooks like monkey to Grandees f the first class,' h descent f spanish rms and spanish titles differs frm much f rthr ur, in that there is general inheritance through females, and unlike England, Fr, and Grm with their strict rules, illegitimacy is bar to the correct descent f arms oI tities" In the are the besetting -oid, f Richard Ford, 'Gluttony and drunkenness passions those violent more Nrth; chaste cold sins f the people fth heraldic is suit there f the burrring temperate south', and allowance fr the resuits. In general it was considered that fmil pedigree could more damaged misalliance than illegitimacy. and the patents f nobility f many spanish families contain rmiders to illegitimate branches in default f legitimate heirs. The Dukedom f Medina-Sidonia, fr instance, under patent of Henry IV f I4, can inherited illegitinrate descendants. Iliegitimacy in spain was divided into three branches. h first class f illegitimates or widowed parents -. 'N"t.rral hildr', those r f single r,vho could legitimized the subsequent mrrig f their parents or just declaration thir father that they were his heirs. olivares, fi ml, recognized his natural Son as his heir. The second class f illegitimites, known aS 'the Spurious', Were those whose parents fr whatever reason wr not in position to marry. These bastards had to 1egitimized petitiorr f royal ratification. h third class, called 'the Incestuous', were the offspring f those who were either too closeiy related in consanguinity r who wr bound religious voWS. h required papal dispensation to inherit thir parents' property oI arms. But these Wr granted in so r,vholesale fashion ih"i.rr.ry Spanish diocese had stock of signed ks ready to fill in the appTopriate names whr necessary. h charges depicted on spanish armoria1 bearings h srl peculiarities. Marry rrd particular historical events r deeds f war. f Columbus, fr instance, incorporate anchors and islands 1h. "r*, in the 11 commemorating his discovery f mri. h nriTacu1ous cross r,vhich appeared to the spanish rm at the battle Las Navas de Tolosa in rz, rz embellishes the arms f thirty-two families. h Gusmans h snake on their rms because Gusman ei Bueno

t, Heraldry

25

poland. spain, and spread frm there to the rest f ur apart frm h practice was introduced to England Eleanor f Castile, wife f 'Westminster . Edrvard I, as is demonstrated on hr tomb at Highly complicated schemes f quarteTing have evolved in Spain and portugal over the centuries, fr it is held thr that woman m transmit the arms of hr family whether or not she is an heraldic heiress i th sense accepted in the hrldr of Britain and other countries. thr peculiarity f spanish heraldry is the introduction f words and ietters on the shield itself, practice which would deemed 'incorrect' in northern Europe. vr t these comprise the opening line f th 'Hail Mary', as in the case f the arms f the dz and Garciliasso de vega families, both f which r the
!ff'
,

,!u,"',f

,l,

,,l

tI

-{*,r,,n,,'ln

.,{/ r"*;t1

,'lo /,,o{n

,n"
| .,L

)L({st!a

ll t

-'t,,{
,

,,{,

!;

Spanish heraldry: th Spanish foible for ir-rcorporating the opening line

ffi
$r

}*

Mendoza rms exhibit the

W d*W W

th'Ave Maria' (Coll, Arms, Hector Le Breton, La Noble Ordre de ] Toison d'Or,

z),

i.*sj.
].]_,_.]]:,

|11

killed Sllake i]l \l-rir Spalrish tities r oterr cqualir The_adrlriral -l-L" Pizarros \\'I C]l'-liiJ \i,iiques de 1 Corlqrrista, sca frorr-r Naples to ri rr-:, iro"gb, h:lls 1l r;ss tile 'Tratrsportc (Ro,val Transport) , ,irl; created th _\1l,-ls clcl R,eal Godol'rr'asr-i.L:tJePr.illc..ofTllcPeacc.(aftertheTreatvofBasle) ]
iit,l1
-.|:

, h_

arnrs need to t]e t,]t: Sr of the legcrrJ. ;ssclci,rted rr-ith Sparrish t\\io ls fl't)Ill t-, rr.ith certaill dr.,. car-itiotl. take

qrrrr:r.r;rrg,

iir,rir.u Corrllt, i.g.,rra f Geoi}cv L]e Vl 11 iulcestor tlre har-e ].l-, '" lr."rr", u lr.hos. ,1ri.ld the Errrperor is supposed to
rr.lrrr.,,o,iih

f tll

lr-h,,-'rr-..,i achie\-e1llcllt: tlre rrs f rs. ] , f,, to said gold gulrd, _r rl stis palewr_sl orr
:

ccrtrir:'hiu fitrqers clipped in ld. This is almost is equallv _11o I] friui posthunrouu .><pl"-"ti"tr, atrd thr rgrl it lvas kinE f reaso11 to tclieve an alteatio-e Story that battle Ls Nr-" '' nrarked his or'vn shield irr this rvav r the f Nr,r ri _ chairrs the f Tolosa in rzz. h sarnc is tru, alas,
_

r in the arms otrvelr,e Spanish farr-rilies rr-hicil -. rdirrs to icgend, tese represetrt the chairrs atl,] ',- _' ^'r"rr1 the tonrt S"rr.i. ViI f NaVarrc at RoncesvalleS.
-

aS \\ie11 aS 11

ti1,

.r,.

h rk

'h:' through at the Same lttl f Las Navas dc Tolosa i',_, equa11l It secnrs surroutrdcd the terrt th Moorish Captain. _-:- ] Chaltl Coat, horvet,er. that thc chaitrs f,Nrr r canting ,lllla l,arra, or itr the 11 patois ,11a 1,1i,t-,", , ,, called in Navarre ]l,, : ,, in r,ur f calrting cOat is rveakened b,v the ft -, ".gu-.rr, atrd S:rtlct-L" 1rrg, f Nal.arre.rs.d r, eagle orl thir seals. ""-rt'., said to har.e adopted the coat uSed an cscarbuncle otl h,':,', _',: rvho is (rz+-s) added ih ,l" : , seal;his neplrerv.rrd uu^,ces,or hild I b.t."..r, the linrbs f the escarburrcle to produce the drsturctir-- -_ -' SpanishandPortugueseheraidr'vischaacterizedbythelr-ir.lesp:.... shicld. This cus:_ 1-rr.f orles d borJure, ru the edge th rvi: irr:,,:, origrrr"'.a as frr f marshalling the arnrs f n1atl's orr-tl::: , his surround to tis it r.vas the Custoln fr tlre husbalrd rl ,_takerr rvith bordure charged u,ith single hrldi devrces as si: atnrs f his ri r lvith hr rlt ms rgd fml ,1i']" ] ,.u-.r, , eight little shielcls. This nranirer operpetuatirrg LlL-',- hrldr, ur i in arr hereditary coat is almost uniquc il: atrd Fr in rrs Or.r1, i" occasional cases f conrpoutrded aS L"t., g."rrts f arnrs t irrcluded similar rdur t ol :-in cjl-ic rL,rl-, o.igrrri1 design. h sr praciice is a]so encountered castles r:1 th displa,ving arnrs to their -"'r trrsig borduies stJs, ,1],_, s1] r,vith liorrs f the Royal irrr-,r. did has rdur
.

,],

thcnationaiarrrrsofPortugalhaveabordurer'vithseventoweS' Asrvellasbordures,Spai'.arrdPortugalalsonrarshalarmSi1lI:]. 'Dt]l

mr convetrtional lo,"u , qrrartering, Indeed this practtCe

26

ur Heraldry

words Maria Gratiae l. This is manifestation f the Iberian devotion to our Lady, as is the frequent use ofthe crescent as svmbo1 f th Immaculate rrtirr, and the display f hr arms on ail cathedrals, nameiy rh f lilies issuing from r,ase rvith two handles (symbolic f th Incarnation of Christ r f l-irgin).

frrn ttd history f the coun_try, h r still ur, "od displayed a1l public buildings as matter f course. r the ..rri,rri., they have undergone m changes. in th earliest shields the lion f Leon and the castle f castiie wr quartered without Supporters.AftertheunionofthecrownsofAragonandCastileby Feijirrarrd and Isabella in th late fifteenth tur, th shield was

TheRoyalArmsofSpainareamongthemostinterestingin

arms futhr divided. h first and fourth quartels wete given to th

f Castiie and Leon, th second and third to rg and Sicily.

Navarre andJerusalem were introduced subsequently. t th bottom tip f the sld th pomegranate f Granada was squeezed in to commemolate the firr"] d.feat f th Moors. h shieid was supported single SuppoIter behind it, the eagle f St Jh, the patIon the iatholic Kings (Sru1u deios Reycs). t;nder th mrr hrls V, further quarterings wr introduced as part f his vast inheritanceustri,urgrrrJ, Brabant and Flanders. h columns of Hercules were added either side as additional supporters or badges, and the single-headed eagle g Way to the double-headed eagle f the Holy Roban Empire.f.hi, *", discontinued Philip II, who reverted to the eagle f st ;hn and reduced the quarterings, h ur added thc thTee fleurs-de-lis of -rrrhr, frm Philip V onwards, Today th rms f the kingdom Fr aS an escutcheon rt. eagie of stJohn and the th f spain are usually depicted supported th motto IJ Grd Libre r illrs ofercules, wi crown and ihe shield, and th flanking badges f the yoke f Ferdinand and the bundle of arrows f Queenlsabella th the shield. h shield itself is quartered into: I and IV quarterly r and 4 Castile, z and Leon; iI and III r l r rg, z Navarre, with the pomegranate f Granada in the triangle at the point f the shieid, Comp*ared to th complexity of Spanish heraldry,_ that Italy is mode1 of simplicity. Fr ienturies the country r,l.as split into dozens f states, and hd no overall heraldic authority to supervise the use f arms until after the unification f the kingdom in r 87. s rsult, the countly escaped the over-elaboration caused too muh supervision and diifereniiation (seen at its worst in English nineteenth-centuly civic heraldry). Many Italian arms retain mdil simplicity, often just comprising simple cross 11 plain field or the division f the ibi"ta p.i f.r, , ", l into two coiours, and as result thr is good dl f duplicatibn f rms. h troubled history oItaly is also

)n

,*

rrl lft{l

-i+,'V

,,t l,? * -;1= ,.*.i;,t

]
]

.*' rl

I I

.'{.1,*

*! ,\

_
. -

-',.l,,l,
J -.,,,, ,(',

/) { -,,,- .,. '7r'', -, :,)|

,\
1,

) j n"(i,,l
?l ,,,d,,

"

,.{,
l

"J]

,l,.

.,,/

*, l -L 0!{lg'ltll

t!

J*.J

bft!c'b{l'{

.::,;l,c) Spanish Royal heraldry: the arms f the -:::rr Charles V as Sovereign f th Order f th ,]--_den Fl (Toison d'Or) slrowirrg the du:: :Jed eagle f the Holv Ronran mir charged on ,_-_: st with arms f his Dominions (Coli. Arrns, Hc;tor Le Breton, La N Ordre de 1 Toisorr d'r,
_

rl;),

:_.,,;l1
_,_

while th omellirro arrd indicate tht they prodr-rced . The .::ls th Venetiarr family of Foscari incorpofate th :..n of St Mark (Coll, Arnrs. Vincent r7r, . _5).
:::; Ho]v Ronran Enrperor,
_-:-.s.ed keys

Italian heraldry: the aIms f th Roman farnily Este a]lude to their political allegiances, France and

reflected in its hrldr in the influence f waves ofinvaders, Grm, French, Spanish, and Austrians, all ofwhom h lft their mark. h chief the top hlf f the shield t represents political allegiance, the most frequerrt being the lilies f France with label fr the House f Anjou, the eagle of the Hoiy Roman mir, r the cross keys and triple tiara f the . hs Italian families who h produced are also entitled to display gold mrlli with their arms. Some rms combine several allegiances. h arnrs f Prince Odescalchi, th hd of great Roman mii, fr instance, have an imperial eagle in th fess and gold mrlli r th shield.

28

Ettropeatt I7rl,!r,;

e1,o1ved

IrrspiteottoL.ig11111tcr\-elltio11"dinfluence.It.ri.il..:l::.lidyhas ,.r.r.,i .i].r-..,.,,irtics its orvn, somc of ", -llci-L rll1 dr,lurtltsrtll.lLiltRissrt.Itdiffsl,.:::hl styiizedhealc,r.ofrl-LeGothicnorthirrdisplayingchar.-:..'t.ttlrore th c.lassical "'J, ""'-]l-..-l]::]: naturalistic .r".i.;".;i,r,rr,r", reflectitrq qualitiesop'u'.i,.'g;111t]Sclllpture.Themostdistirrctir.ec]-L.lacterlStlC
f Italialr horses
,"-"1

h..J,r;t-'b the r_tsf ,1r-rror,,d-shaped r horse-hca,l-st-Laped armorrr Wr 11 the thds shiclds. lr.1;;.; J.ri.]., r.- thc f horse's he:rd as seen
frm Sparish hrIdr. crests .1 , lut .ororrets f ratrk on top f the thin crest Wreaths r boTne ."iti, in the hrldr f th r-rlltis, helnret, , .."rbirr,,,ior. ,r, ourrd
arrd

^''"",l"""" the fr"";.';, ;i;.;;

rsr the shape

hrrsfduksdrisridfl^l.tLlf,u1; lined rvith ermine. tttatt.reau ts (actuallv ,.;,?rrr.J ,o,irb gold and rms to fourrd throughout ur ftur . .i1, arrd r1

exCeptBritain.IthasbeerrsugestedthattheateaLl,asortofheraldic prirrces irr the fourteetrth and tent, hd i,r'";i;i;r-i" ,.'r., f o.i"r-rrer,rt"i,carpets r spread ou.t fiftcenth centuries, irr rvhrch purely held snrall rgurs, behind the rmril bearirrgs, ,ob.ti*.,
depictiorr f
the throne ,

morelikelyexplanation,hOtvever,isthattberatlteattisarrheraldic suspended over

g."tgt. The_v,becan]e rgulr in th arnrs thror_rghoui cor.tinental ur accessories ;i; becomcs In its most ponipousform the ,ateall seventeenth otrlv, """"y, 'pavilion', ,;;i;"",",d r tlre rms f sovereigns

i#i.loth

stt' or lrr baldachino

state f

.b"i, f

"

Heraldryincentralitalyisinextricablyirrtermirrgledrviththatofthe been the ruling sovereigtl f th hurh, ,h. ;;;; i;.-..,r*ri", havirrg i*rr as head f the hh, h 1 arms themselves, papal States " tripie tiara, atrd the rr rvith the .Jrr.J k.y, f St Peter, the silver, are rhs the most combination of tr,vo bet"lr, gold arid

h great Roman prirrcely rvidely fr-,U;";ml f ltaliarr hrldr. frm the 1 nrorlarchy, and irr frilis d.rit; their titles and arms displav -ss, the 1 insignia, th mr exalted cases impale, or occasional titles aird rms to The vatican has corrtirrd to g.arrt authoritv is largelv restricted lm ,irr.. ,i7o, but todayits rldi throughout,the Catholic r,vorld, 1l to ,egrrl"tirrg ..Jilirc her]aldry ,."_"rl1 f the prirrcelv palaces, stili th mjr ..rr.h., f Rm, ,r_rd f the reigrring-|op", just as they display p"i"i,a shieids of th rms irr the Piazza did fr';. h casual tourist sipping ;1ff

Nar.ona,forinstance,rviliIrotethatthefaqadeoftsorromitri'sChurch
famil.v |,,h

ofStAgnesirrAgoncbearsshieldsothearmsotheDoriaPamphili

""" . ,,ri.ity "..i.ri"rti."i

rrrii

it) arrd f Pope John Paul IL , ,r.i, f Roman hrldr were revised in i" r969. abolished the use mitrs and croziers

Etropeatt Heraldry

episcopa1 arms, and substituted graded system of ecclesiastical hats ranging frm red hats with fifteen tassels on ithr side fr cardinals to black hat with two tassels fr simple priest. Croziers continue to included behind the shield in th arms f abbots, while archbishops, patriarchs, and bishops l cross f their rank behind th shielci f their arms. Tasselled hats have long been used in ecclesiastical heraldry, but fr centuries the umr f tassels on h side was not considered to important. It was only in r8z that the number f tassels fr cardinals was definitely fixed at fifteen on h side. Paul VI's new regulations carried the system to its logical conclusion proclaiming exact rules fr 11 grades f cleric. (The use f mitres and crossed croziers on the medieval model, of course, continues in English heraldry fr archbishops and bishops f the hurh f England.) h personal arms f John Pau1 II designed in 978 Archbishop ru Heim h an ugly off:centre gold cross on blue ground and the letter fr r; they owe mr to the traditions f Polish than f Ronran heraldry. h heraldry f Poland is unique in ur because f the pre-heraldic runic signs, thought to ancient clan property marks, which were absorbed into its hrldr, and adapted to frm charges. Some remained strictly geometrical charges f curved or straight lines, while others evolved into mr conventional charges such as crosses, lances, scythes, horseshoes, and crescents. As well as being different in design, Polish hrldr is different in usage fm that f western Europe, due to the fact that Poland did not develop ull fledged feudal system. Its aristocracy was organized into clans, which varied in size and importance; some contained hundreds f different families not related blood, Polish hrldr, as result, has tribal characteristics not found elsewhere, As general rule, one clan had the same coat f rms fr all its mmrs. This clan system disintegrated in the sixteenth century, and different clans broke up into several fmil groupings, but all f them retained the original clan arms without brizures r cadency marks. Nearly six hundred unrelated Polish families, fr example, r known to bear the same arms f horseshoe enclosing cross. This is situation unlike any other in western Europe. Indeed, it has been computed that f one thousand two hundred and thirty-eight coats f rms used the Polish nobility, only seven hundred and forty-nine r individual ones belonging to one famiiy. The other fur hundred and eighty-nine serve twenty-two thousand families! second peculiarity f Polish heraldry is that each coat f arms had its own name, usually the ancient rallying cry r m of the clan. As result the need fr zig did not exist in Poland. hr is very little foreign influence in Polish hrldr. Quarterings,

ltr Herald11,

found, Hungartan fantastic beasts are rrl oartition lines, and

]
i

-,l.' ".}? ji J,i, ireraldry,thoughlik,;;;;;*l1,",;::::,;y;,:fr i' . ;: : :Ti; Jll .. f ", l,' ti'" :.':, :;, }: ; : . h 9 , ; * fo r, :,: i i ;:,:1 J ; ; ; ;, " i;,|,i, : : th firth rh * t?",," .: Tl,# " -'"*1,n"i,^"-,uhi,h t""", in this the
;

granted arn_rs relating to of thr._.r.rri.J "nd ..rr,.rrr.r.-"lt"rrt, eighteenth *il, i; j ::, J;: t h * -, }.1: J J.} :: iT:, :H:l ,.:jl,-;;;;;g, grIu atld time, ri Sth bnnobled at *l1:1::: collectir-e ,t" i, .rr. i:::,i:;;;i..f."i*i"ted that fiii",n gor Borskaito9.254-'l;;]il; riss irrt Ht tu, all and ".rr.""r oer cent of

also hecapitated Tu,K'"i?,j, "*,ir, "t,'-ths arms in mu"wr { the u_ Sabres, swords, ,"d'i;l,;,;i"ji,b"a ,,. *rrri .chieu.ments ol,L th .o_J#;;;;; ,na oopular. rir.;";,, and grrfis, tribal ,h"?.;;;:,;; ancient nrrl.n soldiers. h", de,i,""j *"* th thr hd, is sus, ,,:,

;;Ti:ll!l*:,*l1fi

ilil:::::llil:,,11li,J,,;,j:;;::l:lith ri ,-,dl n :J, il"'j ?i;i ;;';;, y .[ft:? encircied ; li: * ; r,g, ,i"-,-t" -hoi"
"_,

and bonfi;;;;;;;;i;g of th" tor,vn of Debrecen " "bove holding ",m, its feet placed drg ";;;;;;i"", Cross ,,J |,nu,nt, ca"ying }m j" ib, background, h most show paschal p,l,",t"", , l" ir f op,n boooul bir.. "J th hrg has.to ,,r,i, f ugrt .*_,, Iur ;};;;ir" why ninetv r t ,i', g,J",-,j, ,stand on " base f the shield, g,J,Ji,iri,^"", arms h rud, Russianh.,.ld;;;;.,.iop"at,...,n.t".'oi*a"'.'a.exterl.ralrather ,,"-,kf Grm and jJ,:;;;'"1; " ::,J "i'*f its orvn' There than itr,l f", ;;;;"r:ul*#_.r"r'io" Frh heraldryrlin",
w

.h",g., of
ms

s n

d i

ev 1

h:,il

that

found in the lves

:*

j;fi I't: fi ff :Hi ;:' : iTi Irilli- iii : ; zz d i,-p","rsburg \ 1 i** **;,i' fu::'#'ii:,:;,*, .",:.;l'*;:
:;, imp

,. poiiri,,yp.

;; the nobility started :Tiii.T;, ri*,.,,,r,";1;;,h widespread

i,
,.,

1lI .*.:,?;:,;.1;}:,':,,1' ;,J,",l;,i,,t to adoPt

-.,,.,,"],,ri;
;;

ffi

*[ :

g""" "i",*;;, ;;; trtled fi'_;;, hurrdred , -.1l as the ""d coutse in the "iii..r"r..r.r*|.

;1

j:";

* : ;;;; ;, ;;;1,i,

;,i,, famiiies were

:JJ ti {]:t and thr

made Russran shield,

Ettropeatt Heraldry

rms comprised crests on western-style helmets worn ffrt fr oid s and in profile with raised vizor new ones. Supporters were

optional, anJ used indiscriminately titled and untitled nobility alike. h Nabokovs, fr ml, uSed lion supporters though they were untitled, while many titled families did not h supporters at all. Peter the Great's heraldic policy \^IaS extended likewise to civic heraldry. The arms f Moscow wr derived frm iate medieval seal showing mounted hrsm. this rvas added dragon, and in I7 th; horseman was defined as St George, and the desigrr frmll designated as the city's rms. st petersburg, as new town, received completely new grant. It comprised ir of crossed anchors with goljrceptre alluding to the new city's rl as gIeat Seaport and the seat f tlre imril government. In the early nineteenth centur}, under Napoleonic influence, the Russian heraidic system was reorganized on muh mr hierarchical }ines, with appropriate insignia decreed fr different grades. lrd i 1797, order f Tsar Paul I, the huge noble class had ranked and regimented into six grades: the old ristr (l fr 8), ih. Titi.d Nobility, Naturalized Foreign Nobiiity, Nss de (civil Servants ofhigh rk), Noblesse d'6 (rm officers f the ."rrk f .l1 upwards), and Untitled Nobility, h with thir own Mort Russian rms dated frm the nineteenth appropriate ^r-i. .brrtlrry, alrd later in the century there was Some attempt at Russification f heraldry. Muscovite pointed helmets were substituted fr European medieval helmets. h only really distinctive tur f Russi heraldry, however, was that heraldic animals fd in th opposite direction to the rest f Europe, sinister rathcr than dexter, ugh thr was Some attempt to bring things mr closely into line with westen usage. st George and his hrs in the rms of Moscow, fr instance, Wr rrsd to dexter in r856. h Russian Imperial arms thcmselves wr unusual, as they comprised doubleheaded eagle, deriving frm Byzantium, studded with individual shields f cities and provinces. h'Small Arms' oflmperial Russia, as risd in r857, comprised double-headed eagle with the arms f Moscow in th centre surrounded th coilar of the rdr f st Andrew; the arms { Kazan, Poland, Taurida, and Kiev, with Novgorod and vladimir, were displayed on the dexter wing; the rms of strkh, Siberia, Georgia, and Finland on the sinister ,ig. 1l Russian heraidry, even civic heraldry, was abolished in r97, thorrgh stalin thought f revivlng it in the I9s. sign f renewed interest in heraldry in Russia was the publication in Moscow of book on Russian civic heraldIy N. N. Speranzov t 974; this is the first soviet wrk on heraldry, and in it rfr is made to 'new coats of arms being worked out for Soviet cities'.

(rr) Banner engraved in r867 depicting the'small arms' of ldr [I, sr of Russia. double-headed eagle with central shield sbowing the arms sw, and on rh wings smaller shields of different provinces of the Russian

mir (Col1. Arms, Young Collection, vo1. 9zz).

Grrm,to os of ,glh Atr,ls

N couNTRrBs under thejurisdiction of the Earl Marshal f England right to rms is acquired almost exclusively either proving descent in an unbroken ml line frm someone Tegistered as so entitled or new grant frm the Kings of Arms. Technically it is also ssi to acquire right to arms Act f Parliament, grant of the Sovereign, prescription, meaning use frm time immemoriai; and rights acquired office and marriage, An ml f arms grant of the Sovereign is the grant Rl hrtr f z August I79o to th Royal Society f Musicians f Great Britain. The rms granted are not registered at the College f Arms, and despite the contravention of one f the basic rules f armory placirrg colour on colour the arms would seem to valid. h r blazoned zr Cross Cules the lmperial rw of gld-th jrst quarter charged ith Sri Or-the sd qarter charged u,,ith the Royal Harp oJ ig Dauid proper-the third quarter charged ith the thgr System-the fourth quarter charged with the

the College of Arms i l959 (., z,6). The position whr right to arms, other than f office r marriage, is acquired, namely, with the rare exceptions noted above, either rf descent r new grant frm the Kings f Arms, is the result of the evolution of the Law f Arms, rh of English larn, interpreted civil lawyers in th Court f Chivalry. Sir EdwaTd Coke in his mmtr u Littleton (z8) wrote that 'gentry and armes is f the nature f gavelkinde, fr they descend to all the sonnes'. Arms in England, thrfr, belong to families passing down ail ml lines, and not to the senior mi heir alone. This contrasts with the position in Scotland, where junior male mmrs f family must matriculate variation f th arnrs, which then passes to their hir maie. Aithough the property f particular families rms do not belong to surnames, as is sometimes imagined, fr the incorporation f the College f

Aretie Scale of Music pt opet,. In Northern Ireland the English Kings of Arms have continued the practice f Ulster King f rms, in that they will firm arms to British subjects whose paternal ancestors were domiciled in Ireland and continued so donriciled at least down to the birth the grandfather f an applicant, and whose use f arms can proved prior to the year I8zo. This r,vas stated in letter frm Grtr King f Arms to the ChiefHerald of Eire in 945 and entered in the Chapter Minutes of

Grts ! Eglish s

Arms examples difrt devoiutiorr f rms can ud, fr

instance in the 44 confirmation f lands at Haywode in Strflds,

Hampshire with the rms which belong to the 1ands bi, waiter Haywode toJohn Frmd. But such ml f rms appertaining to tiulr estate is rr. .r.rr--.r originaily largely slssumd, lthugh celebrated rl examples of frml grants exist, such as that already described f the krrightin gi l lz7 Henry I f his son-in-law Geof-e,v Plantagenet, wtr he hung around his neck shield painted with gold 1ions, This is r out the nredievai cases in the Court f Chivalry, f which the best known is that f scrope , Grs,, which 1asted frm r 85 till r 39. Qr-restions as to the allthority on whih they r arms wr l1ot produced. Both sides Were attempting to estaish that they had r rms rm time immmril, which in the court of Chivalry was deemed to date rm r (fr rms were used)
rather than r r 89, fr wh it was deemed to date fr the purposes f th mm Law. In the rl fifteenth century the crown md

against slssumd rms that did not date frm time immemoria|, i1 writs f I4I7 to the Sheriffs f Hampshire, Y/iltshire, Sussex, "rrd and Dorset, Henry v ordered them to proclainr that no one should use arnls on the frthmig expeditiorr to Fratrce urrless entitled to thm in right f his ancestors r grant frm conrpetent authority. The

.rit mms admitting that divers merr had assumed unto

therselves alms previous expeditions, and frd th use f rms except right f ancestors or valid grant, and also'exceptis illis qui iium apud llu de giurt rm rtt' clause that has

variously interpreted, but which might rhs most rsl considered to m that those who slssurd rms at giurt might keep them. h earliest pictoria1 d occasionally azorred records f arms are the rolls f arnrs, chronology f which mms with the shields used to illustrate the works f th thirteenth-century monk and historian Mattherv paris. f these th first is probabiy the sheet f rms in the Liber dditmtr ( MS Cott. Nero Dr) painted in r fr Tz44. Rolls might gcrrera} or 11 in content, Were often books rthr than rolls, and might occasional r in the frr f Crdirrary. Occasional rolis relate to those present paTticular occasion, such s at th battle of Falkirk in lz98, and Ordinaries r collectiorrs f rms, crests, Suppolters, r badges arranged according to design. h definition of documents as rolls of arms ceases in the eafly sixteenth century with the comntencement in 5 th county Surveys krrown as th Heraids' Visitations, initiated corrrmissiotrs fm the Sovereign to the Kings f Arms. These record m medieval rms aS well as new grants, although the present System,

Grts

o_f

glish Arms

35

:.

whr the complete text f every new grant is registered, was only initiated with the rrd f th grant f rms and crest to Nevilrsolr F on zr Juiy I7. The voiunre f new grants in the early sixteenth century can judged the ft that thr r betr,veetl four arrd five hundred 'V/riothesley (Garter l55-4), l idtifill grants Sir hms the mid-sixteenth century'/illiam r (Clarerrceux l557-7) was fr three years making at 1east sixty grants yeal, and Robert Cooke (his successor as lru frm r567 to r59) is reputed to h been the most active sixteenth-century grantirrg Kirrg f Arms. count f Cooke's patents fr which there is evidence t the Col1ege f Arms produces r rrine hundred, whereas between fur and fi hundred attributed to Sir'Willianr Segar (Garter r6-) appear in manuscript entitled Aspidora Se,qariaa or Sir lVilliam Segar's rts, Jirmtis, etc., collected Simorr Segar, his great-grandson. As Segar wrote that Cooke 'firmd and gave Armes and Creastes without mr to base and unworthy persons fr his private gaine onely without the knowledge f the Erle rshll', Cooke m have been responsible for mr than twice as m gIallts as Segar. h large umr f patents issued Cooke m irr part accounted fr those which confirmed th arms and crest, such as that of 8 rh l576l7 to Herrry Starrley f Sutton Botmingtotr irr Nottirrg'Whrs Cooke made r grants f hamshire and his r,vife Anne. crests to existirrg arms, as did thr sixteenth- and rl seventeentlrcentur)r kings f rms, th confirnratiolr f both patent seems to particulariy associated .rth Cooke, although exanples Segar exist. Segar's contelnporary,'Villim Camden (Clarencer"rx I 5 9- r z ), also made ut fur hundred grarrts, f ,lhih thr hurrdred arrd nirreteen r listed in Sylvanus rg's Sphere oJ G, (I66r). Most f these wr rd alone and not r,vith orre fth other Kings f Arms, as the basis f the present system, whereby Garter and Nrr grant togethel north f th Rir Trent, and Garter and lru grant together south f the Trent, r.vas only agreed irr r68o. h disruption '/r, r,vhen s heralds supported the King and sm f the Civi1 Parliament, and the end f the Visitatiorr systefil, ied to decline in rh ur f grants, and in the first ten years f the , recording system, tetrveenJune t67 arrd March r68, l seventy grts wr made. In l84, five years fr tlre end f the Visitation systern, eight gfants were made, Thereafter the numbers picked up, and between ten and twenty grants yeal r,vere tnade frm 169o till 77" In the decade to r78 an al'erage f over thirty grants r wr made and betrveen r78 arrd I79o th umrs rose to itw forty and frtfi r. lJnder Sir Isaac Heard (Garter T784-18zz) tlrr was marked increase; flm r79o to r8oo tlrere r,vere yr seventv grants

rts oJ glish Arltts

Regency r, r eighty \,r rn the next ten years, and udr the grants year, hundrcd mr than Iv and subsequent rei.gn f George revival. the Gothic reflecting both the interest f th sovereign and '/illianr IV r,vitnessed drop to slightly over eighty

h reign f

under Queen victoria. The first ten years f the twentieth centuly coincide with the rig f Edward VII, and th umr f grants increased to betr,veen one hundred and thirty and hundred and frt year; ftr r9ro betr,veen one and two hundred grants r were made untiI the rl r98os, when the umr approached two hundred ayeat, being few r two hundred in r98. Despite the variation in numbers, the grantees h remained muh the same. h Kings f rms are authorized in their patents f appointment to grant with the consent in writirrg f the Earl Marshal, aims and crests Letters Patent to 'eminent m'. This hrs first appears in the I74T patent f appointment in English f Stephen Mirtin Leake as lru. Earlier patents in Latin only rfr to the consent in r,vriting f the Earl rshl ( clause first inserted the 1 Marsha| i fi77) without specifying th grantees. Grants h also always been made to eminent Women and corporate bodies; and lawyers, physicians, cierics, members f county families, office holders, those associated with the court, and corporate bodies such as livery companies are to found amongst grantees of arms in every century as, iner.itay, through the College being in the City of London are Lord Mayors, Shrifs, and others eminent in the City. can h wealth arrd position f the hurh rir to the Reformation 'Wriothesley, Thomas Sir judged frm the recorded grants Grtr, and Thomas Benolt, Clarenceux, who both died in r54. h include grants to hm, Essex, Hampton, Gardebys, Hawker, Malyn, Melford, Parker, Westbury, and'Whyting, respectively abbots f Tavistock, St ugustine's Canterbury (both Essex '/lthm, Bury St Edmunds, and Hampton), Ramsey, Cirencester, Gloucester, Cerne, and Glastonbury. rhds of Richmond, Nottingham, Durham,'/iltshire, Hurrtingdon, St Stephen's Canterur, and Leicester are listed as grantees f these Kings f rms, as is hms'/olsey and m other rirs, deans, canons, and bishops, ail f whm were effectively having grants fr their own lives alone as their celibate profession precluded iegitimate male issue. thr grantees f the early sixteenth century include lawyers such as John 'Wrhm, Sussex, Serjeant-at-Law, and Cary1l of John Hales, Baron f the hqur, Robert Amydas, Master f the Mint, William Burch, Gentleman lJsher to th King, Thomas Magnus, the ambassador, Richard , Secretary to the King, most if not all Lord Mayors and SherifTs, and fw foreigners resident in London,

grants year, and betrveen seventy-five and eighty year were made

,t};" _.-. 1 l ]- -,,i.!*,"F f "-; ".,.,"..,] t,--a

.-l.

:1

,,l.,r,r,,,rrlo, \',t,l,,.,

"\ ,+;", .,. .., ,, l,.,{ ', ,{ .," , ,. ,,,

--' JiJ-}G-,(,-., .J r-.,,.r,*. -_*..-...,'i:.,l ,,_"[i,,..,",

m
&
(lel) Impaled arms showing Thomas'Vl'olsey as Cardinal, Archbishop fYrk, Bishop of 'Wells, Durhm, Bath and and Lincoln, Abbot of St Albens, and Edmund Grindall as Bishop f London, with pen-end-ink sketch of arms clf Matthew rkr as Archbishop of '/illim Hervy, Clarenceux Canterbury, rl Tudor book f rms frmrl belonging to (11. Arns, L r, fo. 7). (rr) rms f erninent ecclesiastics before the Reformation, incltrding th Abbots of Cerne, St Augustine's, Canterbury, St Albans, St Mary's, Yrk, and Bury St Edmunds; the Prior of St Mary's Hospital; the Archdeacon f 'l'iltshire; the Kirrg's Secretary Dr Rihrd ; tbe Ambassador hms Magnus; Dr Yourrg; and Trinity College, Camidge. h inclusion of Trinity Col1ege dates tlre painting to earlier than r54 (11, Arms, L ro, f. 7iv). as emissalies or merchants, amongst wlrom were Sir Ferdirund Vielelobos, Sir Rey Van Auville, Sir Dego Sermyent, and Anthony Cavalier. The current policy f l granting to those who r subjects f the Crown, and making hrr grants to those descelrded in unbroken ml line frm l who were subjects f the Cror,vn l,vith the consent of the country f which they are w subjects, has only ld in this century. This enables limited umr f hrr grants to made to eminent mris who can trace either descent in an unbroken ml line frm sm resident in British-

whether
de

indewh Britain rec:,pnized American to American colony i r78, rms f emigrant, The granting pendence, or frm subsequent historic_ \\,aS to do so"by the Sovereign foreigners *n.;;;;;";a"a there rtunateiT Unfo ib., ffrc oi Garter.
ally one

.f ,h.;;;;;ir.r-"i wereinsufficitperksattached.""offrceofGarter,andjurisdictill th Kings i.-, fftd the Col1ege tionai airprr,., .i- the Garter's on ai,po", which centred
eightccnth

Fr lackof^p,o,,i,'.inr.vhich."g-''"io,.o''d'''.tVisitationsrvillbe r ,', H,nota, of gld,(S 967), found in SiT Anthony /agne with agreements wri.ib.,rr.y"_,d, most f hi, ;;;;;;-;r'cir,.r,

";;,;;,ii,",[,

lrudNrth,""iJg,,,'ti,'.h..':.""'"sithr ,"1,j:::11:,itude between h with them ",'i;;;',tbad, "pp",;i, grants hus f , rii Sovereign and grants.f can seen at "r-r';";"'..r, ;;i;, sujllf the British w

frig when th first century irrBti",bob I's reaction the end of the sixteenth Count the Holy Rm Arundell f Wardour was

Lord

remarked: ;;;;;.rrrdlii.s" mrk; mir i would not have them m sheep b,;;;;;th another -", question spent shhrd" -i" ,i" foliow ," #iJ'r, 'h_,:1::|J banished frm urt, was ",""g, Friso", Fleet ib' month, two ""d is fr greatel thing ;;;; t" l *" Empire ls Creation ", " iogic suggests tt if great hur than g,""; ;i;;-s, ut is rh rr.; i. li,"th I,s unacceprabl; ;; ;;;id ReguOrders
},

_created

'i would not h

frrurrr ,',","""t foreign r..ognition in this country of r" lations _bi.h ;;;;;;;; "rr"a British sujects, "Cook, awards , boio"" conferred does not immediRrt gra"" f -", initia} view SegaT rfrrd, ateiy show the base i,d,"*,,_,*",:9,-h*
and Jolrn \hitgift, rhish"i

Foreign arrd Commonwealth

Amongst.b.',.b-.,,a,.Thomal,cba*,BishopoBathandWells' th C"rrt.rb.rry. i"-y"rs include LordChiefJusticeoftheCo--'Pieas,SirJamesDyer,Matthew of the such as hq",, the -*"1, '"""t, Ewens, "" Prothonotaries of th " Hugh B,o,ni", 'h, L"", ;i",';""_1{'h: of of Physic are Isaac trw " ""i,JlohnSibminges, rm Pleas; examples h Queen's Cambridge, Thomas r",H"g, Sir Francis

*"" g,;;;J of Cooke's, ", Surgeon George Baker .aS Sir.\X/illiam Segar viewed ih"-"rtrologerJohn D"". lr"s Drake Cordeli and Pindar, "r.d Q"",', i*" M"",i Cooks with less ","," '" Dudl" J"j,-'did not adopt as and the Sergeant f the strl,J recognized Lord as his d,",, and strict an ^,":1:]':' exists f Segar rmg ^pp-"o"h W"rrrr'r"; ,i,r, ," case even ln rz5 h cotlfirmed rms ,-, frig g*", lmS to,n .i , Sigismund Bathori, Duke .."*? r" gr"rrt.d irr]i.rr.,
ofTransylvania,toJohnSmiti,a"'..'a"afrbmSmithofCuerdley,

Grts

o_f

glish

Arms

Lancashire. h arms vert hr cules tul, three Turks heads coltped rr turd Or were granted in mmr of three Turks heads whichJohn Smith cut ff fr the town of Regal irr Transylvania wh seTving udr r Volda, Earl f Meldritch. Segar was apparently h" to confirm red cirevron on green field, whih placing lur on colour, transgressed the rule of rmr in England, if not those f Transylvania. also confirmed aTms and crest to man md Guevera frm Lincolnshire, descended frm Nicholas Velez de Gur f Segura ilr Spain, the validity f th armorial bearings being firmd the Spanish ambassador.
(lw

crest

f, z6).

l) Grants and confirmations Robert Cooke, Clarenceux, including grant with ioJohn'/hitgift, rhish f trur, dated r588 (11. ms, EDN,

(lw right) Record f confirmation of arms and crest, dated r9 ug. z5, William .g"r, C"rt.r, originally granted 9 Dec. tJh Snrith Sigismund Bathori, Duke of Transylvania (11. Arrs, Vincent I69, , II).

bnlith,
,{*, |-.

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Cratees of Eglish Arms

Richard Netter, Gentleman Usher to Anne of Dmrk (Queerr f James I),John Sutclif{ Grm fth Privy hmr to hrls I, and Thomas Sackville, one f the Gentlemen Ushers wr 11 l Seventeenth-century grantees. Thomas Cadiman, Doctor f Phr.sic to the Queen, was granted arms in 6 . Those who collected m r the Crown appear aS grantees under the rl Stuarts, exampies bing Joshua Galiard, one f the Receivers f the Revenues f hr]s I, John Halioway, Controller f the Custorri House, and in ir '/illiam Harrison of Aldcliffe, Lancashire, described as fthr to Sir John Harrison, Frrr of the Customs; this is rl an instance f so, " having the grant made to his father, as was the grant made to Shakespeare's fthr, John Shakespeare, in r59 Sir /illiam Dethick, Garter^ George rm, Sub-Prothonotary f the Court f Kings Bench, and Richard Colchester f Gray's Inn, Cursitor f the court f hr, t lawyers who were granted arms, as was schoolmaster ld Gill, hif Master f St Paul's School. John Y/eddall f Stepney, Captain f the Riw, principal ship f the King's N,"rr, WaS granted arms i z7, and exampie of confi.mation of both arms and crest Segar is that dated I August 6z to r Ashton, described as colonel to the mighty prince Michael Fedrovitius, mrr and Conqueror f all Russia, and descended out 9f 1h ancient right and noble fmil f Ashton. Sir John Ogle, Coionel of Regiment of Foot, and Massey, one f Captains

printed book collected Sylvanus rg ( r z-9). th herald painter end author (11. rms, Miscellaneous Grants , fos. 9Iv-9z).

firmti of arms and crest Sir'/illiam Segar, Garter, to Henry Ashton, dated Aug. lz and rrdd in r-

Gl,,ltilt,,,_, .i

ish rm s

4I

Grant Garter. lru. and Nrr to the East Irrdia Merchants, dated 4 F. t t1oo/ i , rts. rs. and supporters with tlvo lottoes; single fleur-de-lis and 1ion passant guardant frm t|re

ffil\,'*,q@

Royal Arms of England appear quartered in centre chiei and the supporters aIe two hrldi sea lrorrs (11. Arms, I 9,

84).

Militia, are thr military examples, and lesser ecclesiastics are Iepresented Richard Ball and Benjamin Carrier (the Catholic convert), th Doctors f Divinity. The EaTl f Thanet received Supportels frm Segar, aS did Viscounts Valentia and'/enman, and examples f barons r Lords Deincourt and Goring. segar granted arms, crest, and supporters to both the Merchant dturrs Companv and, as Nrr in r with'William Dethick, GaTter, and
f the

'William

Camden, lru, to the East India Merchants. Norroy always made m fewer grants than lru, as h had less populated province, and his presence in London, except whilst on visitation, when those subject to his jurisdiction were resident north f the Trent, must h reduced the numbers, as must lrceux's ability to grant to natives f the nofth living in London, an instance f which is Cooke's r 589 grant to Simon Blakey f Blakey in
Lan,cashire. Examples f the leverse r rr and sound doubtful, such

'/orccstershire as Gilbert Dethick's I547 grant to George Toke f who 'hath at alltymes used hm self so manfully and discretly and

'/arwyk as then the Kings Ma[es]ties inespecially undeI Therle f Lieftenant at the battaill f Mustelough'; thr is nothing odd about this, but the justification of the grant being Norroy rthr than clarenceux seems to that it was 'geven and graunted at Newcastell upon Tyne'. Nrr's grants give muh the same picture as lrceur's. hr is list (R zri 57) in the College f rms f 11 those -/illiam Flwr, Nrr, frm the time of his granted arms creation in Frur l56T lz till r58. Fr period when Cooke made Several hundred grants, Flwr only made thirty-one. h list con'/hittighm, and Bishop, Barnes, of Durham; tains Dean, Serjeant-at-Law, Robert Pickering; and two idrm f Hull. 'W'arrant f l66 (I z5, 8zv) declared glants the usurping Royal

Grts oJ Eglish Arts

Squibb, and Rvlev, nuil and Commonwealth Kings f Arms Bysshe, bortorr, Commander-irrvoid. Grantees such"as Colonel tho-"' and crest Ryiev, Nrr, Chief of 11 South-Wales, granted arms i they rvished to ;j;-r;- -o"r{ b,"J" have furthr grant iilliam Dugdale, Nrr frm establish legai tt to arms, (r677-S) kepian ul rrd r to 77, subseq"",tly Garter grants. In rz ;;r";;;";r:o.,bi.b g;;, "" impression of Restoration grantees, Rawlinson f rk in h made seven grants: thr f the M"",hester, and Y/iimot f Cartmel, r"rr."rhi", ii;";""_f Gray's Inn, to which Dugdale had Osmaston in O.,byiii"]*", f an was f th Inner Tempie; there was been admitted in r; Degge the in StaffoIdshire, aJustice of attolney, Jobn S."rtJ.go-o-dBU"rton East india m, .".. 6.rshir a'nd late merchant f the

and-Vy'iliiamormeofHanchHall,Staffordshire,whorecordeda h fourteen glantees

p"aigr.. at the 6-4 Visitation ofthat county, treated with 'iilliam in l63 show that ;;;;;-f single years should not typical' l66zis \ lawyers of prepo"d"""'" caution aS the (T!zB) rish f Sancroft, Dean f York and subsequently f -oi arms in r663, aS was -"'Thoroton oJ Canterbury, was granted Bbyri. and-.author f The tiquitis Nottingham, Po.,J, Clerk of the for NottingNottighamshire qlB771, Jh d, r of_Horse, and Thomas hamshire, tki,"",'i"t,i" f iT , Trained Bands in Shipman, Captain f " ' m and Gervase, wr further Deryshire, and his b,oth", Y/illiam

Record offour grants in l /illiam Dugdale, then -hrt Ni.,r.ou. t Robert (the hiitorian). Samuel lrk, -lhomas St. and Grg

Gregory (11. Arms, Dugdale's Gtants, f, ),

l,a

l i

r_.

,|'

gl i sh rm

43

grantees, Gervase Shipman's brother-in-law George Gregory, High Shriff f Nottinghamshire in r and ancestor f Gregory Gregory,

th builder f Harlaxton in Lincolnshire, also had g1ant, as did

hms Cholmondeley f Holford in Cheshire, natulal son f Robert, Viscount Cholmondeley. f the remaining seven, their l distirrguishing featuTes are that thr recorded pedigrees at the Visitation f Derbyshire f l66z-4, two at the Visitation f Staffordshire 1663-4, and one at that of Nottinghamshire f z-4; the
final grant WaS made with Ciarenceux to thr rthrs named Lascoe, citizens of London. whose eidest thr lived in Nottinghamshire. t the end f the seventeenth tur, th collapse f the visitation

system tended to concentrate the grantees in London. and the insertion f the requirenrent f written permission frm the ri Marshal furthr reduced th numbers f new grants. ftr r7 those wishirrg fr grants wr required the r1 rshl either to holders f publrc office or to produce certificates frm two gentlemen that they were well affected to the governnent arrd couid Support the condition f gentlenran. h period f Dmr 7+ to )rr I7 when there were no grants is ofterr considered to the lowest of tire col]ege, though there were nine grants t t7o4 and r twenty t l7o7 , so that there is average f about eight grants r fr the fur years \7+-7.I T7zo mr than hlf the grantees Were paymaster f the resident in London or N4iddlesex. h included the ships of Queen's Lottery, Commander f Several f His Majesty's Park, Brompton f \X/ise Henry and Wr, barorret, knight, responsible Gardens, Middlesex, Master Grdr of all His Majesty's fr th layout f Hampton Court and Kensington Gardens. His crest, appropriately, contains damask rose. corporate glantee the ,iro, *", the Royai Exchange ssur tn l7z, and an ml of grant to fmil frig extraction is that in 7z8 to hms smith, lvhose ancestor named Le Fr m frm Fr in the reign of Queen Eiizabeth. h grantee's great-great-granddaughter Emily Smith married the 7th Duke f urt in r 8zz. Thus, though grants f rms in the rt eighteenth century tended to restricted geographically, they rrr dried up entirely. examination f two years in the late T74os shows continuing dependence on city and mercantile grantees, with corrsiderable ui"s, in granting supporters to existing arms and clest fr new grts i l747 six wr rs and ighs th Bath. th urt rhr, Feversham, s, Lords to Supporters hereditary f f supporters fr lif to one and Rolie, and Folkestol1e, Ravensworth, Sir Peter Y/arren. Sampson Gideorr, fthr f the ISt Lord Eardiey, described t The lt rg as portuguese Jew f immense wealth, rthur Griesdale, andJohn Brownsrvord wr all successful

44

rts oJ gli_rll -l;lri_,

.-

lvas Londorr lrhIlts -h l-rad grants. f the remainillg ;o.1: :hr X11l ,1 ,ii-Jlllf l u set_ rrt qllt. the Foutrdlrng Hospital, f tire Captairr'Co..r-ri. lllh;l qIollp r backers udr ti-rc lli ,HJspital fr the l1.1ir-rterr.rrrce and Educatiorr sd atl.i Dcse.ted Yo.rrrg C}rildell'. an;rlter:rtiotr f rst granted to Sinrcoe hls alld confirnratiorr f the rrs atld st irr the previolrs r-. .] qIant -[ust Helrrv lt, resident uprvards tlr-entl, r .. his rlri1, to thrl1 vears in'Errglarrd as N{irlister irr Hessia, and soiitar,v in the Nether rish f !r"rr'.. GJ.s. Eastlr-ooc1 FlocktonI7,18 thr r,r fifteen nelv ihornhi11, /est Ridiliq Yrkshir. In grants, arrd surr..r, peeTs dropped to tr,vo, Lords Monson and ."ir. h Cily representalion rid luh the sm. lvith gralrts m back to Peters, u.rth, and ]\4illvard, arrdJohrr Bror,vnsrvord lvife his Jane. Edrvard fr mr trr the frr f grant f rs fr Garthlvaite f Shackleford in Surrev had connectiol1s rvith Janraica, exp_aTlsion in and thr nerchants representative f this period srt arrd,Willianr Bristol f tkirrs Englatrd,s oYel-Seas trade .r Michael '/igton, that h lvas States urrld, r,vhose glant Sitii,rgtor, f six o'clock i the ftr ilr the Forest f rrrr, zr Julv i7r.r. ^t had Y/estrvood, and haying been round the greatest rt f thc globe, f condition the support to acquired suffici.ent conrpetellcy '/lkr f the g.rrtl.-"rr. h Lar.v was;epresented_ Hezekiah ilit. ml and John ih11 Prcston, Lancashire. subsepreston, whose patcnt states quently serjealrt-at-Larv and Rrdr f "t bi, strs had been possessed f considerable frhld estate years, and had at standen in the sard coun11, fr above five hurrdred cierk used arms and crest l1ot registeled at the college. h chapter to the Dean and htr f trur hd grant, as drd thc Principal Clerk f the rr*.. irr Deptford, and there r,r t'r,o naYa1 grarrtecs, Vi-dmirl Sir Edlvard Harvke arrd Rr-dmirl Jh "r.igrr. On March irr the first rveek f 7,19 (fr I752 the ,r .h.rrg in England on z5 rh and not Januarv) Henr1, Flitcrott, architects lvho the architect, hd grant. thr eighteenth-centrv 'Wl,att in r78o; and, rrot applied fr grants oi r.-, irrcluded James ,irpriunrglv'as h rvas Clarenceux King f rms, Johrr Vrugh hd rr. ir-, I7"T4 though he.,vaited unt11 th,r f his knighthood, ten years ftr h rsirrtd to the College, Vugh_irmrrt .ras indicative f th lorv State to r.vhich the College 11 in the rl centuIy, as h rrdiculed both hrldr arrd gerrealogy, eighteerrth *h ,ubst^ntial irs in trumbers f grants irr the 1ate eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries reflected once mr r.vider geographi."l ,prerd ograntees caused b,v the mr general revival lf interest in h.rridr1,. Co-ntributing factors Wr grants f supporters to Knights f th th arrd peers and f arms to Esquires f the th, augnrenta-

Grant f arms in l84o to widow, Elizabeth Greenrvood.

of Holden pursuant to RoTaI Licence. The arms are displaved 1ozenge fr widorr,. and r differenced with gold canton, aS the petitioner \TaS not herselfdescended frm th fmil. Her children as descendants were authorized to bear th rms without the
assuming th m and arms

canton (11. Arms, Grants 44,

7i.

peters), continuing grants to illegitimate children f rmigrus families, and assumption f the m and rms of another family pursuant to Royal Licence usually obtained as the result f m and arms clause in the will of childless relation. Royal Licences were also occasionally ohained on lutr application, as in the Licence granted to Elizabeth Greenwood in r 84 to enable hr and her issue to assume the m and arms f Holden, recorded with other material in the 'rl Marshal's Books', series classified in the College library under the letter I. h increase in this type f business can gauged the umr f volumes used in different periods. Two concurrent volumes, one on llum and one on r, numbered I z5 dI z6, r the seventeenth century. One lum covers T7o5-5g, the next
L76o-82, and thereafter the umr f rs tend to decrease: T78z-9T, I7gI-5, I795-I8oo, I8-, till the five years f r8z4-8 r rd

tions f honour granted to naval and military mmdrs encouraging them to have arms to which such additions could made, the use f arms High Shriffs (to display on the banners f their trum-

46

Cratees

o;f

Eglislt s

arms, both irr 8r, and both with literary associations. are Jane Austen's other Edrvard's assumption f the name and rms Knight, and John Salusbury Piazzl's assumption f th additional m and arms f Salusburv at the desire f his aunt Hester Lynch Piozz| relict f r hrl and friend f Dr Johnson, In the prel,ious year ordinary grantees included John Fisher, Bishop f Salisbury, and Benjamin Hobhouse, , scion f Bristol merchant dynasty. r8r was also the r f the grant f arms to Harriet, first wife ofJohn GeoTge Lmt subsequently rst rl f Durham, and natural daughter of Grg James, 4th Earl of and subsequently rst Marquess hlmdl. Seven years earlier, in r8o6, th guardian f the three natural sons and fur natural daughters f Thomas Peter Legh fl.m Park r Stockport obtained seven grants, one fr h child. They r foliowed in the College record grant to Lady Hamilton, described as Dame mm Hamilton f Clarges Street and only issue f Henry Lyons f Preston, . Lancaster. h text f the grant recites rt f the codicil dated zr October r8o5, the day f his death, to the will f Horatio, Viscount Nelson, which states tlrat, 'the eminent services f mm Hamilton, widow f the Right ur Sir Y/illiam Hamilton, h been f the ry greatest service to our King and Country'. There were grantees on other continents, such as in iBT4 to Thomas Fanshaw Middleton, Bishop f Calcutta, and the town f Kingston, Jmi, in r 8. Edward hmrs f the parish f r in the County f Cornwall, Jamaica, whose
ancestors were established there soon after the conquest Venables and , was granted arms in 77. High Shrif include Matthew Boulton, the famous industrialist f Soho in the parish ofandswordh

thr volumes numbered I a5-I +7. I the reign f Queen Victoria h volume covers an average f fur years, marking significant drop in Royal Licences, h gr1 impression gained frm Royal Licence cases in thir hd is that they related to Countv fanrilies failing in the ml line. Trvo examples f assumption f names and

High SlreritTfor Staffordshire 1 I79+, 'Watt, and th son f Boulton's partner James Y/att, also James the rstrr f Aston Hal1, Birmingham, and High Shriff of Radnorshire in r8z. Arrother son f distinguished fthr wasJohrr Angerstein, only son and hir ofJohnJulius Angerstein, the Chairman f Lloyds and great collector, whose pictures frm the basis f the National Gilr; he was granted rms, long borne his fmil in Grm, in r8z7. h thr of mr distinguished son was the 8r-l.ear-oldJohn Gladstone, granted arms in r846 when his son'Vr'iiliam Ewart Gladstone was aged . Disraeli, inciderrtally, was grantee in 87, when h was raised to the peerage as r1 of Beaconsfield. h umr f grantees in th nineteenth century is so great that
r Birmingham, nominated

s oJ

gl i sh rm s

+/

limited examination can l give an indication of the role f heraldry irr England if small gloups r chosen, such as Lord Chancellors and Archbishops f trur. Between r8o5 and r89 there were six Archbishops f Canterbury: Manners-Sutton, Howley, Sumner, Longley, Tait, and Benson. Manners-Sutton was grandson in the ml iine f the rd Duke f Rutland, and entitled to arms descent. Howley was granted arms in r8 when Bishop f London. Sumr used rms registered at th Heralds'Visitation f Kent in i fr fmil f Smr living in Canterbury, but r proved his descent. Longiey had grant fr the See f Ripon when Bishop f Ripon in 18 but used rsl rms to which h had entitlement as confirnred the subsequent grant in Ig2+ to his great-nephew Sir John Rsrd Lorrgley. Tait's grdfthr, John Tait, 'i ritr to the Signet, had grants frm the Lord Lyorr t 79 and 795, and Benson had grant in r877 when Bishop f Truro, also obtaining grant fr the Bishopric in the same r. Frm I8o7 till I9o5 thirteen individuals held the ffi f Lord hllr, ml Lords Eldon, Lyndhurst, Brougham and Vaux, Cottenham, St Leonards, Cranworth, Chelmsfrd, mil, 'Westbury, Cairns, Selborne, Haisbury, and Herschell. Lord Eldon, frmrl Sir Jh Scott and son f Newcastle coai barge rritr, was granted rms, crest, and supporters in ry99, Lord Lyndhurst had grant in l8z7, with extension f the limitations fr the arms and crest to include the descendants his fthrJhrr Singleton l, RA, th portrait painter who was r irr Boston, Massachusetts. Lord Brougham and Vu had grant f arms and crest in 8r. Lord Cottenham, previously Sir Charles Christopher Pepys, was entitled descent to rms and crest registered at the Heralds' Visitation f Nrflk in I56; although there is record f grant fths rms, to which the diarist Samuel Pepys was also entitled, they look like sixteenth-century grant rthr than confirmation medieval coat. Lord Cottenham was granted supporters in I86. Lord St Leonards I had grant in his iifetime, but his daughter applied retrospectively fr grant in r9o8 f armorial rigs suitable to placed on monument to hr father. Lord rwrth was granted rms and crest in r 8 5l, and hd subsequent grant f supporters. Sir Frederick Thesiger, later Lord hlmsfrd, was granted a-rms and clest as Solicitor-General in 1845 and supporters in I858. Lord mli had confirmation of arms and crest, and grant f supporteTs in separate patent in r84r. Lord 'V/estbury was glanted arms and crest, and, in separate patent, supporters in r86i. Lord Cairns hd confirmation f arms stated to r prescription frm (Jister King of ATms in l878. His successor, Lord Selborne, was entitled to the rms f lmr granted in February fi41 5 at the time ofthe Heralds'Visitation ofBedfordshire,

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(/) Visitation f Norfolk carried out Y/illiam Hervy, Clarencetrx. in 56. Narrat,ir-e p.digr.. f Pepys with arms and camel's-head crest. Ancestors f Samuel s and Lord

Cottenham (Coll. Arms, G I, fo. 7), (rfur) Visitation of Devon and Corn,all r5 r carried out hms Benolt, lru. arms of Gifford, shown as Sable three Lzgs or Fusils iJss rmi, are filled in prepared page (Coll. Arms, G z, f. z9v).

and Was granted Supporters in T87z. Hardinge Stanley (Gifford). Lord Halsbury, was the only nineteenth-century Lord hllr entitled to medieval rms; their earliest entry in College manuscript is in one entitled Ballard's Book f about r48, and they were subsequently confirmed at the Heralds' Visitation f Devonshire in r 5 r. Frrr Herschell was granted rms and crest in r877, nine years fr h m Lord chancellor. The grantees f the twentieth century are similar to those f th nineteenth. Consequently England in the T98os has seen new grants to an Archbishop f trur and Bishops f Norwich and rur (subsequently Bishop of London). hr r in addition m mr grants today to eminent subjects f other countries f which the Queen is Sovereign, such as Canada*, Australia, and New Z|d
previously operated under th Earl Marshal's imperial jurrsdiction, ceased to grant u, armoTia] bearings to subjects f the Canadian rw.

* Letters Patent dated 4June 988 h Queen established separate heraldic authorrtv tr Canada with its w hif Herald, After this date the Bnglish Kings f rms, wh had

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4. 'Lant's Roll' of

Herald: catalogue .595, rrd hms Lant (.r55-.rr), rrdig Officers of Arms from the time of Henry V illustrating th arms of the College of Arms, and the rms of Office of Grtr, Clarenceux, Norroy, and Ulster Kings of Arms. In the case of Garter and lru there is an additional charge in th first quarter which does not r subsequently (11. Arms, Lant's Roll, fo. z).

'Windsor

!/
5. h rms oflord rris with
the citadel f Seringapatam on f, example of Georgian landscape lz Sept. I8I5 (11. rms, Grants z9, . rr5).

beraldry shown on s grant of supporters,

:*

6. Grm heraldry:

tinctures (late fifteenth century), showing how in Germany th Monnich of famiiies the of tose i"cl"de r.p."ted the crest, h ",m, and chatges of the shield in "r.'Jii." since the deeth ofits owner, Thomas Benolt, Clarenceux, and Kreys, and the MS hr;.";;;;i ;l1g lli+ tChi. Arms, Hyghalmen Roll, I 5, fos, r8v-r9),
th 'Hyghalmen

Roll'

7cig).Frenchheraldry'c.|62g|seventeenth-ceturypedigreeofthe.CountsofArtois,sbowingthe irlis Or diffrd *,h 1",1 charged with gold towers and the
of F.r.rJJ ,";;;;,r;;, ancient rl " "r-, and Brittany (private colleition: Glgi de la Royale arms of spouses, which include Castille, Navarre,

di Fr, , Soyer, , 5),

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.5, to Vane, Dr, Seckford, Lynger, Gr, Hornyold, ro. Grants William Hervy, Clarenceux, ali f '/istow, Wilkins, Tyldesley, and Lee (Co1l. ms, L 9, fo. z9), Brideman, h m of Merchants f Exeter,

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r r. Late fifteenth-century record of British Arms showing simple geomettical divisions such as the f indented for Butlet, saltirb fr Desmond, compounded arms ofJohn (de Dreux), r1 of Richmond (d. rl4), with th checky coat ofDreux, to which hs been added canton ofBrittany and rdur ofEngland, various lion coats, and the three garbs of the rl of Chester. It also illustrates the tinctures Or, Argent, Gules, Sable, Azure, Purpure, and Ermine (Coll. Arms, ro, fo. 48).

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rz. 'Seger's Roll': simple medieval coats, including plain cross and hr and the canting coat of Corbet with corbies (Coll. Arms, L 14, pt. I, fo. z9v). 'fi/riothesley, ig). Roll of grants of arms and crests of c.r5z8 Sir hms showing complicated early udr coats; the shield for caunton beneath th camel crest illustrates the rl sixteenth-century Putpure (pdvate collection).

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Qboue), rl Tudor clests shown typically multi coloured, with wreeths and mantling often of different tinctrs, including 11 crest of an elephant's hd (Col1. Arms, Vincent r8, fos. zov-zl).

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5 Qight). Alternative crest proposed fr Sir Francis Drake, r58r, but not gfented (Coll. rms, Vincent zI8, fo. z8).

. #1' (Lr,

r. Full achievement of Philip (Herbert), r1 of Montgomery, KG, rr, showing Azure, Gules, and 'Wr Ermine mantling, rgt, Azure, and Gules wrth, crest, and dexter supporter of thr incensed and Earl's rt (Coll. rms, 6, fo. z5v).

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f 17. Fuli achievement of /illiam (Paulet), 4th Merquess The,fiiri-qrr,.t9,9ijh: *"iJ;rgii". surely the product

'/inchester,

shield shows the paternal rcs ot Paulet Sable "" rms, 16, fo, Iv), (Coll, Or hitB d ,rr'rr|r|, i pile i dr;;;;;ir'rgt mmls

rl, with Pantheon Suppofters which

are

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;

Grts of glish Arms

+9

1,

J
l

which now has its own Herald Extraordinary. These were not

Grt f arms to th see f -\usrrli, r8 (Coll. Arms,

Glrts 4r,

229),

unknown in the nineteenth century, and grant to th See oAustralia '/illiam IV was made as rl as I8. pursuant to Royal Y/rrt f f th nineteenth century last six decades the in fhrldr h spread Manchester r84z, civic grants: is seen from sample f Lancashire Blackburn r85z, Burnley l86z, Rawtenstall 87r, Heywood l88r, and Haslingden T89z. These grants catalogue the desire fr arms expanded frm the greater out to the lesser centres created the Industrial Revolution. h national regulation of arms confirmation a.nd new grant whih existed till the end f the Heralds' Visitations was effectively revived in the second hlf f the eighteenth century when the grantees ceased to largely drawn frm London. Thus, system which originally related to medieval knights prospered and developed in England frm the late Middle Ages onwards, because the Kings f the House f Lancaster recognized social change and permitted the Kings f Arms to glant new arms to 'eminent men', whereas their counterparts in Fr, fr instance, were restricted to designing rms granted the Sovereign only. h Tudors developed the Lancastrian system furthr, allowing Benolt to undertake the first f the Visitations and giving him powers f frmt, and not restricting Y/riothesley, despite complaints frm Benolt that h granted to 'vile persons'. Henry VIII adapted heraldry to mark th status and social change. The records f grants to m f note frm the late fifteenth century onwards r strong evidence of social mobility in England, They support the traditional theory that the ur layers f English society were easily accessible to slmd m, as compared to lesser mobility in th rest f ur, and would seem to conflict with the anti-meritocratic conclusions drawn rfssr Lawrence Stone in his recent wrk An Elite? gld 1541880 (rs8+). h study f grants f arms is one f the principal unexplored channels fr English social history r the last fur centuries, and would well Iepay further research.

IV

Tho Shi,eld ofAlrrm,s

ERALDRy is centred on the shield, though other frms of display have always played their rt, and as we saw in the Origins f Heraldry, it is rl that proto1chapter on the N\L9/b.r"ldi. devices were displayed on flags and lance pennants fJr being transferred to shields. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries fuither means fr showing arms were provided tlre accoutrements f the rmd and mounted knight, such as his saddle cloth, r hoTsetrapper, and th lincn surcoat which h wore r his chain mail. IndeeJ, this latter is th origin f the trm 'coat of arms', sometimes wrongly used indiscriminately to denote the whole heraldic himt f th shield and its adjuncts including the crest, mottor and, where appropriate, supporters. h coat arms is the shield alone, and wiihout it th rest f achievement can exist; in th case f one or two very ancietlt coats the shield is the sole achievement. The purpose ofthis chapter is to explain th nature ofthe shield f arnrs which is the vehicle fr th display f the basic armorial
achievements.

lthugh the shape and frm f shields and other objects on which arms r Jisplayed are f interest irr identifying the country f origin r date f particular representation f rms, they have no additiona1 significance. h shape f shield is question f artistic licence, and ,r".io.r, frms h been favoured in different countries and centuries. It is similarly matter f taste as to how objects r depicted on shield. hr is no single correct Way to paint lion rmt, although there m incorrect ways if the rendering ceases to rsml lion, and thr are no standard colours used to depict the various tinctures. Gules ms rd, and variant shades r acceptable as long as they do not m rg r some thr recognized heraldic tincture. The shape f shield, frm of lion, and shade f rd employed on family's oriinal grant arms do not bind them fr r thereafter to that pariicular representation, h m versions f the Royal rms seen. ir "-l, in churches, as the Sovereigrr is Head f th gli hurh, r instances f acceptable variations. The coat f rms consists f either patteIl1 frmd geometrical divisions r f beasts, birds, other animate r inanimate objects arranged in particular mr in certain colours on shield. It often contains combination f geometrical divisions and charges, which is th general term used in heraldry to describe monsters, human beings,

Tlle Shield

o_f

Arms

5]

encompass metals, coiours, and furs. Engiish heraldic textbook writers frm the sixteenth century onwards have indulged in the production f obscure tinctures which r seldonr if r found, and r both irrelevant to general grasp f the subject and muddle the studetrt f heraldry. The earliest Errglish hrldi treatise is the AngloNrm De Heraudic, dated Professor GerardJ. Brault to I4I-J, arrd Rodney Dennys, Sonrerset Herald, i The Heraldic Imgiti (Iqzs) to rz8-. It quotes thirty-four coats frms as examples f the way in which charges are r and zd. It does not distinguish between colours and metals, and lists thm as r, Azure, Argent, Gules, Sable, Vrt, and urur. The second earliest treatise, stated to h been written at the instance of the lately deceased f hmi, Queen f Richard II, and thus dating frm shortly after I 94, the year f hr death, ts tbe Tractatus de Armis written in Latirr Johannes de Bado ur, identified rfssr J. Jones as Bishop John rr and edited him i Medieual Heraldry (rs+). h rtl_s similarly does not distinguish between colours and metals; it lists white, black, u, gold, red, arrd green in descending order odignity. In the lack f distinction between colour and metal it follows not only De Heraudic but also the rlir ur work on hrldr the Tractatus de Isigiis et Armis Bartolo de Sassoferrato f Perugia, published posthumously in r58, which lists th colours as goid, rd r purple, blue, white, and black. much shrtr treatise in English, either the same author as the English Tractatus r someone else namedJohn and f muh the same date, states that in arms there r two metals, Gold and Silver, and five colours, Sable, Gules, Azure, Vert, and Purple, with an additional colour borne only in the Empire and France called Tawny. mid-fifteenth century roll f rms known as BradJer-La1|[ece's Ro// again fails to distinguish between metals and colours, listing as the ordinary colours in arms Sable, Silver, Gold, Azure, Vert, Gules, and url. Gerard Leigh, i The d of rmr ( I 5 z) , acknowledges in the text two metals, gold and silver, and five colours, red, biue, black, green, and url, and also 'rr', which is the natural lur f any beast, fowl, or hr. rejects as false r Tawny and Sanguine r Murrey, the frmr as non-existent and the latter as mistake fr Purpure. Despite the exclusion f these colours, Leigh includes them in list f abeviations at the end his work to assist the rdr in interpreting

and thr objects. rms are frm f property, but as the particular depiction is not important, it is the blazon r written description over which an individual possesses legal rights and knowledge f which is essential to understand the shield f rms. An understanding f biazon deperrds initiaily on knowledge of the heraldic tinctures. Tincture is the generic term used in heraldry to

52

The Shield of Arms

pen and ink sketches of arms whr the tinctures are indicated single letter. This system f indicating tincture in uncoloured records abbreviation is known as tricking arms, and has always been used heralds in England rather than the system known as hatching, principally used silver and sometimes on glass, which was developed scveral continental writers in the early seventeenth century, whereby vertical lines denote Gules, horizontal lines Azure, and so on. (One f the earliest instances of hatching in England is the engraving f Charles I's death warrant, whr the seals f the subscribing parties are hatched.) Leigh's list f abbreviations is as follows:

Argent Azure Vert

Guls

Or

Yellow
Y/hite
betweene Red and Tenne

ight Blew
url
Greene

Es

Purpure

rmi Ermines
Tenne rr lur
Sanguine

/hite powdered with Blacke Black poudred Y/hite Orenge colour

Murrey
Sad

Blew

Natural1

Blew

Certain aspects f the list h always been accepted, while others r to h neither historical r subsequent support. h two metals, gold and silver, r interchangeable with and shown as yellow and white. On the other hand Geules which is now spelled Gules, is generally accepted as red, and Azure as blue f any shade. h frmr is r Arabic in origin, derived either trrgl rose ot ghiil fdr carcasses. h latter has unfortunately been restricted since the Second'/orld'/'ar, when sky blue termed Bleu Celeste, fr which there is neither an abbreviation r an accepted frm ofhatching, emerged in response to the wartime requiTements f the Royal Air Fr. Purpure is interestin$, as the lur in which it was painted seems to h changed in the course f the sixteenth century. In the fifteenth century it appears as mu in painting of the arms f Lacy in manuscript numbered ro in th College library. considerable number of grants by'/riothesley contain the colour that would now blazoned Murrey, but the original grant of 5 toJohn Compton pleserved in the College rms blazons it Purpure. This explains the references to Purpure the early writers, and the apparent lack f purple in arms f the period. Ir the 'Winchester are once mr urur supporters f th Marquess f to Anne rmr f rms shade mu, and in the r8I grant

The Shield of Arms

purpure is shown as dark purple. 'wriothesley's purpure and Azure were the livery colours fth House fyrk, which m explain their frqu in arms such as those granted to Dame Isabelle lr, natural daughter f Edward IV and wi fJh Audley. Similarly, those whose rms contain Azure and Argent m have had link with the House f Lancaster, and Vrt and Argent were Tudor livery Iurs and sometimes appear arms ,in mr suggestive link with that dynasty, such as green and white bordure. h extraordinary elements in the rest f Lig's list r ,, and ; the first two, now blazoned and urr mr ft than Sanguine, ur occasionally in the twentieth centuIy but h r been spotted in Visitation record. No evidence beyond Leigh has been found fr the existence f , or sad blue, either in the sixteenth century r subsequently. mm failing ofmost early English heraldic writers hinted at in de Bado Aureo's descending rdr f dignity f colours is to attribute particular qualities to diffrt tinctures and charges. This mattel is dealt with the Scottish writer Alexander Niset in his System oJ Heraldry (T7zz) where h writes
some Heraulds will h those tinctures above-mentioned to have mystical significations, and to represent mrl, politick, and military virtues, in the bearers f such colours; which fancies I designedly omit as ridiculous: Fr Arms of whatsoever tinctures they , are equally l, if the bearers f them f equal dignity. . most f th English writers, not only insist too tediously on their virtues and qualities which they f th represent, but give out for rul in this science; that Gentlemen's Arms should blazoned tinctures, the nobility'S precious Stones and Sovereign Princes planets, to show their supposed eminent virtues.

scheme devised sylvester petra sancta in his rrr Gilitl (I8) are also given. Those who wish to pursue the supposed symbolism f tincture combinations should consult Leigh's d oJ Armory, and for ten urthr frms of z flowers, elements,

Joseph Edmondson, in his Complete Body oJHeraldry (l78), dismisses the practice in muh the same mr when he writes ''White, say they, denotes chastity; biack constancy; blue loyalty, &, &. But as to such ridiculous fancies, the mr mention f them is full sufficient.' An rl sixteenth-century French manuscript , Les Rgls de lz, lists the two metals, five colours, and two furs which comprise the basic heraldic tinctures. hs r listed below with the abbreviations most mml used in rfr books since the eighteenth century, and fr the sake ointerest the precious stones, planets, and virtues attributed the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English writers, together with the frm f hatching following the widely adopted

54

The Shield of Arts

llumbers, and nletals, the best source is SirJohrr Fr's Tlte Glr1, of Ceertlsitic ( 5 S6). h tinctures are:
'['r .|' ,hr. rllt_t lOs Stollc-t Blazcrtt Topaz Sutl r Gold r peirrl silvcr rgt A.g Coltrtil:s r _|' _{illlrcr,. Prcriolt_i Platcls Srotle_r Blazott Shir Jupitet Azure Az Blue RLtb,v rs Gules Gu Recl Dianond saturn Black sable sa

Mctals

Virlltcs Fith Innocencv Virtut's Loyalty prudence Lovc

rillq

Dots
uhrhd
ttlti.q

Horizontal
ril

l,ilres

Magnaninrit,v Vertical lines

cross-hatche d
r

Vert Gr Vrt Sinople Sin

in Fr

Erlrerald Vcnus

horizontal
D,iagonal \

url urur I)urP Allrethvst rr Telrtperarlce o_f llrtt,, Prrirlri.s Plaltets |"irlucs Flt Sloltc_, Bla:olt Errrrine Erllrine rr

Diagolral /
Hatcltig

v,rir vir

vir

Not all writers attribute the sr virtues to the titlctures. De Bado ur states that white signifies light, black, the second iur irr

dignity, darkness, u is aSSociated with iron and Stlellgth, recorrciliation and friendship, goid implies obedience and gentility, alld led cruelty; while ]r, consideIed later additiorr as an heraldic colour, has no virtues at all attributed to it. Gold was sometimes blazoned Gold rather than r in the sixteellth tur, and this altertracive subsequentiy occurs sporadically dependilrg ol1the whim f the Kings f Arnls. rmi is rvhitc rd rvith black spots, which stylized in variety ways derived fr and representing th tail the stoat itr wirrter. Variatiorrs f Errrine r Ernlilles, white spots oI} black, Ermitrois, black spots gold, alld Peall, gold spots orr lrlack. Vair is white arrd blue patterll created sewing squirrel skins toEiether. muddle between Vrr (giass) and Vair (the fur) led to the mistranslation th fir tale f 'Cinderella', which to Errgland frr Fr, and tratrsformed hr slippers f squirrel fur into giass irr England. Had it not been fir tale this would presumably h rectified as ridicuious nistake some centuries ago. Vir has been drawn irr variety f forms. If it is shown in tinctures thr than white arrd lu it is ternred Vairy, and the tinctures nlust specified, such as Vir r arrd S, which is pattern f Vir irr gold and k. Every shield is f tincture r combillatiorr titurs, and in English blazon oarnrs it is the titrcturc f tlre sllrface f the shield or field as it is trrd that is given first. Vcrt Li rt Argutt, thrfr, ls greel} shield on which is silver r white rmllt

_1

::lard of furs from Sylvanus

.|'{l'.ul

}rr:,r
lQ

-&

,\d..r=an's Sphere of Gtr

'"usrrating rmi, Vair, and -,-its (Lib. z, . 73).

.ola
.

etc

,&;"

*llte.
L.lli}y;t

art 'fi\ t

^l lIJl

W, W
*yrt

-,{flez'tslax ,

''Y}li, ,

(iae,
itc.t'.

z,,rt i,,\'atrr 4 r,r;;

6.

5 Lvff", fl;r"
Vtr

7
,

tr, 'rr

ull*l

!:,$,

lion. knowledge of terms used to describe the different parts f the shield can hlful in understanding blazon. h parts of the shield are illustrated in detail frm manuscript in the hand f Stephen Martin Leake, Garter; the principal point to rmmr is that all directions r given as if the spectator was behind the shield, dexter is used to denote right, and sinister left. Chief rfrs to the top part f the shield and base to the bottom part; these r not ftd whether one is behind or looking at the shield, but charge in dexter chief is in the top left-hand rr as you look at the shield as this would the top right-hand corner if you stood behind it. Plain shields m have used the anonymous black, white, or thr knights in tournaments in rfr to their own rms so that thir identity should remain mystery , but few if any people r families wr recognized as bearing plain coat, the rmi coat f the Dukes f Brittany being an obvious exception. Shields were either divided geometrically r charged. Leigh lists nine partitions r methods f partition:
'Waldegrave

l.

Per pale: vertical

division of the shield as t Per pale rgt d Gules f '/aldegrave, now represented r1 KG. The dexter hlf is

Quarterly: where the shieid is divided into four as if cross, as in Quarterly Or d (}ules Mandeville, r1 of Essex, extinct i Tzz7. qLlarter in dexter hif is blazoned first and is the first quarter, rmll this wouid the same as that in sinister base, the furth quarter. The second quarter is in sinister chiefand th third i dexter base. . Per ;t'ess where th shield is divided horizontally , s i Per Jess Guls d rgt oMagdeburg impaied George II. The hlfi chiefis zd first.

zd first.

z.

'Jr.'-),rut ,1
lr.| l/c,li'l/*,1,'.,1,,ll
;

1\
"{|

i|",,,..*,,, l,/ | 7J,, tytl t/. 7,i,.,t

l ,,"",

r: l1.1

l|?t|.

,E,"J

t-,l
].1\
l

\
ll

t)
l\::
./

N*l

,'i;,tBltyyl"t

)"-i
i La,_J\ - v,"
L. l
J

7
ryj
-

WW
i&rs|,la;z,

,r.aa:|riy'

{,.7J|h:
li{il l

t /
|&|f
lbl

1 ii],l l ]:.l l

k1

:7:-s!i-"

,1,6,,/

i1;.tlyBf7*ty

.ir..l^y7,*g*

bf-.;
t,7,,

,,,W
t,,lY7 L5,
7"1",

,]l}yftb"!"1.";y'
fr,ili lm[,!j

l'*

l f

1] ....

.].1..

,"" \
|',l;,;*xl""a

^_,,,

,"ii:|;' r* .lj*lt,..,,,k<
1,1

l# -:1 Pl W

d
-
l,o,"

,,,:
*.8

i :1d,J \2

,/,,;.;;

ffi^i ;

t/r/,. ,,,,,4,,/-

(&u) ATmorial bearings of Campbell, EaTls (and subsequently Dukes) of Argyll, illustrating gyronny in th first and fourth quarters of the shield. hr is no rmi in th mantling (Coll. ATms, h Arms of Scotch Nobility, h

;,.

'irlx",." tV,;ta.. ijL;l,,;a,,l*ip "1l,r,l,,al,!n; ,,,,, -, 7_, 7l/, 1l 1..', . -, l,,.: i./.., v -,i . , /4.,, ; . ., r/r,/.|,L / 7hu" r.,,;.
_

t.,,/ "li-,.,, .,7,, 7, ..7

l,/

ii?,,;,7
!,..

1.,..

Hanrilton mril [r. I56o_64], fo. ). (/ English arrd Frh lines ofpartition in the hd f Stephen Martin Leake, GaIteI (Coll, rms, SML 56).

4. Per d,. where th shield is split diagonai division frm dexter chief to sinister base, which the most celeated British ml hs modified line f partition, Per d rttld rgt d Cules fr Boyle, Earls
diagonal line frm sinister chief to dexter base. h hli chief, in this case to the dexter, is blazoned first. 6. Per hr,. where th shield is divided an inverted V, the point usually two-thirds f the way Llp the shield and th ends towards the foot of the dexter and sinister sides f th shield, as i Per hr Sable d rgt the rms f the Aston fmil f Cheshire. h hlf in chief is blazoned first. 7. Per saltire: which divides th shield into fur as if an , as i Per saltire Sable d Or attributed to Bartholomew Hottyngdene in about r5zo. h

ofBurlington and Cork. h hlfi chief, i. . to the sinister, is blazoned first. 5. Per d siister: the reverse of Per d, and the shield is divided

8. Perplle. Subsequent writers hv considered that this is meaningless, being no different frm pl\e. Per pile is illustrated Leigh as frmd diagonal lines commencing in dexter and sinister hid joining in centre base. Since the sixteenth century th pile has not touched the bottom f th shield, and does not u the whole of the top f the shield.

qualter in chiefis blazoned first.

The Shield

oJ

Arms

dancetty, fr instance, were not regarded as distinct frm another. h next Stage in complication is the painting f simple geometrical shapes on the shield. lthugh logically one stage beyond shields with r divisions alone, they are, together with coats containing lions and eagles, th principal rl Stages f hrldi design. These shapes

r kr, as uI ordinaries and sub-ordinaries, and writers have argued as to which shapes fll into which category and as to their size, eailier WriteIS, such as Leigh, lm, and Guillim favouring the

as occupation f one-third f the shield, and later writers r bend, that l, dmds favouring one-fifth' on the grounds hr occupying one-third f the field makes the coat ]ook clumsy

'such

and disagreeable.

The fiist Honourable ordinary is the cross, classed first because christ died on the cross. h ale many forms f cross in addition to the plain cross, such as th cross flr, the extremities f which ,.r"1. fleurs-de-lis, and the cross potent, the ends f which

resemble the heads f crutches. hur used the word potent to m crutch as in, 'So eld she was that she ne went unless it was potent'. s this is the first case f charge r geometrical sh f one iirr.trrr. which must placed on field of another tincture, it is an appropriate mt to mention one f th basic rules in the composit oiarms, which is that colour m not placed on lur and metal m not placed on metal. Furs m placed on either, aS m charges blazoned aS propel, and fur m placed on fur. lies on another Questions do arise as to whether one part f th shield the field, but are oi not. Charges, Ordinaries, and Sub-Ordinaries equal divisions f the field do not lie on one another so m both lurd or f metal. occasiona1 exceptions occur but these, like or Cross rgt, r several Kings ofJerusaiem, are usually not English, and this coat was criticized i De Heraudie.

h secorrd Honourable Ordinary is the hif, created straight line dividing the top third r fifth f the shield, depending taste, frm the rest f the field. urd shield such line might appear cuIved, and consequently the introduction f enarched lines as means of diffr must approached with caution. hif is generally regarded as charge placed on the field, and oliowing this coloured hif m not placed on coloured field. There is smal1 body f precedent to the contrary, which suggests that hif should not rgrdd as the second Honourable Ordinary (or, if the early writers r to believed, the first url ordinary fr the crucifixion elevated the status f th cross), but rthr as division f th field. The precedents are Lloyd, Sable Spear Head rgt embrued proper t three slig Ladders chieJ Cules triple,-totuered Castle -Arget;Middlecot, recorded at the Heralds' Visitation f Lincolnshire

:
.

The Shield oJArms

59

cal

ith
lI
PeS
ETS

Eir r
S

as

lto

ich ih i

,lle

da
,aS i.
hr but

not

,
,

lll

is

d rl l
yeel

stle r

in r64, Azure gl dkplayed rmi ChieJ Guls three Escallops Or; and Lovelace, confirmed in grant f Crest Robert Cooke, lru, in 57, Cules Chief idtd Sable three Martlets rgt. h term chieis said to derived lrr chef, signiing the head or top part f th shield. h third url Ordinary is th pale, supposedly derived frm pales r pallisades of defence. It is vertical stripe occupying one-third r one-fifth f shield, and can, like the chief, plain or modified, as indented, wavy, and so on. If the shield is divided into umr f vertical stripes it is trmd paly of the umr of divisiorrs. The diminutive f pale is pallet, and this term tends to used in rfr to pale wh two or more are shown. If shield is divided into odd umr f vertical stripes, such as seven gold and k stripes, it would blazoned Or three PalleB Sable, d tl'e tinctures cannot both colours r metals, whereas similar pattern of eight stripes would blazoned Paly of eight r d Sable d could Or and Argent r Gules and S, as in such case one tincture is not deemed to the field on which the other is placed. Textbooks state that the pallet is hlf pale in width, and hlf pallet is an endorse, which m, however, only r on either side f pale. The fourth Honourable Ordinary is the bend, possibly derived frm the shoulder belt, thugh Guiliim derives it frm the Frh dr, to stretch frth. It is diagonal band stretching frm dexter chiefto sinister base. Leigh makes it occupy -fifth of the field, with which Guillim agrees if it is uncharged; ihrgd h makes it occupy one-third. h bend, like its fllw ordinaries, suffers frm the English disease diminutives. In ur |z f thr bends would t; in England, to complicate matteIs, there is bendlet which is hlf bend, garter, which is one-third f bend (and on which m only l flowers or foils), cotise, which is quarter f bend (and which, like the endorse, m borne only on either side of the bend), and finaliy riband, which is one-eighth f the width of bend. The mobt celebrated English coat incorporating bend is Azure d Or round which centred the case f Srrop, u. rsr (I85-9), the frmr family winning th case and retaining the coat which they bear to this day. Azure t ds Or is the coat f Buonarotti as r Michelangelo. bend running frm sinister chief to dexter base is known as bend sinister. In England its diminutives r skarpe or skarfe, which is -hlf the width, and baton, which is one-quarter. h latter is one f the charges associated with illegitimacy in England, and it is usually shown couped, that is, not touching the sides ofthe shield; according to Leigh, 'Every bastard also m h his batune, f which colour h wili, but not f mettal. Fr mettal is fr the bastards ris'. If shield is divided into an

The Shield of Arms

even umr f diagonal bands it is blazoned bendy r bendy sinister,

depending on their allgle. h fifth ur Ordirlary is the fess. This is horizontal band across the tr f th shield, Like the other ordinaries it carr modified, and when mr than one rs on shield in England they r termed bars, although there are no rules as to comparative '/h the whole shield is divided into an equal umr f width. horizontal stripes it is blazoned rr f the umr, Irr England rule emerged that if the number f stripes is f ten r mr the trm barruly or burely should used instead f rr. Guillim derives the wrd fess frm Frh word meaning the loins f man, and frm there interprets it as girdle fhur surrounding the middle. h English heralds in search f diminutives produced the barrulet and the closet. The frmr is hlf the width f r, but if r in pairs is termed bar gemel. The latter is an indeterminate width between r and rrult, and seldom ud. cotise, defined as hlf barrulet, m borne with fess usually on either side. h sixth Honourable Ordinary is the inescutcheon, which is shield r as charge on the arms. Textbooks suggest that it should the same shape as the shield on which it is borrre. celebrated example f coat bearing inescutcheons is that f , rgt three Isuths Guls as represented the rl f rrl1, Hereditary Lord High Constable f Scotland. If an inescutcheon is voided,

rmril beerings of , rl of rrl, recorded midseventeenth century, with

thr inescutcheons the arms and th badge shown as

inanimate supporters. Unlike

English peers ofthe

seventeenth century. thr is no ermine nrantling (Coll. Arms, EDN I7, Scotlarrd's

Nobility, f.

z).

l-,,,,u|[

The Shield of Arms

r.
rnd

rd

iTe

of

l l

rrd r

h
let.

da
ld ray

uld ted
',ree

}ed.

meaning its centre is removed following the sh the shield showing th field and leaving narlow border, it is termed an orle. The seventh ur Ordinary is the chevron, derived rm similar Frh word meaning rafter. This is frmd two diagonal bands, commencing in dexter and sinister base, meeting in different periods at different heights in the centre f the shield, and resembling the silhouette f rf or an inverted letter v. r hr cules was the coat f the Stfrd family, sometime Dukes ofBuckingham, and r three hrs Gules was borne the distinguished medieval family f Clare, Lords f Clare and Earls f rtrd and Gloucester. In England hlf hr in width is termed chevronel, although the writers disagree as to whether only three m borne shield or two r three. lJnder either interpretation lr would reduced to chevronels. Half hrl is couple close, and like the endorse and cotise these r borne in pairs on either side f the chevron. shield divided into an equal number f hr shapes is termed chevronny. Unlike the bend, where charges follow the angle th bend unless otherwise specified, charges hr are shown erect, or palewise to use the heraldic trm. hr is sometimes shown reversed with the point to the base, when it is blazoned hr rrsd, h eighth Honourable Ordinary is the saltire, better known as St Andrew's Cross. If charged the charges are usually shown erect, and it can modified, for instance engrailed or invected. Fitzgerald, Duke f Leinster rc rgt Saltire ls, h ninth and last Honourable Ordinary according to the English writers is the bar. This has already been discussed under fess. In Fr the trm fasce is used fr the fss and all its diminutives, and the term bar in Fr means bend sinister. some writers add the bordure as further Ordinary. As the m suggests, this is rdr round the shield, and those who fur it make the orle discussed under inescutcheons diminutive and the tressure, best known frm its presence as double tressure flory counter-flory in the Royal Arms f Scotland, diminutive f the rl. Flr counter-flory means that the tressures are ornamented with the heads f fleurs-de-lis facing outwards rm the outeI tressure and inwards rm the ir . In the case f the Royal rms f Scotland the tressures surround lion
rampant. The thr class f geometrical shapes ranking after the Honourable Ordinaries r termed Sub-Ordinaries or plain Ordinaries without the prefix Honourable; with charges such as the bordure and the related forms f inescutcheon, orle, and tressure there is some dispute as to

whether they should classed as Ordinaries r Sub-Ordinaries. Leigh numbers the Sub-Ordinaries as nine, f which the first is the gyron, which is of triangular frm created drawing straight line

The Shield

o;f

Arms

frm one rllr in the chief f the shield to its centre, and joinirrg this to the edge f the shield vertical r horizontal line. Lergh's second Sub-Ordinary is the orle, as h does not regard it as diminutive th inescutcheon. The third Sub-Ordinary is the pile, which has already mentioned udr lines f partition. It is wedge shape issuirrg frm the chief urrless otherwise zd, and ending in point. h sixteenth-century pile occupied one-third f th chief as compared to Leigh's r pile, which occupied the whole hif. h modern'pile is closer to r pile unless there r two r mr. It is disputed whether three piles shouldjoin in one point r not. Piies can modified, such as engrailed. h fourth Sub-Ordinary is the quarter, always shown in dexter chief, and originally occupying quarter f the shield although the tendency is to draw it smllr. The fifth is the quarter sinister, which is borne in sinister hif. h sixth is the canton, which is the same square shape as the quarter and originaily occupied one-ninth part th shield in dexter hi, being the same depth as chief which occupies one-third of the fieid. h seventh is the cantol1 sinister, which is sinrilar to th canton but borrre in sinister hif. h eighth is the flasque, now obsolete, which nright best described as Irw flaunch, the ninth Sub-Ordinary. h flaunch, like the flasque, must r in pairs, and pair r produced drawing line rhd towards th tr f the shield frm the dexter and sinister chief points of the shield down either side, rejoining th edge f the shield in dexter and sinister base. Flasques occupy less of the shield, as do voiders, another diminutive. Later writers such as Mark Anthony r, Frerrch master at Eton College, th Elemets oJHeraldry (rzs) add other Sub-Ordinaries, tramely the frt, lozenge, fusil, and mascle. These are related, the lozenge being dianrorrd sh with fur equal sides, best known not as charge but in place f the shield as vehicle orr which to display the arms f spinster r widow; the mascle, voided lozenge; the frt, mascle interlaced two lines in saltire f similar width to the sides f the mascle, and crossing in its centle: and the usil, tall rrw lozenge. The label, thin r with dependent points r lmu, although the cadency mark fr eldest son in his father's lifetime wh f three points, and used to distinguish the arms mmrs f the British Royal Family, was used as charge in medieval hrldr, and could classed as plain Ordinary r Sub-Ordinary. Most shields contain some charges other than mr gmtril divisions ofthe field. The umr of possible charges is never-ending, and can vary frr the lion, usually fourrd either rampant or passant in the eariiest coats, to representation DNA double helix, as irr the rrs f \[/arwick lJrriversity. Glossaries such as Janres rkr arrd Co.'s Clossary oJ'Terms used i Heraldry (lBp+) provide detailed

|r,

SlrtrldAr-,

catalogues of heraldic charges. In general survey thr questions, ,uch ai the first date f r of certain charges and changes in the composition of new designs f rms r perhaps mr interesting.

Vr bioadly, charges can divided into beasts, birds, other ar."irr.r, divine and human beings, monsters, natural objects, inanimape objects, and perts thrf. Except in De Heraudie, the obsession wi symbolism appears throughout the rl treatises, but
as the rtls, the second oldest English treatise f arms, is mr-

tively late, dating frm r r two fr I4oo, one hundred and fifty rs ft, tbe first rolls of arms, its symbolism can h had no effect on the early development f hrldr, The increase in the variety f charges r on arms can seen frm an examination of medieval sources such as rolls f arms, Seals, and the rl treatises. De Heraudiementions the griffin, lion, leopard, eagle, martiet, popinjay, crow, Swan, and heron, this de Bado r]r adds th pard and panther, Stag, r, horse, r, dog, dragon, hawk, l, dorr., jackdaw (rl the same as the crow), coc[, pike, and r, attributing particular qualities to h animal. h initial preponderance of lions amongst the beasts can seen examining ihe thr.e earliest English rolls of arms, all f the reign f Henry III. They contain seventy-five different coats with lions, one with hind fr the count ofTierstein ( punning r canting coat as tier means hind), one with bull, orre with horse, and one with three dogs, again purrning coat fr Nicholas de Kennet, kennet being t fg. similar comparison can made with the birds, which reveals sixteen different coats with eagles and one fr each f the following birds-crow, heron, hawk, cock, and martlet. Two f the coats Or t Corbies Sable (the crows) d zur three rs rgt are who died in canting coats r hms corbet f caus, shropshire, 'V/illiam r f Ford, Tz74, arrd Odinel r younger son f Northumberland. several furthr beasts r fr the first foundation f the college rms in r484 and the activity f the Heralds and kings f Arms f the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Lambs r seen on tmlr seals f the late thirteenth century but not normaily on shield; hr riding dog, and squirrel eating nut both appear on seals f arms in r z fr Nicholas t and Robert de rssil; there is goat on seal f arms fJh de Bowes in 5 8 and wolf that of Roger Louthe in r36r, camel was used byJohn cammel f Queen camel in somerset in r 4 8, and the seal th town f Coventr i l4z4shows elephant and castle. Symkin r, Lord r f London r porcupine on his arms in 1445, If those being granted r assuming rms paid any attention to the supposed symbolism some charges would r have been used. The bsignifies rr, ferocity, might, gentility, and liberality according

The Shield of Ars

to de Bado Aureo, but his attributions fr the other beasts r less url. The leopard is corrsidered to r an adulterous union between lioness arrd rd, and like the mule is incapable f reproducing itself. It is suggested as appropriate hrg fr

sonreone r in adultery r sl barred frm producirrg heirs f his body, such as abbot. h distinction between the rd and the thr is slight, being in whiterress f spots, and they both signify an original rr f the rms who was not fr-r. The stag signifies poverty in youth arrd wisdonr in war, th r valiant, wily, and envious warrior, the horse frt, beauty, prowess, and colour, arrd the r- irate, intolerant animal-signifies strong, unwise warrior,

whereas the dog represents loyal marr. h owi, surprisingly, sigrrifies lazy m, cowardly in battle, who lives plunder and rapine, in contrast to its usual rl as symbol f wisdom sacred to Athene. h medieval bestiaries, containing mixture ofnatural history and myth, must h played some rl in the expansion of supposedly natural hrgs orr shields. However, the unicor, which appears in bestiaries fth rl thirteenth century, is omitted de Bado Aureo, and does not ur itr arms till th early fiftth century, so the influence was not immediate. The whl with two spouts in the arms the Soap Boilers f London is an example literary influence, being taken frm rd Gesner's De ius et Piscibtls (l56o). But search amongst bestiaries is overcomplication when rs is sought fr the r f comparatively obscure natural creature rather th arrother. Fish in thirteenth-century rolls f arms include barbels, lucies (pike), and hake, fr families f r, Lucy, and Hacket. one rreed look no furthr tharr the surnames f the rrs fr reason fr the charges, and although th traditional qualities th lion and eagle must have contributed to their frequent use, th ulr lif that coats f arms must h some meaning has no historical

whale
177.

ruu,ith two spouts, es illustrated in rd Gestrer's De Auibus et PisciOlr_l (r5),

,k;;
--:j:,:

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,,-.

Grt f rms, crest, and supporters (between I and r4) to the m of Soap Boilers of London. h rms
r besed on

preceding depiction of whl (Coll. Arn-rs, Miscellaneous Grants 4, fo,6).

rd GesneT's

J*!:
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1,

,!i sv" rZdS /; !, j- ,_ *t2 '';,"I^ d*;rt. 2* l, .<. J*,) , N.,>. l l.-,; // l,!,. .,-!.\ r"{-, r., tl;t f*/ly

basis. Originally the umr f charges used was limited, and fabulous beasts and monsters such as the bonacon, bagwyn, trogodice, tragopan and theow, ypotryll, yale, and pantheon, introduced to English heraldry in the fifteenth end sixteenth centuries, wr derived in rt frm the bestieries, as was the griffin in the late thirteenth century, and wr in part the product f the fertile imagination f heralds such as Sir Thomas'/riothesley wh granted the tragopan, demi-eagle with ram's horns, as crest to Robert Lord of London. Flowers and leaves r another familiar charge f heraldry, Fleurson the Royal Arms f Fr first r in the reign f Louis VII (r 7-8) as Azure semy de lis Or. Semy means that the field f shield is scattered r powdered with charge. The umr f fleurs-de-lis was reduced to thr Charles V of Fr (r64-8) ftr the assumption f the arms Edward III f England as part of his claim to the throne f Fr. Henry IV reduced the number to three in the coat h bore, and they remained in this frm, known as Fr modern, in the English and subsequently British Royal rms till their removal in r 8or. Foils r gru f charges which, depending on the umr oflobes or petals, m represent leaves r flowers. trfil f three lobes resembles clover leaf whrs cinquefoil of five is closer to flower, and difrt names r assigned Leigh according to the tincture f cinquefoil, golden being ruul. The blazon f cinquefoil tincture has not been followed in England, but the English whim oclassification did succeed with the roundel which hes diffrt m according to its tincture, whereas in France thr is only one distinction between those that r f metal trmd bezants
de-lis and rss are amongst the earliest flowers, the frmr appearing

66

Th, Sht,Id ,t

,-,

and those f colour termed torteaux, the terms used fr gold and red roundels alone in England. h roundel rgt or plate produces the canting coat of Sta;dish, Sable three P/c/cs representing standing dishes|to z them as standing dishes fails to conceal the u. h classificatiorr f charges WaS an rl development in England, as the_ author f De Heraudlc mentions besauntz, platz, gasteuis (rursr f the torteau), and pelots (r pellets, black roundels, aiso knor,vn as gunstones and ogresses). In th Middle Ages importance was attached to th distinctiveness and this " hir, influenced the complicated designs and

of rms, new monsters produced at the errd f the rid th early Tudor heralds fr the new m of that r. s knowledge f hrldr increased towards the end f the sixteenth century grantees tried to persuade the kings f rms to return to the simplicity f medieval derigrr. Complicaied designs reappear in the late eighteenth century in the Tandscapb hifs often depicting scene frm distinguished soldier.or ,rilor', Ir, usually granted Sir Isaac Heard, Garter. '/hilst avoiding such excesses, victorian designs tended to cluttered: in the present century some heralds show rmrkl ingenuity ir-r p.odrrcirrg simple designs f medieva1 nature which h r used fi, while others continue in the victorian tradition. h granting r assigning f complicated W alms distinguished ,r"- rr, fr old, but it did not distinguish th rms f brothers. various means were adopted so that the arms f younger brothers shouid distinct frm one thr and the paternal arms, but recognizable in origin. Colours WeIe altered r reversed as in rgui Saki|e Gl_s r th. Nevilles f Hornby in Lancashire, descended frm younger brother in the late thirteenth centu,ry, to distinguish their arbs ftr Gules Saltire rgt borne the senior iine. One disadvantage f tincture reversal is the risk f clashing with an unrelated fimily. Neville r and Fitzgerald are indistinguishl. other frms diffr wr the transposition r substitution f charges, and th addition f 1abels and bordures. This is th system that is sti1l followed in scotland, whr no two m r th same arms. In Errgland System f charging small marks on the shield was devised; theie are known as cadency marks, and the system is said to h been invented John'/'rithe, Garter, in about r5oo. h English system attributes label f three points to the eidest son in the lifeiime f his thr and one f five points to his eldest son, crescent to the second Son, mullet ( five-pointed star) to the third, martlet to the furth, an annulet to the fith, fleur-de-lis to the sixth, rose to the seventh, cross mli to the eighth, and double quatrefoil to the ninth. Suh cadency mrks should painted smaller than charge on shield, and r generaliy borne in the chief f shieid and r f

Cadency marks, gouttes, Toundels, and sone chaTges in the hand f Stephen Martin Leake, GaTter (Coll. rrs,

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suitable tincture fr the arnrs. Ith arms are quartered the cadency mark should placed in the centre f the shield whr the quarters join. h second son f second son places crescent crescent, and so the system continues, but it does contain logical flaw as, although good system fr seeing man's position in his family, it fails to distinguish between an uncle arrd hw who are th second
Sons.

wrote ts mmtr Littletolz (z8): 'Gentry and Armes is of the nature f Gavelkind; for they descend to ali th sonnes, yr sonne being gentleman alike. Y/hih gentry and rms do not descend to 11 the brethren alorre, but to all thcir posterity. Butyet jur rimgitur, tbe eldest shall beare as badge f his birthright, his father's armes without any differences fr that as Littleton saith, sectione 5 h is more wrth f blood but all the younger brethretr shall give several differences.' This appears to suggest that, whatever the failings f the system, arms should r with an appropriate cadency nrark. h only case whr an algument nright made fr

Cadency marks tend to used as matter f courtesy today rthr than as rui. hr seems to no more recent statement the law f arms relating to cadency marks than that Sir Edward Coke, wh

68

The Shield

o.f

Arms

not doing so is where mmr f family is entitled to quartering which distinguishes his coat frm that f his cousins. Arms are also differenced fr illegitimacy. Historically an illegitimate child was stranger in d to his father, and probably as matter f custom rthr than law an illegitimate child, if acknowledged, might granted variation f his father's arms. This is discussed further in the chapter on marshalling f arms. In the seventeenth century in England plain bordure was often used for non-Royal illegitimacy, as in the two grants i fi64 to Henry Cavendish f Doveridge, Derbyshire, and Anabella, natural daughter f Emanuel, Earl f Sunderland, of the arms f Cavendish and Scrope in plain borders Or and Argent. This changed to w bordures in mr recent centuries as seen in the seven grailts of August 18 to the seven natural children f Thomas Peter Legh f Lyme Park in Cheshire. The baton sinister also occurs particularly in grants to natural children of th Sovereign, though it is also general mark f illegitimacy; if Grrd Leigh is followed it should f lur rthr than metal for non-Royal illegitimacy. h appearance f the shield can altered additions r augmentations of honour. The traditional view is that these are mark f honour granted th Sovereign, some out of mr grace but mostly fr merit. The textbooks produce nine additions of honour, ml the bordure, quarter, canton, gr, pile, flasque, flaunch, voider (diminutive f the flaunch), and escutcheon of pretence. In contrast there r also nine abatements f honour which could added to rms the Court f Chivalry fr base behaviour. As no examples exist f arms with such abatements, at best they r theoretical punishment to discourage armigers frm dishonourable acts. Abatements must f stain, i. . sanguine r tenn rthr th metal or lur. Leigh gives the following rdr, but without the stains which later writers add. First, point dexter parted tenn r one who boasts of some valiant act which he r performed, and second, point champaine t fr one who kills his prisoner after quarter demanded. h third is plain point sanguine fr person who lies to his Sovereign or Commander-in-Chief; the fourth, point in point sanguine fr cowardice; the fifth, gusset sanguine r to the dexter an adulterer and to the sinister drunkard-the two gussets can r together; the sixth, gr sinister t fr cowardice towards an enemy; the seventh, delf t fr one who revokes challenge h has given; the eighth, an inescutcheon reversed sanguine fr any m who 'discourteously entreateth eyther maid or widdow against hr will, r flieth frm his Soveraignes r', and the ninth, the whole coat Ieversed fr treason. If treason implies attainder then the right to rms is frfitd the attainder, so the

The ShieldoJArms

question f displaying the rms upside down does not arise. In theory these charges or divisions f the shield, if f colour r metal, are honourable, but their supposedly dishonourable attributes m that they seldom if r I. In practice the nine additions f honour r not the only way in which Armorial Bearings can augmented. additional clest granted as an augmentation, as whole coat which, as it is an honour, should r in the first quarter before th trl rms. Examples r the augmentations granted Henry VIII to his non-

famiiy, Dukes f Royal wives and still borne the Seymour -/estminster granted as an Somerset, and the rms f the City f -Westminster
honour whr no arms previously existed are not augmentations as nothing existed r to which they can added. Although there r isolated documented examples f pre-Tudor augmentations, most f the well-known and supposed English medieval augmentations can shown to Tudor inventions. h grant on January 85/6 Richard II to Robert de Vr, 9th Earl f Oxford, then Marquess f Dublin and subsequently Duke of, Ireland, f arms f Azure three
rs Or ithi rdur rgtfr Irelad to borne in the first and furth quarters r as long as h held the Lordship f Ireland is genuine and recorded in the Patent Rolls. Other so called augmentations with origins in the fourteenth century are those to Dodge (I), Legh (I+6), lhm (rs), and Leche (I57-). These are all spurious. An alleged f the r grant to Peter Dodge is written on blank page f the 5r Visitation f Surrey. The grant is an otherwise unknown Guyenne King f Arms, James Hedingley, and the arms granted Barry of six r d Sable Pale ls 1m's Dugge or Breast distillig drops of milk Proper do not r without the east in other rrds, which suggests it is anyway not augmentation. h text rrs to the loyal and valiant service ofthe grantee, and the whole thing seems to an eaTly sixteenth-century joke. In 1575 'William Flwr granted Sir tr Legh f Lyme an

'Westminster. ATms granted as his descendant the Duke f

augmentation in r8z to the first Marquess f

and r an

rm md i rmur rgt the hd grsig of St George. h grant was an augmentation in token f his descent from Piers Legh, hr f the battle f r where h took the Count f Tanquervil prisoner. The augmentation does not pretend to of other than sixteenth-century origin but it is nevertheless pity that Piers Legh, the so-called hr f r, was not born till fourteen years after the battle, and the feats attributed to him were those f his father-in-law Sir Thomas Danyers. Piers Legh was in ft beheaded in I99 as supporter f Richard II. It is questionable whether the

augmentati { Isuth Sable sm of fuIullets d charged ith

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Rrd of augmentJtion il] I575 to th arms f Sir PieTs Legh Lm. hshir. r the supposed exploit f ancestor, recorded et the Visitation f Cheshire nade Willi.lm Dugdale, Nr in l-+ (11. rms, 8,

'r.! g:!| !].r,!td!. I|lrlli ,,t .L,y'el.|ll.,. 4r l -:.i ?!! lr. l:qrt J.fl;lJ.y af P!.r,J ',J .!J, "|!f.$ .,l, lc 1-,r., |li L! 'l ,lq l/ s| 4-,!cla c/n*l!1e.t9f .: .!1 ,{.l.,i .t"il Ll 1 .t l,U/J.hct!b! 1lL!:tsl lllt'.,oJrl l t'., oJ rl !!b:/J;,lll:!,.|.;.DIb._lbr : /J ;,l l l:!,.|. ;. D I . l r rr:ilLll "qlhf lh iM:!]reJarl t /. r fr,,Dt, u J'!! t /Jb l,alrBJo. !Dt| :l:',lJ,rJ[r lo|,|m d,, dil.lJ /J i hai fa!
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augmentation should h retained in the r8 grant to the illegitimate children f Thomas Peter Legh (the rights f illegitimate children are discussed in th htr on marshallirrg f arms). lhm is credited with the captuIe ofKingJohn fFr at the battle of Poitiers in r 5. As result h is said to h been granted coat f augmentation f Gu!s ttpo rk Buckles palemise the Buckles rds rgt. This coat, now I the Duke f Newcastle and Earls f Chichester and Yrrugh, is not r in the first quarter, as augmentation should , but the second, and occurs in no medieval Sources, so it wouid Seem to thr udr creation. Sometime between I57 and I mmr f the Leche fmil living in Berkshire is said to h entertained three kings in his house, Edward IiI and his two prisoners John f F and David iI of Scotland: Edward is reputed to have augmented Leche's rms the addition f thr crowns so they m rmi ChieJ idtd Gules three rs Or. But the arms r appear attributed to Leche without the clowns, and their first occurrence is on the ut Roll, lost r11 f rms f l living in the reign f Richard II f which iate sixteenth-century exists where the coat is stated to that f Sir Roger Leche f Derbyshire. II dated SeptembeI I (I Royal 'Warrant f King Charles '/lkr, Garter, 'in this tyme f 25,82) addressed to Sir Edward gen,erall reward' and 'to avoyd the trouble and importunity of passing

The Shield of Arms

made about fit grants f augmentation under the terms f these generel wrrts, although the augmentation to the Lane family of Bentley and subsequently King's Bromley in Staffordshire, f th rms f Errgland to r on canton which is most frequently 'V/r, was made not 'Walker but Sir associated with the Civil '/illiam Dugdale, Garter, arrd Henry St George, lru, Letters Patent dated 5 Fur T678l 9. The grantee was Thomas, nephew ofJarre Lane who helped hrls II to escape ftr the battle '/'orcester, although the patent rfrs to the service f the grantee's father ColonelJohn Lane. Examples f augmentations under the r45 warrant are f tbe Bordure Azure charged tuith Saltires rgt (eight saltires r in the College records; ten have subsequently been used) granted in September 1645 to the City f rfrd fr 'valiantly defending themselves against th Scottish fI}', and the t Gules '/alpole in charged ith Li gld added to th rrs f SirJohn the l granted under augmentations f 46. Examples June warrant are those to Francis Y/olfe f Madesely, Shropshire in lI, Sanruel Isaac of Exeter, and Sir Charles Harbord in r67, end to '/orcestershire, i ft7l. h Civil /r Robert Foley, High Shriff f
_1,.:Erentations rrlade

such under ur Great Seale', g him 'full power and authority to give grant and assigne unto any person f eminent quality fidelity and extraordinary merit that shall desire it such augmentation f any f Our Royall badges to added unto his Armes as you shalljudge most similar rr to testify the same'. h'Warrant also refers to one in '/alker terms given Charles I to Y/alker at Oxford on l45.

i{.rtd and rhs Sir =jrrd'/lkr, Garter, fr ;-:;portilrg th Royelist cause -.. rh Civil Wr (Coll. Arnrs, lkr , . 26-7).

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72

Tlrc Slield

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rs

augmentations 'lkr r marked 'gratis' so they wr means rewarding fifty or so Royalists at no expellse to the gralltees.

Eighteerrth-century alrd ltr augmentatiolls 11 divided irrto two groups, those that were grarrted as th result f Royal warrant and those that were not, Adnriral Sir Grg Pocock WaS qrallted armS and crest i 176r His son Grg was granted an augmentation ttytl FlattcheS Azurc each Sea Horse erect respectig each othcr proper d surtig hr Cold i 94i commenloration f his thr's services, and furthr augmentation again his thr's services in l8zr. neither occasion was there Royal y/arrant and there was similar lack f one when Thomas khr, captain RN and uncle to the rl oLorrgford was granted in l795 SiT Chichester Fortescue, ulster kilrg f rms, all augmentation chief the sea d the Ster Of tiqu Ship ridig theretlt,t riti stdig: Victory lightig 0ll the Prttty d lig lureath oJ Laurel hr Head all Proper. I contrast thr was Royal'warrant pursualrt to which Lord Heathfield was granted the arnrs Gibraltar to borne on chief his own rms in r787, atrd in 789 Royal'Warratrt permitted Lord Malnresbury to add to the arnrs ofhis ril the black eagle oPrussia, thr prussia. The availirrg himself and his issue grt the kirrg f eagle was added on chief Letters Patent f Jul l789. No e*"mples abatements h been found, but the loss f rms attainder can seen in thRl'/rrt addressed George I to to Gilbert John nstis, Grtr, ftr Anstis refused to grant Suppolters Lord Barnard. (V), rst f Christopher son Barnard, Lord (Varre), states h relevant rt f the'W'rrt
said ffir beirrg apprizcd that sir r vane father f the said hristhr rvas attainted whr the said ancient rms wr forfeited, and not knowing that ithr the said attainder was reversed r that there was any restitr.rtion in blood did according to the trust reposed in you decline to that u

ur

rd thereir-r withotlt r,rr special Comnrands fr that urs, wc thrfr to whm tlre said Arms are escheatec1 virtue f the said attainder, do hr declare it to ur Royal will and pleasure, and we hr direct and comtnand u, forthwith to grt the rms borne the said Sir Henry V fr his said attainder and his ancestors unto Our said Right Trustv and /ellbeloved Gilbert now Lord Barnard.

h re-grant f the old rmril bearings with supporters is dated z7 February 1724l 5. Arms are irrtelligible if painted, less so if tricked r hatched, and unirrtelligie to nrany when azorred. blazon should description f what should or is drawn, not an explanation ofits rfr. Allusions should concealed not explained. Unfortunately, there h beelr periods when the essential poirrt that the blazon is to guide

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Re-grant t l7z1l 5 f rms and quarterirrgs f V to Gilbert 'Varre), Lord Barnard, lost thrugh his grandfatl-rer's attainder. V quarters (z) De La Derre () De La Lake (4) St

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Shelley () Hardirrg (4)

,\,Iorgan (Coll. Arms, Grants -. . z),

the artist has been lost sight f. and the blazon has contained symbolic

gueules u d grl dor tr trois rs et les laces drgt sr la d trois hurtes. This might zd today Cules d egrailed Or tlu three ugl rs striged rgt three Rdls Azure or three Hurts it alternative zig f roundels tincture is followed. In both cases the field Gules is mentioned first, then the principal.charge, the bend, and then the charges on cither side f the bend which are f gleater linear importance than the charges on the bend, which m last. mm sense dictates that when bend is between three objects two occupy the larger space above it and one the

wider blazon is the grtr is the scope fr artistic variation. English styles of blazon h altered but the principle hs remained unaltered f first stating th tincture or tinctures f the field, and then giving the principal charge such as an Ordinary, followed the next most significant charges such as those on either side f the Ordinary, then any hrgs on the Ordinary, and finally any cadency marks. h frm remains the same whatever the language f the grant. Grants f the first part f the reign fr VIII and earlier tend to in French, and that to John Rympyngden of Leatherhead in r5i is blazoned

r canting rfrs fr the supposed benefit f the grantee. h

smaller space below, grant Christopher rkr, Garter, to Henry Parker f Fryth 11, Essex i l57l8 is blazoned Gld three

The Shield

o;f

rms

shhs Sable u eche shh brode r hedde oJ the felde. Tbts might now blazoned r three Isuths Sable three hs r.

hr r Somc who would rl the final Or with gold, and others, to avoid repeating tinctures, would Barker and say 'f the field' r ' the first' meaning th first tincture mentioned in the blazon. h is the term now used fr broad arrow head. mode f blazorr has developed at the College of Arms which has patent and college records. used since the last century in Letters Capital letters are given to all tinctures, rr names, and principal

chalges, and punctuation is omitted in blazon. The omission f punctuation follows the frm f other legai documents which omit it io that punctuation Cannot change the sense. hr is less logic in the instance, to furs rtiuir use f capital letters which are given, fr but not the term proper. In the examples above, bend, bugle hrs, roundels, r hurts 11 ri capitals, as do inescutcheons and pheons, and all the tinctures.

Crests
achievement rmril bearings consists f arms on the shield, crest the helmet, around the top f whih is usually wound the crest wreath r torse, mantling, and possiy supporters and badge or badges with motto oI mottoes. Although it is only one part f the whole achievement the crest, which is usually displayed on the crest wleath, an object rsmig ribbed rolling-pin, hs long enjoyed the greatest popular appeal. Spoons, frks, and signet rings have spread the knowledge f '/illiam Sharpe, the fmil crest to the exclusion f all else. In l778 f ofthe nobility plates crests herald painter, issued series offourteen and gentry at the price f zs. plate. This was rrur to books of crests which devoted whole volumes to illustrations, such as Alexander Deuchar's British Crests (r8r7), Fairbairn's Book of Cresrs (l859), whrt foureditions r9o5, andthe RoyalBookof Crests (l8S). Jewellers, engravers, and stationers used these as key to stamp crests on innumerable objects, often irrespective f entitlement: this has led people to declare that whilst they possess crest they h no rms, something that is generally speaking impossible, although arms can exist without crest. It has also resulted in the indiscriminate use f the word'crest'to describe armorial bearings when anything but the crest is intended. It is nonsense to say that one's crest consists f various charges on shield surrounded leaves, meaning mantling, particular frm, with helmet th shield. h crest is only the part f the design on top of the helmet, but despite the logic f crest like that f bird being worn on th head l remain muddled.

urr

members f th family. lJnmarried daughters and widows use their father's rms r their late husband's and father's arms on lozenge, Married women bear their husband's arms r their husband's and thr's arms on shield. As badges wr originally intended fr fudl retainers and associated people they m used equally 'Women who are sovereign princes are an sons r daughters if wished. exception to the rul, as are clergymen who, despite sixteenth-century exceptions such as the grant f crest toJohn'Whitgift, Archbishop of trur, place above their arms mitre or ecclesiastical hat appropriate to their status. It has, however, been the practice to allow Anglican churchmen below the rank f bishop crests if wished. h rul that crests should not used women was stated at Chapter

As the crest is r on th helmet it is only used the ml

76

Crests

fth College (R zT, l39) heldinBroyderels' Hall in r 56r, rvhen it was resolved:
That no inheritrix mayde wi r widdow shall thr r r cause to borne any cIeast or cognisance fhr anchester but as hr fllrth. Ifshe unmaried to r in hr ring cognisance or otherwise the first cote f her anchesters in lozenge and during hr widdowhood to use the first cote f hr aunchesters, and if she maried with one yt [that] is no gentilman then she to exempted clearly f this conclusion.

There is aiways rlm with precedent or authority such as this where there is desire to use hlf as evidence fr particular statement and to disregard the other hlf, in this case the statement that women may not use their father's quarterings. Sixteenth- and seventeenth_ ..rri,rry funerai certificates show that women did not only r thir father's paternal aImS but his quarterings as well, so that quite apart frm their ability to transmit quarterings, which is not necessarily disputed, heraldic practice hs consistently shown use f quarterings daughters. h initial statement that no inheritrix should bear any crest has not been disregarded in the same way sixteenth-century and subsequent practice. An heiress r coheir m not r crest, and equaliy she m not transmit right to crest to her issue. lJnless thr has been specific grant f an additional crest or clests, m is only entitled to his paternal crest hwr m arms h is entitled to quarter. This position has not gone unchallenged, as is evidenced 'Wrrt f the Deputy Earl Marshal dated 5 Jurre r 8I7 which forbade the transmission or use of crests women, as celtain ffirs f arms had suggested that this was ssi. h complete text f the'Warrant is given in Appendix I at the end f the htr. h immediate history f th'/rrt was motion ut to htr Sir Isaac Heard, Garter, 22 April I8T7 (.. S,8z) 'That no rs entitled to quarter the Arms f an Heiress or Coheiress frm whm h is descended can right r the clest appertaining to the family f such heiress or coheiress without regular authority fr that purpose Royal Sign Manual, Act f Parliament r thr regular Authority.' The motion was defeated, Somerset, Lancaster, Chester, Norroy, and Clarenceux voting against it, and only George Nayler, York (subsequently Grtr) supported the 8-r-ld Garter- Garter returned to the question week iater when h put to htr (., 8,9) list f six inconveniences (see Appendix 2 at end f the chapter) that resulted frm the decision that any person entitied to quarteI rms of an heiress or coheir might f right r the crest f hr family without regular authority. These principally related to the lack of order that resulted frm such decision, with families without crest adopting one f another fmil whose heiress they had married,

rrrr,

entitlement to the Royal crest arising, and the pointlessness of previous Royal Licences to permit the use f certain crests. h matter was put to the t again on 5 , when clarenceux joined Garter and york, and somerset was absent, resulting in tie i,h,- Kings of rms and one Herald on the one side and one King f rms a.rd tr Heralds the other. Somerset's opinion was sought and h voted against Garter, resulting in the need fr the Earl Marshal's'/'rrt. h surprising aspect f the matter is that so m ffirs f rms to should have r. the traditional view. Lord Pemhoke's remark 'Thou fellow, silly th younge, irrrti, as reported Horace'Walpole, thou dost not know thlown silly business', might have been directed profession f at them with somejust'ification. It is remarkable that in mixture of contrasting _ been only thirteen p.opl. there has often It is majority, in the notable scholais a^rrd fools, with th latter ft unlikely that personal animosity fftd the voting, as relations bet-een Naylei and Heard, wh voted together, can hardly h been good. Nayler, as Genealogist f the Order of the th, sued Heard in iBr4 fo, soliciting busineis frm knights f the Bath, and received , damages iubject to the award of Serjeant Bosanquet who reduced the mg, to rr. shilling in r8r5. h two HeTalds namely probably f the gr.it.rt ability with the exception of Nayler, '/'indsor, were joreph "-k"r, Kichmond, and Francis Townsend, to reported th absent. It was Townsend who, in rh T8I7, had htr the pedigree recorded in r8ro William Radclyffe, appointed Rouge-Croix in 83, of which 'the thr ur generations ,'r,rr,.rl d.rt of truth', which led to Radclyffe's conviction fr frgr ai york ssizes in r 8zo when h received 5 fine and threemo-nth prison sentence, and which resulted in his expulsion frm the collqge^. The proceedings reflected on the judgement f Edmund Lancasier, the other Herald f some note, who had accepted Lodge, "pedigree in 8r, and who had introduced Radclyffe to the the g. Thor. who disagreed with Garter in 1817 went against the preceJents, and received little support frm textbook writers such as jor.ph Edmondson, who Wrote in his mlt Body of Heraldry
(78): Occasionally we meet with persons bearing two crests on their carriages but this practiceis to condemned, since the strict rules f armory, whenever any m assumes crest which belonged to another family, h should 1 aside that wh is borne his own, except for the purpose of badge or device. h Germans indeed have long been accustomed to bear, in rw r their shields of arms, the crests of all the families whose rms they quarter: ut in this they r not followed eny other nation; and in truth the abrurdity and impropriety of such practice is rmrkl striking, the

Crests

instant we rllt th purpose for which crests Wr originallv designed. Heraldic writers universally gr that woman cannot r crest.

The suggestion that one should stop using one's o\yn crest on assumption f another could imply some degree of hi which

Would only have rrit in description f practice rir to the regularization f the sixteenth century. Ednrondson m simply disapproving ofthe practice f grant ofa second crest rathe th glant ;f one crest in substitution of another. wr the Heralds trrtd Edmondson, they only had to consult Itrduti to 'William rr, fifteen years clelk to the Registrar Heraldry (r 8 ) f the College f rms, to rd
In Germany and other foreign countries, it is the custom to r th crest beionging to r quartering the family is entitled to; but in England it is otherways, and but one crest is usually borne, except in cases whr an
possessions are inherited it.

additional m is taken upon th inheritance property, or fr the particular alliance with th representative f some ancient fmil whose

f June r817 rfrrd to two crests h Earl Marshal's placed r the lozenge containing the rms and qllarterings of iemale. This has not been iderrtified, but painter's work book in the College library covering th years I8r-2 shows crests With lozenges, although not directly above thm, fr the funerais in Fur I8 r Mrs Bernard, widow (whr on the lozenge Bernard impales Codrington with the wrong tinctures r unregistered coat f the same linear appearance as Codrington), in April I8r of Mrs Leigh Brown, and in rh r8I7 f Mrs'/hite hmrl.

'Warrant

In England the crest did not have the same significance as rms. f the ninety-eight rolls listed chronologically in Sir Anthony'/agner's Catalogue oJ glish Medieual Rolls oJ Arm.s (95) only seven contain crests, and f these the earliest dates frm the mid-fiteenth century and is the sixty-fourth rol1 to listed. In contrast, most of the eighty

rolls in the equivalent catalogue f German medieval rolls f arms fr I5oo (. Frh. v. rhm, D. L. Galeath, and . Hupp, Die Whr des deutschen Mittelatters, l99) show crests, and they r in the illustrated German rol1 the rl fifteerrth century known as 'Povey's Roil'. h two twelfth-century German heraldic manuscripts, the id f Heirrrich Veldeke (rl74) and the r de bello siculo tr de Ebulo (r95-), which are the first two entries in the catalogue, both show devices on th helmets. Two
f the greatest European rolls, the

between r9 and r96, which contains r I,8oo entries f Sovereigns and Nm frm western Europe, show crests as well as

I4 and th f Gelderland 'rril de Celre'produced the Herald f the Duke

'ZtlticbRoll'of about

Herald painter's work book, rTith rdr for MTs rd's funeral f 11 (45inch) achievement r,vith crest

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h frrurs f crests wr fan-shaped plates attached to the top f the helmet to deflect the blow of sword. These wr originally undecorated ut were soon painted with the arms on design based on part f the rrs. These plates are isi on the equestrian seals f umhr de hu, rl f rfrd, and Richard Fttzalan, Earl f Arundel, both attached to the rs' Letter to the f II. Its modern suril is in crests shown on wings such as that f the City f London hlm ith rth Argettt d Cules Drg's siister Wig rgt charged the udrsid ith Cross Guls, wlrere the origin of the crest as plate which all r part fth arms has been painted is forgotten. This m also account fr its lack f registration at the College f rms t1ll ry57, as it could argued that it is not genuilre crest, although there is an example as rl as 478 f the ,rms on plate again blazoned as dragon's wing granted as crest toJohn and

rms. In the twelfth-century Grm rolls some figures h painting f the rms on their helmets, others show small flag attached to th helmet with device painted on it, and there are also cut-out models on the helnet,

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Late sixteenth-centuIy facsimile f the seals attached to the BaTons' Letter to the , rr, showing fanshaped plates th equestrian seals of the Eer1 f HeTeford (in the first rorn), Henry de r (in the second row), and Peter de ul (third row), with wyvern and lion precursors of supportels on either side of some shields (Coll. Arms,

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Armorie1 bearings of the City ofLondon, where the crest odginates aS Plate, later developing into dragon's wing charged with cross as in the arms. h London Armory was printed foT Richard'Wallis, citizen and arms irr London t 1677, to sold in his shop in the Royal Exchange
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James Tadlow f London, so th Kings f Arms wr rrd to make frml grant of such an object as cIest in th fifteenth century. The painted f was followed one showing silhouette, and this was succeeded an arlangement f fthrs often rising in srl tiers and known as h. Examples f hs which appear seals fr the first English roll of arms to show crests are those of '/illiam Latimer ( 74), Sir Igrm de Coucy, Earl dfrd (r 57), qs), (r (i 89), Richard Le Sr Sir Thomas La Richard'/aldegrave 'Warre (I+r+), and John Montgomery (I+). Many families used what was sometimes termed bush of feathers their helmets in th fourteenth century, just as th had earlier used f-shd plate, and when in the late fifteenth and rl sixteenth centuries codification began, some adopted them as crests in the mdr sense, and to this 'Waldegrave and Scrope, h feathers day those that survive, such as '/hatever their origin, the ostrich fthrs f the prince f as crest. 'Wales r an ml f such h. As there was an opportunity to display visually striking thrdimensional model on the helmet in tournaments, beasts, birds, monsters, hum beings, objects, and parts of objects were adopted with as much frqu in the fourteenth century as the plain panaches f feathers. Early in the century the German rolls show that such crests were mostly derived frm th arms. In the Wlg rsld of r 9, the design on the arms f von Belmont reappears on mitTe as '/eissenburg and'/adiswil the crest, and the buckle on th shields f also appear on the helmets. An rl fifteenth-century English example is the seal used in r4oT lir ulrr f Lincolnshire, whr the three greyhounds in the arms I represented as crest Chapeau

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8z

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variety f beasts appear, and fourteenth-century seals show f fr Oddyngescles ( i j so), dead f fr /alter de Mourrci (, oz), goat passant forJohrr Sacheverel1 of Hopwell, Derbyshire (r385), rm r Sir William Frk (I s), squirrel forJohn h (rz), stag's head fr Adam Babington (I8+), bull's head frJh Nevilie f Raby (rzr), while .""-pl., frm the 'Armorial de Celre'r the Bat rgt uligd Sable chipeau zur fr sir Miles stapleton, and the r f the vr family, Earls f oxford. canting crests r the coney sejant f sir '/illim Cunningham (398), th bear on chapeau f Sir Baldwin Bereford (8q), the talbot Statant ofJohn Talbot (r5r), and the cat collared on hu Thomas Catesby (lss). Cats as canting
turd u rmi rhud collared lid d rigd.

crestS t tltBallard'_s Book f . l48 aS cat (pussy) Statant guardant fr Cathrali. r.. fo1. Pudsey, and cat couchant guardant p1oper seal fiteenth-century in the seen animals natural ili. unusual

device f Wiliiam, Viscount Beaumont, f arr elephant and castle, and the camel Statant S attributed to the King of Crawcow in'Shirley's Roll' f c.l45o. Birds r represelrted the peacock crest on the seal

de HarcouIt (I9), the cock's head f Sir Adam de Louches (rz) and SirJohn Cockayne (l4zr), and the swan's head and neck originally between wings fr John uhm f Holt (lzI) and subsequently issuing frm coIonet fr Richard Beau'Warwick (l). Human beings r Seen in the hm, r1 f woman's head with long hair in piait f SirJohn Dipres (r8z), and the crowned negro's head f Sir Matthew de Gurney (I9). Only simple monsters ur in early crests, such as the griffin's head and wings within crown f SirJohn Montagu (r89), the griffin sejant wit wirrgs outstretched f Thonras (8) and the dragon's head and wings issuing frm crown Jh Goldington (l4r). Inaninlate crests include th upwright millstone on chapeau f sir Robert de Lisle (l), the lm tr between wirrgs f Lur Greyndor (,sr), and the cup and ll Jh de Ramsbury (88). The question as to whether crests m anything is no difrt to whether any part of the armoriai bearings h meaning, Fr instarrce, do saracens' heads signify that fmil went th Crusades?.The answer is that some families with saracen's head crest, such as Lygon, Stapleton, /rurt, and Y/illoughby, did go crusades, and to commemorate this m, in the urtth or fifteerrth centuries, have adopted the head to rl the h r dragon's wing. Like the sixteenth-century augmentation r additions to rms such as Legh f Lyme arrd lhm given r adopted fr medieval feats, their assumption r took place sonre centuries after the attendance on Crusade. It seems rl that thr families bearing saracetls' heads in the sixteenth century, such as Prideaux and

'/illiam

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Penhellick, Shiriey, Irby, and Marbury m have been on Crusade. Different reasons must sought fr later grants incorporating turks r saracens, such as that toJohn Tivitoe oflondon, mrht, granted i l demy urk gurdt habited rr holding i his dexter hd Scimitar rgt ml d hilt Or. h quest fr reasons r origins of charges must approached with r, as the very similar moors' heads r no mr than canting crests when used families f Moore and Mordaunt. The late development f crests and their use initially mr as an rmt on the helmet than means f identification is ri responsible fr their comparative insignificance in Scotland where, although no two m m bear the same arms, and younger brothers must matriculate variation f the paternal arms, difrt families use the same comparatively simple crest, and there wr m grants f rms without clest. in England the influence th late fifteenth- and ri sixteenth-century Kings of Arms resulted in diffrt evolution. It hs been suggested that crests were originally mark f special dignity associated with those f sufficient standing to take part in tournaments. Cennino Cenrrini writing i The Craftsma's dk (r+) on how to model crests rfrs to making them fr toulney r fr rulers who h to mrh in state, which lends some support to this. But the late fifteenth century in England manuscripts such as Ballard's Book record crests fr the county families who r in the Visitations f the I5s, and crests were glanted irrespective f rk. h complicated striped and charged beasts granted as crests Sir 'Vy'riothesley hms were individually distinctive, and thr is no doubt frm the texts f the Letters Patent granting them that they were to r in perpetuity in the same way as th rms. '/riothesley's predecessors granted much simpler crests and if the practice had continued it would h been difficult to avoid duplication of crests such as demi Bear Sable muzzled d hid Or granted in I45 byJohn Smrt, Garter, to Edmond Mille r th* lht's head proper granted i T49z by'/riothesley's fatheTJohn'/rithe, Garter, to the rthrs hms and John Elyott. Not 11 simple crests, wr r to repetition, and it is unlikely that m l wouid wish to bave ug rll dds s case leurs propres coleurs as granted 'Writhe to Louis Caerlion in r49l; this is usually translated as (Jril i Basket propcr. Caerlion was doctor f medicine, and rhs as such had intention of participating in tournament with urinal on his head, but should h h wished to there would h been no difficulty in making model f one out f gessoed leather. h need fr crest to three-dimensional object capable of being worn on helmet was sometimes forgotten, and as early as r 5 8 r Sir Francis Drake was granted crest which might termed as bad

84

Crests

hrldr. It is blazon ed gl terrestriall u the heig|t hrJ i sh'udr sayle trd iboute the same laith gld haulsers the

aliiiio"
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rlii. sketches for alternative crests fr Drake which r of equally impractical also exist. h worst cases are those whr part r there but it, rest f the above th .rrt is detached and hovering many crests, particularly f the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, whi wouid difficult to model and are too complicated. An *ml is Issut from the Waues Demi Ntu rr t,ld r irt Gold mild vert the iJtr rm eleyated the hd grsig ridt rgt Shield the attitude oJ strikig, the sinister surtig .t,llig prey Brook to also proper. This was granted shrk i theia of seizig its wful event in his |ife wh, aS I4 to in allusion r8 Y/atson in attacked shark -!,1bathing he was year old in the Navy, result h left the ,r"1. Hav"rra and 1ost his right leg below the knee. s Navy, m commissary General to the Forces serving in Great Britain, and was Lord r and mr ofParliament fr the City f London, being created Baronet shortly after the grant in I8.

of haid rigs t oJ the cloudes, all propet, ctlour read ilt ,hrih it silf regardige the said directio lyith these wrds

(rfur) Grant of arms with an impractical crest, as it is incapable of being worn hlrt, to

Sir Fris Drake in r58T (11, Arms, Miscellaneous Grants I, fo. 57v). (belora) Alterrrative rs1 fr crest fr Sir Francis Drk (ll. rms, Vincent zl8,

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Cresls

85

h family f Buckworth is cited Fox-Davies as the only example known to him of crest existirrg without rms, hr is no evidence f the rms beirrg respited as suggested, but th first and urth quarters r shown blank in the rr9 and l84 Visitations of Camidgeshire. In th sixteenth and seventeenth centuries there were m grants f crests to r with existing arms but the Kings f Arnrs alrn ays confirnred the arms in the Patent gIanting the crest, thr avoiding the risk f granting crest whr thr were no 'When, in the I577 grant to '/illiam '/ f Motcombe, rms. Dorset, Robert Cooke stated'And frsmuh as I fynd no creast to the '/ belongirrge as ml to all auncient said rms and name f Armes thr belorrgeth none, I th said Clarencieux King f rms have given unto him way f rs f his creast. .', h llwd standard frmul which might support an argument that without rms thr can crest, as crests orrly exist as an addition to rms. But as the wr to grant armorial bearings is vested in the Sovereigtr and delegated to the Kings of Arms this would restrict the power f the Sovereigrr if grant crest to non-existent rls was automatically invalid. Its vaiidity must turn on the text f th Patent. Grants crests in tt without rrs h been made as hur augmentations, as in that of r 8 r4 to Sir Philip Bowes Vr Broke, Bt., mmdr f ship Sh f his distinguished zeal, courage, and intrepidity displayed in his brilliant engagement with the United States frigate Chesapeake f superior fr ffst. right to Ims is assumed, and if the.re wr none thcy could not '/hr augmented. there r two crests the crest augmentation takes the senior position to the dexter. Y/h thr r thr crests the principal one is in the centre, th second to the dexter, and the third to th sinister. The first crest normally relates to the arms in the first qurtr, which should relate to the last surm if the surname is double r mr rrlld. whr two or mr crests are shown shield they should 11 f to the dexter if on crest wreaths, and if on helmets th should similarly either ali f to the dexter r the heimets m f one another, in which case the crests as attached to the helmets f one thr. In England cadency marks, if borrre on the rms, should also r on the crest. crest can altered errdorsement f the Patent as long as the grantirrg Kirrgs f Arms are still irr fi. hrftr it changed subsequent Patent such as the alteration and augmentation f the crest granted to Sir Moses Montefiore in r8r in lieu f the original grant to him in 18l9. Ith grant f the crest f another family is sought, one f th considerations is whether anyone's rights r prejudiced. In l6 Sir Robert Cann f Bristol, Tst Bt., was granted Out of mrl rt Cules lut of six Jeathers rgt d Azure

Cresf-c

ltrtl.I 776 the same crest Was sranted to ry Lippincott, who had married the niece arld heir f the th and last BaroIret, and who was 'desirous out f affectiorr and respect to his mrr bearing the crest f Cann'. Tlre Chapter Book f th College (.. 6,1g7) contains report that the nrale issue f the I66 srt WaS extinct, and the kings frms accordingly wr prepared to nrake the grant. r Lippincott was himself created baronet t l778, but the title and right to the crest failed again on the death without legitimate issue f his son Sir Henry Canrr Lippincott irr r8z9. h latter's illegitimate son Robert cann Lippincott was granted the same crest debruised bendlet sinister wavy Erminois in l8 I. AlthoughJohn (Holles), ri f lr (subsequently Duke f Newcastle), obiained \Varratrt frm the Earl Marshal to Grtr dated z5 January 69l /z stating that h desired that he nright r arrd use the same crcst that is used the rl of frd r,vith rr differerrces on accoullt his descent frm Elizabeth, eldest daughter atrd one of the coheirs f r (Vr), Lord Vr f Tilbury, arrd irr the /rrt the rl Marshal required that th sanre allowed, thr is tlo subsequent grarrt Grtr, Clare's rrephew Thonras (Pelham-Holles), Duke f Ner,vcastle, obtained Royal Licence to use the same crest, and the Royal Y/rrt to the Deputy Earl Marshal comnranding that the concession and declaration registered at the College is dated r4 April r 7 8. h extinction f the rldm f frd i l7oz between the two warrants is r coinciderrtal. hr can little doubt as to the ffi f the second 'W'rrt, as there is no clause requiring exemplificatiorr f the rst, but the first would r to f no ft, as whereas grts catl nrade the Sovereigrr, Kings f rms, r Act rlimt, thr is no wr to grant vested in th ri Marshal. h crest developed aS an ornanlent the helmet, and in th period when heimets wr used crests r showll otr closed tilting ims irrespective f rank. It was t till the early seventecnth century that difererrt helmets began to used according to rk. The present practicc in England is that helmets f the Sovereign and rl prirrces r gold, rrd and ffrt, those f peers are silver with gold bars and in rfil, those f hrr knights, knights, and ts are steel with raised visor and frt, arrd those f esquires and gentlenren are f steei with closed visor and in profile. in the late eighteenth century Edmondson subdividcd the rs, and affrorrty steel rather tharr silvcr helnrs with five gold bars r attributed to dukes and marquesses, and similar helnrs in profiie r attributed to earls, viscounts, arrd barotrs. Although thr was no distirrction betlveet.t differelrt types f hlm fr the rl seventeenth tu in Errgland this was not the case in Grr and Fratrce. In Gernrany the

Cresrs

87

only frms f hlm wr the barred hlm and the hlm with closed visor; the rmr belonged to the old nobility entitled birth to participate in tournamellts and the latter to the newly d.
arrd the ciosed hlr could orrly used

the 1ate fifteenth century the rrewly d wr using rrd helms,

: .

, ::: l:l]

-.;:

-;:::: stall plate of SirJh de .:-_-. KG (d. r77), ri,ith

:;,l]titruing to frr ',Tlrc Stall Plates o_|'tlle .- :_.._.irhe Order o_f the rtr

_ --,, -l -,,

'-:-]-/8_il. bv W. . StJohn
-),
.r

seetl in the Royal'/arrant dated 8 April 1957 (I 8z,I) corrfirnring th rmril bearings used ufiill the l of Janraica sirrce the rergn f Charles II. h crest is shown Royal hlm, arrd itr I956 Grtr save rrotice to Chapter that h did not intend to oppose the irrclusion f the Royal hlm as it hd been used unofficially since the seventeenth century (.. z4, t). The stall plates f the Knights f the Order f the Garter provide sonre the best early examples f crests in England. In m cases these show the st contilluing down r the helmet frmig short matrtle protecting the back f th head and shoulders. This seems to th earliest frm f the rantling r lamequin, piece f usually slashed cioth ofterr attached to the hlmt hu, rt, r the heraldic rvreath or torse rmll depicted tr,vo-dimensionally in England as six twists f cloth alterrrately f metal and lur. These precursors f marrtlirrg r Seel1 in th blackamoor's head with ass's ears crest f SirJohn de Grailly KG, who died r77, which trmis in black cloth r,vith slashed ends and gold edges, and in the crests f Sir 'William Arundel,KG r95-r4, and those Sir hms u'/arwick, chanrp, rl f KG l7-l4r and his son Sir Richard uhm, Earl of'/arlvick, KG I4-9, the latter being father-inlaw oWarwick the Kingnraker. In th crest f Sir'Willianr Arundel, the feathering f the wyvern's head continues down to frm the mantle, r,vhich has red lining with gold decoration and is attached to the hlmt coronet. h uhm crest f swan's hd descends into marrtling f feathers, with red lining in the case f the

difrt frms fhlm irr England accordirrg to rank. assigned the hlm in rfil to knights, and it was John Guillim i his Display oJ Hcraldry (rr) rvho put frwrd the open full-d or ffrt hlm fr krrights. In 9_5 conrmittee consisting f . R, Wagner, Richmond, arrd . R. Trappes-Lonrax, Rouge Dragon, was appointed htr to rIt the helmet rk suitable to displayed an hrr knight. The committee concluded that since helmets frk r not rd 1 the Laws f rms there is rul oflaw that applied, and corrsequently that permission to use the open full-fd helnret would better accord r,vith the itrtention f the bestower f the knighthood, On vote the majority concurred with this rmmdation (.. zz,l). h possible flexibility r,vith rgrd to helmets

r those f lorrger starrding. The practice in Europe rl led Grrd Leigh to suggest i The d of Armory (l56z) the use f

third-generation lm

88

Crests

Grtr stall plate of SiT Thomas 'Vl'arwick, uhm, r1 of KG r7-I4r, whr the swan crest continues into mantling (The Stall Plates of the

igh oj

, pl.

the Order of the Cartet (1348-1185), Vr'. . StJohrl ,1r).

father and purple one in that f the son. The crest and mantling r again secured to th helmet means f coronet. In 11 these cases the chapeau, coronet, torse, and piain untwisted wreaths r fillets f one tincture r to means f attaching the mantling to the helmet. Frm the sixteenth century onwards those families using hu or coronet incorporate it as part f th clest; the fillet seen, fr instance, in the early fifteenth-century stall plate of Sir Reginald hm, Lord hm f Sterborough, KG l5z-6l disappears, not to f-mrg untill the present century wh plain circlet occurs as an alternative to wreath, r fr reasons f differencing new crests. Since the sixteenth centuly the wreath occurs with much greater frequency than the chapeau r coronet, and it comes to shown not as means of securing the mantling to the helmet but often without the helmet and mantling, as base on which the crest stands. 'Whereas the extension f the crest to frm mantling continued on the continent, it did not sulvirze the increasing regulation f hrldr in England f the late fifteenth and rl sixteenth century. Although 'W'rrt f the Deputy no lules or directions seem to exist rir to rl Marshal f r 68z, pattern emelges in th sixteenth century whr mr than eighty I cent f English mantling is rd with white lining. This combination f Gules and Argent is not necessarily followed in the wreath, in contrast to the practice of later centuries where it is unusual for the tinctures of mantling and wreath to diffr. Mantling was soon established as of colour lined with metal or fur (which was iri Ermine), and the wreath was f six alternate twists f metal and colour but not fur, f which the first twist was metal. hr r occasional instances f two colours and metal wreath and f th coloured sections on mantling showing mr than one colour. The exact frm that mantling takes, although alluded to in r68z, is question of artistic licence, Most textbooks repeat the idea that it developed with the Crusades and should, thrfr, shown as if slashed swords; it is consequently shown in shreds, often styiized to resemble acanthus leaves and sometimes telminating in tassels. Unslashed mantling occurs very seldom in England, and scarcely at 11 ftr the seventeenth century; it must distinguished frm peers'robes f estate on which the arms f peers were depicted on coach paneis ftr r76o following suggestion byJoseph Edmondson to which h refers this Complete Body of Heraldry (l78o). The'Warrant of r8z referred to specified irregularities that were to speedily rectified. hr were three complaints relating to some persons under the degree f nobility f the realm, namely, that they caused rmi to depicted on the lining fthir mantling, that their mantling was 'painted iike ostrich feathers as though they were f some superior and peculiar degree f hr', and that some f those

Crests

89

whose crests issue out of ducal coronets do not use thm upon wreath f their colours. h mention f an Ermine lining in mantling implies that peers might have such lining. An official record in the College umr . r and dating frm rr, contains paintings f the full achievements f sixty-two peers. All those of the rank of rl and above, with the exception f the rl f Buckingham who is th last earl to listed, h Ermine linings. Thirteen f these r Guls lid rmi, i zur lid rmi, fur Sable lid rmi, and one (th 'Whr rl f Montgomery) Azure d Cules lied rmi. there r wreaths rthr than chapeaux r coronets they are all f two tinctures, except Montgomery and his brother, the Earl f Pembroke, who have wreath f rgt, Azure d Guls, although the latter's mantling is Guls d rmi. fifteenth-century example f wreath f thr tinctures is that of SirJohn Gr, Earl f Tankerville, KG T4r9-zr whose stall plate shows wreath f Vert, Gules d Argent,l. r the viscounts and barons, including Lord Audley who was rl f Castlehaven in Ireland, have linings th rgt d Or. Gules is again the principal colour, followed Sable and Azure, and there is single instance f Vrt in the Vert d Or f Lord Dudley which follows the Or d Vert f his arms. Both the lack rules and f lr evidence make deduction difficult. Helmet and mantling r almost invariably omitted frm most College records, and only r in the earliest Heralds' Visitations. The fifth (g) and sixth (rr+) editions f Guillim's Heraldry contain plates f the full achievements of all peers; in both cases most dukes, maIquesses, and earls have ETmine linings to their mantles, whereas only some viscounts and rs do, so that if there was any distinction in mantling between the ranks f r in England at the beginning f the seventeenth century it was becoming forgotten the end. In the second edition f Collins's Peerage of gld { 74 English peers are shown with Ermine-lined mantling, and this has remained the custom to the
pIesent day. George Seton's The L d Practice of Heraldry i Scotlad ( 8) states that in Scotland the mantlings f the nobility have long been red dud with Ermine. h available evidence does not suppolt this contention, as there is not one case f Ermine-lined mantling in two early seventeenth-century manusclipt records f the full achievements rs f Scotland in the College f Arms. Similarly, Crawfurd's Peerage oJ Scotland (6+) shows Ermine-lined mantling, and since according to Seton it is only in volume iii f 'The Lord Lyon's Register', covering the years 8zz-5, that mantling first appears, it would seem that the peers f Scotland adopted the sixteenth- and seventeenth-centuly English practice in the early nineteenth century.

In Scotland the practice has been the reverse f that in England.

Crests

. . Fox-Davies's

Complete Guid to Heraldry, revised J. . (I969), states that in Scotiand the mantling f peers Brooke-Little whose arms weIe matriculated fr r 89 r red lined with rmi, r Gules doubled Ermine, as it is mr usually described, and that other rms matriculated fr r 89 have Gules and Argent mantling. This also seems to the sixteenth-century English practice. Since r 89, peers' mantling in Scotland is eithe f the principal lur f the rms lined with Ermine or f Gules doubled Ermine, and 11 other mantling is f the livery colours unless otherwise specified. The livery colours r interpreted as the first lur and first metal blazoned rn the arms. If the rms contain fur, the metal with which that fur is associated is used. in England, the mantling of th Sovereign and Prince of'Wales is f cloth f gold lined with Ermine, and that f other members the Royal Fmil is f lth f gold lined Argent. Since the end f use f rmi lining English rs, a1l other mantling in England, unless otherwise specified, has been f the colours, and this is confirmed ruling entered in the Chapter Book of the College f rms fr 7 Frur 1957 (.. z4,r7r) which states that:
\Mreath should consist f the first metal and f the shieid (rr and furs r neither in the blazon mentioned first lur as wreath f the colours. described and should r colour) metal z. lJnless specialiy described the mantle should fllw the wreath and if the wreath is of thr tinctures th mantle should and there is no need to

r.

IJnless specially described

dsri it. described.

. Only when
'/h

the mantle differs frm the wreath should the mantle

there is no wreath th mantle should described. 4. h two other complaints f r8z relating to non-noble rmri1 bearings, that unsuitable mantling was used, as were coronets without wreaths, in crests, do not seem to have been acted on. Innumerable different frms ofmantling r used, and although grants in the r8s, such as that to r Loades, hmrli f the City f London, in 687, show coronet on wTeath, others f th same date, such as that toJames Rothwell, Assistant Surveyor f His Majesty's rd, in r87, and to Lawrence Halsted, Deputy Keeper f His Majesty's Records in the Tower, in I88, contain coronet without wreath. h practice f using crest coronets without wreaths, irrespective of grantee's non-noble rk, has continued in England to the present day. ruling f the three Kings of Arms in r95 (. . z,5 5) stated that:

r. No unauthorized charge r charges sh1l depicted on mantling in Letters Patent f arms r in otEcial paintings rms. z. Badges provided they are of authority m so displayed but such badges will not wh depicted on mantling in Letters Patent blazoned. . Diapered mantling m used as hithrt.

Crests

9I

SirJohn urhir, Lord rrs, KG 1459-7+, whr the rd f the mantling is scattered with gold billets fr Lovain, and the silver lining is powdered with black water-bougets and Bourchier knots. Lord Berners's gtandnrother was daughter arld heiress fJh de Lovain, and both water-bougets and urhir knots were badges f his mil. Although the Kings f Arms ruled tht badges should not blazoned if shown on the mantling, mdr instances do ur where the badge is zd. This emphasizes that Patent is the document the Kings rms who sign it, and chenges will ur under diffrt Kings f rms in Errgland.
AppENDIx
,

h second f these rules is th most interesting, as badges on nantling can fud at an early period, as in the Garter stall plate f

The Deputy rI trIarsll's Warrari of

J 1817 (I 41,337)

'l'hereas I have been irmd that certain f the officers of rms have recently ascribed to persons entitled to qurtr the Arms f and thr farnilics in virtue their descent frm heiresses or coheiresses the crest appertaining to the rms f such Farnilies respectively, and that they have usd the same to set rth ,,vith the rmril Achievements annexed to the Record f the Pedigrees sh rss: And whereas the introduction f

such practice is in contravention f th gr1 usage observed in the Marshalling f rril Achievements in this Realm; manifest infringement u the rI rshI's uthrit long estaished and exercised in

fml trr to the laws and practice f Arms: I Henry Thomas wrd-lu, Deputy (with the Royal Approbation) to m thr the Most Noble rrd Edward, Duke f Nrflk r1 Marshal and rditr rshl f England, having taken the premises into m consideration do these presents, in virtue f the Atlthority vested in the ffi of Earl rshl, order and direct you Grtr and lru and Nrr Kings rms, to examine all such entries f crests so ascribed as aforesaid and in the discharge f ur duties respectively to make suh corrections therein as m r to yu to rr: And to prevent rurr of such rrrs I do hr further rdr that no ffir f rms shalI ascribe to rs whatsoever entitled to qurtr the rms Heiress r Coheiress the crest appertaining to the Arms f tlre Family f such Heiress r Coheiress r set frth such rst in any pedigrees f stlch person r othewise; or advise r sanction the assunrption r us f th same without especial authority for that purpose frm th rl Marshal fr the time being r his Deputy: Provided aiways and it is hr declared that tlris rdr is not intended to * This must rf to th t that the Earl Marshal must sanction eveTv grt; h has
wr to grant. allow r assign crests; this is vested in the Kings f rms.

respcct to th allowance and assignment rsts;* and calculated to create great doubts and confusion in the Heraldic system as to th beering f crests: And whereas I have also been informed that in particular instance two crests have even been placed over lozenge containing the rms and Quarterings f ml lthugh the setting frth f any crest r the achievement f

92

Crests

m have been anciently allowed r set frth the Kings of rms

supersede r irrvalidate the right of any person to any crest or crests which

respectively at their Visitations r or under any thr du authority and I do direct that this rst'Wrrt the Register f the Coilege f rms frthwith dul recorded to the end that you and ail others m upon occasion take full notice and h knowledge thrf. And hrf u r not to il. Given undcr m hand and Seal this fifth day ofJune I8r7

w-r.ru D. . .
April

AppENDIx ,. The six

heraldic heiress

iis listed 29

1817 Sir Isaac Heard

rsItig_fl,l Chapter's t that right to crest could acquired

(,, 8,90)

tltough

. Any person to whm rms had been allowed without crest (as to Pole, Gillibrand, and m others wh r ancient coats without crests) might adopting the crest f any family whose coat h m entitled to quarter appear to transfer such crest to his own surm and thr create

w Duke ofNorfolk wh was entitled descent to quarter the Arms of Plantagenet had grt frm Richard II f the Royal Crest with distinction as mark of special ur which grant would not h been ssr ifthe right to r the crest had existed. . h grants of sts oGodolphin to the Marquis f Carmarthen, f Jffrs to rl Camden, f the ancient Earls /rwik to Lord Y/arwick, f Hovell to hurlw and m others, under the r1 Marshal's authority, were fr the same reason wholly unnecessary. 4. In any case whr person is directed to l fr Royal Licence to take th name and Arms f an heiress or coheiress frm whom h m descended, to r in th second qurtr with his paternal Arms, it would 5. If the principle of Garter's Resolution not admitted it must r u etrospection f the past that whenever grants f crests under the
l necessary to appiy r leave to take the surname as the coat and crest would h descended as f right to the applicant.

z. Any rs entitled (as Lord Hastings and m others) to quarter the '/hrs Royal Arms of Plantagenet, might adopt th Royal Crest: hms

great confusion in rmri} bearings.

circumstances above mentioned have been issued, th parties have been put to unnecessary expense. . h r1 Marshal's authority would manifestiy abridged rendering the usual applications to him in suh cases wholly ussr- step which certainly cannot taken without his consent,

l
S

I
S

vI

Srrpp ulrtetrs,

, r,d

Mottoos
UppoRTERs are the beasts, birds, monsters, human, r other figures that stand either side f and support the shield of arms. on the continent distinction tends to drawn between animal, human, and inanimate supporters; in Italy, fr instance, the teffn teetl is used only for those anthropomrhi I such as angels, giants, sirens and hum beings; animals and monstels r terme d sopporti. There is similar distinction between the Frh tts d supports, and in Fr inanimate supporters are called soutiens. The particular interest of supporters in England is that their use has m restricted to the highest rank f those entitled to arms. h surprising aspect ofthis deveiopment is th apparent lack f documentation relating to the assumption and change f status of supporters in '/illiam rr wrote i Itrduti to the sixteenth century. Heraldry (I8ro), 'None but peers f the Realm, knights f the several orders, and proxies f the Blood Royal at installations, r entitled to r supporters to their rms, unless, (as in m cases) fr some 'Warrant especially grants the particular cause His Majesty Royal position in England is muh the same, and h current use thrf.' personal grants f hereditary supporters m made to hereditary peers, and supporters fr life m granted to life peers and to Knights f the Garter and the Thistle, and those who are Knights Grand Cross or Knights Grand Commanders f the various Orders f Chivalry. h textbooks suggest that in th eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the impersonal bodies ligi fr grant f supporters wr counties, cities, and rrt bodies which had received Royal hrtr, but not to/ns. Liverpool, granted supporters as town in 797, is quoted as an exception, and there r sixteenth-century precedents such as th T56r grant to Newark-upon-Trent. In the present century towns h granted supporters, as have certain large corporate bodies at the discretion f the Kings f rms. hr is reason to believe that grants would not still made to proxies f th Blood Royal at installations, and anyone m granted supporters pursuant to Royal 'W'arrant. Many Knights f the Garter and the

r!

,l

i)

]1

)t

L
i.

d
t

lt
r-

Supporters, Badges, d Mottoes

Thistle are peers aiready entitled to supporters, so th do not h second grant. hr r various theories as to the origins f supporters. one is that they derived frm Servants in f dress disguised as savages, wild animals, r monsters, Wh held the shields f knights participating in tournaments. thr is that they are connected with heraldic badges. h first appear in any number as often identical decoration on late thirtth-rrt,rr heraldic Seals, and it seems most rl that they originate aS decorative addition invented seal engravers to occupy blank space on either side f trianguiar shields on irulr seals. lthugtr seal decoration appears to their origin, badges or rti disguised as badges seem to h influenced the transforrnation frm mr decoration to distinctive part f the armorial bearings. One f the best sources for early Engiish heraldic seals is the Barons' pope's letter to Edward Letter to the f I sent in answer to the I in rz99 claiming feudal superiority r Scotiand (edited and published in facsimile as Some Fudl Lords d Their Seals MDCCIby h" " 'Vy'alden Library, I9o4). The heraldic seals f ninety-six signatories survive. ut one-third show shields supported two *r,.rrrr, if wyverns placed on either side f shield can termed SupporteIs. ht Jh de Hastings has third Wr occupying 'Warwick, th the shield. Guy de Beauchamp, Ear1 f andJohn de Mohun hld de Verdon, Roger Mortimer hirk, 'W'alter de uhm, h, de Eustace h hY two lions, and have three Mauley steward f the king's Household, and tr de lions arranged in mr similar to Jh de Hastings's wyverns. hr can no question f identification supporters r exclusive f Chivalry rrt which could give rise to case in the High Court Royai English wh So m are similar to one another. Although hrldr is distinct subject with its own rules, the frequency with which the Royal Supporters were changed prior to the reign fJms I would support thr that they were originally regarded as decorative addition and not rt of the armorial bearings over which there might any legally fl rights. Evidence f use and traditional attribution of supporters to English sovereigns produce two different lists, though both demonstrate the regular changes, In the sixteenth century the first English king to use supporters was considered to Edward III, who m to the throne in rz7. is shown with dexter Li gurdt tllith small imperial rL r sinister uk rr belled or. His grandson and successor Richard II r the same dexter supporter and sinister Hart rgt attired or. hr is no contemporaly evidence on the other hand that Edward III used SuppoIters, and th privy seal f Richard II shows t Lios uht

Supporters, Badges , d Mottoes

95

or. These were badges, and there is no evidence that he used supporters, r that his son Henry v did, although dexter Li gurdt imperially rd or and sinister heraldic tl attired Or are attributed to him. Henry VI is given similar dexter supporter to his grandfather r Iv, that is heraldic tl rgt dull gorged chaied md d armed Or with, according to Edmondson in hts Complete Body oJ Heraldry, sinister Leopard rgt spotted tuith yarious colours d issuig from his mouth d ears Jlames oJfire proper (this sounds indistinguishable frm panther incensed) but, both at Eton College which h founded '/indsor, and in St George's hl, they r shown aS t heraldic Antelopes rgt armed d tu:fted r. Edward IV, as Henry VIII's maternal grandfather, was almost within living mmr f udr writers, and it is agreed that h changed his supporters several times. h r as dexter ull sable rd hrd uguld d mmrd or sinister Li gurdt rgt, and, as th same combination reversed, as t Lios gurdt rgt and dexter Li gurdt rgt sinister Hart rgt. h lion and hart used his father are attributed to Edward v, the elder prince in the Tower who reigned fr two months. The hart is sometimes called hind. Richard III used th dexter Li gurdt rgt imperially rtd or sinister r rgt armed d bristled r d t Boars rgt rmd d bristled or. Henry VII's dexter Supporter WaS .7 Drago Gules d the sinister suppoltel was rhud rgt collared cules. His eldest son prince Arthur's arms are supported orr his tomb t heraldic tls. Initially Henry VIII r the same Supporters as his father but later changed to dexter Li gurdt d imperially rd or sinister Drg uls, Edward VI and Queen Mary used the Same Supporters, but the latter changed them on hr marriage, moving the lion to the sinister and placing gl igs eleuated sable armed d rwd or to th dexter. Elizabeth I r the same supporteIs as hr thr Edward VI. r successorJames I retained th dexter Supporter but replaced the drg with one f the two urricorns used him as King f scotland and z d (Jir rgt armed tufted d md or gorged ith rt composed of crosses pattee dJlurs de lis thereto hi fid also r. These Supporters h been retained to the present day. In Scotland the first king to use Supporters Seems to h been James I who used t Lios rt gurdt onhis Privy Seal f ,4r9. h.r. wr copied byJames II. single unicorn appeaIs on the gold coinage fJms III seated behind and holding shield th rms, and the two uirs ssid wih Scotland fist r in s ig at
similarly gorgeil d hid

gurdt each hldig ostrich Feather charged tpith scroll as supporters. Henry Iv was thought to h used dtr heraldic tl rgt ducally gorged hid d d rmd or and sinister s rgt

96

Suppot,tet,s, Badges, d Mottoes

Melrose dated r55 fr James IV, arrd were used his

successors.

Henry Algernon (r), Earl of Northumberland. Both th 5th (d. T5z7) and th (d ,sz) Earls of Northumberland wr named r lgr (PRO zgl 45).

Seal showing supporters

Many f these Royal Supporters known as badges, emerging aS the King's and Queen's Beasts f the sixteenth and later centulies. h adbrned the pavilion at th Field f the Cloth of Gold in 5 r 3, r and Seen at St George's hl, Y/indsor, and Hampton Court l, stage landing th Were put upon RochesteI Bridge in the I53oS and BeaStS at Greenwich Palace irr r 588. r recently, ten th Queen's 2June on Coronation the r linedthe entrane to'/estminster use the decorative qs to refers (r 6), I95 . . S. London, i Roy al Beasts frm at and elsewhere ofheraldic beasts on the gable-ends ofbuildings least the thirleenth tur. I lz37 the 'Pipe Roll' records payment for making stone lion and setting it on the gable th king_'s Hali in 'V/indsor Castle. suggests that these beasts Were frm opersonal badge as mrd to smaller badges f simple shapes, suh as th perJy .r.r..rri r urt portcullis, which could powdered orr flags or worn retainers, Although supporters devcloped out of the deloration on seals, these distinctive beasts which also r on the houses of the lilit and others must h had some influence in th transition frm amorphous creatures which might have decorated the border f medieval manuscript to rgiz beasts and monsters borne hereditarily as supporters. h profusion f Royal beasts explains the change f Royal supporters as contrasted with those mmrs. '/h peers adopted distinctive supporters in the fifteenth and sixteenthenturies ih tended to retain thm, Frm l57 onwards the stall plates f the Knights f the Garter in St George's Chapel, '/idsr consistently show suppolters, but there r l three instances fr the reign f r VIII: these areJohn (Beaufort). Duke f Somerset elected, c,I+42, Jh (Dynham), Lord Dhm (c.1487), and r lgr (Percy), r1 f Northumberland sea1 of r5z8. Thirtyir.ronr), and they r on Northumberland fr I57, and f rig VIII's r in blected Were iou. Krrights (I5ro), hms Howard hms five, these the stall plates f only '/illiam Fitzwilliam l (rsr), Robert Radcliffe (rsz+), and (I5zb;, subsequently Duke f Norfolk and Earls f Y/iltshire, Sussex, and Southa-pton respectively, and that ofJames V f Scotland (l s + / 5) show supporters. lthug suppolters hd their origins in the embellishment f thirteenth] arrd fou.teenth-century seals, and m distinctive in the fifteenth century, their regular use the nobility dates from the reign f Henry VIII and that f Sir Thomas'/riothesley and his immediate Successors as Garter Kings rms. h question which is as yet unanswered is how these supporters Wr assumed, since, although

Supporters, Badges, d

Mottoes

suppotted t tluo Pegasus Guls hrd igd mmrd Gld,

Sir Gilbert Dethick, Grtr and Robert Cooke, Clarenceux to the corporation ofMines Royal, thr r with one exception to no sixteenth-century grants to peers. h exception is th grt T54z / made special mmd f th King Sir Christopher rkr, Grtr, to Gregory (rmwll), Lord Cromwell, f arms, crest, and beasts when h was restored in blood. This is grant f armorial bearings forfeited the attainder f his father, similar to the 1724/ 5 grant to Lord Barnard, and is therefore exceptional. h shield is

thr are sixteenth-century grants f supporteIs to knight in r5o8, and to corporate bodies, such as th undated grant Thomas Benolt, Clarenceux (died r5) to the Grocers m and that of I58

adopted without grt other peers suggests that the Heralds must have played some rt in their assumption. The pantheons the

rif look at the hyid, mythical, and monstrous creatures

Paulets, borne to this day their descendant the Marquess f 'Winchester, '/illiam, the bagwyn f r1 f Arundel, theow f Sir
:sF;xiji:i]a.i:nii::a=

l9, . t). 'l) Gtant of supporters with rms and crest in r568 Garter, Clarenceux, and Norroy to th m of MineTs Royal. The supporters r blazoned as two m, called th hmmr m with hmmr over his shoulder, and the other -; smltr with frk in his hand (11. Arms, Vincent rz, . 8).

:right) Grut of arms and crest with surtrs to Sir ugh \raughan, made on z7 r, r 58. One of th earliest recorded *rants f suppoIters to individual (11. Arms, Vincent

;4.'|r|| $ :i..

t,

ir.

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l

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, w-'S}|:.|:

sa g. lab

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98

SLlppL)rters, Bades, d \[ottoes

Thomas h KG, arrd l f Herrry (r), Lord Hunsdon could scarcely have beelr cot-lceived their rrs. h Barorry Hunsdon llfrrd Elizabeth I orr lrr first cousin, Henry r, WaS one f the first creations hr reign. Subsequent rs created Elizaleth include St Johrl Bletso; 'West, Lord De La '/rr; Cecil, Lord Sackviile, Lord Buckhurst; Burghley; comptorr and cherrey Toddington, srh f the records f the college rms fr grants f supporters to these merr and their peers produces nothing beyond an unusual Patellt f r 5 Robert k, Clarenceux, Setting frth the ull achievement including supporters ofPhilip Howard, rl of rudi. It is ur-rusual in that it mits the rms f Howard in the first quarter. The position changes in the seventeetrth century, and in rz8, fr exanrple, Sir'/illiam Segar granted supporters to Lods Botiier f Branrfield, Mohutr, Dunsmore, and Pierreporrt. Sir Edward /lkr, Grtr, nrade thirty-one grallts f supporters to new rs arrd three to new peeresses irr their own right between r44 and t6, and fror]r the ier,enteenth celltury to the presellt day grants f supporters irr Enqlarrd h been regularly recorded. In Scotlarrd the granting osupporters accordirrg to George Setotr i Thc Laul d Practice of Hcraldry i Scotlad (IS6) dates orrly rr the mid-eighteenth century. Setorr Wrote: 'Probably one of the most delicate arrd touchy points in Scottish hrldr is involved in the question relative to the right to bear supporters. The practice f grantirrg these armorial appendages appears to have mml about the middle f the last century, and t h m r,r frequerrt during the tinle rJms m who held the ffi f Lyon Depute rr r796 to T[lT9.' Two questions which arise when examinins the deveiopment of supporters r th extetlt t which amilies gtr originally used r wr recogllized as entitled to supporters, atrd whetlreT it is possible to entitled to mr r less than two surtrs. Sirrgle lsts and monsters r supporting rs f arnrs itr matruscript irr the College f Arnrs principally th first hlf tlre sixteenth celltury, entitled'ri Arthur's Book'. It is gerrerally alleged that they are not single supporters r badges but one f tr,vo supporters. Nine rs and single supporters r shown r page; those on page r7 r to theow fr Sir Thomas h KG r _59, black goat fr SirJohrr Wallop KG r 54, cockatrice fr Sir Y/illianr Kingston KG r 5 9, silver ram fr SirJohrr Gage KG r54I, bull r Sir Anthorry'Wingfield KG r_54r, unidentifiable monster fr Thonras (Audley), Lord Audley, KG r54, unicorn and bull supporting two rrs fr Edward (Smur), Duke f Somerset, KG l54olt, and gifill fr Sir Anthorry St Lgr KG 1544. Orr the facing page, Io8, there r two rs fr r supported t,ly yale and rl grifEn, liorr supportirrg th arnrs

Supporters, Badges, d Mottoes

f th Duke f Holstein fr Adolphus, Duke f Holstein, KG 15, two lions supporting two banners fr Dudley, lion supporting banner for Savoy fr mmul Philibert, Duke S, KG 5 54, lion and porcupine supporting two Sidney banners, and panther supporting rr fr Sackville (see Plate 19). It is comparatively simple to demonstrate that these paintings show either one r both the beasts or monsters used then or subsequently as supporters. Modern peerages '/allop, Earls f show that two black wild goats support the arms f portsmouth, unicorn and bull those f the Duke f somerset, and porcupine and lion those f Sidney, Viscount De L'Isle. r (r), Lord Hunsdon r yale and ml griffrn as supporters, th Dudley family, as Dukes f Northumberland and Earls f Leicester and'Warwick, all r two lions as supporters, and Thomas (Audley), Lord Audley, Lord Chancellor frm 5z till his death in r544, r two f the unidentifiae monsters. h generally hcld view would, therefore, seem to correct with regard to these particular illustrations, even if occasional anomabes occur such as the Gage rm, now borne statant Argent as the crest f Sir John Gage's descendant Viscount Gage, whose supporters are two greyhounds. h explanation seems to that the family was only elevated to the rg in I72o, so had probably not used supporters fr almost two centuries. hr is, thrfr, evidence that these beasts r often one f pair and not single supporter, This does not m that they m not have started as personal badges, and where appropTiate emerged as supporters, in other cases, such as that f Gage, becoming the crest. It would account for single figures whih occur on seals with arms as badges, and consequently mean that the single supporter is bogus concept, only given weight m centuries later acts such as the matriculation f single suppoftel fr Falkirk in the Lyon Office in
96.

r48r. Does such rrd confer right? An argument could put frwrd that the l z tr is mr th rrd past use in copying seal attached to deed, frm f lud antiquarianism that was increasingly mm in the seventeenth century as standards of genealogical scholarship improved. h 4 entry is different matteI, as thr is no suggestion that it relates to past use, and as an official record it could fr right. But the development f the Law Arms in England, which does not now allow supporters to mmrs except Royal 'W'arrant, r negates any rights

supporters. h arms fth Littleton family ofFrankley i /rstrshire r shown supported single triton in the rrd f th Heraids'Visitation ftht county f 4. However, the record f the rz Visitation f Shropshire gives the source, which is seal used in

'Prince Arthur's Book' is not the only source f supposed single

Supporters, Badges, d Mottoes

confirmed in 4. r94 is the r that marks the erosion if not the destruction f these rights, when the Earl rshl asked fr the observations f the chapter f th college f Arms on several matters relating to the peelage (.. I,7). question was as to supporters, and the answer h received on zr November r94 was th 'h of right belong to Peers f the rlm arrd their heirs male succeeding in their Honours and to knights of th Grtr and Bannerets during their lives only. But there are some families f th Gentry who have anciently r Suppolters, but what right is known'. This ruling questions the right of gentry to supporters, if it does not destroy it. h bantrerets rfrrd to r knights Banneret. those knighted the Sovereign r his proxy on th field ofbattle, noT baronets. The family f Stawell f Sonrerset are shown with single
supporter f Littleton recorded at th visitation f I.1 (Coll, Arms, , fo. I), (bottom l) f Littleton seal of l48r, entered at Visitation of Shropshire 16:_l. showing origin of singte supportel (Coil, Arnrs, zo [z], . I7).
(,top

l single triton

'/orcestershire

(rr) supporters f mmr: st Leger entered at th visrtation of Devon r Cornwall r5 . h sinister supporter is ml grilfin (11. Arms, G z, f. z4v).

&*l" {"r' '!;*,

:3trrr u,

Sttpporters, Badges, d Mottoes

II

supporter at the someIset visitation f 5 r. Two supporters r also recorded fr families f gentry, such as the two St Leger supporters in Cornwall in r5I, one f which is the wingless ml griffin, and the two lions rampant Azure shown fr Hilton f Hilton in County Durhm in l; further historical use in th fifteenth century is shown in the hm seals recorded in Somerset in , muscript in the liary of the College f Arms in the hand f John '/ingfield, York Herald (6-7), hs section entitled 'rig Supporters used in England noblemen and some other degree called the lesser nobility'. Joseph Edmondson lifted some f his section supporters frm Wingfield fr his Complete Body of Heraldry (l78o), and he is quoting Y/ingfield when h writes:
supporters were likewise ancientiy used divers persons in private life as rs their seals who held office of high dignity in the state and mr especially those whose employments had th titie ofl-ord prefixed to their style; as Lord Deputy f Ireland, Lord '/arden f the Cinque Ports, Lord President f the Council, Lord f the Marches f '/ales, Lord i'arden f th stannaries.

Examples r the families f h and Guildford, both f whm were Lord'Wardens th Cinque Ports, Sir hms Moyle, Chanllr f the Court oAugmentations under Henry VIII, and Richard Curson, Captain f Honfleur, Normandy in 446. 'Wingfield also produced list f 'diverse whose ancestors used supporters and were r called to parliament whose descendants have still continued the same'. h list, which is stated to h been collected John Philipot, Somerset Herald (lz4-4), includes Heveningham f Su folk, Stawell and Lutterell f Somerset, Tichborne, Y/allop, and hm of mshir, Paston f Norfolk, Sherard f Leicestershire, Savage f Cheshire, and St Leger f Kent. tr Le Neve, Norroy Q7o4-z9), subsequent owner of the manuscript, has added Shirborn and Houghton (now de Hoghton) f Lancashire, Hilton Northumberland and Durham, and Foljambe f Derbyshire. hr, fur, r mr supporters would seem to as false concept in England as th single supporter. In the r rr instances in which they ur, such as in the trick in sixteenth-century collection in the College f rms, whr shield f the arms f Sir r Neville, Lord Bergavenny, is shown supported on poles three monsters, they would better classified as badges. h use f supporters eldest sons and wives f peers are subjects that give rise to questions. In England an eldest son f r ml use his father's supporters differenced label with the consent f Gerter if h is summoned to parliament as peer in the lifetime f his paIent. h case of Charles (Nrth), Lord Grey ofRolleston, who was

r.? 'h'L.,,r*

hr nronsters ( griln, winged bull, and wyvern) suppolting arms and three
crests f r

Neville, Lord

Bergavenny, recorded late sixteenth century (11. Arms, Vincent Itt4, . 4I),

summoned to Parliament in I7 in the lifetime f his father is an ml f it (I 25,), On this occasion Lord Grey of Rolleston alleged that 'h and 11 other the sons and heirs apparent f the frmr Lords Nrth had in the lifetime f their lespective fathers successively used and r their father's supporters'. Those who adopted this practice aped the use f the Royal Supporters diffrd 1l the Prince f'V/ls without grasping the point that the Prince of,\X/ales is peer. An example f unauthorized use f this type rs funerai certificate dated t4 fr r, Lord Stanhope, eldest son and heir f Lord Chesterfield, where supporters r shown, f which the dexter is differenced label. h wives and widows f peers m r their husband's supporters, and peeresses in their own right m r their own supportels either descent, if the supporters wele created Patent and devolve with the title, or in England grant frm Garter. hr is an ri seventeenth-century precedent which suggests that the wife f peer not being peeress in hr own right nray granted different supporters frm those f hr husband. This is grant in rz to

Frl certificate of Henry

StanJrope),

;ourtesy (d. z4 Nov. r4), ;howing h eldest son f r using supporters with .abei contrary to accepted English practice (11. rms,

Lord Stanhope

'

l S. fo.

++).

;llJ,tii,i-

,i,,,,., .t,r.t l,'.,ir,.,,.tt,{1.?l,crt, ,..,l.., l,i l,';

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i.'ll' *' 1l.,.iiill,.}.r",,,,, :ri"i.;

1"-.,,.,,,,,.,

Cicely, wif f Thomas (Sackville), Lord Buckhurst, f supporters f t Grhuds Sable collared Vair the rigs d terrets gold. h Vir f the collars is taken frm the rms f Sackville, This precedent hs not been followed, and only has slight paraliel in the combination f supporters that occurred in the eighteenth century when r malried the daughter f another peer. Edmondson writes that it was the peers themselves who retained their own dexter surtr and marshalled it with one f their father-in-law's supporters as sinister supporter. But the curlent practice whr wives of the Sovereign and fsm thr mmrs fth Royal Family are assigned Royal 'W'arrant their husband's dexter supporter with different sinister supporter, suggests that it was not the peers but their wives wh altered the supporters in this way to distinguish their armorial bearings frm those oftheir husbands. Royal'W'arrant f z Frur r97 assigns Queen Elizabeth th Royal dexter supporter Li gurdt Or imperially rd with, as sinister suppolter, her father the r1 f Strathmore and Kinghorne's sinister supporter Li per 'Warrant Royal f July r98r f fess Or d Guls. The grant '/ales includes hr husband's dexter supporters to the Princess f supporter and sinister supporter derived frm hr father Earl Spencer's dexter supporter. The sinister supporter granted is blazoned Grffi rmi tuinged rmiis beaked d legged Or gorged ith
ri's rt thereto hi rtd hid the back d dig i rig all oJGold, h Duchess ofYork, whose fthr has no supporters, was granted as dexter supporter that f hr husband with sinisteT supporter { Pegasus rgt igd d guld Or d gorged tuith

I04

Sttpporters, Badges, d Mottoes

which h was probabiy unaware goes some way towards sanctioning the practice fr peeresses who are th daughters of peers. In r7r5 rt f an opinion given htr to th Earl f Suffolk and Bindon about his wi's furl achievement was that it should show his dexter supporter to the dexter and hr father the Duke f Beaufort's dexter supporter to the sinister (.. ,88). In Scotland suppoIters were granted to many people to whm they would not granted in England, This aggravated the arrangement whr grants Lord Lyon couid registered in England. In i 8 r z Grtr proposed that: 'in all future cases whr arms certified Lord Lyon wr accompanied with supporters, the arms oniy recorded unless the party according to the Laws of Arms f England entitled to use such distinction'(C.B.7,z). h matter m to the Chapter f the College again in 8r5, when an attempt was made to register supportels granted Lord Lyon to English baronet, Sir Edmund Antrobus. h Chapter Book rrds: 'ht it is rul in England not to allow the use f supportels to any peIsons under the rank f Peerage except Knights f the Garter and Bath and such persons whm His Majesty shall graciously pleased especially to distinguish with that mrk f his Royal fur' (.. S,z). Statements such as this would seem to negate any prescriptive rights that mmrs might have to supporters r frm time immemorial. h r8rz resolution was rrsd in r8z on the grounds that Lord Lyon's right to grant supporters according to the law and practice f Scotland was admitted and undoubted (.. r,). This means that supporters granted to commoners domiciled in Scotland, such as James Tennant, wh was granted supporters in r 8 r , can registered in England. It does not mean that any recognition is given to supporters gTanted to those such as English baronets outside Lord Lyon's jurisdiction. The evidence relating to grants ofimpersonal supporters in England seems to show that between 18 and r8z they wr granted pursuant to Royal 'W'arrant, and fr and ftr that date they h been granted the Kings f rms without Royal'/arrant. Royal 'Warrants wr directed to the Deputy Earl Marshal in r8 and 8z fr grant f supporters to the Board f Ordnance. Although the Deputy r1 Marshal issued warrants to the Kings f Arms in both cases, fr some unexpiained reason l th second was acted on, and grant f supporters was made Garter to th Board f Ordnance in

dated r4 April i987. The introduction f gorging with Prince's coIonet is perhaps mr permanently rrit in the case f the Duchess f York than that f the Princess f 'Wales. Although Edmondson considered the eighteenth-century combinations unauthorized, case in l7r5 f
Price's rt Cold Royal

'/rrt

Supporters, Badges, d Mottoes

sometimes th crest, with slit end cut iike two round tongues. The

authorities differ as to certain details regarding ancient flags, in particular as to their dimensions, although the king's_standard in battle seems to have been eleven yards long, his standard fr use not in battle eight or nine yards long, with the following decreasing lengths in yards fr those f lesser rank: duke seven and hlf, maIquess six anj hlf, earl six, viscount five and hlf,, baron five, knight banneret fur and hlf, and knight bachelor four. h guidon was the same sh as th standard but with rounded rthr than split end. It was two-thirds the size f standard, and might borne all armigers. It showed the arms next to the pole, and then pattern similar to diaper on the tapering body. h pennon was hlf the size of the gridon and f similar design. If someone was advanced to the degree banneret on the field ofbattle, the tapering end ofhis pennon t "igt would torn off, leaving banner, Some Sources make the , g,,rr,

Jh

gri.-dor, small standard in design rather than large pennon, though if rr tore its end ff all that would left, if this is to believed, would r of St George. It appears as 'guyd hm' in the grant to Sir care, and this is its rl derivation, as guide to the m

The solitary precedent used Scott-Gatty to revive badges through grants WaS Patent f r5r Sir Thomas'/riothesley,

(hmms) rather than guide hm.

Gartei, ,rrd;ohn Yonge, Nrr, granting Standard with badge to Sir John Caie. It was probabiy not the only such grant;_ there is, fr insnce, evidence f grant f arms, crest, and guidon to Hugh vaughan in r49o and r49r, and grant f new crest and standard to

Standards f Sir Hugh Vaughan and hms Swynnarton,

r5zo, showing sigl Crilj Cules Jretty r d semy oJ Roudels rgt (platey) d
.

graspig i its dexter Joreclaw Smord for Vaughan, er'd r rgt li gorged Azure zt ut Vert srikld mith tuJB of dabies for Swynnarton, with smaller badges of Fls es heatls erased r mith the blade oJ Jish rgt tot Vaughan, d tf of Daisies tor Swynnarton (Co11. rms, I u, . I).
Spear mrgigJrm the muth

t}16\46*" 1,4;-

Supporters, Badges, d Mottoes

Io,

r8z. Between r8 and r8z supporters were granted pursuant to Royal 'W'arrant to East India College (I8o7), th London Institution (r8o7), Artillery m (T8zI), and College f Surgeons (I8zz). Supporters granted without Royal Licence include the Coachmakers and East India Companies i 677 and r98, and the South Sea m and Royal Exchange Assurance i 7 d 7z. At some time between the grant to the Foundling Hospital Garter and Clarenceux i l7 47 and the grant to Liverpool Garter alone in r 797, the rule that Grtr makes grants f supporters alone, whether to individuals oI corporate bodies, must h evolved. Garter's exclusive right to grant supporters was acknowledged Serjeant Bosanquet in his award following the case f l'layler . Heard (I8I4), although Garter's claim to an exclusive right to act as agent in such cases was not allowed. Grants f supporters without Royal Licence just fr r 8 are those to the Linnean Society (l8oz) and Kingston, Jamaica (IS). ftr r8z the grants to the Canada m (I8z5) and mri Land m (I8+) were made without Royal
hr r w examples f surtrs fr Royal proxies, but one is i7z to Sir George sr, Bt., f suppoIters fr life. was r to Prince Frederick, Bishop f Osnaburgh, and did 'Iepresent our dearly beloved son in the procession to the hl and in the return frm thence'. baronet granted hereditary supporters in r 8 r 4 pursuant to Royal Licence was SirJohn Thomas Duckworth; as Knight Companion of the Most ur Military rdr f the Bath he had been granted supporters fr life in r 8, following grant f arms in the same year. In r88 the arms wr augmented and the sinister supporter was altered; th grant in r8r4 altered the dexter supporter. Someone below the degree f baronet granted supporters pursuant to Royal'Warrant was Major-General Vr'Wrr Hussey. had petitioned that h might bear some particular mark f distinction in his armorial ensigns allusive to the Imperial Patent he had received frm the mrr f Hindostan, Shah Allum, creating him noble or mrh f the Mogul Empire. was consequently granted, in two patents f r8o7, an augmentation f plate in the centre hif point charged with turban f an mrh f the Mogul Empire, and as furthr privilege supporters dexter Soldier of the East Idi m's Artillery habited proper the exterior hd supportig Flag jig to the siister Azre d siister Soldier oJthe Natiue Artillery oJ gl also habited rr d hldig Flag fiig to the dexter Gules both isrid ith the rd I/DST|,| i letters of Gold. Those interested in the possibility f supporters without arms should pursue the case f Sir Benjamin Keene, Ambassador at Madrid, granted supporters i 54. h grant shows the supporters
the grant

Licences.

v:.

.1:_

..,":

(/) Armorial bearings f Sir Jh hms Duckworth ir. 8, with supporters fr life (11, Arns, rdr f the Batl-r, Knights Pedigrees, vol, 5, . zo).
as augrrrented in I8o8 rvith the words Sl Dittg within wreatb lur1 and oak otl wav,r, chief, and nava1 cror,vn and estoiles moved frm the chief into the base and on to the

(rhr) rmril bearings f SirJohn hms Duck.ortlr, Bt., in 84, ,ith altered

arTns

hr. the badge of th baronetage, th red hand f Ulster, on escutcheon th shield, and aitered supporters, irlcluding halo oestoiles round the dexter supporter, 1 h ,rd ir 11 the flag f Rear-Adnriral f the White hld the sinister supporter (11. Aris, rdr f the Bath, Knights Pedigrees, vol. 5, . uu).

holding the rms f the Keene family f Filby and rk in Norfoik. as registered at the r4 Norfolk Visitation, but mm ancestr\is shorvn in the records f th College f rms. Printed pedigrees f th Ruck Keene family descended from Sir Benjamin's tother Edmund, Bishop of l, mm with Sir Benjamin's grandfathc: Benjamirr Keene born in r r, subsequently r f King's Ll-tlt_, The validity f such grant must tuln on the wording f the t:l:. 'V/i11 that certain knights shou-: which in this case rfrs to the Royal bear supporters to their rms. hr is also the question as to whethc: the depiction th arms thr family on the patent frs \rights r them. Supporters sometimes stand on an eiaborate motto scrol1. On othe: occasions they stand on grassy mount or othel solid base. This is known as compartment. Irr th past these seldom frmd part f .. grarrt but were added artists as decorative addition. h Tequirements fr distinctiveness in England h increasingly led to the lrtmt frmig part f the grant; the two lions irr the r 9 grarlr to Kenya stand compartment lepresenting Mount Kenya, and th lion arrd penguin in the grant to the British Antarctic rritr f the Sane yeaI Stand on Compartment divided per pale replesentllls dexter grassy mount arrd sinister an ice floe. 'Whrs in sixteenth-century England supporteIs emerged as thc badges iargely disappeared, not to re-emerge ulllii f grants, subject

Supporters, Badges, d Mottoes

r96. Although hrldr, as the hereditary use f certain charges, developed on the shield, and crests and supporters were later urr, the shield r the design on it was not f practical use in wrfr as it was too complicated. symbols on flags have been used in wrfr since long .,,fr heraldry. Y/h, after the mrg f heraldry, these symbols r used individuals r Several generations f fmil together with arms, th can termed hrldi badges. It
was badges, not arms, that had practical use in the'Wars f the Roses, named after the red and white rose badges f the Houses of Lancaster and york, and the confusion between the yorkist white rose soleil and the silver star f de vr lost th LancastTians the battle f rt tn 47. lthough the nature f badges Seems to differ frm livery badges worn retainers and placed on property, and frm personal

Kenya 19, with conpartment of Moulrt Kenya (Coll. rs, I8, . z). (rr) rms, crest, and
SuppofteIs, With

(/) rs and supporters f

th British Antarctic Territory 19 (11. rms, I8, . +).

compartment representing grassy mount and ice floe, fr

badges, th military use to which thev could put ensured their downfall under the Tudors, whose reign Saw the end of th private armies and the badges that went with thm, fr th English heralds wr to l rules to them. s simple charge that could used to mark ploperty r retainers the heraldic badge m have no similarity to the rms or crest. on the other hand often nothing more than the crest r hrg frm the rms is used, as seen in the badges yorkshire and Lancashire families illustrated with the rms and crest in'Baliard's Book' of about 48. Torbock, Farrington, and Ireland took charges rm the arms, whereas Talbot, Pudsey, and lJrswick used their crests as badges. h profusion f Royal Supporters in the fifteenth century is similarly reflected in the number f badges used h Sovereign. some ofwhich r allied to their supporters. Edward IV used the white rose en soleil, hawk and fetterlock, sunburst, white lion, and black

r)8

Supporters, Badges, d Mottoes

bull, f which the last two also r as suppolters. In r895 lidded copper jug approximately sixteen inches high was found in the palace of King rmh at Kumasi irr Ghana. It is inscribed'He that l t spare h he m shal t sd h he uld' d'Dm the best i euery dt Til the trth tryid t'. it r the English Royal Arms incorporating Fr ancient as r frm l4 to r45, and badges f falcons on roundels, lions acing to the sinister, and stag r hart couchant. h lions seem to taken frm the arms, and the hrt associated with Richard II dates the jug to his reign, and rl between i9 and I99 as, although h m to the throne i 77, was then only aged r. How the jug, which is now in the British Museum, r got to Ghana is mystery, but it is good illustration of the evolution f badges, some f which were taken frm the arms r crest and others f whih wr distinct. Several badges r equally associated with families such as the Nevilles, some being linked to lordships titles such as Raby and Bergavenny, and others, such as the Dun Cow and interlaced staples, being mr grl. Beast badges of other families, such as the griffin f the Srs, rr as one of
the supporters.

It has been suggested that the medieval badge only related to the head f the family. This is matter f speculation, although the head

Q,lzr) Copper jug , 9 with arms, supporters, and badges f Richard II, found in Gh in I895 (British Museunr). (lw) Early seventeenth-century rrd ofbadges (Co1l. Arms, L 14 [pt. z], fo, 8).

fdwrd IV

*""
}\*-s

*".,&

-,-,.t*"j!'
principally connected with the Nevilie fanrily, in the hand of rms, Vincent l7z, {. 4zv).
Richard SrI. rld it and genealogist (d. l7) (Coll. Record ofbadges
.

f any fmil would the m with the greatest potential use f simple symbol. One f the fullest records f English badges is in an rl sixteenth-century collection f standards in th College of rms numbered I z, where the cross f St George is shown next to the pole to indicate that the person to whm it related was an Englishman, and the rest f the standard, tapering flag with rounded and split end, shows badge or badges, sometimes crest, and the motto. As this record relates to individuals rather than families it lends weight to the concept badge being personal. h appearance fth standards, which tend to show single beasts on background scattered with smaller charges, tends to support . S. London's distinction between

h revival f granting badges in England dates from an Earl '/rrt f 8 June r9, which states that 'frm and after rshl's the date f these plesents the Kings f Arms shall grant badges'. This followed report to the Earl Marshal Sir lfrd Scott-Gatty, Garter, on badges and ancient flags, The principal ancient flags were thc banner, standard, guidon, and pennon. h banner was squaIe, and showed the arms with fringe f the livery colours. None below the rank f knight banneret might h banner, and the standard was restricted to knights hlr and those f higher rank. As noted above, it showed the cross f St George, the motto, badge, and

the personal and retainer's badge.

Supporters, Badges, d Mottoes

sometimes th crest, with slit end cut iike two round tongues. The

authorities differ as to certain details regarding ancient flags, in particular as to their dimensions, although the king's_standard in battle seems to have been eleven yards long, his standard fr use not in battle eight or nine yards long, with the following decreasing lengths in yards fr those f lesser rank: duke seven and hlf, maIquess six anj hlf, earl six, viscount five and hlf,, baron five, knight banneret fur and hlf, and knight bachelor four. h guidon was the same sh as th standard but with rounded rthr than split end. It was two-thirds the size f standard, and might borne all armigers. It showed the arms next to the pole, and then pattern similar to diaper on the tapering body. h pennon was hlf the size of the gridon and f similar design. If someone was advanced to the degree banneret on the field ofbattle, the tapering end ofhis pennon t "igt would torn off, leaving banner, Some Sources make the , g,,rr,

Jh

gri.-dor, small standard in design rather than large pennon, though if rr tore its end ff all that would left, if this is to believed, would r of St George. It appears as 'guyd hm' in the grant to Sir care, and this is its rl derivation, as guide to the m

The solitary precedent used Scott-Gatty to revive badges through grants WaS Patent f r5r Sir Thomas'/riothesley,

(hmms) rather than guide hm.

Gartei, ,rrd;ohn Yonge, Nrr, granting Standard with badge to Sir John Caie. It was probabiy not the only such grant;_ there is, fr insnce, evidence f grant f arms, crest, and guidon to Hugh vaughan in r49o and r49r, and grant f new crest and standard to

Standards f Sir Hugh Vaughan and hms Swynnarton,

r5zo, showing sigl Crilj Cules Jretty r d semy oJ Roudels rgt (platey) d
.

graspig i its dexter Joreclaw Smord for Vaughan, er'd r rgt li gorged Azure zt ut Vert srikld mith tuJB of dabies for Swynnarton, with smaller badges of Fls es heatls erased r mith the blade oJ Jish rgt tot Vaughan, d tf of Daisies tor Swynnarton (Co11. rms, I u, . I).
Spear mrgigJrm the muth

t}16\46*" 1,4;-

S"""","dg
was also Sir Hugh Vaughan (rsum the same m) in T514, f g."rr'.J ,.rppoi.r, in r 5, Under the post-I 9 shm the Cross

StGeorgewasremovedfromthestandard,andreplacedbythearms. was no h r fr this was that, as an Engiish domestic flag, there needfortheCrossofStGeorgetoshowthenationalityofitsbearer. h rest th standard normally shows ithr three representations divided two f the badge or two f the badge and one of the crest the motto is which on diagonal .r, ,erembling bends shield, cases whr In plaled, commencing on*the stripe nearest the pole,

are no longer restricted there is no motto thJse are omitted. standards used esquires and m but rk to knights and those surir

gentlemen,andpaintedontheirLettersPatent.Insuchcasestheyhave fr those f higher rank. rounded .rrd, ih. split end being reserved livery colours, h field f the ,t"rrj".d rreed rroirrecessarily f th TherearethosewhoarguethattheEnglishpracticeograntingwhat it on was the medieval liveiy r retainer's badge and showing standardisinapprop,i,tefo,individuaiswithnoretainers,andshould to no reason why the restricted to rr"t bodies. hr Seems Stage in law f arms atrd hrldi practice should petrified at theirdevelopment'",,dwhilstthebadgeisusefultocorporatebodies,
have sanctioned employees, in the personal field_the kings of Arms

inthattheycanlicenseitsusetosubsidiaryoralliedbodiesandits

is not use m".riej daughter of armiger whose husd armigerous (.. zI,4), liflgs flown at sea m under the jurisdiction of the dmirlt, ratio, h r1 whih has laid down that their sides should h z: r d rshl is the controlling authority over flags flown on land, the f fringe arms_ the - " although the heraldic "", showirrg laid Marshal Earl livery lrr was traditionally squaie, when_the do-n V/rrt dated 9 Fury r 9 8 t flags flown on churches

inthep,o.,i,,ce,oCanterburyandYorkshouldshowtheCrossofSt quaTter, G.rg with the arms f the diocese on shield in the first press rm sir the oppoiturrity was taken means letter to
under the Earl Geraid'V/ollaston, Garter and principal hrldi officer

Marshal,toStatethatflagsonlandshouldbeoftheapproximate

than square relative dimensiorrs f '5 i '. such shape flies better f dimenflag flag, whilst reducing the visual distortion caused .z '. The dImensions f '5 3'fr flags flown on land were sions rms fr rJune r947 errtered in the Chapter Book f the College f

(C.B.zT,96)astheofficiallyaccepteddimenonsofaliflagsflownon land within thejurisdiction f the Earl Marshal, h standards f the late fifteenth and rl sixteenth centuries containbeasts,smallerbadges,sometimesacrest,andusuallyaword or group words. These words developed in England into the

II2

Supporters, Badges, d Mottoes

motto, which is rrow rmll shown on scroll beneath the shield. Just as there is an argument that badges Were originally personal or at ieast, in the case f livery badges, appropriate only fr use those associated as retainers with the head f family, it is also argued that mottoes r personal, The reasoning is in part rthr diffrt, and in the case ofEnglish mottoes controls the urrt practice. In England it is considered that the Kings f Arms do not have power granted in their patents f appointment to grant legal rrt r group f words. It follows that mottoes are r seldom mentioned in the text of patent, although they m shown beneath the shield. Consequently, individual mmrs fmil m change their motto at will, as it does not frm part f grant, and two , -r. families m h the same motto. h motto m in any language, and control is exercised the kings frms as they can refuse to issue patent on which there is motto f which they disapprove, though it does not frm part f their grant. Mottoes seem to h had several difrt origins. They r very occasionally on medieval seals, such as that f SirJohn de r attached to deed f z9. The motto crede rri is still used in the variant Crede r (Trust r) s hundred years later. Is this war-cry r simply sentiment? h English Royal motto Dieu et Droit is thought to h originated as wr-r, as did the French tj St Deis, frmrl dispiayed above th Royal Arms f Fr. Irish mottoes ending with the hrs , such as rm of the Fitzgeralds, Earls and subsequently Dukes f Leinster, Sht ofthe Fitzgeralds, Earls ofDesmond, dutlr ofthe Butlers were war-cries. It is in Scotland, however, that there is the strongest tradition the war-cry or ri de gurr, called heraldic writers slughorne r slogan (frm the Gaelic fr war-cry , slugh-ghir). This is usually displayed above the crest, though second motto sometimes appears beneath the shield. some scottish families shouted their own names, such as m! m! f the Homes, others their l f rendezvous, such as rigli, wooded rock r Aviemore and lr lis, an island in Loch Lomond, f the Grants and Buchanans, and third gIoup incorporated tr saint such s st t d set of the setons. In scottish cases such as Grant, where both battlecty, Craigelachie, and anotheI motto, StadJast, exist, the frmr is shown on scroll above the crest and the latter on scroll beneath the shield. This does not m that everything shown above the crest in scotland is battle- r wr-r. In scotland the motto is mentioned irr the text of the patent, but as no two m m bear the same rmril bearings it is effectively rsl. grant sirJames lfur, Lyolr in 6r to Sir Archibald Acheson, where one word f the motto appears on scroll above the crest and the other two on scroll beneath

Supporrers, Badges, d Mottoes

II

the arms, with the text stating 'over al and below an escrole with this

motto vigilantibus iur suiut' saggests that there was little

distinction between the two positions. However, sixteenth-century paintings f scottish arms such as those illustrated fth Earls of Errol and r[ show single motto above, and this is the place in which it is customary to show first motto in scotland, whatever its status. Mottoes in th rl Tudor period in England wr principally in Frh, with few in Latin and English. s they largely appeared on standards, records only exist f the mottoes f those entitled to standards, that is, knights and those ofhigher status. The military uses f badges meant that they did not flourish under the Tudors, and prirrate -a.-cries were forbidden Statute 9f + s . Sir Christopher ' barker, Garter, was interested in mottoes to the extent that two lists, each f about eighty mottoes, exist in his hand, one written when he was Suffolk Herald (z , f. lo5v), post which he held frm l5 r7 to l5zz, andthe other as Richmond Herald ( +, f, z), which he was frm l5zz until r 56. In one }ist only the mottoes r, without any names, and in the other only few r identified, so that the purpose of the lists is not rt. In most sixteenth- and seventeenth-century grants there are nb mottoes, and whr they do r they r nearly ill in Latin and express uplifting sentiments. An exception to the Latin and to th custoas to positionis Dieu vultJ Feray whichis above '/illiam Bromefeyld, Lieutenant of the crest in the grant in 55z l to rmium, I rdu Vil,tus, Virtutis r the Ordnance. Thereafter Siti Dum Dei, Dictus Qui Beat, d r Dura Requiem ate on scrolls e"a-ples f r57, I4, II, rrz, and z6, painted '/olstenholme, lh the shield on grants to John , John Gayus Newman, Benjamin Brond, and Thomas Ivat. Mottoes both above and below the achievement do occur in England, as in the grant to the East India Merchants. decreasing percentage f patents r painted without mottoes in England, until the late nineteenth ..rrtrriy when rl 11 show mottoes, although few do not, as is the
case today.

motto has favoured those that are pun on r allude to the Surname, and the nineteenth century saw them Teplacing th pious sentiments ofearlier generations. Some mottoes ofthis type, such as d utus (sf caution) f cavendish, Dukes of Devonshire, d Pie R (In Pious Confidence) f Pierrepont, sometimes Dukes f kingston, can traced back to the seventeenth century or earlier. Others, \]ke Festia Lt ( Slow! or Hasten cautiously) of the onslows, Earls of onslow, can traced back to the T8zos when it replaced Semper Fidelis in printed Sources. Sipilarly between the eighth (l8q+) and ninth (IS9S) editions { Burke's Laded

h ability to change

Gtr the Holden family of Holden in Lancashire changed their

Ir4

Supporters, Badges, d Mottoes

motto frm J mr l,Jec Timide (Neither Timidly nor Rashly) to et r (I hold and I m Holden). This was perhaps rsh, as within forty years th ceased to hold the rrt which tlm's gzi f 9z stated had been theirs since the Nrm Conquest. Mottoes can ailude to the design f the arms or the crest, and some, such as Rrt et Alit (usually translated as 'it refreshes and cherishes'), whilst they appear to do so, are not readily li. This, the motto f the Duddingston family f Sandford in Fife, is hardly battle-cry, and one wouid not expect compalativeiy minor family living south of the Highland line to have one, but what is it that refreshes and cherishes? h only suggestions link it to th greyhound's head in the crest as possible rfr to coursing, Euery bullet has its billet, which appears on the r89 grant to Catherina, widow f Lieutenant-Colonel Sr Thomas Vassall, mortallrwounded at the storming f Montevideo, is in contrast easily interpreted if somewhat uusul. In Ireland, Ulster Kings f Arms sometimes mentioned mottoes in th texts f their patents, and always showed thm in the English fashion on scrollbeneath the shield, the tinctures fwhih would not specified. ftr 798 11 patents which contain mottoes mention thm in the text. In grant f r 57 Nicholas Narboon, Ulster King f Arms, the motto is referred to as the grantee's'word r ponse'. A.E.I.0.U., the five letters placed Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor frm r44o till I49 on the rs f his books and on his furniture, is usually interpreted as Austriae est itperare orbi uirs (the whole world is subject to Austria), His successors, Ferdinand I and Rudolph II, had symbols r riddle mottoes f A.I.P.Q.N.S.I.A. and A.D.S.I.T. As frm f motto they are associated with Grm. although F..R., (rendered Favine t The htr of ur d Kighthood (Iz) as Frappez, trz, Rompez, 7l) was associated with the House f Savoy frm th rl thirteenth century, and ftr the df of Rhodes in rr5 Amadeus IV, Count f Savoy, is rendered as Fortitudo ejus Rhdium tuit. h general use f war-cries does not occur in Grm or th rest f Europe, and it is Britrsh and Frh hm. This m explain Edmondson's bald statement in the Coplete Body of Heraldry (l78o) that ' the ruls f rldrlwm aIe not permitted to use mottos [sic].'If, like the crest, the motto has warlike connections, it would considered inappropriate. This rule has been somewhat relaxed in England, and even fr Edmondson The rg of Irelad (78) illustrates mottoes fr Viscountess Langford and Baroness Le Poer. Supporters, badges, and mottoes generally emerged as heraldic extras in the iate Middle Ages. It is not clear how they were controlled, if at 11. Some, such as beast badges, metamorphosed into supporters.

t
d

ii
lt

il

S"rrt-r,"rr,

only retaining any real status as single beasts if counted amongst th King's , Qu.rr', Beasts. few medieval badges survived, although the crest usurped the rl f the badge on objects such as livery buttons. Private English war-cries, to the extent that th existed, were as unacceptabie to the Tudors as private armies, and when mottoes began to ..".r, on late Tudor patents they are harmless expressions-of honoui, *irdo-, and virtue, clothed in Latin, In the post-medieval period hrldr had to suit the requirements f the bo.,.r.igrr. The coat of arms was il to new m, and the steady if varying Stream of grants since r 5 is evidence f the social mobility that ias i'l-"y, istd in England. Crests, augmentations ofhonour, Supporters, 1-.t., and ts f rank m successively availl-, and finally the badge re-emerged in 19,

Mrshnlling ofArraas
lARSHALLING f rms is the proper arrangement,of rmril bearings to denote rk and condition, connection marriage, r replesentation f families. Most marshallirrg is the combination f two or mr coats rms, and for practical modern purposes the rlt frms r impaling, bearing arms on arr escutcheon f pretence, and quartering. h principal obsolete frms f combination are compounding and dimidiating. Bachelors and spinsters do not marshal thir arms with another coat unless they are otfice-holders I entitled to quaTterings. hlr m use arms, clest, hlmt, and mantling. spinster bears rms alone a|ozengewithout crest, hlmt, ormantling, and ifshe wrs signet ring it should show hr arms alone and not her father's crest. All women bear any cadency marks borne their fthr, but cadenc,v marks r not used between sisters as they rank equally. rrig is denoted impaling or escutcheons of pretence. In the frmr the shield is divided vertically, and the husband's rms r placed to the dexter and the wife's to the sinister, and in the latter the wife's arms ale placed in separate shield in the tr of the husband's rs. As the I-w f Arms developed at time wh husband and wife were legally person, the custom is to show mrrid woman's arms shield either impaled or in pretence, whichever is appropriate, but without crest, helmet, r mantling. widow reyerts to lozenge f hr husband's arms with hr own either in pretence r impaled. rt practice allows divorced woman hr paternal rms with mascle fr diffr. peer is entitled to supporters, as r certain knights, and married r or knight m impale or l his wife's arms in pretence on shield held his supporters. h widow of peer bears the same achievement on lozenge surmounted coronet f rank, but without her husband's crest, helmet, r mantiing. married peeress in hr owrr right bears hr arms on lozenge between hr own supporters as ifunmarried, and heT coat of rms can oniy combined with that f hr husband on separate shield, whr hr arms would r on an escutcheon f pretence surmounted coronet f hr rank. This would shown to the dexter f hr own achievement if the two were borne togetheI. peeress married to peer would retain hr own achievement, and to the dexter would hr husband's with hr arms in rt surmounted coronet f rank. h eldest son f peer who uses one f his father's lesser titles courtesy does not

l
]

il

,,:

.;s*?

} i

/,].

i#ry";,j ,,, " ,,_ ,i.1;,

*
*,, ,,,

,:.:. ,
:r

-# ,"":"

*"'

rmi] bearings f r (th 4th Earl of Yrrugh), married to peeless i hr w right (Baroness Conyers), recorded in I 89 . His arms show the so-called augmentation of

th'lhm buckle in an impartible Grand Quarter, and his wife's rms in rt ensigned with coronet of hr rank (Coll. Arms, Norfolk r, . S5).

precedents heralds in the sixteenth century. One f the principal precedent books in the college f Arms relating to marshalling f arms is manuscript numbe.red L.r5 which belonged to Robert Cooke, Clarenceux, entitled Rulesfor the duu qurtrig oJ Armes. his states that any m entitled to rms m impale in times of his wife's rms during the lifetime fhis father-in-law. The rs fr th restriction is that it is inappropriate to display one's wife's rms i battle, as hr family is represented then hr fthr r hthr. The husband's arms r placed in the dexter hlf f the shield and the wife's in the sinister. If man's wi has thr r others h continues to impale hr arms ftr the death f his father-in-law. compounding occurs where hrgs frm r parts f two coats f arms are mingled together to frm one new coat. As new arms were created taking elements frm existing coats, the principal purpose

use supporters. Knights f rdrs f Chivalry and Commanders of the Royal victorian order m encircle their arms with the ribbon r llr ofthat order. In such cases th cannot impale their wives'arms on th same shield unless the wife is rsll entitled to encircle hr rms with the ribbon r collar f the same rdr. Instead, they must impale their wives'arms on another shield placed to the sinister, and if the knight is entitled to supporteIs m hold h shield. The rules relating to the marshalling f arms r similar to muh f the English Law of Arms, in that they developed custom frm the thirteenth to the fifteenth tur, and were written down in books f

II8

Marshallig

oJ

Arms

wife, but'o .r""-'. differenced version f existing arms fr use '/h PierTe de Dreux (died Iz5), who WaS younger brother. younger son, married Alice, daughter and_coheir f th Duke f ritt, h differenced his paternal arms f hk r d zr ,l rdur Gls with t rmi. His grandson John de Dreux. Duke f Brittany and rl f Richmond (died r5) mrrid daughter of r III, King f England, and the y:l1g" son f this or de Dreux, Earl f Richmond (died -"rii"g., Jh db BIetagnepassant guardant frm his mother's arms l ;), took the gold lions rdJ.d them to the rdur f his arms. This compounded coat is "rrJ in manuscript in the college f arms numbered ro, f illustrated occasionai the late fifteenth century, In England compounding was coats, rti medieval phenomenon which m explain the oTigin but it was not, unlike dimidiation, ms f showing the arms f husband and wife. Dimidiation Was the precursor f modern impalement, wherebr, the husband's and wife's aImS Were h divided vertically, and the dexter hlf f th husband's coat was conjoined to the sinister hlf i th wife's, rthr than redrawing the entire coat fhusd and wife s in Herald, Lancaster Sandford, h hlf f th shield. Francis
Glgil History oJ the igs
o;f

rgrt de Clare, wif f Edmond, rl of Cornwa1l (died l. appears to one f th earliest -heie the arms are dimidiated. This wife f Edward I and sister second instances th practice. Margaret, f Philip IV f r, had England and Fr dimiciiated on her seal in Tz9j, and Isabel, Queen f Edward II, similarly dimidiated her bi-idi"tion ceased as early as the third year of th reign f "r-r. Edward III, as shown the entire impalement on the seal of Thomas dc Kingston f r33o. Its demise was justifiae, _fr m coats ut i hlf veitically and joined to thr treated in the same fshi \\ieunrecognizable. s Joseph Edmondson pointed out in hts mI, Body {Heratdry (t78), coat such as'/aldegrave Per pale rgt att,i Gs bould plain rgtwh dimidiated fr male mmrs f th family and plain ls {or fml members. The only survival frl dimidiation is the rule that, where either husband r wife's impalej rms contain tressure r bordure, this should not continue down the three thr sides of the husband or wife's lr line but only round the i-palemerrt. Y/illiam rr in his Itrduti to Heraldry ( rrrds the rul to the rl, but . . Fox-Davies in his mIrr Guid to Herildry (rqoq) excludes the rl, and J. . Brooke-Little. now Norroy, editor fth 99 edition ofFox-Davies, comments thal aithough he has m across examples f an impaled orle discontinuej down the 1", 1ine, possibly the leason why it has been treatci

gtd () illustrates the seal

Marshallig oJArms

II9

differently frm the bordure and tressure is that it is frequently depicted as voided escutcheon, so that when impaled r placed on r it retains its shield shape rather than following the line f the edge f the field. bordure with specified umr f charges on it, such as in the rms ofMolyneux-Carter Azure t Lions rtt rdur Orfour Crescents andfour Estoiles alterately Azure, would seem to an exception to the rule. If the arms are impaled without bordure down the lr line, how m crescents and estoiles should retained? Any depiction f rmril bearings must capable of being blazoned accurately; without the entire bordure these arms could not blazoned with certainty. husband and wife who is not heraldic heiress impale their arms, as do certain office-holders with the rms fthir fi. In these cases the arms f ffi r placed in the dexter impalement and the personal arms in the sinister hlf f the shield. Archbishops and bishops, abbots, Kings rms, and Regius Professors at Camidge r the principal classes who impale their rms f ffi. Bishops began to impale their personal arms with the rms f their Sees in the early fifteenth century, and on seal affixed to Deed of I4I I the arms of Thomas Arundel, Archbishop f Canterbury, r impaled with those f the See. If mrrid office-holder wishes to impale the arms f his wife he must do so on separate shield. The arms f Office of the Kings f Arms are f rl sixteenth-century origin, and until the mid-sixteenth century the Kings f Arms sealed patents with their personal arms. Christopher rkr, Garter, and William and GilbeTt Dethick and'William Hervy as Norroy and lru, used two seals, one f personal rms and the other f arms f Office. At the end of the century the use of personal arms to seal patent was discontinued, and Cooke, Camden, Segar, and Richard St George, Nrr, all used arms f ffi alone. Although Segar did not seal with impaled arms, the third edition f Guillim's Display oJ Heraldry, published in r8, illustrates his rms impaled with those fs Office. The rgulr use ofimpaled arms the Kings of Arms dates frm the Restoration. In r5, when Sir Edward Bysshe, the Commonwealth Garter, granted arms to'/illiam Rowe, Secretary to the Commissioners f the Parliament f England employed to make the Solemn League and Covenant with Scotland, he sealed with the arms his ffi alone. Twelve years later, as Clarenceux, he was using impaled arms to seal patent, as was Sir Edward'Walker, Garter in r, and'William Dugdale, Nrr in 8. Stephen Martin Leeke, Gerter, states that Thomas Tonge used impaled rms as Nrr, an office which he held tr 5zz to r 54; if ts is the case it is an exception. Custom and usage often based suggestions of the textbook

I20

Marshallig

oJ

Arms

writers do eventuaily appear to change the rules relating to the bearing f arms. There was rul stated Martin Leake that m l impales the arms f his living wife. on hatchment or monument the arms f man's last wife should impaled and'the rms f s other wives should in separate escocheons about the great '. Sixteenth-century textbooks such as Gerard Leigh's The d o;f Armory (r56z) make no mention f such rule, but contains mplicated schemes fr impaling the rms f mr than one wife, and although initially it is puzzling that Martin Leake, writing trvo centuries later, should contradict Leigh and thr writers, an examination f the precedents supports him. In l58 Cooke, lru. undertook Visitation f London. In illuminated f the Visitation in the College f Arms, now numbered G ro, showing impaled rms and prepared in about r59, Sir'/illiam rr, Lord Mayor in r56r, Sir Roger Martin, Lord Mayor i l567, Aldermen James Bacon and r Becher, and Thomas Rivett, citizen and mrr f London r 11 shown with two armigerous wives. In rinstance the arms r impaled separately. Furl certificates fr those who died in I599 make no attempt to impale the arms f mr th one wif on single shield, James Quarles, Clerk f the Gr Cloth. hms Maltby, Sir'/illiam'/ebb, 'William Hewett of London, and sir charles Morison f cassiobury, Hertfordshire, all hd wife. '/illiam and impaled arms r shown. cockayne, citizen and skirrner of London, George Rotherham f SomerYes, Bedfordshire, Sir 'William Spring of Pakenham, Suffolk, and Robert '/hite f Aldershot, Hampshire, had h been married twice, and in r instance both wives' arms are shown on separate shield, not impaled with those f their husband. Sir Edmund Verney f Pendley, Hertford-

hihm, Cambridgeshire, citizen and mrr of London, in r58 Visitation f London. showing rh rms ohis wives impaled separately (Col1.

Entry f Thomas Rivett, of

rms, G , f. r).

Marshallig

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Arms

shire, hd thr wives and their arms r shown on three separate shields, not impaled. Twenty-one years later the practice continued, as is seen in the furi certificate with rhinoceros crest f sir Robert Gardiner and three impaled shields r his thr wives. Gerard Leigh put orward alternative schemes fr showing the arms f two wives in th sinister impalement, dividing it either per fess, in which case the first wife is in chief and the second in base, r per pale when the first wife is next to the husband. If thr r thr wives the first two r in hif, the first being next to the husband, and the third is in base. Fr four wives the sinister impalement should quartered. This is cleariy unsatisfactory, as it is indistinguishable frm single wife with quartered rms. Guillir's Display of Heraldry (rrl) notes
Furl celtificate (iz) ofSir Robert Gardiner of Breckles. Norfolk (d. Iz F. lt9lzo), showing the rms f his three lil.es impaled separately (Coll. ATms, I zz, fo. rv).
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Leigh's schemes without any remarks other than as to the impracticality f the suggestion fr fur wives. h fifth edition of Guillim. published i 679, places as an alternative husband between his two wives in shield divided l, the first to the dexter and the second to the sinister. This edition also illustrates the arms of sir Gervase clifton impaling those f his srr wives, th first fur to the dexter divided rr f fur, the first in hif and the furth in base, and the last three '/hilst the textbooks refined thir to th sinister similarly divided. schemes the College continued to follow its precedents. The funeral certificate fr Mrs Elizabeth ushm, widow fhms Coliingwood and Raiph Muschampe and daughter f Clement Strother f Newton, Northumberland, who died i 167z, shows hr rms impaled those f each husband on separate lozenges. The furl certificate f peter venables f kinderton, hshir, who died i '/ilbraham and the other r9, shows two shields, one impaling Cholmondeley fr each f his wives. Similarly two shields, one impaling r and the other Hales, r shown fr George Sheldon who died at his house Dan-John alias Dungeon in the suburbs ot Canterbury on 8 1678, and separate shields, one impalinq Beaumont and the other Hasilrig, r shown on the furl certificate f Sir'Wolstan Dixie who died on 8 Frur l8zl. h Visitation records of the r8s contain very fw impaled coats. but an indication f heraldic practice in the late seventeenth and earlT eighteenth centuries can found i herald painters' work books which contain rough notes of artwork commissioned, usually with trick f the armorial bearings. Much f the work relates to funeralsand in book numbered 8 thr is rdr dated z February I7o8 '/illiam lfrd, Bt., whose first wife rs 9 fr the furl f Sir Lady Frances Cecil, daughter f James, rd Earl f Salisbury, and whose second wife seems to h been Zuh lthugh printed souIces state that she was daughter f hm named Lewis. h trick shows the husband's arms one shield between those ofhis trr-o wives, as lecommended in the r79 edition f Guillim. The same work book contains an tr dated zo April 7 fr the furl ot Catherine, widow f Robert Dorell f Merton, Surrey, whose first husband was Richard Garth f Morden, Surrey. Her paternal arms ot stone are shown between Garth to the dexter and Dorell to the sinister, all on lozenge. ftr r7r, impaiements showing two wiTes or husbands on one shield or lozenge occur frequently in the Painters' work books, always following the Guillim pattern, and the custom finds its way into the Coilege records in 'Peers' Pedigrees' in the second hlf f the eighteenth century. Anthony (Ashley-Cooper), 4th rl f Shatesbury, is shown impaling Noel to the dexter and Bouverie to the sinister in pedigree registered in r78, and in one f

Marshallig oJArms

I2

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the previous r Johrr (Perceval), znd rl of Egmont, is shown impaling Cecil to the dexter fr his first wife Lady Catherine Cecil, daughter Jms, 5th ri f Salisbury, and mt to the sinister fr his second wi, also Catherine, sister f the 7th end 8th Earls f Northampton. It could argued that hrldi displays at furls and pedigrees are matters f record, and do not fft the way in which m would r rms in his lifetime. Some weight can attached to this, but it cannot denied that in th earlier records the rms f wives r impaled separately and the later r to follow the textbook writers. armigelous man impales the arms f his wif as long as hr fthr is alive. On the fthr's death he m, ish has no surviving rthrs r deceased thrs who left issue, place hr arms shield in the centre ofhis own arms. This is termed an escutcheon frt because he pretends to represent hr fmil, and as thr are no immediate male mmrs f that mil it is not inappropriate to r such coat in battle r times f war. College manuscript L r5 states
thr r cases in the early fifteenth century where husband quartered his wife's rms; fr instance, in r49 SirJohn Oldcastle quartered the

wife's rms in pretence. Prior to the formulation f the present rules

that thr must issue of the mrrig fr husband m r his

on one shie]d (Coll. Arms, PV/B . 8, i. 58).

Herald painter's work book of i7o8/9, with order fr th funeral Sir 'Wil]ianr Id. shorving rts u,ives, cecil and Le.is, the latter using ariation f Zuh. impaled

that to show th rms on two shields g the impression f two partners in trade when painted the side of coach. Edmondson, h painter occupation, could at least speak with authority as to the r f coaches. Fifteen f the twenty escutcheons f pretence r Knights f the Garter and rfrrd to Ashmole were rms f wives; the remaining five were feudal rms, that is, rms relating to feudal s such as earldoms, and r in imitation f arms of Dominion r Sovereigns. Such escutcheons f pretence did

rms f his wiJ, Lady Cobham, andJohn Smert (Garter I45o78) quartered the arms f his wife Katherine, who was the deughter of his predecessor as Garter, 'William Bruges. Elias Ashmole, '/'indsor Herald, iis Istitutio, Ls, d rmis of the Most Noble rdr of the Carter (167z) gives instances f Knights f the Garter who quartered their wives' rms, placing the latter in the first quarter, and there r twenty cases escutcheons pretence on shields surrounded th Grtr in contradiction to the rule which developed that military rdr m not placed round the rms f husband and wife. hr r arguments that an Order is mr t with escutcheon f pretence than an impaled coat, as the rdr does not touch the wife's arms and the husband has pretended rights r the wife's coat. Joseph Edmondson, Mowbray Herald Extraordinary, did not see any impropriety in Knight th Garter either impaling or bearing his wife's arms in pretence within the Garter, and considered

I24

Marshallig

of

Arms

not survive as rule into the sixteenth century in English heraldry, although later ml is that borne since r74 the Dukes f Richmond fr the Dukedom of Aubigny in Fr. When the rd Duke of Richmond asked Stephen Martin Leake, Garter, how h should bear his coat in pIetence with the rms f Bruce, also in pretence, fr his wife, Garter suggested quartering Aubigny but this was rejected, and it was agreed that Bruce should in preterrce with Aubigny it in the chief point f th escutcheon. h Duke and Duchess had no issue, so that the sixteenth-century rule as to the need for issue fr use of an escutcheon f pretence was not being fo1lowed the mid-eighteenth century. Ashmole quotes only one case f Knight f the Grtr, Sir Charles Somerset, subsequently r st Earl f 'Worcester (died I5z6), who impaled the arms f his wife within the Garter, so there is some evidence that an escutcheon f pletence surrounded Order f Chivalry was mr acceptable than an impaled coat. h rules rejecting the impalement fmr than one coat at once apply equally to arms in pretence, and the eighteenth century were similarly disregarded in the College records, Examples occur with one coat in pretence and another impaled, and when th pedigree of Brownlow Cust f Belton, who was created Baron Brownlow i l776, was registered in r777, two escutcheons f pretence were shown as both his wives wr heraldic heiresses. question f increasing relevance wh there are mr gIants f rms to women is, whthr the rms f woman who is granted rms
l'. lg i}\i ,",i ,iil,i ! ,, :l , . l'i,,t'Itil i, j ;, j;

qJ =*l -ffirr_, f*"** ,

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College f rms rrd (r777) of SirJohn (ust), Bt., r rwlw, with th arms f Drury and Banks i pretence for his tw wives (11. Arms,
Peers I,

. Ioz).

Marshallig of Arms

l25

should placed in pretence on hr husband's shield r not. h logical answer would r to yes, were it not fr an entry made ia Series entitled 'Miscellaneous Enrolments' in 1968 Grtr and Norroy, Clarenceux being Yacant. The rml states, ''/hrs it hath represented unto (Js that thr is doubt as to the right to quarter arms granted to woman, who was not hr father's heir r coheir in d and that ruling us was thrfr needed'. h entry continues,

If arms granted to such woman to r herself and

hr

descendants according to the Laws f Arms and if she hr husband has issue; then such issue the death f the grantee, shall quarter with their peternal arms quertering f such paternal arms impaling the arms granted to ih. grr.rt.. all within rdur f distinguishing tincture end shall transmit su quartering to their posterity according to the Laws of rms.

escutcheons f pretence and quartering signify mrrig to and descent frm an heraldic heiress, if the one is ineppropriate it would Seem that the thr should too. But the reasoning behind the entry is odd as, although the quarterings signify the representation in blood an ancestress f hr armigerous fthr, arms are in themselves frm fhr, and whr the daughter is the first to r arms which h nothing to do with hr fthr, quartering the arms must surely indicate representation f no one other than the grt f those arms. If this was not the case, an illegitimate daughter granted arms who historically was strgr in blood to hr natural fthr would at an advantage r legitimate daughter f -rmigr, as the Law would regard the frmr as the first f hr line. If man was to plece the rms of his wife who was granted rms on an escutcheon f pr"t.rrce it would solve the question posed in the r969 edition f FDavies's Complete cttide to Heraldry whr the editor, in discussing peers married to peeresses in their own right, asks, 'supposing that the peeress wr peeress creation and were not an heiress, how would hr arms displayed? Apparently it would not permissible to place thm on an escutcheon f pretence,' Royal Heraldry is matter fr decision the Sovereign in h individual case, so that normal rules do not l, However, the present Duchess fYrk, although she is not peeress in hr own right, does otherwise illustrate the case considered the kings f Arms in r98 fml grantee with

thr. The quartering f arms rfrs to the rdur whr shield is divided into fur or more quarters f the same size. In England even number f quarters is rmll shown, and if necessary the paternal arms which r in the first quarter r repeeted ftr the last quartering, and the arms in the second and subsequent querters can

I26

Marshallig of Arms

repeated thereafter if this balances the scheme. Whr only two coats

r quartered the paternal arms are placed in th first and fourth quarters, that is, in dexter chief and sinister base, and the arms which there is right to quarter r placed in the second and third quarters. Arms cannot quartered someone not entitled to either paternal rms descent r grant. shield with k in the first quarter is ut, and an rmigrus woman m neither impale blank nor place an escutcheon f pretence an empty shield. FoTtunatel_y, Gerard Leigh's suggestion that the issue of gentlewoman married to man not entitled to arms m bear hr arms for lif differenced cinquefoil r ud its way into accepted practice. If fmil is entitled to arms, quarterings are acquired the marriage of an ancestor in an uk ml line with an heraldic heiress and m borne the issue of that marriage. If m entitled to rms but no quarterings marries an heraldic heiress, whose fthr quartered ten thr coats with his paternal arms, the issue f the marriage may r all theiT mother's quarterings, and consequently use coat that is quarterly f twelve. Quarterings need not, thrfr, signify centuries f rfull planned or fortunate alliances one family but simplT one recent judicious match father r grandfather. The requirement of descent in an unbroken ml line means that descent frm the heraldic heiress must proven. Quarterings are mrk f representation in blood, and th marriage f the hthr f an ancestor does not entitle one to quarter the arms of the wife, even if they h been r for some generations the issue f the marriage to whm one has m heir their extinction. line can hoken fr lack of rf descent and also blillegitimacy. At Chapter f the College f Arms held on z5 Januarr77 l 8 (.. , rz8) it was noted that'by the laws and practice frms bastards so acknowledged h not only been allowed to of thet father's blood but also to r the arms and quarterings f their said fathers with due distinctions f bastardy'. illegitimate child m not r his r hr father's arms and quarterings undifferenced ut m have grant f arms with some mark f distinction. Some grants h included quarterings, and th most obvious extant examples such quarterings are in the grants f the quartered Royal rms, three with baton sinister r11 and one within rdur, made t hrls II's natural sons, now represented the Dukes f uluh and Queensberry, Grft, St Albans, and Richmond and Gordon. An rlir quartered Royal Coat within bordure and borne on fess can seen in the rms f the Duke f ufrt, who is descended frm Edward III thrugh John f Gaunt, and version f the mr recent quartered Royal rms with baton sinister overall is seen in the arms f the Earls f Munster, descended frm /illiam IV. Sel.en

Marshallig

;[

Arms

I27

lf)tt,n',*d,:,

with some mark of distinction wr noted in the Chapter Book in 'Walter 1717 / r 8 . These w' Richard and de Cornwall, natural sons f Richard, r1 f Cornwall, the children fJh f Gaunt Catherine Swinford, Edward IV's son Arthur Plantagenet, Viscount Lisle, Sir Charles Brandon, son hrls, Duke f Suffolk, the natural issue f John urhir, Lord Berners, who bore Bourchier, Loveyne, and Berners quarterly with baton sinister Gules overall, Richard Southwell st Faiths, Norfolk, natural son f sir Richard southweli who was granted the arms and quarterings ofhis fthr 11 within bordure Gules Letters Patent of Garter, Clarenceux, and Nrr in l568, and Sir Thomas Sackviile, Gentleman Usher and Daily'Waiter to the King, and natural son fhms, Earl f Dorset, who was granted his father's arms and quarterings within bordure engrailed Sable Grtr and Norroy i lzz, Stephen Martin Leake, Garter, disagreed with the ryT7lr8 opinion, and considered that it was not the Law f Arms but ustm arising frm legitimation f bastards that allowed thm variations f thir fthrs' rms. Despite the I58 d lzz child to r his ther's quarterings. h various Royal examples need not conflict with Martin Leake, as the Royal Arms can regarded as an impartible coat. h opinion f Martin Leake, who was describedbyYoung, Garterin r84r, as'amost l and well informed m upon most subjects but especially upon the science f heraldry', must rfrrd to that htr presided over Sir John Vanbrugh, Clarenceux, wh knew nothing f the subject, h effects ofillegitimacy on family's right to quartel arms illustrated the case f th Ingilby family of Ripley Castle, thrice baronets. sirJohn Ingleby Ril bore quartered arms, and died in t77z Liq two illegitimate sons, John and r 'Wright. Frm 1772 till| r78 neither had any right to arms. In r78o the ldr son, John, obtained private Act f parliament confirming the right to use th surname Ingilby and authorizing him and the heirs mi of his body to use and bear the arms f Sir Jh Ingleby, hr is no requirement in the Act, as thr rmll is in Royal Licence, that the rms should exemplified in the college ofArms, and as the Law f Arms cannot an Act of parliament the sonJohn, who was created baronet in 78r, must as result h been entitled to his father's rms and quarterings without any marks f illegitimacy. This m not have pleased the college, and it is interesting that blank shield Surmounts his tr in the series ofBaronets'Pedigrees, though this m only indicate reluctance to f to h the arms painted. This second baronetcy also m extinct, and third
precedents of Southwell and Sackviile, which h regarded as bad, he held that there was no basis under the Law of Arms fr an illegitimate

instances f illegitimate children bearing their father's qurtrd arms

Note of

gIant to Richard Southwell 5 Dec. 58, rhih allowed his father's quarterings, although h was illegitimate (Col1. Arms,

EDN

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Marshallig of Arms

baronetcy was created in I8 fr HenryJohn Ingilby, son f th first Sir John's younger illegitimate son r. r, who like his '/right to Ingilby, was not brother John changed his m frm within the terms f the l78 Act f Parliament; he m clergyman, and died without r establishing right to arms. His son rJh Ingilby had grant in r854 f his grandfather's paternal rms in bordure engrailed gobony r and Gules. No quarterings were included, so there is no right to the earlier quarterings f the family, and under Martin Leake's view f the Law f rms it would not have been appropriate to include differenced quarterings either then or in subsequent grant. right to quartering requires both descent in an uk male line and an heraldic heiress at the head f th line. An heraldic heiress is woman entitled to arms and without brother or brothers. In England, sisters rank equally as heraldic coheirs, so that it does not mattel if woman has several sisters as long as she has no rthr. It is possible to m an heraldic heiress some decades r centuries ftr one's death on the death without issue f one's rthr r the extinction of his issue, but there is no basis fr the suggestion advanced occasionally that woman becomes an heraldic heiress the extinction f her hother's male issue. Rights f inheritance rmril bearings are governed the Law frms, and, as we sar in the htr on glantees, Coke and Littleton regarded it as fth nature of gavelkind, the law which controlled th devolution f certaiTr customary property, principally in Kent. Under the law f gavelkind man's sons shr his land equally. If there r no sons, the daughters share the land equally, and if m dies leaving daughters and sisters. his sisters do not share with his daughters. h Chapter f the College f Arms in November 1692 (.. ,z9) was f unanimous opinion 'that the issue f the ant [aunt] has no pretension to quarter the arms f the nephew, so long as there is issue f the [nephew's] sisters in being'. This rule is accepted the textbook writers Guillim, Dallawar-. Boutell, and Fox-Davies frm th seventeenth to the present century. Ironically, although the Law f Arms is based on that f gavelkind as fr as inheritance is concerned, gavelkind in land led to th decay f families. SirJohn Ferne ih Glorie of Geerositle (58) calls it'that incesate custome f gavelkind because it tendeth, to the destruction f auncient and gentle houses, and so consequent, to the infeebling the realme', Silas Taylor in his Hlslo ry of Glkid (166), f the fw law books in the College f rms lirr, holds it responsible fr the overthrow f the ancient nobility in Y/ales through the inheritance being continually divided, and suggests it is only beneficial in large country not inhabited, recommending its use in Virginia. r VIII, alarmed the lack f gentlemen in Kent as gavelkind reduced

rshllig

o;f

Arms

I29

The identity f heraldic heiresses can seen in practice examining the pedigree f Tatton of'/ythenshawe, Cheshire. On the death in 1968 f Thomas Arthur Tatton, the male issue his '/ythenshawe grandfather hms'William Tatton f became extinct. His daughters m heraldic heiresses, as did those f his cousin Robert r Grenville Tatton on their father's death in r9z, but the '/illiam sisters f Thomas Tatton, f whom the eldest, mm, mrrid Sir rr Mainwaring of Peover, Cheshire, did not m coheirs in their issue in r98, and would only have done so if their rths' entire issue was extinct. h rdr in which quarterings h been marshalled since the sixteenth century is best illustrated examining scheme f quarterings such as that registered fr rr Tempest Parker in I9z. The coat is as follows: (I) Parker; (z) Redmayne; () Parker; (4) Tempest; (5) V/addington; () Hertford; (z) Clitherow; (8) LeGras; (9) Hebden; (ro) Rye; (,r) Hebden; (Tz) Gillott; (l) hr; (r4) rthur; (r5)Mauleverer; (r) Barlow; (I7) Colville; (TS) Conyers; (9) '/ilberfoss; (zo) Kyme.

armigers to husbandmen unable to assist in the defence f the rlm, was rssi fr the Acts f Parliament which disgavelted parts f Kent in his reign.

rh College of Arms in r9z

Querterings of Trevor Tempest rkr, registered at Co1l. Arms, Norfo]k

.+,

F,II7).

Marshallig

oJ

Arms

h first quartcr is occupied the paternal rrs. y/h Edward Parker f lirowsholme claired arms at the 665 Heralds'Visitation f

Yorkshire, note was made in the rd 'respite given fr rf these rms'. Beneath this is entered, ' old embroydered cusheon afterwards rdud whereon these Arms wr.' this nreans the arms were apparently allowed; but whih family f rkr r therthe rms? Edward rkr f Browsholme's great-grandfather, Edmund Parker, WaS son f rkr f Horrocksford, arrd rrid Jerrrret Redmayne, an heiress whose mother was daughter and heiress Robert parker f Browsholme. h heraldic evidence with identical first and third quarters Suggests that the families are the same, and modern printed pedigrees show link. h second qualtel is derir-ed frm the rlisttrss irr th direct ml line who was an heraldic heiress, in this caseJennet Redmayne, and she brirrgs in any qurtrings to which she is entitled, in this case one shown in the third qurtr foi Parker f Browsholme. The rrext heraldic heiress married the family was Bridget Tempest, arrd this marriage quarters fur to thirteerr were acquired, h ft that hr grarrdfather was u1-]gr son f Tempest f Broughton, and the senior ml line f Tenpest continued, irrel..rarrt to the right to qurtr, although cadellcrmark.would rrot amiss on the furth quarter. It is question ,hih heralds h corrsidered, and in the late sixteenth centuTy cookeCiarenceux; Glover, Somerset, the outstanding heraldic shlr f his day; and fur other heraids resolved that if m gentleman mrri.1 th daughter f younger brother f peer it was rrot fitting that thc issue sould quarter 11 the arms. The resolution implies gr1 unease, emphasized its vague tur in referring to 11 the rls. as though fw quarterings might acceptable. However muh hr m dislite such quartering, it is rrot against the Law f rrs. and in case Such as this there is nothing irrappropriate, "/h considering the quarterings brought in the m=r marriage the same principles regarding their rrumberirrg apply. h pedigree must examined as fr back as possible in th ml line. arri th.rr, -o.king forwards frm th first known ancestor, the shm f quarterings tb which th heiress f the family was entitled carr a.re-bleJ. h first Tempest marriage to an heraldic heiress was that of sir Roger Tempest and li y/addington, which accounts fr th fifth quarier. h sixth quarter fr Hertford comes frm the mrriq f Sil Richard Tempest and Joanna Hertford. In working down the pedigree, th next rrr, to mrr an heraldic heiress was the son f ihis rri"g, also Sir Richard Tempest, who married Isabel. daughter and coheir f sir Hugh clitherow his wife Isabel. piers Tempest in th next daughter and heiress fJh 1 Gras. sir grti also married an heraldic heiress whose mother and gralrd-

Marshallig of Ars

II

mthr were similarly heiresses, accounting fr quarters nine, ten and l. h series f hrldi heiresses ends with the next generation, whr the twelfth and thirteenth quarters are hought in, This accounts fr all the quarterings to which Bridget Tempest was entitled, so the progress continues down the Parker pedigree, and none f the wives in the succeeding generations, with the exception f Alice Blakey whose right to rms is doubtful, was heir r coheiT f hr fthr till Hester Worsop, whose fthr's original m was rthur. This accounts fr the fourteenth quarter, but as no earlier generations f the rthur fmil, who rrdd pedigree and arms at th Visitation f Essex in r4, mrrid an heiress, except Hester's fatherJohn rthur, subsequently'Worsop, attention is next concentrated on hr mother Sarah ulrr, who is rssi fr the final six quarters, f which ulrr is th first. h Mauleverer pedigree is treated in similar mr to that f Tempest, and, working down, the first heiress Elizabeth Barlow pToduces the sixteenth quarter. h son f that marriage married Joan Colviilc, who m coheir fhr father on the death fhr nephew, and was responsible fr the sixteenth and seventeenth quarters. No urthr 'wilberfoss who heraldic heiresses were mrrid till sarah pawson provides the last two quarters, one for'/ilberfoss and the last qualter fr m, referring to the heraldic heiress married the'/ilberfoss family irr the late thirteenth century. This shows the principle upon which quarterings r marshalled and it also leads on to the question f inaccurate pedigrees. h most recent printed pedigree f the Tempest fmil, i urk's Laded Gtr (lgTz), makes the descent m through Sir John Tempest, who is shown as an elder thr f Sir Richard Tempest, who married Joanna rtfrd i 4z, Roger Tempest f Broughton is shown as thr f Sir Piers Tempest, and their mthr was ithr Isabel Crassus, widow, or rgrt Stainforth, not Isabel Clitherow. This raises doubt as to the right to qualters six to eleven. But once accepted, can such right removed? h answer is yes, although no such lr response can given to another matter, unfortunately r anslvered, which York Herald (G. . de L. Lee, subsequently Clarenceux t9z6-7) raised at meeting f the Chapter f the Coilege in March 914 (.. r8, ). gave notice that h should m at the next Chapter that quarterings, if nominated and aliowed at any Visitation, m allowed at the present time, even though the corresponding marriages not established and recorded. This is separate point, as the motion oniy refers to the marriage being not established and recorded rthr than disproved, and is referring, thrfr, to quarterings r which thr is no apparent justification and which are possibly unidentifiae. h answer must that such

Ma:rshallig of Arms
Si Roger Tempest of Bracewell

Co.York I Wlttir- de'Waddington

Alice

& hir f

(5)

Richard Tempest SirJohn Tempest Sir Hugh lithrw

Sir Thomas rtfrd rtfrd . Yrk

7
I

Isabel d & h

(7)

& coheir

lsabe1

(S) :
l

SirKiJhrrdTempest

; Joa,lnrdab ()

Sir Nicholas Rye

: d&coheirotHebden
fd
(|0)

(l])

Sir Rihrd

SirPiersTempest RogerTempest

Il

Tempest

Sir Nicholas Hebden

= Drt

_]

Dorothyd&h (9)
(12)

Sirirs",5

...hrd&h

(1)

7 Catherined&h
Jane tI

WiIIiam Tempest Rrt rkr f

Browsholme

JoHn Tempesr

: .,. rkrfRdm = Elizabeth (3) rrksfrd ] (1) dd rkr f : Jennet (2)

Rrmsrrght

;
|

rr

Rrwshlm

Leonard Tempest f Rayne = Elizabeth Lister Tempest rwll

Rrt rkr --a9abeth

-ln]rr,

Chadderton _lr-r a.,.r!: rkr - U.'f., _r*n io1

; ; :
r Sunderland rgr As"heton
EIlen /bitaker

Ed*ard rkr
Thcimas rkr

Rrt

rkr.;

Thomas rkr of Alkincoats

Robert rkr Jh

Alice Blakcy
Elizabeth ParkeT

= | rkr subsequently rkr Toulson

The Rrd Richard rkr

Hesther

--

(14)

Elizabeth fi Constance only hild Jh rr Barkley

RobertJohn (rkr) Baron rkr oWaddington

r.}r Tempest rkr

Pedigree of rr Tempest Parker

rshigJrms

Jobn Bartow

7
(l6)

Sir \Uilliain Colville

liz

william ulrr

: : :
=
l

IrJ., Mr*l.r.... :
Tirlothv ulrr
Timotbv Mauleverer
i\th ulr

Ih WiIberfoss

ThJ-n, u]rr 7 Srlrh Pawson (l9)

John rthur subsequently Wrs

descerrded f}orri ll1gerus d Eggleto.n wh mrrid rgrt sister & hir

--__l :

ofWilliaTn 2d m: whs son Henry was kW as de Wilberfoss (20)

(15)

52.r

Marshallig of Arms

quarterings m allowed, hwr unsatisfactory, as 1g as this is not interpreted to m that Visitation tr in itself confers right even whr it can proved to incorrect.

Since the sixteenth century, quartering in Engiand has signified representation in d, and if it is subsequently established that pedigree is incorrect then the right to quaIter the rms is lost and does not continue on the basis f an earlier confirmation. This is illustrated 'William Beckford, who recorded scheme f thirty the case f quarterings in r8o8, ten f which were disallowed in r879. Beckford's paternal descent, though it produced spectacular wealth frm the '/est Indies, was not the source f any quarterings, but his mother was the heir f younger son f an Earl f rr through whom h possessed m interesting descents. Beckford's claim to and subsequent loss f quarterings was, contrary to popular belief, neither fraudulent r imr, but based on genealogical rrr in the Scottish Royal Lineage which appears i Burke's Peerage to this day. h question was whether Helena, wife f Roger de Quinci, frm whm Beckford descended, was daughter and coheir f both Alan, Lord f Galloway and f his wife rgrt of Scotland. G. . Cockayne and Edward Bellasis, then Lancaster and Bluemantle, reported that
It is an historical fact that Devorgilda (wife f John Baliol) daughter and hir f l Lord f Galloway, was though th youngest f the two daughters, eventually sole heir f hr mthr Margaret f Scotland-such fact being clearly established the proceedings in connection with the succession to the Crown f Scotland. It is also clear that Helena wife fRgr

de Quinci was another daughter and hir of th said Alan, Lord f Galloway, and that she as suh representative f hr father, ought to hr said husband the Lordship of Galloway and the Office of Constable, she thrr, though hir f hr fthr another (and frmr) wife her descendants are in no way entitled to the arms and quarterings f th said Margaret f Scotland. It consequently follorvs that the quarterings of Scotland with the nine succeeding ones thr introduced . , are incorrect.
In the Beckford descent Devorgilda, wife ofJohn Baliol, was heir to her mother and hir to hr thr. cases exist where someone is heir or coheir only to hr mother wh her fthr has son another marriage. L r5 states that in such case an heiress m quarter her fthr's paternal coat, but no quarterings to which h was entitled, with hr mother's arms. This is not satisfactory, as thr is nothing to indicate that she is not heir to her father, who m not h been itld to quarterings anyway, In the seyenteenth century th practice changed, and Martin Leake suggests that Dugdale was responsible when Norroy. At the Visitation f Stffrdshir in 1664, the poet Charles Cotton recorded

C.rtt o;l .li t,l}i,[

Cotton pedigree rrdd at

visitatior-r staffordslrire

to detiote wl .lr rvas heiress to her rrrother but r-rot hr thr, whcre th latter's rl]ls r orr carrtorr (Coll. AIrrs, 6, f. r r.1).

l664. shorving systel-Il r irrverrted Duedale

(.rl,|..t 7 (\nl..

ot,,.

"

|,

pedigree and rms. His nrother was heiress to hr mthr, Beres-

dorr f the present creatiol}. married Lady Charlotte Capel, daughter f the rd Earl f Essex and hir to her rthr LadyJane Hyde, daughter f the 4th and last rl f lrd f the first creation. Hyde is shown on 11 escutcheon frt with canton f 1. This is the curretrt Errglish system. h popularity f Nanres and Arrns clauses irr Wills frm the mideighteerrth to the nrid-nineteenth century resulted in many grants quartered rls made pursuant to Royal Licence permitting rearrangement f the natural shm. h rms th adopted m were placed in the first quarter, and if mr than one surm was retairred the adopted surm was placed last. In time this practice

Beresford with Stanhope on canton on the rsfrd quartering. Arr ml on an eighteenth-century Patent is the grant surtrs to Thonras (Villiers), Baron Hyde and subsequently Ist rl f lr-

frd, but not hr fthr Stalrhope. Cotton is shown quartering

Record of grant f supporters

dated 9June I75 to hms

(Villiers), rst Baron Hyde,

wh his wife is showrr as heiress to hr motheT, Lady Jane Hyde, but t hr fthr, the Earl f Essex, whose arms r on canton (11. rms,

,*"* -,.f {, .,dt,, k{rr*

,.W,, ;1,,,., *,
_;

{Wqq;;/

rants

55),

quarterings brought in ftr the creation f the impartible coat are shown. | 94 hrls (Anderson-Pelham), Ist Baron Yarborough, whose paternal grandfather Francis Anderson had married r, sister f Charles lhm f Brocklesby, Lincolnshire, had grant f quarterly arms with lhm in r and 4 and Anderson in z and . His grandson, Charles Alfred'/rsl (Anderson-Pelham), znd Earl f Yarborough, recorded quartered coat with th T7g4 grant in the first quarter, Anderson the paternal arms in the second quarter, quartering f Anderson recorded in r4 in the third quarter, and the first qualtel f Pelham and Anderson repeated in the fourth quarter. Such imrti quarters as in the first and fourth quarters r known as grand quarters. hr was late sixteenth-century thr that if wm was an heraldic heiress and married twice, only the issue th husband who produced the son and heir quartered the arms; so that, unless thr were daughters both husbands, l one family children quartered the rms. This was not th rlir practice, and Augustine Vincent, '/idsr Herald (died z7) noted several ,cases in the fifteenth century whr both families quartered the arms. Examples noted Vincent were the children f Eleanor, daughter f Richard (uhm), Earl f 'Warwick, hr two husbands Thomas (de

changed, so that the first quItr related to the first name. In either case, such grants created indivisie r impartible coats, which remain quartered together when marshalled with other coats. If quartelings brought in fr the grant f th impartible coat are to used, th first quarter shows the impartible coat, the second the paternal coat, which is probably repeating part f the first quartel and th any quaIters brought in it, then th other rt f the grand quarter is repeated if it is maternal coat and brings in quarterings. Finally, any

Marshalligof rms

|7

Ros), Lord Ros, and Edmund (Beaufort), Duke of Somerset, who 11 quartered uhm, and the children f Isabel (called Elizabeth Vincent), daughter of hms (Le Despencer), Earl f Gloucester who married in I4rr Richerd (Beauchamp), Lord Bergavenny, '/orcester, and i l4z as his second wi subsequently Earl f 'Warwick. If this wes rl it would Richard (Beauchamp), Earl of sm to have been of short duration, as Martin Leake dismisses it as an aberration. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries hrldr evolved in'/ales the attribution f arms to ancestors who lived in pre-heraldic period. An ml is the arms of the XV N Tribes f North Wales. Tribe is used to mean descendants, usually in the male line, f particular m, and identification in society which did not use surms was blood and descent. Although the names attributed to th rms were retrospective fictions, in so fer as the ancestors would have had no knowledge the arms, the rms are f historical significance as regards their use descendants. In society whr property was always divided between hthrs, ugI sons would remain the land and h the means to support families, so that the Tribes wr much larger than the corresponding families of descendants in the male line of Nrm feudal overlord f the twelfth century, when seven f the fifteen ancestors whose names are given to the Tribes lived. h remaining eight lived between 8 and r . The size f thg Tribes and lack sil mobility, apart frm general decline, led to fr fwr coats f arms, since in North'Wales, with the '/h exception f newcomers, there wr only fifteen alternatives. system f quartering was applied, the result was coats with many quarters and endless repetition ofthe same shields in the quarters. One f the most celeated is that f Lloyd f Stockton, Shropshire, with 2 quarters, the uneven number perhaps emphasizing its un-English r. V/. . Lindsay, QC, Portcpllis subsequently Clarenceux, produced Special Report on the Lloyd quarterings inJanuary r894 (.. r, zz). No action was taken to change College policy, but the text f the Report is rhs suitable conclusion to the difficult subject of quartering in Wales. It is as follows:
I ask

in the Collections f Vincent & Philpot and others. The Kings & Lords rrrd to are said to have lived m of them, centuries fr the

as evidenced schemes of Quarterings entered in volumes of the Norfolk Series f Pedigrees, I have ellowed to r. Lloyd umr f quarterings alleged to repfesent various Welsh Kings & Lords whose pedigrees are given

leave to state that in dfr to the past practice f the College of

Arms

introduction f armorial bearings into England, but thr is satisfectory evidence that they ever lived at all. Their existence rests u rl tradition and the myths relating to thm r interesting, If however scheme f

I38

Marshallig

oJ

Arms

quarterings is intended to m, es I have hitherto supposed, that the person to whm the scheme is allowed represents in blood persons to whom Particular coat armour belonged, I must express m personal dissent frm the system on which the Lloyd scheme is founded. I have no belief that the majority f the Welsh pedigrees on whih the Lloyd shm of quarterings is based, r genuine, nor in the existence of the persons quarterings for whom r ellowed, and I m rsl certain that if such persons r existed th did not r coat armour. I must thrfr ask leave to exonerated frm all responsibility for th Lloyd scheme of quarterings in respect of any quarterShropshire'
I 59) and I respectfully protest against the system in dfr to I h approved the scheme tendered hercwith.

ings mr ancient th those admitted in G.g ('Heralds' Visitation of

which
(signed) Y/.

. Lindsay, Portcullis,Jan r894.

YI

rlu,thOrot in Grt rit;i

osT f the surviving rhis and some f
th

republics f ur maintain some frm of official heraldic authority. Holland, Belgium, Denmark, and Eire, fr instL , have individual working heralds. In Spain, the hr) ilr King f Arms is responsible fr marshalling the rms f the nobility, although the power to create w aIms is retained the sovereign, while the Heralds themselves are titular and hereditary in certain noble families, taking part only in state rmil such as the Opening frlimt. At the Vatican, the design ofpapal arms is the province f prelate who is specially interested in the subject, at present Archbishop Heim. But only in England does thr survive fully fledged College f Arms on the medieval model. The College frms remains vigorous institution and an aspect f that part f the English constitution which Bagehot classified as the 'Dignified', It is hierarchical corporation f thirteen mmrs: thr Kings f rms, six Heralds, and fur Pursuivants; there r also, at present, s Extraordinaries who take part on ceremonial occasions but r not part f the rti. Ali are mmrs f the Royal Household, appointed the rw (the Officers in Ordinary Letters Patent under the Great Seal and the Officers Extraordinary Royal Sign Manual) the reconrmendation f the Duke f Norfolk, who presides r the College as hereditary Earl Marshal. The officers f the college were instituted at different dates, some origirratirrg as private Heralds in noble households, Some being Royal frr the start. The ffi Grtr King of Arms was instituted Kirrg Herrry V in l4l5 just r he sailed to Fr. In doing so the King created two precedents, fr it was the first time that King f Arms was appointed in England for the service f an rdr f chivalry, and it was the first time that the hldr f particular title was designated r olJicioDoyen f th ffirs of rms. clarenceux King f Arms, whose provilrce is all England south ofthe River Trent, is the serrior Provincial King. His title is derived frm the Earldom f lr and the earliest rfr is in t4. Norroy and ulster is the junior Provincial King and has province rth f the Trent (es well as

I4o

Heraldic Authority i Great Britai

the six counties f Northern Ireland since I94). The name 15 corruptiol1of }Jord dr. The earliest rfr occurs in rz7. h 'Windsor, Richmond, Lancaster, and six rlds-Yrk, Chester, Somerset-derive their names frm the titles those whm they originally served, except fr /indsor, which is called ftr the Royal ."ril.. They were instituted at different dates in the furtth and fifteenth centuries. h four Pursuivants, orjunior Heralds, comprise Rouge Dragon and Portculiis, both whom were instituted Heniy VII and take their names frm Royal badges, Bluemantle and Rouge croix, who first r in the reign f r v and take their ,rr-, frm the mantle and badge f the rdr f the Garter. h ffirs Extraordinary take their ms frm the Earl Marshal's titles and wr created at different dates for ceremonial purposes. h history f the Heralds as part of the Household goes back to the thirteenth century, well fr they were first, constituted into corporation Richard III in 1484, and there h been manr, iisituds since, r VII on his accession at first denigrated the Heralds and confiscated their building, but their potentially useful role WaS Soon recognized, and is Seen not only in the grantirrg f arms to new men but also in the surveys known as the Heralds' visitations which began in r53o. Queen r and king philip renewed their Charter in 1555 and gave thm Derby House in the City, the site which they still occupy, although th old house was burnt in the Great Fire and rebuilt between l67t d 1688 to the design f Maurice Emmett, Master Bricklayer to th Office f Y/orks under Sir Christhr /'r. Under the Stuarts in the seventeenth centlrly the llg enjoyed golden age. Those would-be ruiers Divine Right were particular about anything which pertained to the dignity f the Crown, and the Heralds themselves Were at the frfrt f the great surge f antiquarian and historical study et that time. h inciuded among their numbers both Elias Ashmole and Sir,/illiam Dugdaie. In the early eighteenth century the college, like so many ilrr institutions, languished in state f mfrt decay, but the late eighteenth century and the nineteenth century saw revival which r parallel to the romantic interest in the Middle gs, and the rise of scientific historical scholarship. h twentieth century hs seen an Indian Summel, not Llnconnected with the general inflation fhurs and widespread ui interest in ceremonial, pageantry, and genealogy. h college of rms thus survives as the only rt f th English Establishment which has r been rfrmd parliament. s result f its long history, the various functions f the Col|ege r rather complicated. Some are vested in the corporation or Chapter f the college, others in the kings of rms, others in the officers f rms individually, and certain supervisory functions in the rl

h Earl MaTshal's Court in th College f rs frm the

.\1icoco.rlil ()/'Lo,,dd,i
(t

XoS).

Marshal, who sits as thejudge in the urt f Chivalry. The College is almost entirely slfiig, and is not the recipient f any rgulr ui funding, though its ffirs do have official salaries which were last raised in the reign ofJames I, but rcduced again under'/illiam IV. At present these amount to 49,7 I annum fr Garter King f Arms, lzo.z5 fr Clarenceux and Nrr and (Jlster, l7.8 fr Heralds, and !r.95 fr Pursuivants. Nor, unlike many ancient institutions, does the College f Arms have endowments f its own. George IV, with grandiose generosity, provided regular income fr the maintenance f the building and records based on grant augmented fees f ur, but these, unfortunately, were abolished the Liberal Government in 95, as part of its unsuccessful attack on the House f Lords and the hereditary principle. mixture f frugality and luck, however, the College has so fr managed to keep its head above wtr. It is perhaps fortunate that Robert hm's palatiel design fr large new college building in Trafalgar Square was r executed and that the smaller seventeenthcentury building was retained. f the functions f the Heralds today, the most obvious to the generel public is the rmil. Dressed in court uniform and tabards emhoidered with the Royal Arms, they are rssi fr marshalling and leading the processions on State occasions, and fr proclaiming the accession f the rh. h also frm the Earl Marshal's stafduring the preparations fr State funerals and rations. On average, th English Heralds turn out in full uifrm twice

r1 rshl of

rms of th Duke of Norfolk, England (Duke of Norfolk),

Design Robert hm (I77-l85) fr new College f Arms in Trafalgar Square (uurd) (Co1l. rms).
.a, l
i: i
;

'/indsor in rl Summel and fr , fr th Garter Service at parliament in the autumn. Though the msr th state opening f Spectacular, this is the least time-consuming part f the Heralds' lives. th.y r engaged for most f the year in routine woIk connectec "rrd with hurs and dignities, rmril matters, and genealogy, including muh historical Isrh. h Kings Arms h the speciai function ofgranting arms Letters patent. Any subject fth crorr-n desirous f bearing rms can l fr Grant f Arms. h Kings f rms are authorized the Sovereign in their Patents ofAppointment to grant arms to 'enrinent men, subject to th consent in wTiting f the r1 rshl first given'. If an applicant is considered 'eminent' att Earl Marshal's 'W'arrant is issued, the arms r designed according to the strict rules f heraldry ( two Grants f Arms m identica1). and eventually illuminated Patent is issued and signed the Kings f Arms. The rul f thumb applied to eligibility to bear arms hs latterly been at least the possession f civil or military commission.

Hrr"ldtr "t|rrrtty i

or university degree, professional qualification andlor evidence of public service. aennition of 'eminence', however, is essentially brtt., of mm sense; there r no hard and fast rules. I addition to new Grants f rms, th College is also responsible their fr proving the right to arms descent, designing supporters to High fr banners f . ,r.- .r, supervising the production "rs shriffs, and airthorizing the assumption f arms in accordance with change f m Rl Licence (usually as result f conditional
inheritance).

Establishing right to arms descent can complicated ild that would expensive r]rr.rr]", it requires standard f evidence as rf in court f law. Fr this reason certain amount
"ceptable

oflegalk,,owledgeisausefulqualificationforaHerald,andtwoor three f the r!t generati;n of officers f rms are trained lawyers, though most" are historians, John Fr i The Glory of
ceierositie ir5o; wrote in answer to the question what sort f m ... ought to be'Heralds: 'h ought to Gentleman and an old m tricker, & painter glasier, ri noradmitting into that sacied office r mr izr f rms: for to the office f herald is requisite the skill f m faculties and professions of literature, and likewise '/illiam Flower, Norroy, aged 88 in r58 the knowleg. oi-rrr.s.' Herald, but and Poor Knight of'/indsor m h been Ferne's ideal whose Heralds the f and Garter and Claienceux Were aged 44 and 55, fifties. in their ages r known three lvere in their forties and two Sblarty, not all Heralds are old today, and though their talents must

bevariedtheyarenotnecessarilyexactlyasenvisagedbythe sixteenth-century writers. Gerard Leigh i The d oJ rmr

(l56z)Statesthat,whendesigningnewarms'theHerald.musthavea iirrg,,i', respect to the f of him that should have th rms, whr " Ir wel^lperceive in what Season f the yeere, his owne mlion wi1l ,.r.r hi- to doe best service in and thereby give him token

according'. s coloured green Were Iecommended fr spring, and their absence frm English rmr suggests that even in the sixteenth century Heralds did nbt ml with the wilder advice f writers the subject and study th fs ofgrantees s has been discussed already, peers r entitled to Supporters to their rms as an integral part f the traditional dignity f their rank. The Col1ege -rs keei that lie peers, notjust hereditary peers, should take advfiage f ts privilege, and m have applied fr supporters. h names tiken as tiiles new peers h to agreed with Grtr King frms, and h elso assists in the introduction f new peers into the House f Lords, either in person r through another ffir f rms acting as s deputy. The'Knights'Roll'is kept at the College, and hs to signed ,r- knights. Inspectorates f badges f th

I44

Heraldic Authority i Creat riti

rmd Forces are also vested in Officers at the College. h fees charged fr Grants frms and thr services are divided between the Herald who acts as agent, the painter and scrivener involved in the work, and the College itself, according to precisely laid down set f rules. The lion's share goes to the College, and is the sur fim
r the upkeep f the building.

It is an ff for person to assume arms or thr honours to which h is not entitled, d this can lead to prosecution in th urt of Chivalry. In the past, muh f th activity f th Heralds lvas directed to 'policing' the use f arms. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, udr commissions frm the crown, they embarked on regular visitations f English counties to ensure that there was no unauthorized use f arms. These Were discontinued in r89. Since then, th College itselfhas not taken the initiative in these matters, but leaves it to the rightful possessor f arms to bring an action gis anybody using them unlawfully. The most rt occasion was i l954 when Minchester Corporation successfully sued locai theatre for illegally using the Corporation's rms. This was case f assumption of existing arms. It is also an ff to assume an original device ofheraldic appearance. Proceedings known as 'causes of office' wr promoted either the King's Advocate, whose powers r no\\vested in the Attorney-General, or private person known as the promoter. There has been no cause f office since the eighteenth century, but thr is no rs to believe that it would no longer possible fr one to promoted. A1l firs in Ordinary f th College h the right to conduct an individual practice in heraldry and genealogy, and can earn m, this. h extent to which individual offi.cers practise varies; some specialize in particular aspects f heraldry or genealogy. hr is rotation whereby the Heralds and Pursuivants take turns 'in waiting' fr week at time. Their own banner flies rm the College porch fr that week, and indicates who is on duty. It is the custom f the College that all enquiries, whether written and not addressed to particular Herald, r in person, wh are received that week m the business f the ffir in waiting. An applicant thereby becomes the client f the individual ffir frm whm h first commissions work. In ts way Herald can build up his own independent practice, rather like barrister. This work does not just comprise Grants f Arms, recording pedigrees, r genealogical research, but als,o includes identifying coats of arms r creston works ofart, Vr ft, fr instance, it is possible to identify the sitter in sixteenth-century portrait frm the arms displayed in rr, r to discover the original provenance f pieces f old silver or hi. ffirs are also able to design heraldic decoration fr clients, suh as book-plates or memorial tablets.

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2I. Col1ege f Arms r8 enrolment of patent frm the Emperor of Hindustan, creating Mejor General Vr'Wrr Hussey N or mrh of the Mogu1 Empire (Coll. Arms, I z, , z).

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zg (right), College rrd dated z7 l l77 ofJohn (Perceval), znd r1 ofEgmont, impaling the rms ohis two wives on one shield. h shield shows Perceval in r and 4 quartering z and Lovel Barry l oJ six Or d Gls, impaling to the dexter Ceci1 for his first wife, and to the sinister Compton fr his second wife (Cg}l. Arms, Peers I, . z,).

z4 \lw). Shm of thirty quarterings rgistered at the College of Arms i r8o8 /illiam Beckford, of which ten were disallowed in 1879 (Col1. rms, Norfolk z, , 17.

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+).

z6'Vincent'sPrecedents':earlyseventeenth-centurypaintingoftheofficerabouttobe created Garter King ofArms surrounded heralds holding the objects to used in th Vincent I5I, fo. ).

rm (his Patent, the book which h is to swear his oath, his robe as an officer f th Order of the Garter, lris sword, cup f wine fr baptizing him, etc.) (11. Arms,
z7 ig), Furl certificate of SirJohn Spencer f Althorp, Northamptonshire, Kt., d. 9Jan. I599lI, showing standard, guidon, hlm, mantling and crest, shield, and

tabard, painted Richard Scarlett (d. r7) (11. rms, I I, p.8z).

z8. h coffin of the Electress Sophia of Hanover, d. 8 June 7r4 (mother of George l), ftr The lg oJ the Souereigs oJ the Most rl Military Order of the f, compiled Grg
Nayler, Genealogist and Blanc Coursier Herald, subsequently Garter (Col1. rts, Bath &, , 98).

z9. Armorial bearings of h hr ft, designed Rrt Taylor f tbe Bengal Civil Service for the Imril Assemblage at Dl 1877 (11. trs, The Pricely Armory, . 52).

ril Armory, t. 2, . 29).

. Flag of Kota which the preceding rms wr based (11. Atrns, The

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,boirirrf ir.r.ldic dih

banners f the family alliances (Coll. Arms, Vincent r5I, fo, 66),

from'Vincent's Precedents', z ig). Catafalque of Edward (Stenley), rd r1 of Derby (d. T57z), at noble funeral including standard, tebard with the deceased's aTms, end

*ith,hi.ld'

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of rms' which include Talbot and Ogle impaled coats (Coll. rms, I I, . 7).

ofShrewsbury(d. l59o),inSheffieldCathedral,

lavishlydecorated

 seIection of eighteenth-century Chinese rt armorial plates (Christie's).

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of th evolution of the Royai rms. hr is no vid tht th coat attributed to r I was r used them. It is sometimes attributed Normandy, and two 1ions appeal on the "rrd Cathedral Robert Surcoat worn Robert t]urthose, Duke of Normandy, in th sketch _f his tomb in Gloucester 74). Ivlatthew PaTis shows blank shield for Normandy, and gives threelions passant Cooke, Clarenieux (see . ^Corrqo.ro, and his sons, as illustrated fr r II and his Successors, also gives the same gorrd"rrt for-William th. i d Studio ihield foT Kng Stephen Tather itrGuls Sagittary ,,, fiIst Suggested as three sagitteries_by Nicholas U_pton and was in England landed Stephen fact that to the either relates f thgiitr symbolism h rjoo. t Militariin qutered Fr ancient rhrs. victory ofhis to the possibly I or of the sagittary r 5, cTowned under the zodiacal sign "orroso"l f, since with any coat t semy it. customaIy to Show parts of th charges Edward III is shown in "r, arms as his visibie in base and f, and at the sides where they disappear ff the shield. Although Richatd II used the same grendfather Edward III on his Greet Seal, elsewhere t sometimes r as illustrated, impaled with th attributed irms of Edward the Confessor, said Froissart to h been adopted to pleeie the Irish who had high regard for Edward the confessor. r Iv used th Fr ancient and modern quartering England. h arms f th later Sovereigns r shown accurately. Impaled rms afe given for Y/illiam and Mary, appropriate till hr.dth in r9+. h ,r-, rid Queen rr between i7o7 d ,7r4 r- shown, and the arms f Grg III r as used between r 8r and I8r (11. btms, Bath k, . rl).

5. rl nineteenth-century view
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II and

Heraldic Authority i Great riti

I45

Armorial,book-plates r particuiarly attractive frm f heraldic decoration, and the College has long tradition in this field. h ffir has his own set f rms opening ff staircase, as at Oxford or Cambridge, and the College also provides accommodation r number f heraldic painters and scriveners. h fully maintain the tradition of their ancient crafts, painting and engrossing patents f rms, pedigrees, and suchlike fr the College's own records, as well as fr clients. h College has through the centuries maintained high standard f heraldic painting and elegant straightforward lettering, mercifully fr from the transient fashions graphic design. h basic working tool f the Heralds is their lirr, and the College archive is the most importbnt heraldic accumulation f its kind. Its history goes back to the original charter f incorporation in 484, but in the first hundred years it suffered many vicissitudes. It is likely that the College had collection f books at the start. Certainiy the heralds fFr, who provided the model r the English College f rms, had been given the hurh'f St Antoine 1 Petit in Paris in r47 s place to house their records. In the early days, however, individual officers kept their own books and records, some of which wr rl bequeathed to their successors in the College, but number unfortunately passed,out of official custody. control this abuse, Elizabeth I's rl Marshal, Thomas, 4th Duke f Norfolk, laid down strict regulations in 568 fr the futur conduct f the College including its records. special rm was to set aside fr library, and none was to allowed to enter unless accompanied Herald. h execution f the Duke i l57z (fr aspiring to marry r, Queen f Scots) thwarted these good intentions, and neglect f the lirr continued until 597, when there was further attempt at rrm. This proved successful, and since r597 th history f the library has been continuous. In that r it proved possible to retrieve frm '/iliiam Dethick, Garter, and his heirs number f heraldic volumes which were deemed to the official records of the College, and these frm the nucleus f the present records. h were catalogued in r8 Sampson Lennard, lumtl, and this inventory is the oldest extant rrd f the College library. An important aspect f th wrk f the Tudor and Stuart Heralds, as has been seen, were the Visitations f particular counties in rdr to 'rm all false rms and rms devised without authority', and 'to take note f descents'. The fruits of the visitations are an ilu corpus f genealogical and heraldic information. h reports, bound and stored at the College, include, as well as notes and family trees, pen-and-ink r coloured sketches and drawings f arms copied frm tombs, stained-glass windows, hrtrs, seals, and banners. h are f unique historical interest, as m f the things which they rrd,

146

Heraldic Authority i Creat Britai

destroyed in especially the mr frgii church furnishings, Were '/r. Several f the Tudor and Stualt Heralds had wide t civi1 which was not antiqualian interests, and they oftenincluded material or .".l.rri.r.ly heraldic, Such aS views f towns and old buildings, f pedigrees the Wr Ro-"., ,,.rirrr. Parallel to the Visitation Books basis voluntary gr.;i "-ilis, and these h been continued down to the preserrt day.

Y/henthe-CollegewasrebuiltaftertheGreatFire,intheT67os, was fortunately special provision s -ade fr th lir, which started at the saved frm the conflagration, h Great Fire having to rescue their other end f the city, h Heralds had day in which to li;;"ry fr the flames reached it, h books WeTe taken to the returned only and river, bir.b"lt, r boat along the

the in rBT+. ,_r then placed in the new library next to Earl Marshal's CouTt. Sil7llglishttsfrmshrrddisigl continuousseries,a,'dthisisstillcurrent.Thesevolumesofgrantsof records, fr arms form the second important block f heraldic but gaps ,z tb. docquet books of^patents f rms r less complete, transcripts. h h"r,b ".r, fild wherever^possie abstracts and

.ii.;.

rst f Rihmd, frm volume f huh and otlrer notes compiled during
Sketch GregoTy

medievalarmsoffamilieswhodidnotfailinthemalelineare

Visitation f Yorkshire r666.

r7rz), Dugdale's Clerk and subsequently Lancaster Herald (11. rms, Dugdale's Yorkshire Arms, fos. r9zvI9),

King (48-

exhaustively covered th Visitations, ib.liary is divided into two categorieS: Records and Collections. records built The frmr io-prise the canonical sequence f heraldic being signifrcance, legal have They up since the sixteenth century, and claims r cases rg r Se as evidence i court and "."t.d disputed sts. h Col1ections are subsidiary genealogical

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4-6; grtr rs and rsts frm '/indsor, St George's hl, showing banners of Charles II andJames II as Duke of York.

66

h visitation was rrid out Elias shml (ll7-9z), 'V/indsor Herald as Deputy to

Clarenceux (Col1. Arms, Iz, pt. z, fo. z9).

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heraldic material accumulated since th late seventeenth century, gift, bequest and purchase, in order to assist in the day-to-day work f the College. h division f the library into Records and Collections goes back to the rl eighteenth century, and llws legal opinion'that office books made Heralds in the execution f their ffis were evidence', but that other books were not. public In 8, return the Heralds to select committee on Records in the united kingdom specified eight categories in the Records section, ml: Visitation Books; dr Pedigrees; Peers' Pedigrees, Baronets' Pedigrees; Funeral Certificates; Records ofRoyal Marriages, Coronations, and Funerais; the Earl Marshal's Books; Books frms ofthe Nobility and Knights f the Garter and the Bath;

Ec&rs in the Frirs of

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-:rrr and in the College i_tgsili. recorded at the

\-iri Wls I5. h \iri rr-as rrid ut ij:m Fellorr,. Lancaster f!rl.i subsequently Nrr), . beba]f ihms Benolt, rt_ (Coll. Arms, 8,
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and Records of Grants f Arms. further four categories were added to the Records in the nineteenth century. These r: Lists of Knights;

Pedigrees f Knights f the Bath; Scotch and Irish Registers; and Partition Books. h Funeral certificates fill eighteen volumes, and record the ceremonial funerals f the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, until they went out f shion in the late seventeenth century, although theie r fw later entries ofstate and other funerals sh as those of Evelyn (Pierrepont), Duke f Kingston (r773),_/illim (Pitt), rl f Chatham (rzz), Horatio (Nelson), Viscounf Nelson of h Nile (r85), William Ewart Gladstone (I898), and l Francis (Brooke), Vi..brrrrt lrk (96). They depict the banners, escutcheons of arms, and achievements f the deceased carried in funeral processions,

I50

Heraldic Athority i Creat Britai

as

It is the latter details which make them valuable source

genealogical research.

well as accolpanying particulars f the deceased and their families.

h rI Marshal's Books begin in the reign f Elizabeth I, and continue to th present day. h contain entries warrants udr Royal Sign Manual as relating to the Rl rms, licences fr changes f m and arms, grants f foreign hurs, grants rd.' and'whatever relates to that part f the office f Earl Marshal which conceIns the superintendance of the College'. h Records f the rdr f the Bath are largely the work f the Order's own genealogist in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Sir George Nlr. h were deposited at th College in 86r rdr f the Prirrce Consort. Nayler's mgum s was --l History oJthe Srigs of the sturl Military Order of the Bath. Sumptuously illustrated volume with much decoration in gold lf.

This is f outstanding interest r the illustrations f the golderr coffrrrs irr the Chapel Royal at r, including that f the Electress Sophia, mthr f George I and ancestress f the present British Roya1 il. It was prepared fr King Grg III; but he refused to th iz,ooo bill, and the volume passed to Nayler's daughter, and eventually m to th coltege through hr cousin Robert Laurie, lru King f rms. h Collections, as opposed to the Records, are frmd f the gifts and bequests to the College since the late seventeenth century. hr comprise copies f charters, patents, abstracts of records, and miscellaneous documents. The nucleus f these is the group f rudl Manuscripts given to the College in 1678 r, th Duke f Norfolk, and being that part f th lir f his grandfather, the 'Collector' Earl f Arundel, which WaS to do with history and lreraldry. h conrprise fifty-three volunres, includin,g fifteenthtu manuscript f th Statutes f the rdr f the Grtr, and Descents f King Alfred the Great and Edward IV frm Adam. h th Duke f Norfolk also gave the College the Taibot Family Letters and Papers, now in Lambeth l Library. Many other collections h followed, including Sir Edward Y/ikr (Garter)'s gifts of Patents and assorted heraldic materials, and Ralph Sheldon's bequest in 1684 f two hundred and sixty-eight volumes f Visitations, local pedigrees, and the like largely formed '/indsor Herald till his death in rz. smali ugusti Virrcent, century Was the fi manuscript late seventeenth bequest of the volunres given in r86 George lm f Y/arkworth frm the liary f Hector Le Breton, King f Arms f Fr, post in which h had succeeded his cousin, Derris Le Breton, in lr5. In the early eighteenth-celltury doldrums, little was added, althoughJohn r,

*i to pedigree book :f *: tamilT of Lentilhac-

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an ml f the late-ei ghteenth-

::=r:i- irst in heraldry as , aspecr of the Gt Revival

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Richmond, wh committed suicide in the Col}ege i T7zo,|eft the college small collection including eight volumes rs f the Larrcalhire antiquary Richard urd. In 1759 Edward, Duke f Norfolk, purchised manuscripts fr th College at the sale_ f John '7arburton, Somerset Herald. But in the nineteenth century there was greater influx git and urhs, including substantial part f the gJnealogical lihary of notable scholar, colonel Joseph Lemuel bh.rt.r, -hih included useul extracts from parish registers as well as acquired large collection f mri material. In r8z8 th College 'welsh genef volumes the rthr collection f twenty-eight alogy, which frm the most authoritative rus f materia] on the ,rr].t in existence. In this century th collections h continued to Jnriched, largely the bequest f their own libraries individual Heralds. In paiticular, the great Burke Collection acquired on the death f Sir .rr. Frhm Burke, Garter, in r9, included not only one hundred and eighty-four volumes ofhis own correspondence and pedigrees, but also iixty-nine volumes f his father sir Bernard Burke ial.J TB9z;, IJlster King f rms's genealogical collections, and thirty-three volumes f his Irish pedigrees. These r f importance, as muh meterial on which they were based was destroyed with the

52

Heraldic Authority i Creat Britai

Irish Public Records i l9zz. An unusual collection acquired in th present century are the rms ofthe Ruling Chiefs of India, designed Robert Taylor f the Bengal Civil Service for the Imril Assemblage held at Delhi on r Januaty 877. h arms are based the sketches f banners r symbols which were submitted the Indian rulers. For instance, the arms f the hr f kota are zd Guls Grud Or yested of the same lumd Vert hldig m of the sd [i,e. r] i dexter d h i siister. This is based on sketch f flag that was submitted, and th arms ofJhalawar, State carved out f Kota in r 8 8, are very similar. Both States have dragon supporters but the crests diffr, the demi-man f Kota being based on hh emblems whereas the Star f Jhalawar is said to the mlm of wise counsellor. h ,r-, ,rrd original skth provide an irnusual and evocative synthesis f East and'West. h Court f the Lord Lyon, as th authority all matters heraldic in Scotland, is among the most ancient and important of Scottish national institutions, and one which occupies unique position in the national life of the kingdom. Scots hrldr has long enjoyed high reputation, and hs preserved to considerable degree through the centuries the standards f simpiicity in design and scientific accuracy f medieval rmr. This is partly because heraldry in Scotland has developed as rh the law, and also because interest in the subject is deeply imbedded in th national character, In th old Scottish kingdom heraldry, honours, and titles enjoyed muh wider distribution than in England r the ur kingdoms, At the time of th Act f Uii 77, fr instance, Scotland, with population of only one and quarteI million souls, had one hundred and fifty-our peers while England, with population f five and hlf miliion, had one hundred and sixty-four pcers. In addition to the peerage; ten thousand other lairds enjoyed picturesque territorial designations which wr recognized as titles the courts. It has been computed from this that one out of r forty-four people in the country was either 'f somewhere' or else related to such 'house'. Unlike the English Kings f Arms, the Lord Lyon is not subordinate to the Earl Marshal but is himself great officer f state responsible fr m f the functions which in England r shared between the Earl Marshal and the Lord Chamberlain. In Scotland the Lord Lyon is responsible fr the preparation, conduct, and rrd f all State, Royal, and public ceremonial. him has also been entrusted the whole f the Crown's jurisdiction in armorial matters, and h is the official adviser to the Srtr f State fr Scotland on m aspects f Scottish honours and ceremonial. As trllr f Her Majesty's Messengers at rms, h is also the head of the Executive Department th Law f Scotland. hs, in addition,

_il

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rh

Heraldic Authority, i Creat riti

53

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d the d f llers, r,d

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the idon,

always held the appointment f King f Arms to the rdr f the Thistle, whose chapter and ceremonies he attends. The Lrd Lyon ii not only Minister f the Crown but also judge of the realm, and almost all Scottish heraldic business is today conducted judicial lines through the machinery of the Court f the Lord Lyon which exercises both civil and penal jurisdiction under scottish mm law and series f Acts f parliament. In this the Lyon Court difrs considerably frm the English College of Arms. It was, and is, part f the Scottishjudicial system and functions entirely as court oflaw. It is not, and r has been, corporate body like th English College f Arms. Searches fr evidence to satisfy Lyon are normally made l outside his ffi on hlf f the petitioners themselves, as part of the evidence submitted for his judgement on genealogical r heraldic matters. h Court f the Lord Lyon operates like any other court f law, with lawyers pleading case fr judge (the Lord Lyon himself). The judicial duties f th Lyon Court, as they r exercised today, fall into two categories. the one hand they comprise establishing 'When satisfactory evidence is produced rights to arms and pedigrees. petitioner, Lord Lyon grants warrant to the Lyon Clerk to register the arms in the 'ui Register f 11 Arms and Bearings in Scotland' which is maintained at the Lyon Court. In th case f new arms, Lyon issues warrant to the Lyon Clerk to Ir Letters Patent granting the arms. Secondly there is the penal jurisdiction concerned with protecting the rights f private individuals and the Crown in heraldic matters. h Lyon Court has Procurator-Fiscal, r public prosecutoI, like any thr Scottish Court, and he can bring proceedings against those who imrrl usurp rmril bearings. Such prosecution is analogous to an Inland Revenue case, the armorial ffdr having cheated th hqur out ofthe fs payable on the matriculation oI grant f arms. In order to understand the urt f the Lord Lyon as it exists today it is necessary to know something f the history f the Scottish Heralds, wh claim greater antiquity th the English, although Nrr King f Arms is known in England i Tz76 fr the earliest surviving record f Herald in Scotland. h office f Lyon in Scotland to which thr is rfr in r18 does pre-date that f Garter King f Arms in England, as the latter was only instituted in I4I5. h Scottish Heralds r known m frm the rl fourteenth century. Froissart rrds that, in rz7, Robert the Bruce defied Edward III the mouth f Herald called Douglas, and in , when Edward was at Alnwick, Herald called Dundee m before the King to announce that h had been sent to rl the Scottish lords and bishops.

,r-

Hrr"ldkA"'l@
pursuivants, scotland l r had rrs irr addition to Heralds and

Unlike England, however, which m to have thr Kings f

theone,LordLyon'whoderiveshisnamefrom.thenational

is not escutcheon'. The precise date his institution is t known. l on at Scone III ldr July r 49, recorded at the Cbronation f r7r, In rh z on II but played prominent role at that f Rrt arrd Marshal the ri days h was probably subordillate to the m to constabie, but his deperrde.rce on thenr ceased early, and he jurisdiction irr hoid his fi immeiiately frm the Sovereign. His century, mid-sixteenth the matters heraldic had already developed Lyon on but the first legislative enactment which directly bestows jurisdictiorr irr"questions f rmril bearings WaS _ Statute l59: . empoweied him to inspect the rms f al1 lm, barotrs, to distinguish thm with proper. difrs, to

arrd gentlbmen m"t.ult thenr in his Register, and 'to put inhibition to all the

comrnotlsortofpeoplerrotworthybythelawoarmstobearanv

the signs armoriat', is.lu.isdiction was mr full set out foilowirrg followirrg the repealed was Ristoration in an t f l66r, but this King frms, however, dates fronr r66z. r. h title oflord Lyorr furthr t f r 67z rwd and confirmed the powers gratrted in in Scotland, and expresslrr 59z, ordered the matriculation f all arms

wellauthorized Lyon to grt rmril bearings 'to virtuous and

deservingpersons',a*ndhisauthorityinthesematterswasreserved entire i"l nineteenth article f th Treaty f union, 167z h duties and powers f Lyon under th Statutes { T59z d f armigerous cadets to are sevenfold: to ssigrr suitalle diffrs amilies; to rrd gnealogies; to determine all disputes between heraldic claimants; to ]rt arlns to 'virtuous arrd well-deserving in the persons'; to matriculate irr the ofrcial Register all arms used

iirrgdor,r; to furrrish extracts frr the Sl; and to enforce penalties imposed orr unlawful users rms pceedings irr his owrr court. Foilowirrg the t I69z 'Register rrs irr Scotlarrd'has beetr nraintained to the presellt day, irr vellunr-bound folios, Earlier tharr does this, however, the ieco.ds r rthr sparse, arrd the Lyorl urt to mrl not poSSeSs great heraldic archive and historic library all that that f the B,r!t;rb College f rms. It is traditionally rrdd lost and Cromwell England to taken the early hr"i. .".ord, -r irr fir in lost were docunrents at sea oir their rtur in r r . Further f officials later about r 7 r were retaitred in their own possession 'Book f the court. h earliest scottish heraldic register is th Blazons, compiled Sir David Lirrdsay f the Moult irr r 54z. Today this is r"r"rrr.1 ir, dts' Lirr irr Edinburgh, and not at the urt th Lord Lyorr. Following th t f uniorr thr canre century f quiet declirre.

Heraldic Authority i Cyeat Britai

I55

h ffi f Lord Lyon m sinecure, and much f the day-today judicial and heraldic work was rfrmd deputy, the'LyonDut'. Frm 7g for r hlf century, the offic_e f Lord Lyon and rrth Earls of kinnoull. h -ri fill.d successively the roth later nineteenth-century revival was an offshoot f Grg Iv's state f visit to Edinburgh in r8zo, which led to the general renaissance '/alter scottish ui ceremonial thanks to the inspiration f sir scott. h scottish Heralds were provided with new tabards fr the occasion. There WaS official report on the Court f the Lord Lyon in T8zz which made recommendation fr rfrm, t that the Lyon-Depute should mmr f the Faculty f dtS f 'not leis than i .".', standing at the r'; that all fs should fixed and paid to the Treasury, not to individual firs; and that th stf f ihe lord Lyon's court should m salaried public officials. This followed criticism f the high fees, wh had increased five times between r 84 and r 8 r 4. 'h extraction of fees, displayed in hundred capricious vagaries, is the ruling characteristic f the establishment, r-r& rr. -.-", fwhih, frm the Lyon to s meanest cub, has ever work r exhibited any skills in the sciences f rldr, produced -Gerrealogy, or the cognate accomplishments', wrote one particularly acerbic critic. In ft, nothing was done during the reign f the rrth Earl f Kinnoull, who was Lord Lyon rm r8o4, when h succeeded his father at the age f 19, until his death in r866. h long-deferred rfrm was finally carried out in r867 when an t rlimt ( l Victoria CI7) put the Court on new footing. 1l fees were ihenceforth paid to the Treasur', and th Lord Lyon King f rms, Lyon lrk, and the Heralds and Pursuivants Were paid salaries and received no fees. At the same time the number f officers f rms was halved. Frm I5oo to 8 there were six Heralds and six Pursuivants in scotland (mrd to six Heralds and fur pursuivants in th Corporation f the English College rms). Their descriptions are and f 11 origin, m f thm being the names f the ,r "rrcierrt ."ril., of the Scottish mrh. h Heralds Wr Islay, Rothesay, Marchmont, l, Ross, and Snowdon. The Pursuivants were Kintyre, Dingwall, Carrick, Bute, Ormond, and LJnicorn. Now there r only three f each-at present l, rhmt, and Rothesay Heralds, and Carrick, Kintyre, and lJnicorn Pursuivants. h are members f the Scottish Royal Household, and their principal function is ceremonial, attending Royal Proclamations, and public cermonies, on which occasions they wear tabards trt. "rrd with the Royal rms as used officially in scotland, i.e. with the scottish lion in the first quarter rather than the second ( reversal f the Royal Arms as used in England).

,,, IIrldr
EGuLATED heraldry in what m the United States f mri began rl, developed slowly, and just as it was beginning to flourish was cut ff the Revolution. h beginning was rl grant to the City and Corporation f Ralegh in Virginia in r58, rl because only three rough drafts of the text survive. h grant is interesting because not onlr, does it assign rms f rgt Cross Gules i the jrst quarter Ruk proper to the city but rms r also given to the Governor, John'White, arrd the twelve Assistants in th same patent. A1l these latter coats contain fusils and the tincture Gules derived frm the rms f sir 'White. /alter Raleigh, Gules jue Fusils i d rgt In the case f the coat granted, rmi t Gules Fusi! rgl, was an augmentation to his existing arms, and borne in the first quarter. In th other shields the arms ale unquartered; thus Rgr l was granted Cules Cross paty fur Fusils rgt, and Dionyse Hartye Gules Bear rmt t Jour Fusils rgt. Other coats include rmi ChieJGules three Fusils rgl fr Roger Pratt, Jh Nicholes's Per d rgt d Cules jue Fusils utrhgd, d Guls Cross engrailed u fur Fusils rgt granted to Ananias Dare whose daughter Virginia was the first child of English parentage r in mri. one draft names nine f the twelve Assistants, the others in addition to Baylye, Hartye, Pratt, Nicholes, and Dare being '/illiam Fullwood, George Howe, and Simon Christopher Cooper, Ferdinando; the other draft adds Richard Hakluyt, presumably th distinguished geographer, and two almost illegible names which mar Coningsby and Delves. h drafts rfr to the grant as being William Dethick, Garter, and states that Royal hrtr of I 584 Sir 'Walter Raleigh was licensed to find heathen and barbarous lands not possessed any Christian Prince. Ossomocomuck, alias'/gdacoia alias Virginea, as it is described in the Patent was the first such place and Raleigh appointed Grr and Assistants fr city of Ralegh. The settlement failed and its site is that f the town ofManteo, North Carolina. Sketches its Governor, John'White, f Virginian Indians published in r59 hdr de r were the basis f rough sketch f possible supporters fr John (Holles), rst r1 of Clare, though th do not seem to h been granted as his descendants r different surtrs. On r January 167 18 Sir John Borough, Grtr, granted to

\*

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i;f
l

:,
.]l

]ii

rJ i

_t_
l:,!

r'

,*l.}f.,,t.is I. {.r/

" _,l-b .,, _!

Jr'

U""{,

_-_

..J,,/t,;

ll.

n,,/_,,,!<

: .-] rsd Virgilliatr , " ,:

_:::,..

:i-...cst. rst l of Clare,

-:]^_.rtlr. (_)

-,,a.r,ar, .tIld crc,sr r

:rhl,

,,:._.. ; \\renlock. (6) - - -,_i..;,ltr. (7) Skeris, (8) ?

,::

ot'H,lllcs qtrarterirrg
(_1)

Newfourrdlalld arms Glllc_s Cro_ss rgt i thc Jirst d ()r d i the sd d third qLlarters Litlll PaSSallt gLtrdt r_ld _|otlrth ''qllarrc;s Utticot pissattt r.gt rmd m,ilrcd ugld d gorged ith

{:Irrs.

R::. fo.

tr),

:: : : _::i. G;rrt, to ,.. :]:::l.]Ialld oll l Jal). l.]7/ ]' : :rttrs r derivcd frorlr - . . :,.,.ri sLtpporters arrd th
:: ]::.rs shorv trvo
-.,.,:lre'

_-j:: -\rtrrs, crest, atrd

::::! qrallted 'SirJh

attd ()ties att Elk sst prrycr with supporters accordill.q to thcir lrc f Sauages oJ,thc r()r rd d apparaled that:'fr the States Patent th guis t,h g t0 |yal,. Th" t."t

rc_fle xcd irr hrullt is fttl ,hi passig h his,forcleos atld the follolv not do nantling the ol)er thc llack all ol.. h tillctr,rrcs f dutlllcd CHlcs wreath, alld the crest qralltecl was L} cl helm mtId

rgrtt u)ith l|rcath

i."rr.,

ljeothr"rk

,,

:'l::- _lc.crrbe.l as'S:ri,ages

,. (Coll. Arnls,
.-tIlc,orts Grrts -l.

u),

hotlor arrd splerrdor that countrey and the l. therein inhabiting it is arrcl wi1l neccssary that thr rr arrd peculiar rs thrut belorrgirrg to used in all such cases as rrs r Wol1t to other nations atrd coutrties', Despite tlrese sentinrents, the progress f hrldr in North mri l662 is was scarcely apparent, and the seal fr virgirria dated 9 ugust f the Royai rs within th Grtr all enciTcled ri irrscribed dat vi|giia Qttitttttttl. This cotrtrasts with the new design f rms, crest, dLlrtrs gratrted to Jamaica irr the previous r. North mri WaS not,rr.rrrkrro-n continent to all rmrs f the Coliege f ATrrrs irr the Seventeenth century, Y/iliiam Crowne, appointed

Seals forJamaica and

Virginta,

granted Royal V/rrt in l66t and I2 (11. rms.

'Wlkr Grants z, .

5).

to Support Rouge Dragon hrls I, was one f th Officers Scotia N9va province the rlmt,"d oained joint grant f 1f at the England to from Cromwell. In 57 h w there, returning attended Restoration to try to ti confirmation f his grant, lateT, and mth resigned Dragon, hrls II's Coronation as Rouge Scotia N regarding had he Ieturned to mri i T66z; hopes Boston, in died went wh it was ceded to Fr i 1667, and h Bluemantie Massachusetts, in r8. John Gibbon, who was appointed 59 to October frm in Virginia ir, 7, Spent fifteen months 'in this that Wrote Gibbon Fur ilr. His kinsman Edward found heraldry ,.-.'" pro.rirr.. his taste, r rather passion, for In his ,irrgrrlrr'gratification at war-dance f the native Indians'. Itiodaii ad Ltim lsim (Sz)Jh Gibbon Wrote,
party per l Gu. and sab. frm forehead to the Dancers were painted some

foot(somePartyperfesseofthesamecolours)andcarriedlittle"ill-made
arrd

Some partY shieljs f Bark, l painted of those colours (for I saw no other) (ancl some barry) at which I exceedingly wondered, ;;;;, *_.,., .1.Hbraldry was ingrafted naturally into the sense of concluded-That

hum Race.
at the crowne's connection with America m at the end ofhis career till U"g., but Gibbon was an ffir of rms r forty-eight years

as h his de]th in 7 8 . His influence at the College Was rhs slight, books coilege in wrote and was r promoted beyond Bluemantle criticizing ihe learning and behaviour f his colleagues.

mri Heraldry

I59

It was not tili twenty-three years ftr Gibbon's appointment that th first person resident in North America petitioned fr grant, and on r rh fi l 4 rms and crest wr granted the brothers

Thomas and Henry St George, Grtr and Clarenceux, to Francis Nicholson, described as 'Captain General and Grr in hif of hir Majesty's ri f Maryland one f the chief Governors f College r lJniversity now to erected r founded in Virginia'. h arms granted contained suns, which r mm to m Nicholson coats, and are z d Azure Cross rgt twfur Sus Or Cathedral hurh Gules, the latter presumably being Ifr to the College. The crest is zd rth of his colours (i . . rgt d Azure) d habited i close coat zr the utts
d oJ his sleeues tutd u or his face d hds proper armed ith hradpiece d gorget rgt the r hldig i the right hd srd ,rec|ed proper hilt d pomel r d i the l Bible d the clasps

Two months later, on 14 1694, the trustees fr what beiame th Coltege f William and Mary in Virginra, f whm
rgt,

,]:

L_ LL-

L_=

bs is Sometimes the case with corporate grants, no crest was granted. The patent was crrdorsed on r8 october r98, permitting the transer f president and Masters the rmril Bearings frm the trustees to the when the Coliege was erected. The next opportunity r the development f heraldry in mri pursuant to m with the appointment of caroiina Herald in r75. the Royal hrtr f charles II establishing the frm f government in the ri, it was provided 'that there certain number f perpetual and Larrdgraves and cassiques, who m and are the HereJitary Nobles and Peers of ur said Province'. the Patent f appointed June r7o5, registered at the College, th Lords Proprietors president yrk court f f their to Herald, Lur cronrp, province principal of rli with Herald f the whole ur and crest as wr to grant to the Landgraves and cassiques such rms and and f of the sun, the upon set rms to the proper, think should f the the rays f frmd coronet the crest to surmounted with gold and with sun. h Patent depicts the robes f scarlet embossed province. other marks of honour to borne the s f the hr is no evidence f glant f arms rm as carolina Herald; his patent f appointment the Lords proprietors used seal showing rms f two cornucopiae in saltire which Were not granted the Kings f Arms, so he m h had hand in this, rm died insolvent in r 7 5 , ten years ftr his appointment, So h m not have been an ideal choice to promote heraidry in rri, though h was not the only York Herald to insolvent. His predecessor but one,
d s'd rgt i chieJ Su risig
the hemisphere proper.

Nicholson was th first named, Were granted arms f Vert

Colledge or

l.rs alrcl rrs f thc scal tlr Lords Prclprictor f tl-re proviIrcc f carolilra. rs shows th sillll arttis th Lls lritr (ColI. rrs. I9. 1.
r9_1).

ry/| ,|.
t,, ,-,

',qht

,,/

/k,.l,L

Johri'lVirlgfield, died ilr thc Kitrg's l]enclr priso11 itr l(l78, d his successor, Tlronlas Y/hitwick, dicd irrsolvent in I7zz. lthuh rm does rrot seem to have granted atry rls, the Lords rrits did rt Abel Ketelby fth Middle l Lalldgrave f Carolirla Patent dated z4 rh r7o8/9. h grallt was to lrim and his heirs r ever. pedigree registered at the Collcge shows that h died without nrale issue itt l744, arld thc, dcscclrt f the title ti1l Irldeperrdellce ilppcars to to his orrly clrild r, wife RlrtJhst th Middle rl, Serjearrt-at-Lar.v, lvho took the trane atld rrs Kctelby Act Parlianrerrt. h hac1 otlc child, Abel Johrrstoll Ketelby rvho died fr his thr, leavirrs ;rn olrly daughter ri St:rtira Elizabetlr Frqtthrsll Johustoll Ketelby, who rrrid Thonlas lluridell f Batlr, stlr5]col1, 11 Decetrrber r766, The eldest stlviving sorr the ttrarriage irr I78_5, r,vhen tlre pedigree was registered, was Thollras Hoc-lgetts llundell, r at Bath in I77r. Abel Kctelby, whl the pedigree describes as having th hur Lalrdsrave f Carolirra frrd orr him Queen,Anne rthr than the Lds Proprictors, r,vas entitled to arms descerrt rrdd at the Heralds'Visitation f Shropshire in i66.
h orrly th rrd f the cotlfernre1,1t th title of Larrdgrave r Cassiquc appears to patellt f rr April r75 cre;rtitlg'/illiarn dsll of the six lks ffi, brotlrer-irr-law f deceased Lord itr illianr (Cravcrt), Lclrd lr, both Cassique alrd Llrdsr. h lirliitatiorrs, r-rrrlike the Kctelby gralit, r to the grantce's hirs rlralc, thouglr thcrc is llo stiplllation tlrat they nlust

mri Heraldry

II

h was f his body, i.e. descended frm him, Hodgson thought

."'iii.a

rms to arms descent, and like Ketelby WaS not granted revealed rm. subsequent examination f the college records Visitation 1664-5 a,t , "irborrgh his father rrdd pedigree lhe l9utl the son f iumberlind, his claim to arms was lespited, kings of Arms in had grant f arms end crest from the English

grants to first hlf of the eighteenth century was devoid f His i746, in mris till William rll WaS created Baronet and seventy years earlier, father had gone r to N# England about arms f rg t hr granted s on 4 December r 746 Pepperell cones] Vert ith the gmtti Cu!|,es thr rls [i. . i augmentation ,f/C"rr* Gules charged'ralti Fieur-deJis rgt. Thegranted crest, also rfrrd to victories &., th, Frh, and h was and was promoted In I759Isaac Heard was appointed Bluemantle, his death, aged 9 I , till to Lancaster in r 7 i ; h. ,.rrr"irred at the College

I7.

'ihe

|n1822,whenhehadbeenGarterKingofArmsforthirty-sevenyears. have estabBut fr American Independence Heard would probably

\ms and crest which would been granted toJoseph

Hopkins rId i l764if t}e Patent had been paid f, HopkiIrs was Commandant f the Queen's Regiment ot _\mi Rangers, and the -alp th shield rrsts

riJ.a reguleted herald'ic System th new grants andTegistretion North .i|.aigr.".s proving ",ight t" .": descent thToughout mrht

*aiof

th hif the StJohn bdians, whm he scalped at

(Co1l. rms, _I r758

-i+.

Louisburgh where h landed

SML

I4).

as mri. was -jt ptrJ.a to do this as he had traded years fr coming to between Bilbao in Spain and Boston fr five being c"ir.g., and his wife Katherine was native f Boston, y/illiam f Sir ;;;.r;idrw Tyler his wife Miriam, sisterAmerican after an B.pi.r.tt, the 1746 g,",,",,The_first grant_to is rrd only Heard's appointment"is dated 5 r74, but the 'never as it was among the papers f Stephen Martin Leake, Garter, granteeJoseph_ The r'. paid delivered r trd .roi ha.'rirrg been Regiment of Hopkins of Maryland was Combanda"t f th" Queen's Louisburgh at Americen Rangers and was the first ffir who landed the St John Ildians, r, 1,r". ,75, *he.e h scalped the hif of the French, h him given takini frm him honorary bedal and the ;;;;; is cluttered, which Suggests the influence f Heard, Sable ;;;; is fr fim .rr..ild. h arms r blazoned igs u Frh chellro t t pistols or d silyer Medal ith st the scalp tr the i irid Louis xv oiourrl chaplet dexteradaTomahamkothesinisterproperaChieJembattledArgent.

InT767ashortrunofgrantsbeganwithonetoJohn.V/illiamsof Board f Borton iTzz-Bz), I.rs.t, Gr] f the mri '/illiams of Salem, Customs mmissirrr, ,rrd s of Jonathan as /illiams was in London i 1767 to receive his Commission r78, In arms, of r..r, General, and in the same year had grt

;..*"r

pot, w in the san Diego Museum of |r" purchased tbe f

also after his death, pefigree was registered at the.College.

Boston il t767 (San Diego Museum f Art: Gi{t f S/illim . illr).

granted to Johrr

Silver coffee-pot .ith rrs '/illiams

Art, made in r77-8 the partners Thonras'Whipham and hrls 'wright f Loirdon, and engraved with his rmri1 bearings whih ale blazoned in the Letters Patent, C)r Li ralpallt Gls Chiqlzt. t Doues risig ,rgr with crest { rth of the colours att Eagle the tigs expartded proper rsig the ilextet, l otl tld Or. s an ot.ce-holder would expect'V/illiams to h been r, but '/higs. His h arrd nrost f his fril Wr Strongly r-mIi f i to married was (I7l7-9), who brotherJorrathan'Williams
Benjamirr Franklirr, WaS BoStonJustice f the and ModeratoT f the Boston ssr { 7l tht resulted in th Boston Party. His rrephew Jonathan 'V/illiams was r time 1arv clerk to Jh

I-1.\\1

S /' rill,\'7'l,.|',l,\'||li7'l/,

| |] l!/i l(,, /

.ll..,. ]lil},,,," :i:':r.

Il|,,.]-1|."

,-,,,,

,i ,Tri.]\]lll.r,J

,/];

.i,1

,l

,,illr-

. . ji:r., o/illiaIrrs f Bostor-r ,._-',i.]..i i I78, tlre r tr 'WilliarTs, :-.: jc.lth Jhrl ::.::d arlrls atrd crest tn I767

:,_..

ArIlrs. (l D l4, .

I-

Miiitary dm death Johrr the tr Poirlt. irrvelrtory rrd at to his silver rfrs h will y/illianrs irrcludes f pot, arrd in his 'mark't with the crest m fanrily rms', In l78 arnrs atld rSt Wr grallted to Darriel Heyward f th parish St Luke irr Grrill County, South rli, on the petition bi, son Thomas Heyward f thc Middle Tenrple, arrd pedigree was rrdd. There is r American elemerrt irr the crest, which is itt llazorred turaath oJthe clllours dexter rm md habited culcs Huger Darriel to nrade was grant I77I h the hrl proper mhwk, () sprig Soutb Carolina, Esquire, the crest bcing blazorred at the Fratrce l,'irqittia l'Ji.glttigale priprr. h ril had quitted Revocatiorr--of t Biici Nantes, arrd the motto shorvtr was Ubi liberty Libe rtas Ibi Patria, which might tratrslatcd as ''V/hr there is revolution, f eve thc thr is homeland', r interestinq hi usr alsb recorded pedigree but unlike'/illiams and Heyward h ."-' the College to sigrr it, the rvitrress bcins Isaac Heard. Heard also wittressed . p.dig..e recorded i 773 William Henry_Ricketts f in Jamaici, twerrty-third but only surviving _child f the twellty-Seven f Major-Getreral George Ricketts, also f . In
dr-trs, alld subsequently the first Director th

'/est

l64

mri Heraldry

Pedigree f Foster f Boston recorded in r78, including

Arms, D 14, . I-rz).

rms and crest in whih rhr is Virginia Nightingale (Col1.

in Nrth America. I 74 rd, who was th Norroy, had grant f arms fI his wife, and the limitations were extended to include with cIest the descendants f hr fthr and uncle, Andrew and 'William lr. Tyler pedigree witnessed Heard was recorded in r778. h last grant to an mri fr Independence was dated r rh 775, d was to Andrew ril Sparhawk, subsequently Pepperell, the son f Mrs Heard's first cousin, who obtained Royal Licence in February I77 5 to take the name and arms f his mtrl grandfather, Sir \[/illiam rll. 1rtter t775 there are occasional rfrs to America in grants to those who left ftr the Revolution. The limitations f some of the glants wr extended to include members f the grantees'families still resident in mri. in 78 Heard, then Clarenceux, in testimon1, 'William Foster of Boston in New f the sincere regard h bore to England but then resident in London, and f th wrm friendship and affection which had existed fr great umr f years between him

the same year Ricketts hd glant and the limitations wele extended to include the descendants f his uncle-/illiam Ricketts f theJerseys

\1

:]:l!,:l],]]]:Ji";

;ill

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x!:"l;i]l

, lil}lar

!*IL]*

l,,

17,

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,$n

l:, ;;.' l,,,l.,,-..,t.

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, .!.;*l,,, rI, /..,,,

rv

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n
1,1

ll ;l-,.,,

mri

Heraldry

I5

urd f Boston, petitioned for the gr"rr', to th two imilis.-s wr made in one patent, i-it.tior* being extended to include the descendants f Thomas '/illiam Fr,.r, thr oiyr'illi"- Foster, and Jacob Hurd, father f Hurd. h virginia nightingale appears in the crest granted to vert garished Thomas Foster i. is lzid 'igl r itd arms and crest or thr virgiia Nightigale risig proper, In 1788 '/'estminster,
and Foster's urrcle marriage, John

-.r.

mri LieutJnant-Colonel Co-brrrJ"nt f the King's Loyal third son ofJosephJessup of Fairfield, Connecticut, Two

gr^rr'.d tJBb"rr.J"rJe*ssup f Fud, Street,

late

K.gi-.".,

years later the grantees

described , ,ipo i",luJms'Wdms, '/oodmason, Charles Reverend i, orrly ,.r.rririrrg issue f the In r798 i"r-.riy Vicar ft Mark in the Province f South Carolina. obtained

rrt.r'ult, described as f New York, merchant, " Licence that his infant sons Edward Barrett Moulton

and

Samuel Barrett Moulton samuel Barrett and the arms had been granted to their maternal uncle of cinnamon the descend"rrt, oi their grandfather Edward Barrett fthr of Hill, Jamai , i T79z. ldr son ]Mas subsequently the Barrett f Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and as Edward Moulton

might assume th name and arms f Barrett;

BrrJ, H.r.fordshire, "r, .it"" he was frd to sell fr financial Charles Moulton, reasons, h ohained grant f arms for his father,
'/akefield,

Jamaica, in l8is, when th latter was f rht Ir, ,boz ldr Macleod, Senior East India m

his mother's maiden at Madras, obtained grantof arms on assuming grandfather being described as f south his

name f Hume, -it.rrrrl putnam carolina. In the following r grant was made to James 'the town and County then f Halifax, Nova Si, but frmrl f '/'orcester in the late Province (now State) f Massachusetts in f grant fr New England'. In r87, Sir George Nugent, Bt,, ohained f her his wife iylaria, and the patent iniluded the other descendants f the deceased father cortlandt skinner, sometime ttr-Grl f City th Carsan yearJames Province oNewJersey. In the next

obtained Lorrdorr, only child ol1r-., Carsan f South rli, In K"yrr li..rr.b to r t m and arms f rtr, his stepfather. post captain in.the Royal r 8 r z grant Was made to Jahleel Brenton, same name, the frmr the N;;y, ih. ,r, arrd grarron of ml.f

havingbeenaRe".-"Ad-iraloftheBlueSquadron,.andthelattero

grant included Rhode Island, in North mri. h limitations fth renton f Rhode the des cendents f the grantee's grandfather, Jahleel Brenton, mi were mri in Island, and those listds resident Robert f wife Frs, Frrrr..r, wife of Solomon Townshend, and

Brown, all f Newport, Rhode Island, and r, wife f Leslie was stewart ofNer york, merchant. one ofthe English beneficieries

mri,rldr

John Brenton, then Flag-Lieutenant f HMS rry. grant with extended limitations was made to James Russell f Clifton, Gloucestershire, in r8zo. is described as only surviving son ofJames Russell, 1ate f Charlestown in the Province f Massachusetts, and grandson f Daniel Russell of the same place, and the grant included James and Charles Russell st, grandsons f the Petitioner's uncie Richard Russell. r8z grt toJoseph Pringle lr, an rm captain half:pay, included the other descendants f his father'/illiam ir, late of m in the Province f NewJersey. This was the first grant to someone with an mri connectiorr made ftr the death f sir Isaac rd in l8zz and it was almost th last such grant to made in th nineteenth century. h only later similar gIant was in.-l8z8 to Sir Janres Alexander'/right, Bt., f Carolside, Berwickshire, only son of James Alexander Y/right f Charlestown, South rli, and grandson f ldr Y/right f th same l. His great-grandather f Georgia, was created James Wright, Governor of the Province 'V/right died unmarried in r 8 7. baronet t l77z . Sir James ldr wh he shoulci h been succeeded as 4th Baronet his first cousin '/right. 'V/right, son f his uncle h entry fr the John Izard Jh family last appears in the r 8 8 z edition urk' s Peerage, ftr which it seems to h been removed fr apparent lack f information about th 4th Baronet or his ugI thr Alexander. ftr the r 8z8 grant there is one f Anrerican interest in r 8 8 when Granville Penn f Stoke Park, Buckinghamshire, only surviving son and heir f Thomas Penn f the same l, and grandson and hir 'William Penn, sometime proprietor and first settler f ml f Pennsylvania, had grant pursuant to Royal Licence { rgt

l nineteenth-century grant that has been found in which anlmention is made f America is one in r87 to Edward Denman Thornburgh-Cropper, wh married Virginia Shhrd, only child f 'William Butler Thornburgh f San Francisco, and was granted
quartering fr Thornburgh. h armorial bearings of the United States were decided upon bv Congress in r78z. In accepting the need fr such insignia it rs unfortunate that Congress did not estabiish its own heraldic authority. Eugene Zieber's Heraldry i mri (rsos) quoting tbe Jrls _| Congress, irr. 9, biazons the armorial bearings as follows:
brrns Its of thirtee pieces, rgt
d

Fess Sable three Plates d t of hurl gmtti Cules r proper rrstig the Royal rw oJ Charles 11. hrftr the

guls; chief, azure; the suth

ott

the breast of the mri eagl,e displayed proper, hIdig i his dexter tl oliue

rh, d i his siister udl oJ thirtee rrs, all propelr, d i his beak scroll, iscribed with this motto ' lurius (Jnum'. Crest Oyer the head of the gI, hih appears the suth, glory, or, rkig through cloud,

mri

rtQr

167

jeld.

arget azure proper, d ytrrolmdig thirt stars, Jrmig costellatio

r Punctuation marks, which would not in an English blazon, it England in pieces used, arrd where there is an odd number of l pallets f Gules. h English scheme would blazoned rgt six hrgs is also:rot followed. principal and capital letters fr tinctures r on helmet, is of the not is y/t is called the crest, though it head. considered now to heraldry as it floats th type -'..-.ig entitled the blazon adopted Congress is section 'RemarksrrjB"lpt"rr"tion' whi pe'petuates the nonsense of English states, writers in attributing virtues to charges and tinctures. It honourable h Escutcheon is composed f the chief and pale, the two most in one solid alljoined States several the ..pr.r.nt ordinaries. h pieces, i"ly, whole and represents compact entire, suppoiting . ,bi,f, which unites the r kept Corrg..rr. h Molio alluJes to ts union. h pales in tbe rms .ior.iy united the hif and the hif depends on that t,nion and the f the ,r..rrg'b resulting frm it for its support, t denote the Confederacy unitJd states f mri; yrhite ignifres purity and innocence, Red, vigilance hardiness and valour, and Blue, the colour of the chief signifies f power the and arrows denote |.rr.rr.r".r.. & justice. The Olive h h Constellation * *r. .]uhi.h is exclusively vested in Congress.

i.... j..ro,.,

new state taking its place and rank mg the sovereign wrs, without any thr The Escutcheon is born orr*'h" r.rr, f an mri Eagle rely on thir own ,r'..r, to denote that the united states ought to virtue.

Fivepointedstars,ormulletsaStheyareblazonedinEngland, '/ashington as recorded at the Heralds' appear in th. arms f

did not Vir;trtior, f Northamptonshire in r9. George'/ashington record pedigree est;blishing s right to these arms descent, lthugh. ,-"d rd corresponded about his str in r79r with these d ligz and v/ashington useJ an armorial book-plate ,r-r.'. eventually rd on undated pedigree registered at rrdig the College in the bld-rqzor. h closest Heard got to ,V/sg on r witnessed Heard which was in pedigree f Gale step-grandfather, December l 7 7 6, dwhi includes'/'ashington's George Gale, who married his grdmthr, Mildred'Warner, Heialdry f both rsl and rrt tur was in frequent bookuse in mri both fr and ftr Independence in seals,

platesandonmonuments.Muchofthepersonalheraldrywasof

any bnghsh origin, and rrt hrldry tended to borne without oid s"rrltio,' f.m ih English Kings of rms; fr instance, the rms f Harvard college were first adopted in l64 the overseers as thr as seal design without tinctures. The rms then appeared

I8

mri Heraldry

books, those in chief being open with the letters 'VE' d 'R1' upon thm with that in base f down and inscribed '7AS'producing the motto 'VERITAS'. Later in the seventeenth century hr was placed between the thr books, and was used until the nineteenth century, when seal was adopted without but with all three books upwards. In 18 an American, Jh Von Sonnentag Haviland, later de Haviiand, was appointed Rouge Croix, and h m Yrk Herald in r87z. was r in r8z, rl in Philadephia where his fthr, an architect who specialized in designing prisons, practised. De Haviland served as Brigadier-General in Spain under Don Carlos in 1875 when Herald, and was soldier of fortune whose medals 'Wingfield, included the Iron Cross. Like his predecessors as York, rm, and'V/hitwick, h was in financial difficulties at the time ofhis death in 886; of particular interest is his evidence to th Earl Marshal's Inquiry f r89, in which he stated that, despite th wishes f Americans to trace their descent frm English families, the College now rfusd to register their pedigrees. This would seem to mark th low point f the College's dealings with independent America. h general interest in family origins in mid-nineteenth-century America can seen in the founding fth New England Historic Genealogical Society, Publication f its Register began in r847, its first stated aim being to mrhd'Biographical Memoirs sketches, and Notices f persons who came to North America especially to New England fr I7oo'. I985 one hundred and sixty-nine volumes had been uishd, and there were one hundred and sixteen volumes f the N Yrk Glgil d Biographical Record, first published in r 87. Notable American genealogists such as Colonel Joseph Lemue1 Chester worked in England, and Chester's papers were acquired tlre College frms. This interest led m Americans to m to the College in pursuit of English ancestors, both armigerous and nonarmigeTous. Fr those not entitled to arms descent the only way to obtain grant frm the English Kings f Arms was to find remote cousin wh could petition fr grant with extended limitations to include descendants f the common ancestor. Thus, i l9l7 grant was made to ArthurJohn Lewis Delafield, British subject, and to th descendants f his great-great-grandfather. These included an mri, John Ross Delafield of New York, born in r874, who was described t l9z as Brigadier-General, Ordnance Department Reserve, and graduate f Harvard Law School. In 19rJ. R. Delafield's mother, whose maiden name was Livingston, descended from an emigrant Robert Livingston born at Ancrum in Scotland t l654, had obtained grant f arms fr Livingston frm Lord Lyon. Following the r9r7 grant, J. R. Delafield had several grants

A-rrtr""Hrr"Idry

quarterings from the English kings of rms. These began with fr Hallett in r9r9 in respect f his great-grandmother, gr"r.t of "i-s r in ,766, tbedaughter ofJoseph Hallett f New York, merchant. Subsequent grants .r. f' Shulr and km t Tgz7 d Vanbrugh ilgz. J. R. Delafield was not subject f the Crown, but Limitations f grant to someone .hsis inclusion within the ibo -"' enabled him to receive later grants in the rml frm. daie, and not aS the result f any t what Seems to unrecorded '/'arrant frm the r1 Marshal, the minuted decision r gr1 English Kings of rmsg to make hrr grants of rmril Bcarings to bminent mris descended in an unbroken ml 1ine frm sub.lects f the British rw. These grants are recorded in the f same series as other grants, the only difference being the inclusion this that means descent to as restriction the word 'rr-'. h must in the ml line frm an ancestor resident in mri at the paris time Britain recognized mri Independence (the Treaty f I78), or frm i subsequent emigran' 1 rl_ml f hrr grant is that tohain campbell whrte f Litchfield, connccticut, in r9zo. In i964 Garter stated to the Chapter f the College that the kings f rms would not in future rrd to make hrr grants on the basis f British descent unless the pedigree stisg the descent was registered at the College, rr grants d limited umr f mris to recei,ve grants from ngland, and the twentieth century has seen the registration f mri pedigrees connecting with seventeenth-century or earlier records, *t.rrr pedigrees have, fr instance, been registered fr families f Randolph and pell, the frmr linking on to one recorded at the Heralds'-Visitation f Northamptonshire in r8 r, and Robert . Lee appears on pedigree dated November 1957, rr grants "rr. ,1r been made to rr knights such as Douglas'Fiirbanks, Jun,, but corporate bodies h not received hrr grants. hi was remedied in part wrrt f the Earl Marshal to the Kings f rms dated z5 July 196o, stating that the kings of rms had been requested the councils f certain towns in the United States of mri to devise Armorial Bearings fr thm, and as it appeared expedient that th should devise such rms they were auth;iized to do so. Devisals, es opposed to gr,nts f armorial bearings, have consequently been made to mri towns since r9oo. ihe consent f Grr f the state is first ohained in a}l such cases, and the records are trd in college series entitled Foreig rms rather than the main grants series._ subsequent r1 Maral's 'Wrrt f r February T96z extended the jurisdiction to devise arms to include American bodies corporate other than Town councils. Devisals cannot made to mri subjects f non-

I7

AmericatlL Heraldry

British descent as alternative to an honorary grant. Fwr than forty devisals have been made sirrce 196o; the first two wr to the cities f Hampton, Virginia and Kingston, Nrth Carolina, both dated zo Dmr 9. London (I968), King and Queen (rszs), Charles City (I975), Prince Grg (lgT6), Powhatan (I978), and King 'V/illiam (Tszc) Counties in Virginia h had devisals, as h the Commonwealth of Virginia (qz) and the Senate f the mmwealth f Virginia (rs, Georgia State College (r968), Middle 'V/inthrop College, South rli Georgia College (q8), and (r98o) are representatives f another gru, as r the Cathedral hurh f the Advent, Birmingham, lm (TsSs) and St Thomas's hurh, New York (Tqzs) Only three devisals were made to commercial companies between r9z and r987; these wr all in 967 to Mill rthrs Company f Chattanooga, Tennessee, Barclays Barrk f California, and Rich's Incorporated f the City f Atlanta. Grgi. h most unusual devisal is that to th Mescalero h Tribe irr r986. circular h shield was used, following immediate precedents f grants to African subjects f the Crown such as the frmr Colony f which have used African shield shapes, and the arms r ensigned with h Crown following the precedent f some English Civic heraldry where the arms can ensigned with

murl crown. The unusual shield shape aiso erphasizes the poirrt that the shield is l vehicle to display the arms, and its exact sh is t significant. The supporters are two slr h spirit darrcers. and th alms contain tribal notifs. American heraldry regulated frm Englarrd began in r 58 with th grant to the City ofRalegh, then in the Colony ofVirginia, and almost fur hundred years later the Town f Manteo, North Carolina, which occupies the site f the proposed city f Ralegh, petitioned the Kirrgs f rms fr devisal which they received in r98. h rms devised werc rgt Cross Cules six Lozetlges jid paluuise of the Jield i dexter chieJ Roebuck statat also Gules. This varied the i 58 grant blthe addition oflozenges to th cross, an allusion to Sir'Wltr Raleigh. arrd the alteration the tincture f the roebuck frm rr or is natural lur to Gules. Although in the United States thr is l comparatively small body f new authorized heraldry frm Englarrd. the extensive use there f, fr instance, personal rms sirrce th seventeenth centuly is indicative f the existence f hrldr in 11 states derived frm Europe. Even though the devisal system is f slight financiai berrefit to the Coliege f Arnrs it is rhs time that the United States recognized the need fr at least properiy regulated municipal or corporate heraldry, and established its own heraldic authodty.

.._::.-l f devisal rmril , .::]:igs ld in I9( to th '.'_=.,-:]r h ri (Coll. -_:::,... Frig Arnrs z, 176).

The (Jso of IIrldr s Decortion

decorative use ofheraldry can traced back to middle f the thirteenth century, about hundred years | ftr its invention, and like so -rr. else in medieval rt the initial inspiration m have been Frh, though England can claim to the first tr in ur to adopt heraldiy as part of lr f architecture rather rr, frm f imrr ", decoration r pageantry. The shion fr architectural heraldic decoration in England was first stimulated the example ig r III, and m increasingly Strong th. Middle'Ages f-g..rr.a. ".life. Henry had passion fr heraldry all his -rr, thr.fr, greatly impressed the decoration at banquet given f him in the -l Louis IX on visit to Paris in rz54. On ihat occasion Louis hung walls f the Great HalIwith painted wooden shields bearing the arms f the great noble families Fr, thus adapting the trap"pings of tournament to mk frm ofindoor mlli.-t. on his rt. to London Henry decided to this idea, but in permanent carved stone rather than tmrr painted wood. In rz58 rdrd that the spandrels ofthe aisle arcades at'westminster should adorned with rd stone shields representing his *r, f the ", and those Royal houses with which h was connected marriage, namely the arms f Edward the Confessor, f Englanj, the ir, Fr, Provence, and Scotland, together with ts f his principal vassals, the great English Barons: Clare, Bigod, Montfort, rr.rr.r., Bohun, Arundel, de Quinci, de Lacy, Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and one unidentified. 'When coloured these shields must h madb grand display f royal and baronial glory, and the idea soon m to widely copied elsewhere. fr his visit to Fr Henry had made use f coats f arms to adorn metalwork, tiles, and painted wall decoration. As rl as tz7, r instance, he commissioned silver platter ornamented with the_Royal Arms aS present fr the Queen. I lz4h rdrd his arms to painted on the window shutters f his ir.rt chamber at the Tower f London, and in rz extended the practice to all the doors and shutters f the New Hall and hmr at'winchester castle. The

i the 1 PURELv

\rth

aisle of tlre rrave 'estmillster Abbev. h

.hields ilr the spandrels,

::lcltrdirrg those illrrstrated ,r-hich shorv Fr Ancient -:lrl E.rgle displavcd. sur,i :iorrr lrr III's origil-ral .ht. alrd r th earliest lr example f the :I]rllt use fhrldr as
:orrr of architectural

jecoration. h rl .::hreetrth-cerrtury :]:trllunlellts, irrcludirrg one to :-: trusicianJohn l,. all --ortain shields f tl-re arms f
:i-_:

Jonrmission Historica1
:-,)],

deceased (Ro,va1

_',1otlumetrts.

NMR CCzo/

Great Hal] at Rochester castie and the hl at Havering were likewise embellished with heraldic stained glass at ut the same time, h latter depicted not just Henry's own rms but also those f f r. And in lz68 Henry his father-in-lar,v,'the Count '/orks at westminster to send to the instructed the r f the Palace ofHavering twenty glass wirrdows decorated with rt shields f rms fr th Queen's Chamber. t'Westminster , apart frm the carved stone shields in the aisle arcades, the flr f the Chapter House hd decorated with heraldly in about I25, and the floor '/estminster htr House h the earliest surviving tiles f the represelltation f the king's rms in architecturai decoration. th. sorr.r.igrr's example was soon widely emulated the rs and great ecclesiastics, and there was rapid spread f heraldic decoration in th later thirteerrth centuly. This carr seen as aspect th gwth f urtl romallticism at that time. and maniestation fth mr secular trends fth age, hrldr taking Some f the place 'vr'ithin shrt time coats hitherto occupied reiigious symbolism. of arms m the standard frm f embellishment on the tombs of both the laity arrd the clergy, at first modestly, and then with increasing elaboration and decoratir.e . Fr instance, the rl thirteenth-centufy figure in Gloucester Cathedral f Robert Curthose, Duke Nrmd (died I I 4) , f which Robert Cooke, Clarenceux, made sketch in about r 59, shows the hr f the first Crusade lying cross-legged wearing coat f rms on tomb decorated with ten shields. Nor r,vas the use f heraldic decoration confined to the alchitecture f churches, Palaces, houses, and tombs. Heraldry soon ud its lvay into the illumination musrits, where medalliorrs

m f Robert curthose
eldest son f

'willianr
.

qurr, in Gloucester
Cathedral as rroted

th

Rrt Cooke. ]u (1l. Arms, ICB 7, . 49)

I59

alongside religious, naturalistic, and borders and initial letters. in the coloured grotesque decorations rudl Psalter in the British Lihary, with its diaper pattern f heratdic lions and fleurs-de-lis, r the Ormsby Psalter (Douce ) in th Bodleiarr at frd, with its shields f arnrs, r typical late thirteerrth-century examples. Sometimes the shields in th borders f manuscripts were suspended frm painted loops or twigs, creating r attractive patterns. rldr made its nrark rreedlework too. Much has disappeared, but it is likety that secular decorative hangings and tapestries were often enliverred rvith coats f arms, and hurh vestments certainly rvere; bishops and abbots, fr instance, enjoying the right to display their own rms on the orphreys f their or at the bottom f the cross on the back f their hsu. h Syon in the Victoria and Albert Museum is very good surviving ml f late thirteenthcentury vestment with heraldic needlework orphreys (though the latter r now thought to h been made up out f Stole). Heraldry provided the artist with an easy lepertory f ready-made nrotifs, arrd full advantage was taken f this, notably painters and stained-glass makers, th patterns arrd colours f coats f arnrs lending

f rms took their l

The Use of Heraldry Drti

h heraldic orphreys f the late-thilteenth-century Syon (Victoria and Albert

Museum, Q rz4).

176

The Use of Ileraldry as Decoratio

themselves to glazing. Surviving medieva1 stained glass, such as that

in York Minster ut I, contains muh elaborate heraldic decoration; the windows in the Chapter Flouse fr instance contain royal arms in medallions, including the fleurs-de-lis f Fr, the

castles of Castile, and the chalices f Galicia, while the nave w"indows h borders displaying the arms th royal and noble beneactors of the Minster and of the great rthr families. h display fhrldr in stained glass, in both secular and religious buildings, has continued to one f the most ulr decorative uses fhrldr down to the

present day, perhaps rg its most extensive maniestation in the windows of the great town halls f Victorian England. The development f hrldr as fm of artistic and architectural embellishment in the thirteenth century received furthr fillip frqm dwrd I's military ideals and cult f chivairy. In Edward's reign the whole f court life seems to have been touched romantic glamour reflected in rih pageantry, new ceremonial, and th general elaboration ofheraldry. s was European-wide development at th time,

countries, and the use of heraldic decoration was sometimes taken to extfemes. The canopy r the tomb f Edmund ruhk in -W'estminster , for instance, was painted with no fwr than hundred and fifty coats of arms, while the Gatehouse f Kirkham Priory (. ) inYorkshire was entirely covered with the arms f the founders and benefactors f the Priory, wl at Butleigh Priory in Suffolk the coats f arms adorning the gatehouse filled no fewer than seven closely packed rows, like sheet f postage stamps. The decorative fancy d exquisite crafts-manship oflate thirteenthcentury heraldic art is seen in its most fully developed frm in Eleanor crosses which Edward erected to commemorate the furl procession of his wife, lr f Castile, who died in Nottingham'V/estshire in rz9. r twelve-day funeral journey frm r to minster was given rmt memorial in the frm f stone cross at h l where the ffi rested overnight. h f them was decorated on the sides with shields f the arms f England and stil, as seen still the surviving examples at Geddington and Hardingstone in Northamptonshire and'/'altham Cross in Essex. The cult of the pageantry f death and the employment of heraldry for the purpose r had its origins in Fr, Edward being influenced the m and circumstance,that had surrounded the return fth body f St Louis fFr rm Tunis to the f St Denis. h stations f the 1ast stages f the funeral procession f St Louis had been marked similar ceremonial, and the erection f stone crosses known as the Montjoies f St Louis. The fashion thus started reached its culmination in the later Middie

but the impact probably went deeper in England than in other

:-.
_:

iTr Yorkshire (bLrilt , ] _::.,). enlbellishecl rith

.-..

:_lrv

*aterYa, ikh-r

].l

- ]tlttrs (Roval _ ::,,mission on Historical

:],,1ll1ents.

]lS orrrrders

- :-

NMR 86/

::.:. th Elc,atlor Cross at -.:,'-::lqstotrc itr

'
,

. ::1.1I-nptollshire rd t,ith , ,:. irls (Roval .

::,_:llissiotr orl
:],_:l,l1elrts.

NMll

Historical

I]+.s /q116).

Dwig r Lilly (I589I 8), Rouge Dragon

pursuivant, f the furtthtur font and r (now lost) at East Wih in Norfolk, with carved and painted wrd and other arms (Duke of Norfolk).

used to display the crests, coronets, arms, supporters, badges, and mottoes f the deceased. late but well-recorded ml is that f Thomas Howard, znd Duke f Nrflk, the victor f Flodden, who died on zl r5z4, and was given the iast great furl f the Middle Ages. 'No nobleman was evel to buried in such style again.' The hmr f state, the great h11, and the hl at Framlirrghanr Castle, the principal Howard seat in Suffolk, were hung with black cloth and numelous escutcheons frms, while the Duke's body 1 in state there fr month. Orr zzJune the Duke's colTin set out on the z4milejourney to htfrd rir, NrIk, the ancestral burial l f the Duke's family. h coffin, drawn on chariot, was bedecked with gold escutcheons and accompanied nine hundred murrs, including black-hooded trhm, friars, the gentlemen f his household, and Heralds. His helmet with crest was r '/indsor Herald, and hatchments displaying his rmril achievemetlts wr carried Carlisle rld and iru and Garter Kings f rrs. At Thetford rir the f{i was placed fulus catafalque in

Ages irr the elaborate etiquette f rl and noble funerals. h burials of the gIeat m grandiose hrldi spectacles, with the lying-instate, the furl procession, and not least the catafalque itself 11 being

Th,U"qtH"dfuy

",D

was an the centre f the choir for the furl service. This catafelque enormous heraldic fantasy of k and gold, adorned with seven 'bannerols', hundred lights, ack-gowned wax ef{igies holding eight The furl arms. his f and no fwr'h"r, hindred achievements " including service itself was marked series of heraldic ceremonies, f the Duke's rms, procession of the Heralds bearing achievements

f and, most awesome of all, the diamatic tr into the church visor the with armour Duke's knight on horseback wearing thedead ld and carrying his battleaxe head-down, Though th; kd of ceremonial funeral with heraldic display lingered in reachedits apogee in the later Middle gs, the fashion and the reduced form Into the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in the deceased, the of habit of displaying the hatchments f the arms occurs still frm of ri.rgi. . ,r.. the frt door f his residence, " frm time,o ii-. in the twentieth century at the odd frd college or country house in Lincolnshire. Such hatchments wr usually the local displayed . . .., on the house and then deposited in j"ti.rg centuries, frm the eighteenth and nineteenth church. Many, eloft diamond-wise in the old parish arrgi.rg r familiar sight England; they are_ painted on square f churches and fil chapels '/hr the wooden boards , ..rrr.., with simple k frames. his f those with deceased was married his arms are shown impeled

wife,andifthewidowoutlivedhim,onlythehalfbehindthe
his deceased's arms is painted black, the background f

living spouse hr arms no when is divorced, being painted whiie, unless the wife longer appear. full account f grand later furl is Francis Sandford's Furl of took place at the Great Duke oJ lmrl i r67o. h lying-in-state hung with wr rooms three Somerset ,rrJ in the Strand, where lay on Duke The black velvet and decorated with escutcheons f rms, was feet and at his black velvet bed f state under lrg hatchment, table placed an arrangement of heraldic banners and bamlerols, and and gauntlet, crest, and hlm with his ."' ? arms, Sword, targe,

Spurs.TheTstDukeofMarlborough'sfuneralinLondoninzzis aiso well rrdd. On that occasion five rms at Marlborough Houseweredecoratedforthelying-in-State,hungwithblack,and f the embellished with heraldic devices and badges f the order

f the Garter. h Heralds usually attended and recorded the furls of in the course nobility, but this practice gradually fll into_ desuetude the eighteenth tr. loday th Heralds only take part in the soverJign's funeral, that of the Earl rshl, r state funeral like sir '/inston churchill's; on the latter occasion they carried selds f paul's the deceased's arms and his banner in the procession in st cathedral. Heraldry, however, continues to one of the chief frms

The (Jse of Heraldry as Decoratia

f decoration on memorial tts and tombs, as it has been slnce

the thirteenth tur.

f the Just as the use f heraldry m standardized as part its architecAges Middle later in the trippings noble furl, so tuJ manifestation m increasingly uifrm. In churches, coats

ofarms and crests embellished the bosses f the vault, the stained glass in the windows, the spandrels f the arches, the panels f screens, and tr chests. In houses, col1eges, and secular buildings it also m the rm to have grand heraldic display r the gatehouse, on fireplaces, and on the metal vanes f the rf, as can seen in th gs at frd r Cambridge. h architectural use fhrldr in Gotc architecture reached its ultimate prominence in th decoration ofKing's College Chapel at Camidge. There, all the stone carving is dt to dynastic display; there is no religious imagery in the stonework at all; everywhere six ft gh rampant greyhounds and dragons support the Royal rms. ITnmense and deeply undercut roses and portcullises are set ff against the bare perpendicular stone panefiing. This triumphant heraldic expression on the part f th new tudor rh was part of an international architectural develop_ ment in the later Middle gs, and can paralleled, fr instance, at sanJuan de los Reyes at Toledo, where huge crowned escutcheons f th aTms of Ferdinarrd and Isabella enliven the tonework, or the fd f the (Jniversity Salamanca, rhs the most superb specimen f heraldic sculpture in Europe. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries thr was considerable diminution in the use f heraldry in architecture. The Renaissance brought with it new vocabulary of Italian classical decoration which oust the mr Gothic excesses associated with the architectural use f heraldry. Heraldry tended to once mI associated with temporary decorations fr royal and other pageantry, rather than prince rtl executed in stone. Thus, fr the marriage f rthur to catherine f rg in r5or, very elaborate wooden and canvas rhs were erected, embellished with paintings f the Royal rms, badges, devices, and supporters. d these temporary arches and other frms of 'stage scenery' m standard item f r1 ceremonial at coronations, marriages, receptions for frig ignitaries, and so forth. In the seventeenth century heraldry played Hltle or no part in the decoration of the houses and palaces f Inigo 'Wren. Even Vanbrugh, who was himself Herald, made Jones or little use ofheraldic devices in his buildings. In the eighteenth century heraldry was usually confined, on the outside f buiidings, to the embellishment opediments, and was strictly curtailed the overall discipline ofthe classical architecture. good ml is the display of the shir arms in the pediment r the entrance to the stables

i:::T stth-r

rsl

;:-,. oiHerrTy (Howard), rI

:ti.'Warenne, and
:d\r^hmt, quartering

binding stamped with the

-:.gi.

ig

--r of th shield is .j:r- mrk for second son

The little rst in

}i

of Norfolk).

designed byJames Paine at Chatsworth in l758. hr the life-size st stags supporting the cavendish arms h real antlers, Inside b.orgi"r, hoises the convention was to confine the display f

hrldr to t entrance hall, whr the family'S crest WaS usually painted on the wooden backs f the un-upholstered_hall hirs, and ,o-.ti-e, was also used as decorative emblem in the plaster frteze whr the frieze is Doric, th crest is often used for the metopes between the triglyphs, aS at Norfolk House, Shugborough, Sledmere, and many othei piaces. t Kedleston, the seat of the Curzon family since Norman times but rebuilt in the mid-eighteenth century, heraldry is restricted to miniscule, and inaccurate, mrl tablets in th chimney-pieces of dm's entrance hall. hr are exceptions to this general' ,irl., f course: at Boughton irr Northamptonshire, r Instance, there is charming mid-eighteenth-century cnoiserie staircase, each tread ofwhich displays shield bearing th family arms f the Dukes f Montagu, rfrrd to Horace'/alpole in typical pun es the'descent of the Montegues'. ' 'U^lpol" himself wes one f the revivers f heraldic architectural d..orr?iorr, as well as f Gothic in general, at his mus house

I82

The Use

o_f

Heraldry as Drti

Strawberry Hill in Middlesex. h two things went hand-in-hand in 'Whrr mock the late eighteenth and rl nineteenth centuries. battlements or traceried windows r pinnacled skylines raised themselves, so also could expected proud display of, occasionally bogus, heraldry. \[iilliam Bcckford's Fonthill , r instancc, was bedecked with all the heraldry h could command r imagine in plaster, stone, and stained glass. h rl nineteenth century saw the enthusiasm fr the Middle Ages manifested in such projects as the grandiose reconstruction f Y/indsor Castle, combined with mr shlrl rh in the wrk f designers iike Thomas'Willenrent, 'Heraldic Artist to George IV', who was responsible fr reviving medieval-style heraldic painted decoration and stained glass, revival perfected , W. N. Pugin who, just as h introduced note f high seriousness into the Gothic Revivai, so also helped to instil shlrl note into architectural decoration. His heraldic display in the Houses of Parliament is exemplary, and would have won the approval of r III himself, It set the standard fr muh f the Victorian revival f architectura1 heraldic decoration, which soon outdid the fourteenth century in scale and prolixity. Pugin, fr instance, goes the credit fr reviving the heraldic encaustic tile, as well as brasses and mlwrk. typically Victorian development was heraldic carpet, examples f which survive at hrlt (Warwickshire) decorated with the'lus'f the Lucy family, and at Carlton wrs (Yorkshire), w with the umt lion. It would hrd to think mr thoroughgoing and shlrl schemes of heraldic decoratiorr than those conceived in the 8 7os hrls Alban Buckler, Surrey Herald trdir, fr the I5th Duke Nrflk at Arundel Castle, or brGerreral de Havilland, York Herald, at Cariton wrs fr the 9th Lord Beaumont. In these vast Gothic houses rl r windolT glows with heraidic stained glass, every firl is 1ined with hrldi tiles, rl every ceiling and cornice sports an rr f rd and painted shields. rts. qutrigs. crests. and surtrs. h fashion r heraldic decoration in th nineteenth tur was rrot just an aspect f the Gothic Revival atrd new medievai historica1 scholarship; it was also manifestation f the seigneurial pride of the English ur classes ftr the Frh Revolution and'Waterloo. h rl nineteenth century in England saw the manufacture f endless Norman pedigrees, the medievalliztng f surnames and titles-de 'Wyatville-and the indiscriminating enjoyment Freyne, de Ramsey, f 11 th trappings that went with suh sonorous medievalisms. Thus, the larrdowner marked ali the tied cottages on his estate with tablets bearing his crest oI coat of arms. At lkhm in Norfolk, the iron door f r cottage rr was embossed with the ostrich crest f the Cokes. At Arundel, the cast-iron bollards in the streets f the town

din
Lock

mralh
t{\ L.

re

,th
l .

";ing
-iT,-a1

ESn
aTl}
i.]*iaS

] t.lf
j---]

l\

_It!

lOg-S

"'
tj

lo:e
: l_ai1

r]

:}
--L !l1]

|,*
lJ,1.-

:.,,r, 1qli) Chimrley-piece in th ,i:arving rm at Arundel Castle, desigrred in r87 bv hrls Albarr uklr (r8z4,95). Surrey HeTald :trrdir. and d Thornas r. h 1arger :leraldic hirt shows th .:Trrs th I5th Duke f \rflk impaled lr.ith those of

bear the ducal lion f th Norfolks, and the tokens fr the toll bridge at Shrhm, built the rzth Duke, wr stamped with the Norfolk crest. umhr Repton, in the Red Book fr improving th

_-js rr-if

Flr (Abrre,v-

Hastings), h small shields :-,r,pict the principal nredieva1 ;];]rterings irrherited th ]lrkc. ivhile rh lll ilcs irl ::l trreplace r th Horvard.
:;Tzalan. and
'W'arctlne

arnrs

Duke f Nrflk),
:-- rlght) Datc-stotle

_.:l cottage at

f 8zI Irrverora olr -le Duri Castle estate,

-iurlrerland, r,vith the arnrs

Leu-eson-Gorver) rst \larqlress ofStafford, and thosc ..ihis rvife. Countess f S,.rtherlarrd irr hr olvrr right.

Egerton, to decorate all the milestones along the public roads on the estate with the Egerton rms. The heraldic inn sign, which m widespread in this period, continues to so mm sight in England as to taken fr granted. Nearly r village and town has at least one pub displaying the arms of past r present local fmil, They even col1tinue to augmented. In I955 the Green Dragon at Downham in Lancashire, fr instance, changed its m to the Assheton, Arms on th elevation of the local squire, Sir Raiph Assheton, to the rg as the rst Lord Clitheroe, and its fagade was suitably embellished with large heraldic signboard to mth. More recently the pub at Hainton in Lincolnshire changed its m frm the Hainton Imr to the Heneage Arms, h use f heraldry has always mrk f livery, and though partly practical (to errable man's servants and dependants to recognized), this was always largely decoratir.e. In the Middle Ages gIeat magnates clad their servants and followers in liveries based on their heraldic colours, despite repeated attempts the Crown to

palk at Tatton in Cheshire, advised his client there,

'Vy'ilbraham

i84

The [Jse

oJ

Heraldry as Drti

control this abuse. rmril Bearings were used as symbol of man's authority on all h owned and directed: his seals, his plate, his hrs trappings, his servants, his gaming counters, his dogs, and so frth. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries this hd its most spectacular manifestation in the decoration f carriages, fanrily silver, '/hl armies f h painters were employed and footmen's livery. in painting heraldic panels fr carriages, and sm we1l-known artists began in this particular line. h architect'/illiam Kent, fr instance, began lif as an apprentice to coach painter in Hul1, before group f 11 gentlemen, struck his talent, clubbed together to to send him to Italy to train as ploper itr. Many heraldic coach panels survive, as they were often cut out and kept when th h itself was broken up. Coachmen's and footmen's livery also made great decorative l on the family heraldry, usually being in the fmil colours, with the silver buttons bearing the full achievement or the crest alone. some liveries went further in the heraldic line. h ftm f the Leghs of Lyme f hshir, fr instance, wr spare sleeve flapping at the back f their coats to represent the standard-bearing rm f the augmentation in the family arms (granted in r575 on the
Viscount Cornbury courtesy (d. ,zs), showing arms f Hyde and irrtl viscoutlt's It, as h was only summoned to Parliament in his fthr, the rl of
(botto

l)

Obverse and rrs f mthr-rl gaming counters of Henry (Hvde).

Clarendon's, lifetime as barorr (private collection). (ttmright) Sea1 matrix (enlarged) ofquartered arns! suppoIters, and cororret ofTank baron, ofJohn (rud1), 4th Lord Arunde1 frri. Arms quarterly one and fur Sal,;/c
six yuallouls close three, ttuo, d rgt, two and three sable three hls rgt: supporters t thrs gurdt Or spotted o;f uarious colours d ist| Proper (private col1ection).

The Use of Heraldry as Drti

I85

lf

plate, nd so

Btlok-plate f SiT lfd Scott:r (tl47-1r.rl8). wirh his .lrn rrs and those ofhis l
;: Grr King rms (privare
.

moSt
iir,er,
Ior-ed

co.1ection)

ists
,
trp

of

send
ranels

f,rs

rourS.

lone. en f
leer.e

ig

armorial porcelain produced in China fr European clients. '/hl dinner services were painted with coats f arms, depicted with greater r lesser ur. h stories f written instructions on the original sketch-'This is Gules, this is Vert'-being painstakingly reproduced an oriental painter on hundred plates are not rhl. Such painting on Chinese Export porcelain was usually done frm heraldic book-plates which the client sent out with his order. Book-plates themselves r, f urs, an attractive seventeenth-century heraldic creation, and one which is still popular frm f heraldic decoration
today.

basis f th muddled tradition f descent frm hr f r). h use f arms on tl china and silver varies from an engraving f the crest to three-dimensional representations. At Chatsworth muh f the plate is supported the Cavendish stags, r has the Cavendish snakes as handles. At'Woburn, the silver salt llrs take the frm f the Russell goat crest. h use f heraldry to decorate tableware perhaps had its most attractive expression in the eighteenth-century

h use f hrldr to mark th owner's possessions, as frm f display, was so widespread that it was taxed in the eighteenth century as frm f income tax, and licences to display rms, similar to the dog licence, survived until I945. h comparison with dog licences is not entirely coinciderrtal, because dogs wr often used fr heraldic

86 Dog-collar f the th Duke f Devonshire's nrastiff, tr, with the cavendish crest and Duke's rt applied ir. silver RobeTt Garrard II, I8z
(Duke f Devonshire and the Trustees of chatsworth
Settlement).

The Use of rldr

as Drti

display themselves, their collars being embellished with the family arms r crest. good ml survives at Chatsr,vorth: the collar f the th Duke f Devonshire's nrastiff, Hector, which sports ducal coronet and the Cavendish snake crest in silver. And Siegfried Sassoon tells us that his ul, at the beginning f this century, had his poodle's coat cut with the family crestl 'V/hile most l might rhs consider an heraldic poodle bit showy, refined velsiol1 f this tradition is th hif decorative expression fhrldr today. h use f the crest r full achievement irr book-plates, table silver, on signet rings, r on writing r is the main outlet fr heraldic rt in the late twentieth century; and thr is recent fashion fr painting arms on the lids f Javatory seatsas can seen at Renishaw arrd thr flourishing utr houses. hr r no hrd and ast ruls about the decorative display f hrldr. It is very much matteI ofirrdividual taste, though carried to extIenres it can look ridiculous, as irr the case described lJptorr 'Winnie had coat f Sinclair in his book The Creat Xlletropolis:'Mrs rms; he had noticed it u hr auto, and again upon the liveries f her ftm, and yet again upon the decanter f Scotch. And nowincredible and appalling-he srd it branded upon the delicately browned sweetbread.'

\PPENDIx

The Rl lr/LS of Grt ri,t,

THBbestknownexampleofheraldryinBritainisundoubtedlythe gr-

R;ir-,

depictej on coins, seals, Acts f Parliament, fronts, the r which flies ment circul"rr, ,"i"" ,-, ,h is in residence, and, itr its various over the Queen's houses when she public buildings throughout the lristoric rms, ;r, .rrr.., and m th"t the Royal Arms are the land. lt is not ,r, .*"gg"ation to ,i^iachievements, So muh So most frequently dispTa-yed _f all heraldic Yet they r of the greatest ;;;;;.;r.nd to ' t,t"" f, granted, a"",ig" reflects the marry Stages in the historical interest, ,J '"rr well as changes in the developevolution of the British mrh, as frm the earliest centuries to th ment f her"tai. p,",ii,e and design
as

o,,:,il,r"l

as used today quarter the three of OitLrese, th arms f the Kingdom England, S.ott""a, ""d Ireland, and r arethe most ancient, England, culu trri iir;;;;;;"*!urdl Rlchard I in the late twelfth century, date back to the ,." Seal,

rms

Kingdoms of

"iking 1s on his second Great Their earliest known representatlon King on horseback holding ought into use i" "g, i"bi,b :hoy'the three , *", the first Englis Ti"g ., use th shield f these ",;;, Paiis in the thirteenth century lions, thougb rrlri" -. "tthw the and sonretimes attributed to all these arms -.," 'b",KJated" fr fashion conqueror onwards, The Errglish kirrgs rr william the fr f,gu,es f the past who lived inventing t.g.na",y ",*, " g,e"t in th ltr Middle gs heraldry _r, irrrr.r_",J;;;;p"Iar"pastime irr an trm rm itr the arms throughout ur, and is-seen r even Adam, h arms f attributed to Cb,i,i ",J', Apostles III in his which wr_muh used r
Edward the Corrfessor,

buildingworks".w",.-i"sterinthemid-thirteenthcentury,atrd an all r Westminster , are which catr ,."", , , the that likely arms, It seems example f such t"g",d",y posthunrous r
use of arms

JdB"gI^"d goes lk no further than evidence (though no Ki.bira I. r II, the fthr " 'it.r"ry II r Cules Li r,tl surviving, physicai ""ia"""; thatHenrv eal had sirrgle lion rmt, Or. Richard -.r, Je Lion's'first Great

by,h;?;;;,

I\\

Appetdix.: Tlrc Rol,a|,4,.,,,,

o_f

Creat riti

the seventeenth-century antiquaries and Heralds such as Elias shml that the third liolr was added to rrSt Aquitairre (Richard beirrg the inrmediate heir to the Dukedom f Aquiirre thrugh his rthr lr), the thr two lions representirrg ErrglanJ and Normandy. The rms f the Kirrgs f Errgland retaitrecl the r assunred 1r Richard ur de Liorr dor,vn to I 4, wh Edwarcl IlI quartered the rms FrIr (ancient), Azttrc settty oJ'Flettrs de lis Or as part f his claim to the Frrrh thr, clainr which causecl the outbr'eak f the Hurldred years war. At some tinre in th first decacle f the fitrrth tur (the exact date is t clear) the Frh quartering irr the Royal Arnrs lvas a]tered to Fr (rnodern), Azttre thrce Fler|rs de lis Or i dr to brilrg it illto line with urrt Frrrh practice. h new arnrs Frlr quartered with Englatld r ,, .,rr- IV's second Grt Sc:al which ilrto use dr-rrilrg Nrr l4, tbought it is ssi that the chatrge hd urrd r r so fr tht. F7oissart rrds that F-dward III qurtrd thc Frh rms at tlre itrsistence f his Fleniish allies, who n-rade it conditiotl oftheir support fr his claim to th Frh thrrl. The reasolr rvas that th.y -"."'bound pledge two nrillion floritrs to the trot io nrake w agairlst the legitimate Kirlg f FrIl. At CouIlcil in Brussels th.y t dwd that ih r the arnrs f Fr (to whiclr h was t.*rtt crrtitled iri right f his nrother),,'}.r.wor-rld rgrd hinr as the righiful King f Fr, and this would rclease thenr frr th .o,-,seq,relrces f their pledge_ithcy ught fr hinr, h quartered coat thu, r the arltl-. J'ld, rrot f Errglatrd arrd Frarrce together. h gold and silr coitls milrted after Herrry VI was .ro-rr"d Kirrg f "... in Paris depict two escutch.orrr, ,r. containirrg the Fr -rr arrd the "rr-,r, thr the quartcred arnr_s of Erigland; the poirlt being that the quartered rlS Were not those f Fratrce and England ut gld only. rt rm the reign f Queelr Mary in the mic-l-sixteerrth cerrturr,. when h rms ofEngland were ror,r.tirrr., shown inrpaled -i,r rh;;; f hr husbalrd kirrg philip II of spailr otr seals r coins, Frarrce rdr quartered with Errgland remained the Royal Arnrs .1-r. , l and the accessiorl Jms I, an event which led to furthr nrodificatiolrs in rdr to irrt the rrs f scotlarrd. At that timethe qurtrd rms f England arrd Fr wr placed irr the first arrd furth qrtrs, the arms f scotland, or rioi rompot withi

and Count f Mortairl, Strk i Tl77, had shield with two lions passallt guardant, alrd it is possible that th rms with three lions on the second seal f Richard I r,vas derived frm that, It was believed

r,vhich substalltiates the claim that these wr th rs r his thr. The seal f Richard'S rthrJh as Lord f Ireland ugr

t -__

di

The Royal Arms of Great riti

I89

his reland
, iiorrs
)nS on -=J 1.

_\sh-

i;hrd th his

and

=J .. ;* tllc
.. his

.-: h

:-;nth
R.-.r, 1

, l '::lS U_::
---l-: -_j _
t

r VIII in T54I. During the Commonwealth the Royal Arms, along with thr trappings f monarchy, wr abolished, but apart frm this interruption the Royal Arms remained the same frm till the flight frm the throne f James II in r88. hrls II, hwr, seriously considered dropping the Frh quartering frm the arms f England in rdr to satisfy th vanity f Louis IV f Fr, but was dissuaded on antiquarian and political grounds Elias Ashmole, Y/indsor Herald, who set out his arguments in letter to the King dated rJune rI (preserved in transcript byJohn Anstis at the College f rms). As this has never been published it might f interest to quote frm the relevant paragraph:
The premises considered, I must huml propose to ur Majesty's judgment and wisdom, whether the Present Arms f England (whih upon such solid reasons f state were composed f France and England, King Edward the rd, and throughout th succession f our Kings have hitherto inviolably preserved from alteration and whih, upon znd thoughts, and further deliberation, were confirmed your Royal Grandfather, and so continue to this day) m your Majesty voluntarily disquartered without manifest prejudice to Title and Claim to France. And therefore, that ur Majesty will please in an ffir s uik and high Concern as

double rssur jory utr Cule.s were placed irr the second quarter, and the rms f Irld, Azure Harp Or striged Argent, were introduced into the third quarter fr the first time. h rms f Ireland were, thrfr, not introduced into the Royai Achievement until the reign ofJames I, so as to balance Scotland, despite the fact that the Kings f England had been Lords f Ireland since the reign ofJohn, and hereditary Kings f Ireland since the assumption f that titie

bsi'alc
--_

Lli]l ]

-:

!_ -:_.-j

-L-,

-j'-l :_: _,:

'::_-]:
: j'"';_'

:- , :

this both is and m prove to , to weigh exactly the interest f England and France together, which such other considerations, as m naturally and Politickly arise therefrom, fr you determine any thing therein.

?;::s :j :__.
-- --_ : __*

:_-_

l.-]_::

,---.;.."-

various Sovereigns, who were not granted the Arms f England alone, suitably differenced, but differenced version f the Royal Arms as r their parent. Althotigh there is the added point that Fr and England were r as Grand Quarter Charles II's thr and grandfather, and subsequently him and his thr

achievement tili r8oI, when it was omitted in compliance with one f the articles f the Treaty f Paris, George III renouncing his title f King f Fr at the same time. Part f Ashmole's argument was that the rms f England and Fr were an impartible coat representing England. Some support fr this can found in the arms assigned to illegitimate children f

Charles II took Ashmole's advice, and left the arms as they were. In the event, the Frh quartering remained part f the English heraldic

I9o

di

: The

Royal Arms oJ-Creat Britai

"rr,i with it r Arms of Dominion, representing count-ries f which the King or Queen is Sovereigrr, and that it is coirsequently inappropriate to treat it as if it WaS quartered personal coat. ftr th departure ofJames II, the Royal rms changed srl times during the reign f his daughter Mary and hr first cousin anc1 husband \[/illiam f rg. 'William r. were proclaimed "rrj th Scottisharliament King and Queen in Fur r89, and until recognized thm in ril 689 they bore Grand Quarter in one and fur f Quarterly Fr mdr d glil with Ireland irr two and thr and an escutcheon overall fr Nassau, mi z billetty d Li rt r- I April r89 coat was briefly adopted and r, on Some coinage f (r) England, (z) Scotiand, () Ireland, () France, with an escutcheon ofNassau r1l. This disregarded the impartible aspect ofEngland and France and lasted only f morrths. hrftr the aTms as used the first fur Stuart Sovereigns f Englarrd were re-adopted, ml (r and 4) Grand Quarter oiF.rrr.. dr' "nd England, (z) Scotlarrd, () Ireland, with Nassau r 11. This coat could also impaled with similar one omitting th escutcheon f Nassau r ali to signifyjoint mrhs till the dth f Mary, aged z, t,694. On the death of'/illiam and the accession fr;s siJter in l7oz, the escutcheon r ail fr Nassau was dropped, and Queen Anne bore ttll 7 the traditional Stuart Royal rm'"s r hr fthr, uncle, grandfather, atrd great-gratrdiather. h Act f lJnion l77 destroyed Ashmole's impartible coat Fr and England. hrftr, th LJnion was signified arr impaled coat f England and Scotiarrd irr the first alrd furth q.rrrt"rr, with France mdr in the second quaIter, and Ireland irr th third, the accession_of George I t 74 the first thr quarters remained the sr. The furth, which had identical to t first. was replaced three coats tierced r pale and per hr fr r comprising () uls tl.uo Lis sst gurdt or fr Brunswick, (z) Or semy of hearts Guls Li rt Azure for I,uneburg, () Gls Horse urt rgt fr'Wstli, with r a|l sth Guls charged with the Cnorn Jhrtmg' Or tbe Arch-Treasurership f the Holy Rorrrarr mir. This urth qurt has aiso been zd as Brunswick impaling Luneburg with'westphalia, also known as saxony ancient ti it iJ ii escutcheott sur tout cules the r oJ hrlmg oi. There was furthr changein the Royal rms till r8r wh, as we h seen, the Frh rms. finally disappeared. At that time the rms f England wr placed in the first and furth quarters, scotland in the srrd, and Ireland in the third, with the Arms fr (as above) placed on an

James II, Ashmole's argument Cannot taken particularly far as rt might argued that the rms f England the quarterings borne

di : h Royal rs of Creat Britai

I9I

escutcheon r all sulmounted the Electoral t. In r8r Hanover m. Kingdom and the Bonnet was rld Royal Crown- This frm f the Royal Arms survived until the accession f Queen Victoria in l87. As wm she was unable to succeed to the hr fF{r (governed in these matters th Salic Law wch frd strict ml succession, to which the Throne of England of course was not subject) and the Hanoverian escutcheon and rw wr consequently removed. Since r 87, th Royal Arms f England have remained unchanged in the frm that is now geneIally known. As well as 'gs to the shield itseli the supportffs f the Royal rms have also undergone variations, but this was discussed in the htr on supporters.

APpE}iDIx

English d Scottish
K,ings
fA?"?ryl,s

GARTER KINGS F ARMS

I4I 5-5 r45o-78 t478-t 54 I JJ- 4

/illiam Bruges.

Jh Smert. Jh Y/rythe. Sir hms Wrythe, aiias Thomas Y/11. Sir Christopher rkr. Sir Gilbert Dethick. (Robert Cooke,
Y/'riothesley (son ofJohn Y/rth).

l7T8-44

1714-54 Jh Anstis
and

John Anstis.

I54-6
l

5-5

5-84 r 5 84-
r5

r 5

8-r Sir /illim Dethick (s

Acting Grtr).

lru appointed

I-4 I64-4
1645-77

I7-

r1.14

deposed

rlimt zo Ocr. t 46,

Sir drd Bysshe, itrudd ,l,l j, jrmd

Sir Richard St Ceorge, lru). Sir Edward Y/lkr.

Sir William Segar. SirJohn rugh. Sir r St Georgc (son

f Sir Gilbert Dethick).

Sir /illiam Dugdale. r8- 7 sir hms st Grg

I

677-86

( subsequetly

at Res|ora|io t
lr ).

Sir Alfred Scott ScottGatty. r 9 t 8- Sir Henry Frhm Burke. 19-44 Sir Gerald Y/oods 'WolIaston (subsequently Nrr and Ulster). I94.4*5o Sir Algar r Stafford

r9o4-T8

Sir Grg Nayler. Sir Ralph Bigland (nephew f Ralph Bigland, l78o-4). r88-4z Sir William Y/'oods. 184z-69 Sir Charles George Young. r 89-r94 Sir Albert Y/illiam V/oods.
t

r 8 t-8
llzz-

l784-T8zz Sir

r78o-4

774-8

177-4

1754-7

Ralph Bigland.

Sir Charles Townley, Thomas Browne.

Isaac Heard.

fatber t7z7-44). Stephen Martin Leake.

joint Grtr with his

(son of above

r95-r
196-78

7o3-I

I7r5-r8

(eIdest son of Sir ir St George). Sir r St George (second surviving son f Sir r St George), (disputed Gartership).

I978-

h Hon. Sir George Rothe Beliew. Sir th Richard 'W'agner (subsequently CIarenceux). Sir Aiexander Colin ].

Howard.

di : gIilt d Scottish igs of rms

I9

CLARENCEUX KINGS F ARMS

.I4 r8 .|49 .|425 145-
.

Andre\fo,

177-4

Thomas Brorn ne Ralph Bigland

Isaac Heard

Y/illiam Horsley. John Cosoun.

Roger Legh or

Richard Spenser.

-.

(subsequently Grtr). (subsequently Grtr).

774-8

r47-tt5 1485-7 |487-9

I5Io-I

t46-76'WilliamHav",keslowe.

Lygh.

r78o-4
r784-18

Sir hms lm. vacancy (ssi filled byJohn r as

r8-z

Normandy King

l8zo-z

Thomas Lock. Grg rris. Sir Grg Nayler Ralph Bigland

(subsequently Garter),

rrs).

I hristhr Carlill. I_5 I I-_]4 Thomas Benolt. I54- hrs Tonge. 16-57 Thomas Hau,,ley. 1557-67 William r. I567-9 Robert Cooke. I594-7 Richard Lee or Leigh. I597-62 William Carnden.
rz_]-_5 Sir Richard St Grg.

I49.]-IJIo Rgr

Sir Thomas lm.

l8zz-t
8i-8
88-9
189-4 84-8

(subsequently Grtr).

Machado.

(subsequently Grtr). (subsequently Garter).

/illiamoods

Edmund Lodge. Joseph Hawker. Francis Martin.

James Prrlman.

r848-59 r859-8z r88z-94

I9I I-I9
1919_22

r894-9l

65-4 t616-5o t5-5

Sir William Le Arthl,Srlill,

litd
Ir),

Neve. _f

Robert Luri. Y/alter st Blount, George Edward Cokayne.

Parliaettt 2 oct. I4.

Edu,ard Bysshe, itd

Weldon. Charles Harold

Sir William r

Athill,

19zz-6
T9z6-7

t58-l Willia Ryley, l66T-79

r

Parlialettt lzJ (as ll as Carter).

l65o

'/illiam Alexander Lindsay.

Ig27-54 I954-5
|9
5

itttruded . Sept. r65 8, Sir Edward Bysshe (previously intruded

74-z T7z6-4l 174r-54

Garter). 8o-r 7 Sir Henry St Grg (subsequently Garter).

5-6J

Lisle Lee. Sir rthur William steuart hr. Archibald George Blomefield Russell. SirJohn Dunamace
V/lkr.

Gordon Ambrose de

Knox

SirJohn Vugh.

I98-78

John Riddell rmhd Sir Anthony Richard 'Wagner (rmrl

Grtr).

Heaton-Armstrong.

IJ55-J

hrls Townley

Stephen Martin Leake (subsequently Garter). (subsequently Garter).

Wrd.

ry78-

194

di : glish d Scottish igs

o_f

NORROY KINGS F ARMS

c.lz76
(.I_r;J

tr (?de rur). Arrdrew John Lake -.r Othelake

alias rh.
?

Y/illiam de rl,

r59-7

I597-4 William Segar

.8 .8 temp.

l4-z rz-
1

Richard St George
John rugh
(subsequently (subsequently lru ).

(subsequently Grtr).

Ric.

II

Rgr Durroit.

.|99

,l4z
I4
. I

45

Ashwell. John '/illiam Boys. '/illiam Tyndale or

'/illiam
Tendale.

Richard Bruges or Del Brugge.

-5

William Le Neve

(subsequently Grtr),

I6_]

5-4

Clarenceux). Sir r St Grg

(subsequently Garter).

c,l46z
464-76

Grimsby. Thomas Holme

(subsequently

64-5
-5 8

Edward'/lkr
(subsequently Grtr).
(itrdd zo g. d

William Ryley

1477-8

Johrr Wrth
5

lru).

478-8
48

5-93

John r. Roger Machado

(subsequently

(sr-ibsequently Grtr).

l5-
I66-77
l

jrmd limt zo Oct. l46). Ceorge (itrudd c. Sept, l58),

/illiam Dugdale
(subsequently Garter). Sir r St George (subsequently lru and Grtr). Sir Thomas St George (subsequently Garter),

I5Io-I

49;{-I

Io hristhr Carlill.

lru).

77-8

hms Benolt
(subsequently

t5-
l
I

5t6-zz
522- 4

Clarenceux), John Yonge r Yug

8-8

Thomas'Wall.
(subsequently

I 522

John Jr.

hms Tonge

I 5

,{-6

lu). Thomas Hawley r Clarenceux).

I7oo-4 l7o4-29 I729-4I

8- t 7 SirJohn Dugdale.

Robert Devenish. Petet Le Neve. Stephen Martin Leake

(subsequently

Halley (subsequently Christopher rkr Y/illiam Fellow. Gilbert Dethick Y/illiam Hervy
(subsequently (subsequently Garter).
17
r

clarenceux and
Garter).

1)_J,l

4I-5r
I-5

75

John hl. Charles Towrrley

(subseqr-rently

I 56-47
I

547-Jo
5

lru and
Grtr).

(subsequently Garter).

5-7

r755-t

l76t-7

Wiiliam Oldys.
(subsequently

T557-6I
5

Clarenceux). Laurence Daltorr.

Thomas rw

z-tl ll

Y/illianr Flwr.

lru and
I77-4 Ralph Bigland
(subsequently Grtr).

t588-9z I J 92-

Edmund Knight.

di : Eglish d Scottislt igs clarerrceux and

o_f

rms

I95
'/alter Astorr Blount

t8s9-8z

r774-8o

Grtr).

Isaac rd

(srrbsequently

8.9z-94

(subsequently Claretrceux).

Grg Edlvard

clarenceux

ar-rd

Cokayne

l7llo-t
l78 1-4

Grtr).

Peter Dr. Thorr.as Lock

(subsequently Clarerrceux). (slrbsequcntly Clarerlccrr ).

894-r9r

(subsequently Clarerrcetrx).

illiarn r /eldon
(subsequel-rtIy

I7tl4-ll Grq rris

I9I I-9

lrtr). Her-rry Frhm Burke Charles Harold Athill

(subseqtlerrtly (subsequerrtly Grtr),

8o_j-zz

I9I9

Ralph Bigland
(subsequently clarencerrx and
Gart<:

IgI9-22
1922_.6

8zz-ll

Edrnund Lodge
(subsequerrtly

r).

Vy'illiarnAlexander Lindsay (subsequerrtly

Clarenceux). Gordorr Ambrose De Lisle Lee (subsequently
Clarcnceu ).

lrnceux).

88-9
r

lru). Joseph Hawker

(subsequerrtly lru ). (subsequently

9z-8
r9z8-o

Arthur V/illiarn
(subsequently lu ).

steuart hr Gerald Y/oods

'Wol1aston

R_j9--1 Fris rti

84-8

lru).
Janres Pulmar-r (subsequently

l848-9
I

lru).

(subsequerrtly Garter and later Nr and

Edward Hou,ard
Gibborr, trl,,rds

I9-4

Ulster).

Algar r Stfrd
Grtr).

.49-59

Howard-Gibbon.
Rrt Luri
(subsequently

Howard (subsequently

lru).

NORROY AND ULSTER KINGS OF ARMS.

194_]-4 I944-57
t957-(l(l
Algar r
Stfrd Hor,vard

l966-7l I9tio-

RichardPrestotr
Graharn-Viviart. Vr. Jh Philip rk Brookt:-Little.

'!7ollastorl
Garter).

SirGcrald'Wooc]s

(frrrl

l97I-tlo'lValtcrJohn George

Ar,rbreyjohn i.

|9

di : glh d Scottish Kigs of Arms

LORD LYON KINGS F ARMS

r47|r48 I489-

I4Io-2I

I399-

......: Douglas. Laird f 'Woodhead.

r Greve.

f m, znd Bt,
next).

unknown. Sir Andrew rr of

(1ornt Lyon wlth hls thr, father f

r

r496-1 5r2 Henry hms

I5

Truim,

r-?

I2-I9

Keillour,

of
|727-54
|7 54-95

Sir Alexander Erskine, gr of m fioint Lyon with his

7.522-

I542-55

Inverallochy. Thomas Pettigrew f Magdalensyde. Sir David Lindsay f Luthrie.

th Mount. Sir RobeTt Frm

Sir'William Cumming of

thr, whm h
predeceased).

IJ55-67
567-8

of

Sir'William Stewart of Luthrie. r 568-9r Sir David Lindsay of Rathillet. 59-z Sir Dd Lindsay of

mk. Robert Boswell (interim Lyon). t796-T8o4 Robert Auriol (Drummond), roth Earl
1795-6

Alexander Brodie of that Ilk. John Hooke Campbell of Bangeston, .

r84-

z
6-54

the

Annatland. SirJames lfur

SirJetome Lindsay f

ut.

hms Robert (Drummond), rrth Earl

of Kinnou1l. Gg Butnett,

of Kinnoull.

l 86*9

t6584o
I66-

Denmilne, Bt.

of

I927-9

89- 9z SirJames lfur Paul.

Captain George Sitwell

SirJames mll of
Lawers,

1929-45

Campbell Swinbn.

Sir Alexender Dutham

I945-69
r

-77

oflargo.
ofnext).

Sir Charles Erskine of Cambo, rst Bt. (thr

99-8 r

Sir Thomas Innes,of Lr. SirJames Monteith Gtant.

Sir Francis James Grant.

r98.-

l67z-T7z7 Sir Alexander Erskine'

Innes f Edingight (son

Malcolm Rognvald

of Sir hms Innes).

h dates f tenure of some of the earlier holders of the office ate unknown.

,i,

Glossry of IIrl Ter,ls

Grl (Ise

Addorsed Back to back.

Affronty Facing the spectator. Ancient The arnrs rmrl borne

now out f date or obsolete;
m, and long tail.

(in fact r legend) tr r fmil,

Annulet ring. Antelope, Heraldic

as opposed to dr.

monster with the body of an antelope, two horns,

m or m Y/ith the lm f the hand facing the spectator. Arched Used f an rdir that is bowed in the frm f an rh. Argent Heraldic term fr silver or white, Armed As trm lz rfrs to creature's ffsi and defensive
weapons; in the case obirds, beaks and talons, but not legs, although es trm f flr it includes the scaly part f legs. Attired V/ith antlers.
charge

Augmentation An additionai
usually as mark f hur. Azure Heraldic term for lu.

to arms,

crest, badge,

or

supporters,

Badge free-standing heraldic device.

often inanimate charges,

can made between personal badges, which were ft beasts and survived in the Royal Beasts, and retainers' badges, which wr simple,

In th fifteenth century discinction

Bar

horizontal stripe on th shield; diminutive f the;ss. Bar gernel Two thin &alT r together; visually identical to uoided bar. Barbed '/ith roses this rrs to the leaves enclosing the bud which r between the petals of an open rose, and t blazoed proper srl is shown. Alternatively, the point f sharp weapon. Barry Said f a_75eid or charge divided horizontally into an even umr f

Barry f six

Base h lower rti of the shield. Baston r Baton couped d. Bearing Originaliy synonymous with charge r on shield, it now occurs most frequently in'rmril bearings', whih is used grll to m as muh f full achievement as is depicted-aithough 'armorial ensigns' might mr rrit, ensigns (insignia) being more suitable word if crest, sLlpporters, or badge r included. Bend h furth ur Ordiary; diagonal stripe drawn across the shield frm the dexter chief to th siister base. Bendwise Said f cfiaryes when shown at the same angle as d , This is to contrasted with 'in bend', where charges r arranged across the shield diagonally but the angle at which they stand is not specified. Bezant gold rudl. Bezanty Field or hrg powdered with zts.

stripes.

I98

/ssry

o;f

Heraldic rms i rI Use

rigs.

Bordure and diaper

Blazon h written description f armorial

Bleu celeste Sky blue. Emerged in response to wartime requirements of th Royal ir Fr. Bordure border round the edge f the shield. Caboshed Animal's head, ft stg's rt, without neck. Cadency mark Device to distinguish the rms jllnior members of family, Canting afrns Arms containing charges which allude punningly to the m

itag's head caboshed

U
Canton Chequy hr

Canton square division, th same depth

llgtti.

f the rr.

as chief, in f the upper corners fth shreld, usually i dexter hifd {t hrgd and used as an

Chaplet Synonymous with flora1 wrth, e.g. chapiet f roses. Charge rig r figure rrstd on the shield. Chequy, Checquy, or Checky term applied to jeld or charge divided
into three or mole rows f smal1 squares f alternate ticlures 1ike chess
board
(see g).

Chevron h

W W

Chief

seventh Honourable rdir, representing two rafters f hus meeting at th top like an upturned V. chevronel hr of hlf th usual width.

Chevronny h jeld divided into an equal number { hr-shd areas. Chief h second ur rdir, created drawing horizontai Cinquefoil hrg similar to five-leaved lr. Cockatrice two-legged drg or wr1 with cock's hd. Colours h principle lurs are u (zur), red (Gules), black
Cornbatant

1ine across the shield, and occupying at most th ur third f the shield.

(Sable),

m r Gobony Composed f single rw f squares f two Coronet hr

alternate tictures; said f

green (Vert), and url (urur). See also tictul,es. T-wo rampalbeasts cing one thr \Mith raised paws, as if in pugilistic attitude. Cornpartment An optional addrtion, being the area beneatlr an English peer's arms, usull depictrng piece f solid land which th shield rests d supporters std.
bordure, d, etc. {. chequy d utrm. are five different coronets f rank which m surrnount the

arms of British peers. h so-called ducal coronet, used either with r instead { crest wreath, irnpiies no rank, and the term crest rt is
rfrrd today.

Duke

coronets ofRank

W
_*r

Marquess

Ducal r cr(,st coronet

@
cubit
r

G/ossary qf Heraldic Terttts

it,t

rl

(Jse

99

cotise

in climinutive f the t], qurtr its width, and onlv borne bend, irs on ithr side f tbe ht beast l1,ing on all furs with its head erect like the sphinx, mS it is shw at an gl, uh f shielcl, -/h the field is divided betw ttl and rlr, and counterchanged

ih. charges r said to counterchanged, countercotnpony or co*untetgobony double row f squares

and vice rr.rr^,
tig titrs, . cotptltt)| d lrcl,
Lion's hl couped

thosecltcle.rorpartsochargesrvhichfalluponthemetal.areothecolour

f altern-

rdir it ' /ith the .r,4 ..ri ff. Y/h used f ur,

rt or Current Running, its legs, Coward Used f beast r ,rro,-rrt". with its tail between &crzd, said to arched ornalrrental an of frrrr crancelin crown irr the

-r

the ends do rrot tor,rclr th sides f the shicid,

f S, derivecl fronr cltaplet ru, and foul-rd in the rms rk, d or cltarge Crescent Can ir still so crest device tnounted r-, . hclmct i thc davs hilr, and

crined uscd
rr,l cup

wh f to describc th hair lrurnan head, r beast's trrane, cliffercr-rt tilttlffL,frm th body, Cross h first ur l rt]ir, variatiorrs exist (see rl),

displayed in rdr hcraldrv,

Crusily Fieltl r lzl_g powdered witlr rr, crosslets, Cubit rt cut f lw tlre elbow, usualiy shown paleu,ise..
nalned Butler.
i,lcrtted.

CupUsuallyshowncovered,arrclofterrseenintheheraldrvoffarrlilies

Dancetty1-zigzaziineofPertition,sirrrilartobLltlargerir-rsizethan Demi r Demy Tlre ur hlf of beast, bircl, etc, titl 1i p.riiiio,-, which is idtd lle.tlu,isc likc the tcet1 f
Dimidiation

This clistinctio,r w^s tlot drawn in rnedicval hrldr,

lioIi

;tIltl

slrip

ratchctwheel.derivcdromGtrernscvFrench,detcl{''nrcaningjagged' DexterRightasopposedtoleft(.rii.trcl')wherrdescribir-rgc/rcryc..onthe

DiaperingAnoptionalPatterningrb'itlrscrollworkorflourishesonuntbe strr, cliarge,ti"rt. . slrield executcdln th same fll,tctltrc,to relieve usually to rl,c-st, and rls to alteatiorr r adclitiorr Diffeience rrlake an
related rss lnark distirrction bet,een th coats f artns f closely

h dexter hl shield. l1 /: ,rr.,-., onc is stanciing belrind tlre shield. spectator, the to sidc left-hand is th f the shield conseqlrently

whose shields wull otherwisc the same, Dimidiation cutting two coats f artrrs in hlf vertical line, and otlrer, rursr f .r.,iti,lg the r/c.Trcr 1T-l u,ith the si,ister hlf f the

Oispluy"d Used obirds with outstrctched wings. like inrperial c,lqlc-s. Dormant beast in sleeping position, Dd Used f tlre lining f icllrlil, usull Ol, or Al_gellt. Dragon h, fur-lgqd monster f rTythology, Eagle h bird whih occurs with greatest frqtr in earlv lreraldrv,
Eagle displaved

imllalclent.

usull shown displayed.

Glossary
Crosses (r) cross mm

o;f

Heraldic Terms i rl (Jse

(z) cross paty or patonce () cross bottony (4) passion r Latin cross (5) cross fm quadrate () Tau cross (7) Celtic cross ' (8) cross frm floretty (9) plain cross (r) Patriarchal cross () cross recercely (Tz) cross rm fitchy () cross potent (4) cToss crosslet fitchy (I5) cross flr (r) Egyptian cross (7) Fylfot r swastika (8) Maltese cross (9) cross gyronny

rm ernbowed

\/

Ernbattled Crenellated. Ernbowed Bent at the elbow. Ernbrued 'V/ith blood on its point. Enfile An object is enfiled charge which it pierces r threads. Engrailed Idtd in series f curves with th points outward to make Erased Cut ff with jagged base line,
patteln. Straight cut.

ion's hd erase

as compared to couped which is

Ermine One
and Pean.

f th/rs, black tails on white; variants: Ermines, Erminois,

Escallop shell and pilgrim's badge. Escarbuncle Central boss with radiating
Escutcheon shield.
ig
t

jeurs-de-lis.

decorated spokes, often terminat-

'/h

used as charge, synonymous with isth.

a"",,r

rt""""

EscutcheonofPretenceThesmallshieldofanheraldicheiressplacedin
Thesamed..,i."maybeusedbyaSovereignorPrincetodenoteoneofhis
dominions.

itpaled l,n,ith his arms. the ientre f hr husband's shield, instead f being

Estoile

star with wavy limbs,

f the l orrliary is band taking up the centre.third

Fess h fifth ur
esctttcl.teo,

the shield. and frmd two hriztl lines drawn across mentioned always shield, the Field The background colbttr,f,,, or ,tetal f patterned, if tictL,e first in ablazo.It can fr than

W
Fleur-de-lis

Fimbriated Edged, of rross, Fitchy Pointed,*terrrrinating in point, Usually used with forrns Flasque rrw fluh, f the shield, Flh convex segmentai Ordiary on ithr side in the French Royal seen iris, r Bi""r-a"-ris Stylized'flower based r, tlty Ittol, Arrns, and r in those f Engiand till rdir Flory counterflory Denoting tt th flowers with which outward

Foil

their heeds placed inward and 1.rJ.,"rry ffessure) islr,ld" ,lter.rateiy, as irr the Scottish Royai rrs,

tril, Generic trm fr gru of flower-like charges, including

qu,-

Fr

Frh or Frh Frkl; rmll rS

_foil, ciquefoil. sIit when ttsed f horses,

as qLleLle frh, frkd tail,

Fti rotmdel barry u,auy rgt d zr, Fret Mascle interlaced saltire,

Fretty

, ib.

Fusil An

pattern f_fi,t,,, and Vair pii,-,ciprl rlr rr. Ermine (k tails on white) blue and white). See aiso titt,,

pattern

elongated lzg,

Liorl's gamb

Gamb paw, usually iion's r bear's, Garb sheai ft f wheat, GobonyorCornponyAsinglerowofsquaresofalternatetictures. Gorged Collared. (de sang); difrt Goo]t" drop, fr instance f wtr (d'eau) r d

terlns r used depending on the tit,, f lion Griffin /inged monster *i'h fo"p^,ts f an eagle and hindparts emerge frm with beard and ears. rnale griffin has no wings, and spikes

Guardani used of
profiie.

the

body.

seen beast looking ut at th spectator rather than red,

,1

1n

Gules Heraldic trr fr

Gutty wdrd with r sm { gouttes,_ r"rr" Said f jeld that is divided into triangular parts
r.r,.j halving
dots.
quarters diagonally,

r gyrons,

Hatching system fr identifying

Male griffin

titr

in mhrm lines and

Elaurient fish shown vertically,

Clossary

oJ

Heraldic Terms i rL

[.Jse

fIelrnets
()

Royal lr and crest (z) PeeT's lr () Baronet's and Klright's lm () Melbury lm, 5th cent. (5) Close lr, rth cent. () Barrel lm, 4th cent.

Helmet h

helmet bears the crest d difTers according to rank. It can also

used as (hr. tntt Couped,

Hurt An

azure rudl

Impale rrg two coats f arms side side in one shield divided (r his wife (to tbe siist, r f ffi (dexter) and the lfi-hidr
(sin ister).

parted) per pale, normally to display rms of husband (to the dt d

Indented 1ine f partition resembling the blade of sarv. rnesctcheon shield wh r as hrg on another shield. Invected lh rrs { grild, idtd with series f curves pointing Issuant lJsed ofbeasts or monsters, unless they
also risig).

inward,

are winged, when rising (see

G/os-rcl7

o_f

Heraldic rs

itt

rl (Jse

Jessant de

lis Y/ithlelrs-de-lis

issuing frm the muth and hd.

Knot

urs as charge, such as Bowen, urhir, Cavendish, Dacre, Harington, Heneage, Hungerford, Lacy, Stafford, and Y/ake Knots, named ftr the families who r thm and h of diffrt shape. Many derive frm barlges,
bar, trsrrally d, and normally with thr r fivc dependent points. label f thr points now nortnally denotes eldest son in th lietinre f lris fathcr.

Label horizontal

Langued Tongued. Leopard rm used in

r-rredieval hrIdr for li passat grdt- Now used fr thc nattrral beast. Lined /ith line sirnilar to leash. usually attached to llr, Lion Most frequently fourrd beast irr heraldry; occtlrs in m positions, f which the most usttal are rll1t alrd pas.sanl. \ Lioncel Diminutive liotl, occasionally used if several on shielcl.

Lodged Deer

r loclgcd l,vhen roltrltcltl.

Lion : , _ , -

_:.. ratrrant

,:-.:l drmt ;:-; lion

_:..ll passant

_:.-r rrt regardant ,:.- sejant coryard _:.];] passar]t quarc-lant

rL i;,

24

Glossary

oJ

Heraldic r:ls i Grl Use

ir.i ](1

i,

tr
,

t,i|

Lozenge diamond

,l
])

@
Lympbd

L pike (fish). Lrlhd type f s.

styled

sh used both as eharge and instead of shield to display the arms f single \/ and peeresses in thejr own Tight.

Matled Refers to the outside rthr than the lining (doubled) at mtlig. Mantling Represents slashed cloth worn over head and shoulderso Qften
sing,le seld quarterig or other ms (see chapter on marshalling). Martlet legless bird, sometimes said to represent the swift r swallow.

Marsbal cornbine.coats frms on

as acanthus leaves.

Mascle hollow diamond-shaped device or uoided lzg. Masoned IJsed rMhen lines pointing are f different tttur rr h device representing medieval sleeve, Metal Two metals are ued, gold (Or) and silver (Argent).
building on which they appear.

the

Millrind
Modern

Monster For sur monstets see

h.iron retaining piece fixed at the centre f millstone, h arms borne,by country r family in presnt and recefit times; opposite to it,
h. Heraldic lmgiti

R. .

Mullet

Dennys.

figure resembling in England.

stai

th

straight limbs, usually offive points

Naiant Swimming, usually fr fish wch arey'sswise. Nl frm {w now like row ofjigsaw tongues, No distinction
was md between this and wavy in medieval heraldry.

Ogress Slmonymous witJn pellet, black rudl or roundel Sc}/e. Heraldic term fr goid or ye1low. Ordinary Any of the major armorial geometrical charges, also known as url Ordinaries. Heralds diffr as to the umr but nine usuelly given, namely eros5, ieJ pale, ,d, Jess, irlesMtcheoa, ur, saltire, bar. Sub-Otdinaries r plain Ordinaries wiout the prefix ur are gr, orle, pile, quarter, qua$er siister, caaton, canton sinister, Jlasque, J7h. Sorne writers addfret, lzg, fusil, d mascle. Orle uoided suth abordure's width frm the edge th seld. Charges placed in orle ft|llow ths line of the orle as theillustrated seal of mr (de Valence), rl f Pembroke. Slmus with the post-medteval leopard.

Or

Pairle Said of the seld divided in

l h third r
betr/,een cherges.

the frm of pall, or { charges so

.arrlrnged.

rdir. veTtica1 stripe in the middle f the shield occtlpying at most third of the shield. Palewise Sald charges when vertical. It does not relate to ihe relationsp
acToss theshield, lthugh pointing upwatds. Y/h charges r above one

which might be'palewise inberld'if arranged diagonally

G/osscry of Heraldic Terms i rl (Jse

25

Pall

Pallet narrow vertical stripe on th shield, half th width f l. Paly Divided into an even number f vertical stripes of equal width, in
Panache arrangement f feathers on the hIt, one of the precursors f
alternating
tbe
cre_c/.

Y-shaped

charge.

titlctLtres.

th str resembling hind powdered with

Pantheon

eslolles

or

mullets,

Panther h

beast is depicted heraldically with flames issuing frm ears and mouth and with body powdered with multi-coloured spots. Passant Four-legged beast r nronsteI depicted witlntbe dexter {oreleg raised
as if walking. Pegasus Term often used for the winged horse. Pelican Usually shown 'in hr piety' pecking hr breast to feed hr young with her d. Pellet rudl Sable, also known as an og,,ess.

usually with bushy tail.

Panther

Pellety Field or charge powdered with pel/ers, h An arrowhead. Phoenix Usuaily shown as dmi-gl emerging from flames. Pierced Refers to circular hole in hrg through which tbe _field shows
unless another tifur is specified, f. uoided. triangular sub-Ordiary. Pineapple The pine-cone rather than the fruit.

Pile

Plate rudl rgt. mr rudl vert. mrl h spherical end of sword. Proper Depicted in natural colours. urr Heraldic term fr url.

Quarter divide the shield into fur r mr compartments Quatrefoil Charge sirnilar to fur-lfd clover. Queue Tail f beast.

of equal sizes.

Raguly Designating

charge

Also line f partition. Rarnpant Beast or monster standing on one hind leg. Regardant Applied to beast, bird, r monster looking back r its
limbs f tr lopped f its branches.
shoulder.
isstlat). Tudor rose

or rdir jegged or notched like the trunk r

Rising Used f birds when rising, but not for

Rose In England

beasts

r rnonsters

(see

the rose is usually stylized, the most noted being those f Lancaster (red) and York (white), and the Tudor rose (white on red). Roundel circle. Can cailed bezat when Or, plate w rgt, hurt w Azure, tortea when Gls, pellet wh Sable, d mm wh Vert,

salarnander

S Heraldic trm fr black. Salamander Shown as reptile in flames. Salient beast jumping, leaping, or rearing.

G/ossal7

oJ

Heraldic Terms i rl (Jse

St

Saltire The eighth url rdir, depicted in th frm of

Talbot

Segreant Rmt when used f gri;t'js. Sejant Beasts and monsters seated erect. Semy r tr Scattered r powdered as in semy

Andrew's Cross.

de lis (strw ,with_fleurs-

Thunderbolt

Trefoil

(dexter) wh describing charges on the shield. || lz assumes one is standing behind the shield. h sinister hlf f the shield is consequently the right-hand side to th spectator. Slipped Y/ith stalk; term is used with flowers and/olls. Supporter Either of ir f figures standing one on h side f and supporting the shield.

Sinister Lt as opposed to right

deJis).

Talbot Medieval hunting dog. Heraldic term for orange. Theow monster resembling wolf with l hooves. Thunderbolt winged column with flames at either end and stylized Tincture h general designation {ot colours, metals, and;furs. Torse Synonymous with th crest wreath, and rmll of six visible twists
f cloth wound round tbe helmet. often shown udr the crest without

lightning crossing behind the centre f the lum t saltire.

Torteau

helmet,

rudl Cules. stylized lf reserrrbling three-leaved lr. It is termed trefoil slipped if it has stalk. Tressure diminutive of the orle appearing as narrow band r the edge f coat rms, often ornamented with jurs-de-lis, as in the Scottish

Trefoil

Tricking System f indicating titur in uncoloured records abeviation. Trippant Used f deer w passat. Ud r undy See rzazy. Unguled Hooved, obeasts r monsters. IJnicorn Monster shown as horse with twisted hr, lion's tail, and
Unicorn

Royal rms.

Urchin Heraldic term r hedgehog. Vair fur depicted in variotrs stylized patterns f lu and white. Vairy Used fr Vair i titrs other th lu and white. Vert Heraldic term fr green. Voided 7ith hl in the tr f the same shape as dne charge (see also Volant rldi term fr flying. y/avy r undy Applied to rdiris or division lines whih curve
/yvern two-legged
rur like waves.
drg.

hooves.

piel ced).

and

Yale tusked monster with cloven hooves, pointed

Wr

horns, and shrt lion's tail.

ears, usually curved

\_

Bibli,ogt phy
outstanding iigrh f British hrIdr is Thomas Moule's Bitlliotheca Heraldica, published in r 8zz. This lists printed books on hrldr chronologically

fraction.

down to t8zl, and was reprinted in 19 Heraldry Today (London). The following list is consequently riill ofbooks puished since r 8 z r , although few earlier books to which particular rfr is made r included. Those who \Mant full bibliography should rfr to Moule; thr is at presellt equivalent source fr books published tr t8zt f which the following r only small

l.ztt), vols. BIKH, W. de G. CatalogHe tt'Seal-s i the Drtrct o;f Mauscripts i the British Musettt, Ldl (printed rdr f the Trustees: l887-r9oo), vols. BouTBll-, Charles Boutell's Heraldry, first published as The ul o_f Heraldry (I8), revised ed. byJ. . Brooke-Little (London: Wr, r98). ur, GrrdJ. Early lz (frd: Clarendon Press, r97z). Eight thirtee.th-cetury Rolls of Arms i Frh d gl-l',Ir lz (Pennsylvania State University Press, r97), Btccs, Gffr Ciuic d Ctlrporate Heraldry (Londorr: rldr Today, r97r). BooKB-LtTTrB, J. . (ed.),'The Coat oJ Arms', ar-r heraldic quarterly magazine (h Heraldry Society, I95o-). Heraldic Alphabet (London: Macdonald & ,, l97). BuKKB, rrd Tlrc rI Armory of gld, Stld, d Wales (London:

ArlBs, . The Origis o_f the Royal Ars oJ Eglalld (Reading: Graduate Centre fr Medieval Studies, Reading University, r98z). , . rtil'rldr'i Ilthditi,ldiriti (l9lo). , W. . R. The lz o_f Episcopac1, (frd: r897). , 'William ldi Heraldica (London: Sherwood, Gilbert, & ir,

ss, Hubert The ldetiJlcatio of Coats

Harrison,

884).

., I{lghI,oducticltltoHeraldry, I4thedn. (London:H. Y/ashbourne, r845). ussrs,J. . dr,lk _f rldr1,, rd d. (London: Chatto & V/indus, r89). Dllw, Js Iquiries it the rigi d Pro.gre-cs qf the Si of Heraldry i gld (Gloucester: Cadell, r 79). Dr-Yur, Noel History d Heraldry I254-rIo: Study tlf the Historical Value of tlle Rolls o_f lls (frd: Clarendon Press, r95). l)s, Rodney The Heraldic Imiti (Lorldorr: rri &Jenkins, I975). Heraldr1, d Tlrc Heralds (London:Jorrathan , r98z). Dl, . . Leopards o_f gld d Other PapelT (London: Constable, l9rz). EoMoNrpsoNl, Joseph ,rylt Body dHeraldry (London: h Author, t 78), z

CHtlo, thr Heraldic Desig (London: G. Bell & Sons Ltd,

Hawkslure Puications, r978),

oJ

Arms British Si/r (London:

I965).

Erlrs, Roger . (ed,),

Errrs, Y/illiam
l. 1(London:

vols,

Catalogue of Seals i tlrc Public Record Ofice, rsl Seals, r978). Smith T/le Atiquities o_f Heraldry (London: r869).

HMSO,

28

BibIiography
'W'. rI, Charies Norton Dictioary of Heraldry (London, etc.:
r8

. Brown,

EvarTs, Sloane Grmmr oJHeraldry (London: r847). EvB, George W. Heraldry as Art: ut oJits dlmt d practice, hi i gld (London: Batsford, 97).
Decoratiue heraldry: hdk oJ its descriptio d trtmr (London: 11, 98). Fr,.r,
I

89).

Fr,

Jack, r94), z vols.

(|u, r88).

James

oJ

Crests of the Families of Creat Britai,4th edn. (London:

F, Richard 'Spanish Genealogy and rldr', no. rz3 of Quarterly Reyiely

FosTBK, Joseph (ed.) Tudor Books oJ Arms: ig rli Mss. (Privately printed: de Walden Library, 94).

]h lz

of tri (London: r58).

zl7g

lj

Fox-DavrBs, . . Complete Cuide to Heraldry (first published I9o9), rev. J. . Brooke-Little (London: Orbis, r985). FRtt, Charles . . The rig oJ Coat rmur Ladies (London: John
Frr, l, Shield d rst, rd edn. (London: MacGibbon & , r97). FI, Stephen (ed.)A N Dictioary oJHeraldry (London: . & . Black, Iq8z). GAIBKBATH, D,L. PapalHeraldry, zndedn., r. byG. Briggs (London: Heraldry

Murray, r9z).

GrBBoN, Jh Introductio ad Ltim lsim (London: r8z). GunrTM, Jh Display of Heraldrie rst edn. (London: Ir), th edn. (London:

Today, 97).

(Gerrards Cross: V Duren, r978). Heralds' mmmrti Exhibitto, l484-tg j4, enlarged and illustrated catalogue (London: 196), reprinted (London: Tabard Press, r97). Heraldic Exhibitio, diurgh l89l, memorial catalogue (Edinburgh: printed for the Committee, Constable, r89z). , 'i. . StJohn Heraldry Jor rsm d Desigers (London: J. Hogg,

HBIM,

172. G, F

. . Heraldry i

J.

The ul of Heraldry (Edinburgh: Jh Grant,

the Catholic Church, its Origis, Customs, d Latus

9z4).

w -

Grmmr oJ glkh Heraldry, znd edn. IJniversity Press, r95).

19I 3).

. R.

'W'agner

(Cambridge

'/'r., Thomas Evelyn (Scott-Ellis), Lord Sm FudI Lords d Their Seals, , with an Introduction Lord Howard de Y/alden (Privately printed: de Walden Library, r9o4).

with an Introduction Lord Howard de Y/alden (Privately printed: 'Walden Library, r9o4).
I

rs, Stadards, d Badgesfro dr usrit i the College oJ Arms, de

ItTtlBs

L, Thomas Scots Heraldry, znd edn. (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd,

HuMpHBBv-SMITH, Cecil R. gl-Nrm Armory (Canterbury: Family History, g|-Nrm rrr Tulo (trur: Institute f Heraldic and Genealogical Studies, 1984). Jor.tBs, , J. Medieual Heraldry (Cardiff; Y/illiam Lewis, r94). Lt, . Descriptiue Catalogue of Impressios from it Scottish Seals (Edinburgh: I85), Supplement (I866).
973).

956).

Bibliography
Lrzt,

29

, Heraldry Jt,om Military umts r l j5o i gld d Wales (London: rli Society, vo1. 9, 94). L, '/. and PuRELL, S. Heraldic Symbols, Islamic Isigi d lstr Heraldry (London: Victoria and Albert Museum, r98). LBrcH, G. The d oJ Armory, Tst edn, (London: r5z), last edn. (London:
rz).

LIooBKoatB,

'r.

vols.77-8, T9z5-6).
L.t,

atiotts, gtttis, d ExempliJicatios oJ

(ed.),

Collectio

o;f

Miscellaeous rts, Crests, Jlrm,

Arms (London: Harleian Society,

LoNoI,T SuKvBy CoMMITTBB: The College o;f Arms (London: HMSO, I96). Louna, J. and MacrAGAN, . Lies oJ Successlo (London: Orbis, i98I). LowBK, . . risitis oJHeraldry (London: R. Smith, I845). L r rdir oJArms, 1902-73, vol. ii (Edinburgh: l977).

. S. Rl

Beasrs (h Heraldry Society, l95).

s, Richard and "t, British Heraldry;from its origis to ,l8 (London: British Museum Puications Ltd., r978).
r, I. and PoTTINBK, D. Simple Heraldry (Edinburgh: hms Nelson,

t, S. The Sphere Jlr (London: r).

:.-.

95 ).

. Bibliotheca Heraldica (London: I 8zz). Heraldry /Fls (London: John V Voorst, T84z). Nu, . Heraldry, Sources, Symbols, d ig (London: Macdonald

MourB,

. Syste of Heraldry (Edinburgh: r7zz). P.trrrsBn, rs ur Historic Deuices, Badges, d War-Cries (London: Sampson
NrsBBT,
Azz Ordiaty of British Armorials (London: w, J. Y/ and t, . . Richards, l874). , J. and . Clossary oJ the Temts used i Heraldry, new edn, (Oxford: 894). Paur, J. lfur rdir oJ Scottish Ars (Edinburgh: Gr, r9). rs, J. . and R. V. 7 Royal Heraldry oJ gld (London: rldr Today, t97. r, J. R. The ursuit of Arms (London: Hardwicke, r859). rs, . rigis oJHeraldry (London: rtr Press, 98). Rrs, J. . Armorial rl, znd edn. (IS8a), reprinted (London: rldr Today. r965). z vols, RoBsor.T, . British Herald (Sunderland: l8), z vols.

andJane's. l 97).

Low, I87o).

'/.

=-.:

]a,:

Ru,

..j

Family Origis d other Studies (London: Constable, r9). Rts, Y/. . (ed,) Cratees oJ Arms to the d of the Stth tur - (London: rli Society, vo1. , r9r5).

Nisbet, r9To), z vols.

J.H. CeolJley de dill, Study oJthe rh (London: r89z). Studies i Peerage d Fmil History (London: Constable, l9oi). Peerage d Pedigree, Studies i Peerage L d Family History (London:

a;.

]-ijj-_

ScoTT-GTrBs,
I93 3).

Harleian Society, vols. 67-8, T9T6-17),

(ed.), Cratees oJ Arms md i Docquets d Patets r687-1898 (London:

. W. Ciuic Heraldry

oJ

gld d Wales (London: J,

, Dent,

Motley Heraldry (London: Tabard Publications, n.d.). The R oJ Heraldry (London: J. . Dent, 1965). Shakespeare's Heraldry (London: J. . Dent, I95).

Bibliography
SBTor.T,

Douglas, r86).
'/.

G.

The Lal,u d Practice oJHeraldry i Stld (Edinburgh: Edmonston

&

SY,

SIMoN, . Armorial rl de l'Empire Fris (Paris: r8rz), z vols. SqurBB, G. D. The Lalu of Arms i gld (London: rldr Society, revised

hm,

The Heraldic ldr, list oJ the Nobility d Gtr whose arms are registered d pedigrees recorded i the Herald's OfJice i Irld {Dli: Alexarider
r846).

edn. 967).

Harleian Society, vol. 7, 1956).

T'he

Repofts oJ Heraldic Cases

i the Court oJ Chiualry lzj-t7jz (London:

- Clarendon Press, I959). _ uimt Heraldica t484_1984

4, | 985), STBtlToT, F.
SuMMBs,

Visitatio pedigrees d the Geealogist (London: hillimr, r94). High Coirt oJ Chivalry; study oJ the Civil L i gld (rd: (London: rli Society, new series, vol.

Phaidon Press, 957).

I974-S5), vols.

(ed,) The u Tapestry: mrhsi Silryey (London:

(ed.) thmts i riti (London and Chichester: Phillimore,

Sw, Conrad. d: Symbols of Souereigty (University of Toronto Press,

1977). 'W'a.oB, W.

'Wacr.TBK,

_ -

. The Symboliss oJHeraldry (London: George RedrMay, r898). . R. Heralds of gld: history of the Olfice d College oJ Arms (London: HMSO, l967).
Heralds d Heraldry i the Midtlle gs (London: frd lJniversity Press, I99), znd edn. (r95). Historic Heraldry of Britai (London: Oxford LJniversity Press, r99). Catalogue oJ Eglish Medieual Rolls of Arms, Aspilogla vol. i (Oxford lJniversity Press fr h Society of Antiquaries, 95).

(general editor), Rolb oJ Arms, r III, Aspilogia vol. ii (Oxford IJniversity Press fr h Society of Antiquaries, I97). The Records d Collectios oJthe College oJ Arms (London: Burke's Peerage

Heralds d Acestors (London: Colonnade Books, r978). Heraldry i gld (London: King Penguin Books, 1946). '/'TrrBMBr.TT, -. Regal Heraldry (London: r8zr). '/'Irrs, . Flrti Heraldry (London: Dean & Son, I894). ZIBBBK, . Heraldry i America znd edn. (Philadelphia: Bailey, Banks, & Biddle, I909).

Ltd., r95z).

&

Indox
peers usually under thejr t,it]es. Note to the readcr: sovereigns appear under their country and

Ed

Whr

subject

is illustrated its page rfr appears in rtalics,

,.h, 9 d:

ol"

Abatements f ur, 68 Abbot, suitable hrg on rs fr, 64 Abercorn, James (Harilton) (r-74), th Earl , 4 Abraharn, Robert (I77-85), arcl-ritect, T4l, hs, Sir Archibald (d. l), rst Bt.,
I42

John, the younger (lzo8-s+), Garter ig f Arms, 77 Antarctic, British Terrrtory, grt fls to, Io6, Io7

Iz

Acton, Nicholas, (l Acworth Ld,44

Antelope, heraldic, I97 as supporter, l. r8 Antroblls, Srr Edrnund (d. t8z6), Ist Bt., 4 ur or Appaunry, 97 Aragon, Catherirre (l48.s-l56), l8o llishlrs trrr. arllls . 47

s.

d, Rlrt (r7zl1-9z), architect, 8t Adanrs, Jh (l75*rltz), znd Presidc,nt

lrl_i

5.

ord rd

USA, l Addorsed, r87 Adulterer, abatenent r, 68 Adultery, chaTge for hild born in, 4 frt, 97 Agincourt, Battle f (T4l5), 4 AgnTondisham, John, 39 lk, Alan Francis (Brooke) (llt89), Tst Viscount, 49 Albenrarle, Grg (Monck) (8*7), rst Duke f, Tz9 Albert, ri Consort (8r9-r), |6, 17, zo Aleyn, Wrllianr, arms , pl. j,l. z, sh, l Alt, Just Henfy, 44 AmJrican corporations, devisals f rrs to,

Arclred, r97 rhr, Thonras (rhr) (l9s-76tl), Lord rhr, rr Urrrberslade, 4_] Architects, grants rls to, 44 Archrtectural decoration, heraldry as rr oi rz-8
Arclritecture arrd heraldry, classical, l [lo-T

Gothic ril, li-z Ardres, Arnold , 5 Argent, J1-4, |97 ATgentine, Sir Giles (d. rl { I Arned, 97

Argyll (Canrpbel1), Dukes

r. r ), arrns,

, rrs, 56

l.

r-z

I69-7o genealogical nraterial,

Art-norial Bearings Licence, r85 Arrrrs. as nark status, 2, borne descendants f Cbarlerragne, 4 burgher, 9
ud], Iz] Gerttan civic,
f)ornirrion, 1, z8
t

t5l grantees ofernrs (r746-7s), t-4 Indians: Beothuk, l17; Mescalero, 17, l 7I

Land r, 5 pedigrees, IhJ. I64 Rangers, Queen's Regiment ot, rr Anrericans, hrr grants frms to, t9 Amydas, Robert, Master th Mint, Ancient afms, I97 Anderson, quartered Lord Yrrugh, I36 Angerstein. Jh. 4r,

St John, r; Virginian, 56-7; wrdance { heraldic aspects, ] 5tl

z3

to Act oParliarrrent, to descent, to grant, to prescription in Ireland, slssum1, 4 Arundel, (Fitzalan), Earl , rrs, pl. tl, l, z,

rtght right riglrt right

Manuscripts, r 5 Philip (Hol,vard) (d ,sqs), rlf, 9.,l,

sh.

z,

r,9

Lloyds, 4 Anjou, Gr Plantagenet (d. I 5), Count { Io, rT, rz Annulet, 66, 7, l97 s, George (Anson) (lc17-176z), Lord s, Baron Srt, ,1 Anstis, Johrr (rrl9-1744), Grtr Kir-rg f Arnrs, 7z

John Julius (t75-18z3), hirr

ot

Psalter, r74 Richarc1 (Fitzalan) (Iz7-rz), EaTl , 79 Sir !illianr, KG (d. ), 87 hms (I5-4t4), ATchbishop

trur, 9

vassal

Y/illiar-rr (Fitzalan) (r. I47-1.5_14). rl . 97 Arundel f rri". Johrr (Arundel) ( r 7 r -(lll),

Wrllianl (d'Aubigny) (d.

fr II,

T7z

TT7r>),

l ,

.z

4th r, seal tlratrix.

r8.1

2I2

Id Arundell f 'Wrdur, hms (Arundell)

(.

5-9), Baron, 8 Arthur,John (d. 88), rms quartered Parker, Tz9 Artiller1. m, grant f supporters to,

Artois, pedigree and arms oCounts f, pl, 7 shrl, Elias (I7-9z), 'Windsor Herald, I2, 124, l4o, I18 (visitation), 88, r89Ashton, Henry, arms and crest, 4 Aspinall, Jh (I716-84), of Standen, Lanca9

Barker, f Ipswich, arms, lzt, sh, Sir Christopher (d. r55o), Garter King f rms, 7, 74,97, II, l19 rl, of Barley, Derbyshire, uest, pl, r1 Barlow, arms quartered Parker, r.z9 Elizabeth, r rmt, rms, Io, l. l, sh. z Barnard, Christopher (V) (i5-r7z), Tst Gilbert (V) (678-75), znd r, 7z, Barnes, Richard (5z-87), Bishop f Durhr,4r rt, Battle f(47), 7 Baron's coronet, 7, II7, I21, I, t84, lg8, pl. 5, pl. zj Barons'Letter to the (l), 79, 94 Barrett, Edrvard, f im Hil1, Jamaica, Edward Moulton (. T7S5), End, Herefordshire, 5 Barrorv, Isaac, 8 Barrulet. Barruly, Batry, , l97 Baskerville, Richard, rms, l. j,l, z, sh. Basset, Gilbert, seal f, lz Baston, r97 Bath, Records th Order , I5o Baton, 59, l97
Base, 97 Samuel, 5
I65

Baron,7z

7, 97

shir, 44 Assheton Arnrs, public house, r8 Aston family of hshi, 56 Astrakhan, arms of, jl Atkins, ihl, f Brlstol, 44 Atkinson, Robert, Captain f troop ofhorse,

Attainder, 8 Attired, 97 Aubigny, Dukedon , rz4 Audley, Jobn, 5 f Y/alden, Thonas (Audley) (T48S-T544), Baron, 98, 99, pl, I9 (r) Augmentation, definition, 97
granted Sir d.rd /lkr, Garter

42

in banner SeymouT, /. 19

f rms, 7, 7r

King

Australia, See , granted arrns (8), 48, 49 Ave Maria, opening lines f on arms, 2j Aveney]I, Jh, rms, pl. j, l. z,, sh, 8 Azure, 5-4, I97
hlr, use of arms . t r , Aldermarr, James. rzo hms sst, sulk, rms and crest, Badges, definition, 97 revival in England, 9 use f daughter mrrid to non-armiger, III Bado ur, Jhs de, 5, 54, 4 Baker, George, Queen's Surgeon, 8 lfur, SirJames (-57), Ist Bt., Lyon King f Arms, r rz Baliol, John (z49- l5), I4
on mantling,

ur, 68, 9, 7, 7 pursuant to Royal 'W'arrant, 7, 72 Austen, Jane (775-87), 46

Napoleonic, zT

Auville, Sir Rey van,

Baylye. Roger, I5 Beaconsfield, Benjamin (Disraeli) (84-8), Bearing, 97

lSt r1

use f bastards, 59 Battle, identification in, I,2 Bavaria, lrt V (d. lszc), Duke od rms, 2J Bayeux Tapestry, , 7

Babington, Adam, 8z

oi

pl,

lj,

1.

j,

sh, 5

Beaucay, arms f, pl. 7 uh, Jh of Holt, 8z

Beasts as charges, 3

fdrd,9

JI, 54, I

urt, dg,9 David Robert (Solnerset) (. r9z8), th Duke . z Emily (d. 889), Duchess of, 4 r (Smrs (rz9-99), Ist Duke , Io4 Beaumont, rms of, rzz r (Stapleton) (S48-rS9z), 9th Balon, (Beaumont) (I48-r57), znd Viscount, 82 h, Jh de, arms, pl, l, l. z, sh. Becher, Henry, Tzo Beckford,'William (r759-T844), quarterings claimed , ,+, T8z, pl. z1 'William
T8z

/alter de, 94

Banks, rms | Tz.1 Banner, r9 Bar,6o, , r97 mil, 64 gemel, , r97 rd, r97 Barclays Bank lifri, r7o

Ball, Richard, DD, 4 Bellard's Book, 48, 83, pl, hr, Abbot ofTavistock,

Beckman, arrns f, r69 dfrd, Ingram (de Coucy) (9-97), Ear1 Behaviour, base, 8

Id
Beke, hms, rms,
_r7

2I
Bontyng, William, Abbot ur, rrs, 7 Bordure, , r98 addition hr, 68, 7r es mrk f illegitinracy, 69 rugh, SirJon (d. r), Grtr King f rrs, 65, r56, i57(gr rski, ri Stephen, Bosanquet, Sir John Bernatd (l77-t847),
Sergeant-at-Law, 77, I5 Boti]er f Bramfield, John (Boteler) (c,t ssr67), Tst Baron, 98 ughr House. Nrhmtshir. r8l g. lrt Etlstace lI of, 5. 6
use ofhereditary devices in, 5 Boulton, Matthew (r7z8-18o9), 46 Boutell, Reverend hrls (l8Iz-77), Iz8

Bellasis, Ed,ard

(l 85z-l9zz),

Lst Book-plate, l85

Herald, .1 Belnront. von, far-rrily, 8t Bend, 59, t97

bevile, r, 56 r, 5 sinister, per, 56 Bendlet, 59

Bendy, Benoit, ThoInas (d. ls+), Clarcnceux King

rms, 6, ,18 (visitation), 49, 96 Benson, Edward'hite (r8z99), rhish f Canterbury, 47 rhm, , Frh. v,, 78 Bereford, Sir Baldwin, 8z rsrd, rms f, with Stanhope t,
IJ

Berg, Prince Consort's crest r, I7 Berlavenny, Sir Herrry (Neville) (r. r 5z7-89),

Bouverie, rms , lzz Bowes, John de, 6

r, tor, ro-z (arnrs) Berkeley, Nicoll de, arrns, pl. t, l. 4, sh, z Bernard, Mrs, furl (8l6), 78, 79 rrs, John (urhir) (d. l474), Ist John (urhir) (47-5), znd r, rr, William (T774-T85I), 78, 9, I8
1z7

, Custavus (Hamilton) (rz+q-l8l).

5rh Viscount. t furl (r8r) painter's work book, 79 Brabant, Duchy f, zo Bradfer-Lawrence's Roll, 5 Bradshaw, rms f, pl. 8 rhm, Sir Rihrd. grant rst. 7l Brandenburg, Marquess oi arms , 17 rd, Sir Charles, Tz7 BTault, rssr GerardJ., 5 Brenton, Benjamin, t65 Jahleel Rhd Island, r65 |h, r it. Ralph de. rms, pL z, l, j, sh, 5 Breton, arms, 8

iIt

r, 9

Berthe, daughter f Charlenragne, 6 Bestiaries, iflu f, 64 Besyl1, Ralph de, arms, pl. j, l, j, sh. 4 Beverley, Jh de, arms, l, j,l, l, sh. 5

Bezant,67, l97
Bez^nly,
197

Bigod, rms od in Westminster , r 7z Billet, 7 'William, arrrrs and crest, pl. I, l, , Birche,
sh.

Brewes,John, arms, pl. z, l, , sh. 5. Brickett hshir, rms, 9 Brideman, George of drd, arms and Brittany, Dukes , 55, pl, 7 (rms) Hoel V, Duke l Broke, Sir Philip Bowes Vr (77-l 84), Tst
_s

crest,

pl, ro

Birds as charges,

Birminghanr, lm,

hurh th Advenr in. I7o Birtwistle, canting arnrs, 8r Bishop, Jares, note url (r8I) in painter's work book, 79
Bishop Auckland, Drhr, rSt fstl, I47 Bishops, impalement , tl9

USA,

Cathedral

Thonras, rms and crest, pl. t j, l. z, sh, z rmfld, Y/illiam, motto f, rr Brond. Benjamin. motto , t l Brooke-Little,J. . . (. r9z7), Nrrig

Bt.,8J

lkur. Latlcashire. grant rls to

Blakey, Alice (d. r77), I Siron lk, Lancashire, 4t Blazon, 7z, 7, t9li College rrs accepted rr , 74 Blucher, von, fanrily, l Blundevile, rms, 8 Boar, es badge, rro
(I8_52),49

rm, George, 4

frrs,9, 8

Brougham and,Vaux, r (rghr)

(lzT8-T86o), Ist r, 47 Browker, Hugh, f th Inner Tenrple, 8 Brown, Robeit, f Newport, Rhode Island,

Bleu Celeste, 5z, 98 Blow, John (l648-17o8), nonument to, I7.;

'Browning, Elizabeth Barrett (l8-r), l5 Brownlow, Brownlow (Cust) (T744-t8o7),

ISt r, arnlS, I24 rwswrd, John, 4, 44

I65

Bruce, Sir Rrt (Earl f rrik),

signi{icance , 4 Bog-us a.nrs, proceedings brought r use , r44 Bohernia, arnrs lilis, r arnrs ig f, .7

hu, arrrrs in Westminster , T7z

rugs, Williani (r. i75-r45), Grt King rrs, z Brunswick, Duke oi rms, pl, 1,1, j, sh. 6 Bry, hdr de (r5z88), l5 Buccleuch and Qsrr, /alter Fris

pL tz, l, j,

arrrrs,

sh. 4

214

Irtdex John (Montagu-Douglas-Scott), 9th and rth Duke , 12 Buchanan, motto f, rz, ukhurst, Cicely, r Clrapter CleTk t the Dean and Chapter Canting rms, 6, r98 Canton, z, 98 as addition hur, 8, 7 as dir r Royal Licence grantee not th d, 45 Cantyngton, Dr, rms, r49
1, arms (Smul NoTris) granted rms (I749), 44

Buckinghan, (Stafford) Dukes

GeoTge (Villiers),
l

Thomas (Sacklte), Ist Baron. subsequentiy rst r1 of Dorset, 98

, r
st

Duke { 89 Buckle, ,. note f Llrl (8) in painter's ,,rk book, 79 Buckler, Charles Alban (I8z4-I95), T8z, 8 Buckrvorth mil, 85 Buonarotti, Mlchelarrgelo (t475-I564), 59 '/illialrr. Gentleman Usher to the
(chimney-piece)

rl and subsequently

sinisteT.6z

r, SirJohn, grant oguidon to, II Carew,Johnde, arms,p/. t,l, j,sh. ,pl, I2,1.

f canton d, 5, tj

urh,

rithi, aIms, 18 Carlton Torvers, Yorkshire, T8z

2, sh,

Burely,
98

King,

rmrth, arms in the Frirs of (5), r49

Burghley, Vr'illir (Cecil) (T5zoj8),

Tst

r,

urk, Sir rrd (T8T4-9z,), Ulster King Arrns (85-9), r5 Sir r Frrrhm (r859-I9), GarteT

Leeds,9z Carolina, Herald, r59 Province f, I59- seal oLords Proprietor th Province f,

Francis Godolphin (Osborne) (rzsr-sq), Marquis { subsequently 5th Duke

King rms, r5 Burlington and Cork (Boyle), Earls

+9

Carpet, heraldic,

Burnley, Lancashire, gTant rms to (862),

, 56, 57

Burton, Abbot f, u Butleigh Priory, Sufolk, 7 Butler, arrrrs f, pl, ll war cry f, TTz r, nrotto , rz Bysels,John de, rrs, [, j, l. l, sh, j Bysshe, Sir EdwaTd (5-79), Grtr, subsequently Clarenceux King rrs, 4z,
rT9 Cabosl-red, r98

Cadency, label, 66, pl. j nrarks, _17 6, 7, 8J, 98 Cadiman, SiT Thonras (r.r59eI6_5I), hsiCaeTlion, Sir Louis, 8
ran, 4

Carrier, Benjamin (5-l4), DD, Cathc,lic controveISialiSt,4I Carsan, James, South Carolina, 5 Caryll, John (d. 5z), Serjeant-at-Law, of 'Vl'rhm, Sussex, Cassiques ofCaroiina, T59-6r, pl. jl Castile, arms, l, 7 Castlehaven, George (Audley) (.55-7). I Ith Baron Audley and rst EaIl f, 89 Catesby, hms, 8z Cathrall r Caterall, f Catterall, Lancashire, crest f. 8.z

rrik, Robert (de Bruce) (lz4-4), l | rs, pl. Tz, l. j, sh. 1

T8z,

Caunton, Jh, Shrif f London (T5z5). arms and crest, /, l j, l. 6, sh. 5

Causes f Ofice, r44

Cavalier, Anthony, l]lotto,

] 8

Cairns, Hugh lmt (Cairns) (8985), rst r1, Lord hlJr, 47 Caltrap (cheval-trap). 67 Camden, John Jeffreys (Pratt) (T759-r84o),
znd 1 and subsequently rst Marquess,
92

Cavendish, crest and suppoIters, I85, r8 Henry, f DoveTidge, Drshir, 68

lfillianr

Canrel, as crest, 48,

Arns, 5,4,

(l55r-z, ), lru
9

King f

BaTon. Lord hllr, 47 Camvile, John, arms, pl, T,l, j, sh, Canada m, ro5
(I988), ai]

Carrrnrel, .] f Queerr Camel, SomeTset, 6 Carpbell, Jol-rn (mll) (779-r8l), tst

l, rJ

Chapeau, 7

Lady Catherine, daugbter ofJanres (Cecil), 5th r1 Salisbury, rz Lady Frances (d. t698), daughter f.|ms (Cecil), rd Earl ofSalisbury, I22, l2 Cennini, Cennino, 8 Chambers, Edward f Hanover, Jamaica, 4 Chanrpaine,57

Ceci1, arms, /,

Cbaplet, 98 hrg, definition, 98 Chariot, insignia to placed on Ns f rli, l, r

arms, 6

separate heraldic authority estaished Bt.,85 pl. lz

Tst

, Sir Robert, ofBristol (r.t6-85),

Canteltrpe, Sir Willianr de (d. l8), rrs, CanteTbury. rms f Archbishops , 47

hrlt,'laTwickshire, r 8z hrlmg (74u-814), 4, Io, \2 Charles City, Virginia, County , I7o

, url, 49

hthm, '/illiam (it (r7oS-7S), Ist rl

Idi hts,rth, Derbyshire, r8r, 8 hur, Gfr (? 4-r 4), 5tt Checky chequy, l98, pl, z Chelmsford, Frederic (hsigr) (I79a-I 878),

215 Clitheroe, Ralph (Assheton) (r9or-tt4), tst

rst r. Lord Chancellor, 47 h, fril1,, tol oTbddington, r (Cheney) (d. ls87), lst r, 98

Chequy r Checky, t98, pl. z

Chesapeake, US Frigate, genealogist,
(shield)
85

Sir Thomas,

KG (d.

I_s5tl), 98,

pl, l9

hstr, Colonel Joseph Lenruel (r8z1-8z), HLigh (d'Avranches) (d. I rol). rl , 9 Chesterfield, Philip (Stanhope) (r58-t56),
ISt Earl , Io2 hrll, Ralph, arms, Chevron, t, r98

l5r, l68

r, I8 Clitherow, arnrs, quartered rkr, rz9 Sir Hugh, r_jo Closet, Coachnrakers m, to5 hm, I., artlts, lo, I. 4, sh. 7 Ioan (je la Pole) (d. I 44), rss, l z Ste.nbo.ough. Sir Reginald (Cobhanl) (r. rz95-r), KG, r, tl8 Reynold. ft. ls, /, l, 4, sh, 8 ktri,, l9U, pI. l9 Cockayne, George Edward (GEC) (t8z5SirJh (fl. r4zr), 8z /illianr (d, r599), lzo Codrington, arms f, 78 Coke, Sir Edward (l55z-l4), , 7, I28 Colclrester, Richard (d. l6+), + collections llg of Arms, definition ,
College f rrs, r9-5z
arrns, /. 4 I4 r9t t), lru

King rls, l4

pl. t,l.

_t,

sh, 4

r,56

Chevronel,6T, r98 hr, r, r98

reversed, t

Chichester, (lhm), Earls , 7

Chiel s8, lp8

as ls gmtti, 7z Chinese rmril porcelain, /. 3.1 Chivalry, Edward I's cult f, l76 hlmdI, rms, I22

library, I45-5z Collins, Arthur (?r8z-7), 89 Cologne, arms rhishs , l7

distinction between records and collections, t+6-5z

Harriet (d. T8l5), illegitimate daughter f

GeorgeJames (hlrdl), Ist Marquess, 4

ColouTs,5r,58, t98

Thbmas (d. 67), lfd, hshir, 4 Robert (Cholmondeley) (r584-1659), tst Christmas, John, crest, pl.

Viscount, 4

Churchill, Sir'Winston, KG (i874-195), I79 Cinderella, 54

rquil, 65, 98 Clare mil, r7z Gilbert de (d. lz), 9 (banners and shields) /, ;u, Jh de, Glstrshir, artns, l,
sh.
3

r.1

Cotshill, arms, pl. z, lI. j-4, il. 8 Columbus, Christopher (t44z-l 56), z Colville, arms quartered rkr, tz9 Joan, r Combatant, 98 Compartment, de{inition oi r, I98 Comines, Robert de, 7 m, l98 Compounding Arms, l7-8 mt, arms { z, pl. zj Henry (Compton) (r58-89), Ist r, 98 John (f. l5T6), 5z m, arms, pl. z4
Conde, John, Clerk of the r Nottinghamshire, 4z
ril, 7

l56, I_;7 John (Holles) (d. r67), Ist Earl , (supporters and st) Rihrd de (rzzz-u) (strbsequently znd Earl ofGloucester), arnrs, lo, L l, sh, 4 lru Kings of Arnrs, r9 (list ffiholders), pl. 4 (ris) Clarendon, r (Hyde) (l(l7z-l75), 4th
Thor-nas (Villiers) (l7o9-Srl), I5, I Clarke, Samuel, arns, .r2 Clenrent, arl]1s, 9

Coningsby,

Conquista, Francisco (Pizarro) (d. I5at),

rs, arnrs quartered rkr, lz9 ri An-relia Mary (Pelham) (lltl9z6), Baroness, rms, 1lZ Cooke, Robert (d l sq), Ir King f Arr-trs, 3_5, 8, J9, 4I, J9, 97, 98, I I7, I I9, 1zo, |, I74 r, Christopher, I56 , crest, /. 1,1 Copley, John Singleton (r77-18l 5). RA, 47 rr, Thornas (? r 668-1 7_s t ). 4 Corbet, Roger, rs, pl, lz, l. 1, sh. 1 Sir Peter (d. ), Caus, Shropshire, arnrs, /, lz, l. 1, sh. z Thornas (d. lz7a), fCaus. Shropshire,6 rd1l f En{ield, rms, r:zr, ,,lt, r Cordell, Queen's Master cook. 8
rqus de la, z4

5(l

Earl f, r_5, r84

lst rl oi

Classification, English whinl , 65 Clavering arrrily, 9 Clergynren, grants rrs to in Ith ., 8 Clerriont-en-Beauvaisis, Count Hugb II , 9

Clifford, arnrs, /. z, lI. 1-4, sh.

lit, rms, /, z, l. z, sh. 7 Sir Grs (r587-r6), lst Bt. lit, Nottinghanrshire, tzz Clinton, arms, pl. z, ll. z-j, sh. j

2I

Id
Cornwa1l, Edmund (Plantagenet) (d. ), Earl , seal, , 8 Margaret (de Clare) (Iz5-rrz), wife of Edmond, Earl of, r8 Richard (r:o9-7z). rl . I27. l12 CoIonet, definition, lg8, l99 ducal or crest used without wrths, 9 Cotise, 59,6, 99 Cottenham, Sir Charles hristhr (Pepys) (78-r85), lst Earl f, Lord hf Tank, use f Frh families,
,

cannot tlansmitted heraldic heiresses,

canting, 82 coronets, use f without

76

Richard and'Wltr de, rz7

early r in Grm, 78 rmpractical, 8, 84 insignificance in Scotland, 8 late development in England, 78

definition, 99

wreath, 9

nedieval,8T
85

augmentation takes h senior position.

Cotton, hrls (6-87), f Staffordshrre,

Couchant, 99 Couche, 99 I4, I5 (pedigree) hanks, 5

cellor, 47, 48

Couped, 99 Couple close, urt or Current, 99 ur hilr. prosecution in. r44 of the Earl Marshal, 14l fth Lord Lyon, i5 Courtenay, rms, pl, 7 Edward (d. fr r7z), arms, pl, j, l, z, sh, z Hugh (Lord Courtenay) (d. r74), arms, pl. j, l. , sh. l Sir Philip (/. l), aTms, l, j, l, 1, sh. l Sir Piers, KG (d. 9), rms, /. j, l, 4, sh. z hms, thr f Hugh, Earl Dr,, arms, /, j, l, j, sh, z Thomas, son f Hugh, Earl Devon, j, l. j, sh. l arms, 'Willianr,l. Bishop f London, subsequently z Coventry, Warwickshire, sea1 f Town f, 6 Coward, 99
arms, l.
, sh.

Counterchanged, 99 Countercompony or Countergobony, 99

Crined, 99 Crokedayk, Michael de, arms, pl. j, l, z, sh, 5 rm, Laurence (d. 75), York and r-

ofSaracen's head, meaning of, 8z origins of, 79 rarity ofin France, Spain, and Italy, z8

Cromrvell, Gregory (Cromwell) (d. T55l), Oliver (I599-I58), 54, r58

Cross, 58, Ig9,2
(I7o9), z 'Willranr sh,

lina HEralds, Ts9

r,97

Sir Rlh de (d, ,rz89), arms, pl. tz, l. j,

ruh, tms f in herald painter's book

(. r7-8), Rouge Dragon Crowne, Pursuivant, 58 Crows, r on English arms in rth ., CTucifixion, said to h elevated th cross, 5 8 Crusily, l99

Cubit, 99

Cunningham, SirY/illiam

Cuppa or Cuppy or Potent Counter Potent,

CuTson, Richard, supporters, IoI Roger f Norfolk, arms, pl, z, l.

Clp,

t99

,s8), 8z

,,

rhish

j,l.

f Canterbury (d,

I96),

sh, 5

Corn,ardice, abatement for, 8 rw, King { 8z

r, 'William (d. 5) Ld, arms and rmr, Anne, 5z

crest,

Crancelin, 99

Dade f Norfolk, arms, 9 Dallaway, Revd Janres (I76- 84), Iz8 Dancetty, 57, 99 Danyers, Sir Thomas, 9 Daper, Rihrd f Middlesex, arms and crest, Dare, Ananias, r5 Daventre, ., rms, lo, l. z, sh. l D, Hungary, Town { Decorated borders on Letters Patent, pls. 8, 9 Decrescent, 67 Dee, Jh (5z7-8), 8 de Fr, T8z Degge, Sir Sinron (Iz-r74), 4z Deincourt ofSutton, Francis (Leeke) (r.r58655), Baron, subsequently r1 ofScarsdale, 4r De]afield, rthurJh Lewis, I68 John Ross. l68 De La '/rr, '/illiarn (VZs (d. 1595), Tst

pl. lj, l. t, sh, 5

pl.

r868), Tst r, Lord hllr, 47 Crassus, Isabel, I '/illiam Craven, (CTaven) (8-7iI), znd , rwfurd, George (d. I748), 89 Crecy, Battle f (46), 69 Cremour, hms (d. 5z), crest, pl. 4 Crescent, 7, r99 CresseweiJ, Rr de, } Cresswel1, ldr, rms, /. ,l. l, sh, John de, arms, /. j, L 4, sh. 4 Crest, absurdity of using r than , 77 additional as augmentation, 69
alteTation

Cranworth, Robert Monsey (Rolfe) (l79o-

Virginia, 56

oi

8s

Del{

Baron,98

as mark f abatement. 8

Id
Delves, r 56 Derni r Dm, 99 Demys, Rodney Onslow (. l9l), Somerset ld, 5 r

217
Dudley, Edward (Sutton or Dudley) (57l4), 5th Baron, 89 Jh, Sergeant ofthe Pastry, 8 Dugdale, Sir William (r5-8), Garter King of rms, 17, 4z (graot), 7 (visitation), I19, I4, I4o Duke's coronet, r98 Dunsmoe, Fis (Leigh) (d. I65), r,
84), lst rl [, 4 Dutch hrldr, 19 Dyer, SirJames (T5Tz-8z), Lord ChiefJustice of the mm Pleas, 8 Dymoke,John, arms, /. 1,1. 5, sh. Dynham, Jh (Dynham) (. 44-5l), r, 96 Dundee, Herald called, r5 subsequently r1 of Chichester, 98 fmi|, 99, pl. 19

De Ramsey, (Fellowes), rs,

Dentilly, r99 Deptford, Principal Clerk of the Survey in (h Rule), granted arms (r749), 44
T8u (r, z99-Ir)

Diminutives, English disease f, 59 Dipres, SirJohn, 8z Displayed, r99 Dixie, Sir Wolstan (r. r-8), Tst Bt., I22 DNA d helix, arnrs f Warwick University, z Dodge, tr, 69 Dog, significance of, 4 Dorell, thri, widow f Rrt Dorell f rd, Surr, rzz Doria Pamphili, Princes, z8 Dormant, 99 Dorset, hms (Sackville) (d. 8), Tst Earl f, lz7 Dud, l99 Douglas, Herald called, l5 of Dalkeith, quartered krd, /. -z4 Dovetail, 57 Downham, Lshir, 8 Dragon, 8, lg9 Drake, Sir Francis (r.549), S, S, S Dru, irr de, I 7 Drunkard, abatement r, 68 Drury, aTms of, Tz4
rms and crest, 8+ pl.

and coheir f hrls Dickson of Bath, rms in rt, pi. 5 Dif, l99 Dijon, Fr, zo Dimidiation f rls, lT8, Ig9

Diapering, l98, T99 Dickson, Anne rtrt (d. S), 'daughter

Arnts.4o.4I, I I9. I45 Deuchar, Alexander, 75 Devisals of arms, 69, I7o Devon, Hugh (Courtenay) (l-77), rl oI] arnrs, /. j, l, t, sh. l Devonshire, /illiam George Spencer (Cavendish) (79r85S), th Duke { his mastiffs heraldic collar. r86 Dexter, l99

motto, I I2 Dethick, Sir Gilbert (r. r 5-84), Grtr King of rms, 41,97, Tt9, pl. 9 Sir /illiam (.54z-l), Grtr King

(subsequently Duke f Lancaster), Earl od arms, pl. 1,1. , sh. j House, site f College f Arms, r4o Robert (Frrrs) (d. r l9), rl f, z Desmond, (Fitzgerald), Earls f, atnts, pl. lt, l. z, sh, l

Dr, HenTy (Plantagenet)

Durham, John George (Lambton) (r79z-

Eagle and child crest ofStanley, /, z Earl Mershal, Books, 5

Eagle, l9g

Court, 14r forbids use or transmission ofcrests women, 76, 9I has no power to grant armorial bearings, 8

his written permission required fr new

Earp, Thomas, sculptor, chimney-piece, r8 East India College, ro5

Earl'scoronet, tl7, l98,pl, 16,pl, m, ro5

grants of rms, 4

jj

Edmondson, Joseph

Merchants, 4/ (arnrs), I I Eastwood, Grg of Flockton Nether, Yorkshire, 44 Ebulo, Peter de, 78 Eden, Edward, rms and crest, /. lj, L l, sh. I

Egerton, /ilhm, 8 Egmont, Jh (Perceval) (7 r-7o), znd r] f, lz, pl. z (armorial bearings as r) Eldon, Jh (Scott) (75r-r88), lst rl { Eleanor Crosses, 176, I77 Elements, z , 5 Elephant's hd, crest, 8, pl. l4 Eligibility fr grant f arms, 4z- Elk, crest, 57 Ellis, Jh, arms and crest, /. l j, l. z, sh, 4 Elyott, hms andJohn, 8 Embattled, 57 zoo Embowed, zoo mud, zoo Emmett, Maurice (d. l94), I4o mm, arrns of, z7
47

(d. 786), Mowbray Herald Extraordinary, 5, 58, 77, 88, IoI, Io4, rr4, lr8, z

I,

i8T7), I5, r(rms) Duddingston of Sandford, Fife, motto f, r 4

Duckworth, Sir Jo hms, Bt. (I74S-

Endorse,59 Enfiie. zoo

2I8

Id
England, Anne (5-r7l4), Queen f, l9o Richard II, 5 Erased, zoo

f hmi (-94), Queen f Anne of Denmark (d. 9), Queen f

Janres I, 4

Ermine, JI-4, 89, 2 rrl, (), arms f Earls of 5,

1. ro+8). z4h rl , Esca1lop, zoo Escarbuncle, 67, zoo Escartele en enquerre, 5 en girons rrdis, 5 Escutcheon ofPretence, 68, 7,

rli Sereld Victor Gilbert

()

Arms ofSovereigns (r6-86), |. s Charles I (-49), death warrant of, 5z hrls II (t-85), King of, 7,87, lz6, Edward the Confessor (d. l), King f, EdwardI (z9-7), Kingof, z5, 8, 7 Edward III (llz-77), King { 65, 7, 94, Edward IV (++u-8), King f, 5, 95, l07, Edward V (47*8), King of, 95 Edward VI (57-5), King f, 95 Edward VII (T84T-r9To), King of, lr f Aquitaine (d. Tzoz), Queen f Henry II, 88
Queen Elizabeth (. l9oo), wife of George Elizabeth I (5-), Queen of, 8, 95, 98, I45 George I (T66o-T7z7), King { 7z, 9 George II (I8-76), King { 55 George III (77-18z), King f, 5, 89 George IV (7z-l8), King of, , T4I, HenTy I (7-l5), King f, Io, II, 4 HenTy II (i-89), King | Iz, r88 r III (lzo6-7z) , King { 6 , 8, 7z,
I82 Edr.vard I, z5, 176 8 (badges)
r,18 (banner), 89

l7z,

87

Essen, Grm, 19 Essex, Abbot of St Augustine's, Cantelbury, Gffr

(de

tz,

zoT

IIll, IJ, I88

(MandevilJe). Earls . 55 '/'illiam (Capel) (I97-74), rd Earl of, Este, arms { z7 EsteTling, John, arms, pl,
I35

8 (shields), 9

Mandeville) (d. l l44), r1 |

Eleanor f Castile (d. lz9), Queen f VI,

Estoile, 7, zoT Etton, impaled Grey, pl. l j,l. 5, sh. j Ewens, Matthew (d. r.T598), r of the Exeter, m f rhts f, rms and
crest, pl, ro r, Symkin, Lord r Ld (I445), 6

lz, l.

5, sh. 4

hqur, 8

Isabel (d. I58), Queen oEdward II, II8 James I (566-z5), King f, 8, 4, 94, 9j, James II (6-7), King of, 48 (r),

IV (I-l4r), King f, _5, 95 V (87-4zz), King f, 4, 95, r9 VI (T4z1-7T), King , 95, I88 VII (457-159), King f, 95, 4 r VIII (49-547), King f, 49, 69, 7,95, r28, r89
Henry Henry Henry Henry

88

Fairbairn's Book f Crests, 7J Fairbanks, Douglas, Jr (. l99), 9 Falkirk, Battle of(zzJuly Iz98), 4 rugh of, single suppoIter, 99 Fallessley, ., arms, lo, l. z, sh. 4 Fh, Jh (Cornwall) (d. ), KG, r, rms, pl. r, l. j, sh, z Farrington (otherwise Farington and Ffig-

ton) f Farington, Lancashire,

crest, and badge, 7, pl.

Fasce,6l

zz

arms,

I4I, I88-9
l

Jh (r-Iz), King f, 88

89-9

Ferdinando, Simon, 5 Fergent, Alain, 5 Fr, SirJohn (d. r9), 54, I28, 14
Fess, , zoT

Fthrs, Bush of, 8 Felton, George de, arms, pl. l, l. 4, sh. 4 md de, rms, pl, 1,1, 4, sh. 5 hms de, rms, pl. , l. 5, sh. l

King f, rms, /. 1,1. King { rT8

Margaret (d. I7), znd wife of Edward

, sh.

I,

Fetterlock. 8

r, J5

r I (56-58), Queen oi 95, I4o, l88 r II (z*94), Queen f, 9 Richard I (rI57-99), King f, 4, r87-8 Richard II (66-99), King f, , 69, 7, 94,
Richard III (T45z-85), King { 95, l4o Royal rms . r8u-, l Victoria (89-9l), Queen of 6, 9 '/illiam
ro8 (badges)

Feversham, Anthony (Duncombe) (.1695t76), Tst Lord, Baron ofDownton, 4 Field, zr Fillet, 8
Fimbriated, zol

Feudal aTms, z

Fih, Edward, Archdeacon Wiltshire,

ar1]fs, 37 Finland, aIms, I FiTe ofLondon, The Great (r), 46 Fish as charges on arms, 4 Fisher, John (T748-18z5), Bishop f Salis-

'William
126,

I (Toz5-87), King f, l, 5,6,7, l87 W/illianr III (l65o-17oz), King f, r9o

Engrailed, 57 zoo

rlr

IV

(175-187),

King of, ,

49,

Fih.

bury, 4
-lo
l

Id
Fitzgerald, arms, 66 partitions, J

2r9

FitzNigel, SirRobert (f. rz), rrs,/. r.z, j, _s, _: FitzOrm, Ralph (i9. rT5o), z Fitzpayne, Robert le, rrs, 1, l, l. z, sh. 5
FitzPiers, family , 9 FitzRalph, Jh, f Sulk, lo, l, j, sh. z Robert, Suflk, lo, l, j, sh, j

/.

Fret,6z, ,7, zo'l

pedigree book frontspiece, r5r Royal motto, I r2

FitzWalter, arrrrs, Io,

Robert, 9 Roger, rrs, lo, l. z, sh. William, arl]ls, Io, l, j, sh. Fitzwarrir., artrrs,,9 Flags, l l I Flanders, Baldwin V, Count , urghr arms in, tg
hr]di practice in, I5 Flasque, 2, 8, 2oI Flaurrch, 62, 68,72, 2oI

l, t,

shs.

j,

Fretty, 7, zol Froissart, r5 Frornond, John (f. ,++), Fulda, City f, 9

Ful]wood, /illianl, 5

Furl, ceremonial, heraldic elernents in, t79 certificates, I49 Ftrrs, 5, 54, zoT

Fusil, z, 67, zoT

5

tabard

J_s

Counts ,

Gage, GeorgeJohn St Clere (Gage) (. t9z),

7th Viscollnt, 99 SirJh KG (d, 556), 98,99, pl, 19 Galeath, Donald Lindsay (d. l9a9), 78

_5,

Fleur-de-lis,65, zo.r Flitcrot, r (r97-769), architect, 44 Flr counterflory, 2ol FloweT, William (r. I498-1588), Nrr King rms, 9, 14I, 14 FloweTs, blazorr , 5 Foil, 5, zoT Foley, Robert (z4-76), f Wrstrshir,
Foljanrbe. fDrshir. surtrs , IoT Folkestone, Jacob (Des Bouverie, subsequently
71

Gale, George (d. I7rz)

Gallard, Joshua, Receiver f th Revenues, 4 Galloway, Alan (d. rz4), Lord , 4

Cunrberland, subsequently Sonrerset County, rld, r7

Whitehaven,

in hrldr, 65

Gm, zor Gaming utrs,

Fonthill , Y/iltshire, r8z Fr, zot Frh r Frh, zoT Ford, Richard (r79-r858). Foreign and Cornnronwealth Orders Regula-

Frrtiu, Fr. zz

Bouverie) (94-7l),

Tst

Viscount, 4

Garb, 67, zol Garciliasso de Vg, arms , z5 Gardebys, Abbot f Ramsey, Gardiner, Sir Robert (d. z), rms, 12i Garter rs (c.t664), l48 -rhird bend, s9 Garter Kings f rrs, 9, pl, z Grth, Richard, f rd, Surrey, Tzz Garthwaite, Edward (d. r78r), f ShackleGrwrt, Rrt , arms, r49, l, t, sll, t Gascoign, Rear AdnriralJohn (d. t75), 44 Gaugi, Roger de, Gavelkind, law , , 67, rz8 use r-rrdd in Virginia, rz8 Cross at. 7 Gelderland r Gelders, Willianr Duke of, zl] Glr, Arnrorial de, 78 Georgia, Rtrssia, rms _]t Grr, Gerard de, 9 Gerrnan civic l-reraldry, l, I8,
helr.rs, 87 State College, rrs ofoffice, t8_s, pl, 1 .,list f ffihldrs, r9z

16.1

ford, Surrey,44

Fortescue, Rear Adnriral l8zo),7z

I64

tions, 8

Sir Chichester (l75o-18zo), Ulster King rrs (788-

Fsri, lls, 27 Foster, Boston, Massachusetts, pedigree,

Geddington, Northamptonshire, Eleanor IX (d.

r4oz),

Thomas, r5 /illiarl, st, Massechusetts, t64 Foundling Hospital, 44. Io_.;

Fountain. zt

Casde, Sulk. r78 Fr, Charles V, King (l4-8), 5 John II (lr9-4), King (r54), 7
Frar-rrlir-rghar-rr

F, Nevinson, 5 Fox-Davies, rthr hrls (l87l-r9zlt), z, 85, 9, t I8, I25, l2tl

USA,

r7o

19

Louis VII (I rzbSo), King ( l7-8), 65 St Louis IX (rzl5-7o), King f(Izz-7),

lack f war-cries, r l4 rdr f tnarshelling, .f 7 riddle rnottoes, I r4

heraldry, l5, r7

Frk, Sir Williarrr. 8z Franklin, Benjamin (l7j), z

Frh (Artois) pedigree. /, 7 hrldr, zo,2I, 22 hrlds, t4j

l7z, l76

Gsr, Conred, 4, _ Ghent, Gilbert f, J Giborr, Edward (l77-9.1), l_s8 John (lz9-17r8), Bluenrantle Pursuivant,

use ofseveral crests, 77, 78

GiItr, rms , 7z

I58

22

Id
Gideon, Sampson (T699-T76z), 1
sh. 4

Giffard,John, arnrs,pl. 1,1. z, sh, +;pl. ,l, l,

of Claydon, atms, pl, 1,1. j, sh, z f Paules, arms, pl. 1,1, j, sh, l Gifford f Devonshire, arms, 48 Gil1, Alexander (55-65), 4

Griffin, 5, zol, pl, l9 ml, roo, zoT, pl. t9 Grindal1, Edmund (?5I9-S), rhish of Canterbury, rms, 7 Grocers m, 97
rsr, Scropev. (8s-q), +, sg Guardant, 2oI,2 Guevera, Nicholas Velez de, 9

Gilliand, family,9z

Gillott, arms quertered rkr, Tz9 Gladstone, SirJohn (I74-85r), Ist Bt.,

Y/illianr Ewart (r8o9-98), 6, l+g Gloucester, Gilbert (de Clare) (c.TT8o-Tzz9),, Ist l f, arms, Io, l. l, sh. t Thomas (Le Despencer) (d. 4), Earl f,

Guidon, Tro Guienne, Duke f, arms, l, lt,l, z, sh. 4 Guildford fmil, Guillim, John (r565-1zI), Rouge ri Pursuivant, 58, J9, , 87, 89, IT9, I2,I, I2z,
rz8 Guisnes, Count , 5 Gules, 5r-4, zor Gunstone, Guntef, uest, pl. t4 Gusset, 68

l7 Glr, Robert (5-88), Sonrerset Herald,

I

Gobony r m, l98 Godolphin, crest,92 Godwin, hms (r57-9), ish f Bath and'Wells, arr,s, 7 Goldington,John (f, 4), 8z Golp (rounde1 purpure), 7

Gulney, SiT Matthew, 8z Gusman family, z Gutty, zor Gyron, r, 8 Gyronny, 56, zr
h, Eustace de (d. r), Lord Hache, 94 Hacket fmil, 4 Haddeley. rms, ,. l, , sh, 5

Gm, Sir BaTtholomew de, augmentation of rms, 7J Gore, 8

Gorge, crest, pl.

Gorged, zoT

14

Goring Hurstpierpoint, George (Goring) (ls8s-66), Tst Baron, subsequently Ear1 of Norwich, 4
Goutte, 2oI

Goylyn, Sir hms, rms and ctest, pl. l j,

Grafton, Hugh Denis Charles (FitzRoy)
l, 4, sh,

99), rrthDukeo{ rz Grailly, Sir Jh de (d, ,l77), KG, garter stall plate, 87 Grant, motto oi I12 Grantees f rms in England, identity of, in the zoth ., 48 Grants rms, honorary, 37 in England, record { r4 volume of, 5 Gras, Jh Le, I Le, arms ofquartered Parker, Tz9 Grave,'/illiam f wd, Yorkshire, crest, p|,1+ Greenwood, Elizabeth (793-184), arms, 4J Gregory, George, High Shrif of Nottinghamshire (1666), 1z (rms),4 Gregory (i78-854), Harlaxton, Linlshir, z Grm, crest, pl. ,1 Gr, impaling Etton, l. t j,l, 5, sh, j of Rolleston, Charies (North) (65-9), r, subsequently Jth Baron North, II Thomas of Leicestershire, arms and crest,
49

(.

Hainault, arms, pl. 7 Haiti, r Christophe (d. T8zo), King f, 2o-I Haitian heraldry, 2, 2I Hajduboszormeny, Hungary, arms of, Hakluyt, Richard (?I 5 5z-6), 56

Hales, arms, lzz John (d, 59), Baron fth hqur, ,

pl, l j, l, d s, (rms and crest) Halford, Sir 'William (r-l79), Ist Bt,,

funeralorder, I22, I2 Halgh, Jh, arms and crest, pl. t j, l. 4, sh, 5 Hallett, Joseph Nw York, 9 Halloway, John, Controller of the Custom
House, 4

Halsbuty, Hardinge Stanley (Gifford) (t8zr9zr), Tst Ear1 of, Lord Chancellor, 47
Halsted, Lawrence ( 8-. I9), 9 Hamilton, Dame mm (?T76t-T8t5), 4

Hampton, hms (d. T5zz), Abbot f St Virginia. i f. l7o Hanoier, Chapel Royal at, 5
Augustine's, Canterbuly, 3, 37 (arms)
5,

Harbord, Sir hrls, 7r r, Nottinghamshire, r7 Harcourt, William de (l. l9), 8z Harding, arns, 7
r, Jh
I5o

Sophia (6-I7I4), Electress ,

pl. 8

Hardingstone, Northamptonshire, Eleanor

Cross at, t76, r77
(.

I668-17zo), Richmond Herald,

pl. to Grlmdr, Laurence ffi. l5l), 8z Griesdale, Arthur, 4

rr, Sir'William (?1496-157), Lord r ofLondon (r56), Tzo HarTis, BaTons,

Id
Grg (Harris) (t74-8z9), Tst Baron,
is, SirJohn, Frmr ofthe Customs, 4 Y/illiam, oAldcliffe, Lancashire, 4 rrd College, USA, z-8 Hasilrig, rms, 122 Haslingden, Lancashire, grant frrs to Borough of(T89z), .19 Hastings, Battle (l66), , 7 Francis (Rawdon-Hastings) (r754-8z6), ISt Marquess oi 92 John de (zz-Il), Lord Hastings, 94 Hatching, 5z, zoT Hatchments, 79 Hats, clerical, tasselled, z9 Haurient, zoT Havering, Essex, Palace of 7 Haviland, John von Sonnentag de (t 8z-8),

22I
mhr (de Bohun) (.z76-zz), Erl o, 5 (seal), 79, 8o(seal), pl, 11, 1, 4,sh. z Herford of Plymouth, crest, /. 14 r, Odinel (d, fr lz), 'Williem (d. Tz97), f Ford, Northumberland, 6 rs on English arms, 6
(rms)

pls

Hartye. Dionyse,

,5

Herschell, Farrer (Herschell) (l879), r, Lord Chancellor, 47 Hertford, arms quartered rkr, rz9
Joanna, ,

Tst

lo8 Hawke, Vice Admiral Sir Edward (r75-8r), subsequently r Hawke, Admiral f Hawkeborne, Abbot oCirencester, Hawker, Joseph (r.76-84), fuchmond Herald, subsequently lru King f Arms, 77 , rms, Haywode, Walter fij. 44), 4 Heard, Sir Isaac (r7-r8zz), Garter King f Arms, 5, 66,76, |6|, l, 164
th Fleet, 44

York Herald, I8, I82 Hewk and Fetterlock badge f Edward IV,

Hertford and Gloucester, (Clare), Earls f, l Hervy, William (d. r 567), Clarenceux King of Arms, 5, 48 (visitation), 8 (gr, 9 Hesdin, Count of, 5, 7 Heveningham fanrily f Suffolk, lor Hewett, Yiilliam (d. Tssp), f London, tzo Heyward, Deniel, r6 Thomas, l6 Heywood, Lencashire, grent f arms to r-

Hill, Richard of Somerset, arms and st, J9 Hilton family f Hilton, . Durham, Hindostan, Shah Allum, mrr of, Patent
rm, 5, pl. zT Hobhouse, SirBenjamin (757-8),
46
Tst

ough of(T88T), 49

Bt.,

Hodgson, Williem . z, Cassique and

Landgrave of Carolina, r Hoge Raad van Adel, Netherlends, 9 Hoghton, de, ofLancashire, supporters, II Holden, assumption of arms of Roya1

Heathfield f Gibraltar, George Augustus

(Eliott) (l77j), rst r, 7z Hebden, arms quartered Parker, Tz9 Hedingley,James (79. ), Guyenne King

insolvency { 59- salaries, t4t what sort m ought to , 4 Hercules, Columns f. z rrd, city of, 7r (augmentation)

Arms, 69 Heim, Archbishop Bruno Bernard (. T9lT), 29, I9 Heiress, heraldic, definition of, rz8-9 with mr than one husband, Helmet, closed, definition, zoz direction ig in, 85 orank, 8, 87 Helmstadt family, arrrrs and crest, /. 6 Hemnale,J., rms, Io, l. 4, $. j; , l. z, sh. 7 Rlh, erms, to, l. l, sh, 7 'W., arms, l, l, j, sh, 7 Heneage, John, erms, pl. t j, l, j, sh. Heneage Arms, public house, t8 Herald painters'work books, |22, I2 Heraldry, as decoration in England, 17z, 17 Flemish origins, 5 origins of, - Heralds, ceremonial functions, 4 frmd into Colleges, 4

lkhm, Norfolk, l8.z Holles's Ordinary, 8 Hollys, Sir'William, Lord r f London (59), crest, /. 14 Holman, George f Warkworth, r5o Holme, Randle (Iz7-7), 58 Holstein-Gottorp, Adolphus (5z-8), Duke Holston, Y/illiam, f Sufolk, cresl, pl. 4 Holy Roman mrr, hrlmg (74z84), 4, ro, Tz Charles V (l5-58), 2, 26, 27 Frederick III (r45-9), il4 Rudolph II (55z-z), 8 m family, motto i 12 James, Lyon Depute, 98 Honourable Ordinaries, 58- Honour point on shield, 57 , Thomas (f. r48o), arms, 8, 8z Hopkins, Joseph rld, rms and crest, Horeden, Thomas, of Kent, rms and crest, pl, Tj, l. 0, sh. 4 Hornyold, John of Glustshir, arms and Crest, pl, Io Horse, significance { 4 rt, Colonel Thomas (d. 9), regicide,
42

Licence, 45 f Holden, Lancashire, motto

of

ol KG,

99,

pl. Ig (banner)

II

Id
Hottyngdene, Bartholomew Hovell, crest, 9z

(l.

T5zo), 56

Howard-Molyneux-Howard, Lord Henry

hms (r7-8z4), 9r, 9z Howe, George, 56 Howley, William (766-848), rhish f Canterbury, 47 Hozier, d', mil, zT Hubert, Thomas, oCalais, rts, pl. j,l. l,

Isaac, Samuel, ftI, 7I Issuant, zoz ltalian heraldry, 2, 27, 28

lvat, hms, notto f, II

Jamaica, 87, Ts7, T58 (seals) Jeffreys, crest { 9z Jenyns's Ordinary, l. Jerusalem, Baldwin I. King of, 7 Gdr de Bouillon (d. Tloo), King f, ugh de Lusignan (d. lz84), King { 7
Jessant de lis, z

Hudleston, Sir Jh de (d. .r4), arms, Huger, Daniel f South rli, r Humetty,2o2 Hungarian beraldry, r, 98 Huntingdon (Holand), rl

sh.

pl. lz, l. r,

sh, 1

Kings {

58

Hunsdon, Henry (Carey) (T5z6-96), l,

Ist
,

oi

arnrs,

u, ., 78 Hurd,Jacob, 65 John st, Massachusetts, l5 F{tlTt, 67,7, zoz

, sh, 5

l.

Jessup, Ebenezer, 5 Joseph f Fairfield, Connecticut, 5 Jhalawar, India, arms f, r5z Johnson, Dr Samuel (79-84), 4 Johnston, Robert, Serjeant-at-Law, I Jones, Inigo (57-5z), 8 Jrd of Calais, arms and crest,
Sh. 1

rssr

EvanJ.,

pL lj,l. j,

Hussey, Major General Vere

'Wrr

(d. 8z), 5, pl, zt (patent) Hyde,John, d, . Dorset, crest, pl. l4 Henry (7-5), Viscount rur
courtesy, gaming counters f, r84 Ilex head, l, 9 Illegitimacy, and grants f arms, 8 effect on quarterings, Tz6-8 in England, 59, z in Spain, z Inrmaculate Conception, synrbol of, z Impaled rms, J7, 6, r19, \2, 22 Impalement, hg in College rms practice, I22 in time of , r r7 f rms f living wife, Tzo rms fmr than one wife, I 2, I 2 I, I 2 Impartible arms, Increscent, 7 Indented, 57, zoz India, arms ulig chiefs f, T5z Indian, American, see mri Indian
Indian heraldry, T5z Inescutcheon, , zoz

Joust, 4 Juges d'Armes in Fr, zr Julich, Prince Consort's crest fr, 7

Kardoyll, Rlh de, arms, /.

Kazan, rms of,
r

j,l.

z, sh,

Kedleston Hall, Derbyshire, 8 Keene, Edmund (714-8), Bishop f Ely, Sir Benjamin (l697-t757), lo5 rs, crest, l, 14
l

Kebell r , Sir r, Lord r f London (5), cTest, l, 4

Kenya, Colony f, r7o grant of rms to, , io7 Ketelby, Abel (d. 744), Landgrave frlina, r AbeIJohnston, r ri Statira Elizabeth Farquharson Jh-

Kennet, Nicholas de, Kent, (Holand), Earl of, arms, pl, 1,1. z, sh. l; pl. l, l. 4, sh, Y/illiam (684-748), I 84

Kenilworth, Y/arwickshire, Priory f, rms, pI z, l, l, sh, j

Ingilby family f Ripley, Yorkshire, rz7-8 Sir rJh (I79-87), Bt., Tz.7 Sir Jh (. t7o5-7z) , Bt. , f Ripley, Yorkshire, lz7 Inquisition, Spanish, zz Invected, 57, zoz Ir, crest | 8

Kiev, Russia, arms f, r

ston

(79.

r8o9),

Ireland family ofLancashire, badge f, I7 John, f Hutt, Lshir, arns, crest, and dg, pl. zz Nthr. hrldi ri in. Robert (de Vr) (rz-9z), Duke of, and 9th Earl f frd, 9 Irish genealogy. Burke Collection. l5t

King, Gregory (T648-T7Tz), Lancaster Herald, 46 (Prospect Rihmd), t47 King and Qu u. Virginia. l7o King's College Chapel, Cambridge, l8o Kings of Arms, crown { 85 English, use of arms of ffi , r 9 English and Irish, arms f office f, pl. 4 Kingston, Evelyn (Pierrepont) (r7rI-7), 2nd Duke , furl f, I49
Jamaica, 46, 5 hms de,
(r)

North Carolina, City of, 7

ui Records, destruction of; r5z

Sir 'William (d.

lr8

I5),

KG, 98, l.

ld
King William County, Virginia, 7

,z1

Knight's Roll, r4 Knot, Borven, l49, l. l, sh,

defiTrition, z (flac)

King frrs (r79-l84), l55 Thonras Rrt (Hay-Drunrmond) (l78_5I8), IIrh rl , Lord Lyon King f Arrns (l 84-), I 5 5 Kipps, Thonras, augnlentation frms, 7r Kirkby hr, '7'estnroTeland, artns in hurh, r47 Kirkhanr Priory, Yorkshire, 176, t77

Kinnoul, Robert Auriol (-Durmd) (t7_5r-r8o4), roth rl , Lord Lyon

Kota, Maharao of, l5z, pl. z9 Qrms), pl. jo Krems, city | r9 Kreys family, f Ratisbon,

Kuerden,

creSt)

5,

pl. (arms and

Kyllom, alias DrapeT,

qur, I5T

Dr Richard

(z-.169), anti-

Kyngeston, John de, Label, (lu, z

arnily, 9

Kynre, arms qurtd Parker, I29, II f Lincolnshire, rms, /, l. 4, sh, 'the dr f', arms, ro, l, 4, sh. I

cTest,

pl.

t4

Arms, Lennard, Sampson (d. l), Bluemantle

Ltilh-Sdir, pedigree, r5r

rl of, 9 Leigh, Gerard (d. I5), J1, 5, 5, 58, 59, l, 62,65, 68, 87, Tzo, I2I, 122, 126, I4 Mrs (d. i8T6), 78 Leinster, (Fitzgerald), Dukes of, r, Tlz Lemonade, Count of, Kingdom of Haiti, zo Le N, Peter (I1-17z9), Norroy King f

Stockport, 46,68,7 Leicester, Robert (de Beaumont) (d.

Leche, Sir Roger, Drshir, 7 Lee, Gordon ms de Lisle (l8-9z7), lr King of rms, rr ofNorthanrptonshire, arms and st, /, ro Robert Edward (rSo7-7o), General in the Confederate rr, l9 Le Fr, subsequently Smith, 4 Legh, mil Lm, hshir, 8z, Tli4 Piers (9), 9 Sir Peter (r.r5r-89), fLr, Cheshire, 9, 7 (augmentation) Tbomas Peter (r. l757), of Lyme rk,

lll8),

Pursuivant, 45

Lacy, de, arms, I72

Lancaster, Edmund (Crouchback) (lza5-96), rst rI oi 176, pl. 7 (rms)

r (Plantagenet) (I299-Ir), Duke of,

arlrrs, 1.

John (ofGaunt) (l+q), Duke of, l26, I27 Thornas (Plantaeenet) (r.rz78-1zz), rl , pl. t, l. l, sh, z Landgrave ofCarolina, 59-, /. (rs) Landscape hrldr, /. _1 Lane, ColonelJohn (d. r7), 7r Jane (d. r89), subsequentlyLady Fisher, 7l Sir Thonras (d. r7l5), tl, Stafford-

l, l. l,

sh.

4i1ll, rl, l. j, sh,

LanEford, Elizabeth rms

Laneued, z

shire,7t

(7-9l), Viscountess, motto, I4

(Rowley)

Lascoe, Francis, Grg, and Henry. f

Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle (rzz), z, z4 Latinrer, 'Willianr (f. l37a), ST Laurie, Robert (r So6-ti]z), Clarenceux King Larvson, George, rs and crest,

Larking, hs, 8 London, 4

Lisle, Arthur (Plantagenet) (d. r5az), VisLittleton family Fr, Worcestershire, 99 Sir Edward, oPillaton, Strdshir, suprt, , Sir Thomas (T4zz-8t), 7, Tz8 Liverpool, grant ofsupporters to, 9J, I05 Livery colours in rms, 5

Lioncel, z Lippincott, Robert , 8 Sir r, Bt. (d. 78), S Sir Henry Cann, znd Bt. (d. r8z9), S Sir Robert de (l. S), 8z
count, I27

Linnean Society, 5 Lt, z7, , zoj, pl.

fs fhur , r4t Library f th College rms, l45-5z Lightbowne, John f hst, 4z Lilly, r (. r589-r68), Rouge Dragon Pursuivant, l7,9 (drawing Lincoln, (Lacy), Eerl f, erms, /. l1,1. 4, sh. j Lincolnshire, Heralds' Visitation of (64), 58 Lindsay, Sir David (49-l555) f the Mount, Lyon King of Arms, 54 William Alexander (T846-T9z6), QC, Clarenceux King of Arms, l7 Lined, z

LiberaI government, aboIition gmtd

Leopard,64, z Le Poer, Catherine (Le r subsequently rsfrd) (7r-9), Baroness in hr own right and Countess f r, motto f, r I4 Lewis, coachntan, Izz

Arnrs,

Lawyers, grants

Le rt, Denis (d. rr5), King rms Hector (d. 6.5). King f Arms f Fr,
I _o

Leaves, as hrg. 5 Fr, t jo

rs to, in lth ,, in r7th ., 4, 4z in l8th ., ,1.1

sh,

pl, lj, l.
.j8

z,

Livingston, Robert, 8 Lloyd, rms { 58 Stockton, Shrshir, z qurts of, l7, pl. z5

Lodge, Edmond (75-8.j9), Clarenceux

Lodged, z London, City of, arms, 8 County, Virginia, 7

Loades, Henry, 9

King f Arms,

77

l, 1, sh. 4 Manchester, grant f rms to City of (T84z),

49

l, John Abbot of /lthm, , pl, t j,

Longford, hms (Pakenham) (774-18 5), znd Eatl of , 7z Longley. hr]s Thomas (l794-88). rLonsdaie, (Lowther), Earls od rzLord, Robert oflondon, 5 Lord Chancellors, arms of, 47 Lord Lyon_King f Arms, origin f title, 54 list f officeholders, r9 Lrri. hrls. Duke of , Dukes of, zo Louches, Sir Adam de, 8z Louthe, Roger, Louvain, Meud of, Lovain, John de, 9 Lovelace, arms, 59 Loveyne, rms, I27 LowtheT, arms, /. j, L j, sh, 7 Robert, arms, pl. j, l, 4, sh, 8 Robert de, arms, l. j,l. j, sh. 8 '/illiam, rms, pl, j,l. 4, sh, 7 Lozenge, 2, 7,2

Long, Richard of Calais, arms and pl, tj,l. j, sh. j

_ rld Extraordinary.9o. lo9 lnstltutlon, Io5 Tower { i7z

Hugh Stanford (884-959), Norfolk

crest.

_ SirJohn Rsrd (I87-I95J).

bishop f trur. 47

47

bishop of tur. 47 . Nrh rJi. I5, I7o Mantled, zo4 Mantling, description, 87, 88, zo4 ofPeers in England and Scotland, 8q RoyaI. 9 rur fmil f Cheshire, crest, 8 rk, ri Consort's crest fI, r' rld. rms and st. 1. l j, !. ;, sh,

hr rrti . hstr Palace oJ Varieties (Tqs+), l++ Manners-Sutton, ChaTles (T755-T8z8), rh-

rlrugh. John (hurhili1

t

Marnlalade. Duke , Kingdom of Haiti, .uo Marmentier, Jean de, Marshai. Thomas 1de rth) (l io1-18). rl. arms. pl. 1,1. z, sh. z /iIliam the 1?r l46-1:r9). rl PemMarshalling of aTms, I16, 24 Martin, Sir Roger, Lord Mayor of London 1 r 567). r:o rti Leake. Sth (l7ou -7). Grtr King f rms, , s5, 5, 57, 7, Tt9,
broke,
.j

st Duke

of. l79

1 r

j5-r7::;.

Sir,trhw de (d. lz). rms. pl. lz

Lymphad, .z Lynacre, crest, pL 4 Ldhurst,Jh Singleton (Copley) (r77z_ 8), Baron, Lord hlir, 47 Lyon. urr f the Lord, Edinburgh. Lyons, Henry ofPreston, l.rh.,
, John (d. T5Sz), Chamberiain motto {

Lune, Thomas de la, arms, pl. j, t. l, sh. 5 Lur]J family. use surrrs . Toi rygon, rsr, liz

Lucy, definition, z family, 64

2. I24. I27. l28. lJ4. I7, Il Marquess's rt. ta8. pl. t7 }artlet, 7, zo4 Mascle, z, 7, zo4 Masoned, zo4 Massey, , 4 Maudit,_Thomas, checky arms of, pl. z, ll,
.1, sh,

Mauieverer, arns quartered Parker, rz9 Oliver (79, 14r), f Lincolnihire, 8 Srh (d. r79o), Mauby, Peter de (49-8), Lord Mauley, Robert de (d. l), erms, pl. rz _Sir , 7, zo4 Medici, rms, z5 Medina-Sidonia, Spain, Dukedom of, z
_

8, 94

Lgr. rms and crest, i. r

r5.z

Meissen, ri sr's rst fr. /7 Me.Idritch. r (Volda). Earl of

oflondon,

ls . Roxbuighshire. r,on. irruMelun, arms, /. 7 Mendoza, arrrs, 25 Menrzingen mil. rms and crest. /. h durrs m. 4i Mescalero h Tribe, USA, i7o, 7r

lfrd. Abbot. f ur Sr dmu,

Malet, Y/illiam (d.

Craville. 7

Macleod, Alexander, 5 Madrid, City { z4 Magdeburg, City of, I8, 55 Magnus. Thomas (d. l55o). mssdr, , pl. l.j., l, z, sh,5 (rms and crest) . . ,37. iz. Archbishopric f. ms. l7 Mainwaring, Sir Harry ( 84-75), znd Bt., f Peover, Cheshire, rz9
.

at, 9

I7r), Seigneur of
(t 74o-r8.u

.. . Prr9n.subsequenrly Maltby.

MaImesbury. James (rris)

lst ri . 7z' hms (d. l599), l:o

). ls

Michelangelo (l47o-1 564). 5 l. 59 Middlecot, rms of, 8, J8 Middle Georgia College. USA. l7o Middieon. hms }anshaw (i7o9-1Bzz). Bishop f Calcutta, 46 Mi]I rthrs m. (Jhattanooga. USA,
I7o

Meta1, 58, zo4

Id Mille, Edmond (f. I45o), 8 illid (fer de moulin/moline), 67, zo4

Nabokov, supporters { Naiant, zo4 Names and Arms clauses, r5- Nancy, Fr, zo Napoleonic augmentetions, 2I

225

MilB-ard, Rrt f London, 44 Mines Royel, m of, lrs, 97 Mobility, social, in England, grants f arms dr rms, 24 h, John de (d. t), Lord Mohun, 94 f Okehampton, John (Mohun). (c.T59zr64I), Tst Baron, 98 l-rtr, arms, II9 Monfichet, Brian, f Gloucestershire, rms, to, I. 4, sh. 4 Monk, figure f demi-, on arms and crest, pl. 6 Monnich family f Basle, Swtizerland, r5, pl, 6 Monson, John (Monson) (t7z7-74), znd r, 44 Montagu, SirJohn, 8z Montefiore, Sir Moses (Tz8+-T88s), 8s Montfort, Piers de (d, Tu65), T7z Montgomery,John (f. I4), 8 Philip (Herbert) (l584-T65o), Ist rl i subsequently 4th Earl of mk, 89, /. r (full echievement) Montjoies f St Louis, 7 r, canting crest f, 8 Mordaunt, canting crest oi 8 More, rms, lzz Morgan, erms, 7 Morison, Sir Charles (d. l599), Tzo Mortimer, Roger (d. lz6), of Chirk, Lord rtimr, 94, pl. t (arms) Sir Edmund de (d. t4), arms, pl, tz Moscow, rms, 2 Motto, English Royel, Tz Mottoes, r z in Scotland and Fr. l 5 origins { Iz punning, rl riddle, 4 use of wm, I 14 Moulton, Charles f New York, I65 Edward Barrett (. I785), I65 Mounci, Walter de . 7),8z
Semuel Barrett (. I787), t65 Sylvanus Monsters, 65, zo4
er,idence

{ 49

Narboon, Nicholas (d. t588), Ulster King of Navarre, r I (d. z7, King of, arms,
Sencho VII (d. tz), Theobald I (d. z5),

symbols, zz

Arms,

r 14

l,z

Nayler, Sir George

King of, z4 King { z4

74-8

(tz9),

5, 4, 55

MunsteT, (Fitzclarence), Earls ofi z Murrey, 5-3, 68 Muschempe, Mrs Elizabeth (d. t67z), Tzz Musgrave, family, f Hartley and Edenhall,

Moyle, SirThomas (d. 56), Muliet, 67, zo4

Tor

Nebuly, 52 zo4 Needlework, heraldic, decoration on, I74-5 Nelson of the Nile, Horetio (Nelson) (758l85), Viscount, ,46, I49 Netter, Richard, 4 Neville family, badges, ro8, l9 family of r, Lancashire, 66 John (Neville) (d. t88) rd r, ofRaby, . Drhm, 8z Newark-upon-Trent, grant of supporters to (t56I),9 Newcastle, John (Holles) (z-7), Duke of, 0 Newcastle upon Tyne end Newcastle dr Lyme, hms (Pelham-Holles) (9I768), Duke of, 86 Newfoundland, full achievement of , l57 Newman, Gayus, motto of, New York City, St Thomas's Church, 7 New Zealand Herald Extraordinary, 48 Nicholes, John, r 56 Nicholson, Frencis, Governor of Maryland, IJ9 Nightingale, the Virginia, t6, t4 Nile, BaKle of the (798), Nisbet, Alexander (57-r7z5), 5 Noel, arms, Tzz Norfolk, Bernard Edward (Howard) (r765r84z), rzth Duke of, 9, I8 Edward (Howard) (l686-t777), 9th Duke f, 5r r (Howard) (rz8-8), th Duke f, IJo Henry (Fitzalan-Howard) (l847-19r7), Isth Duke of; I82 Thomas (Howerd) (d. r5za), znd Duke f,
96, I78 Thomes (Howard)
T4s

Nayler . Heard (84), 5

King f Arms, 76, r5o

(r.

r),

Garter

Miles Francis Stapleton (Fitzelan-Howard) (. t9t5), r7th Duke { 9, r4.z (arms)

mrld, Tz Thomas, arms, /.

sh. 6

(ly6-7z),

+th

Duke

oi l

j, l. j,

sh,

6;

pl,

j,

l. ,

Musicians of Gt Britain, Royal Society {

Musselburgh, Battle of, 4 Mylbery, Dame Isabele, illegitimate daughter of Ed,ard IV, 5

Norfolk House, London, r8r Normandy, Duke of, rms, pl. tT,l. j, sh.

Thomas (Mowbrey) (t66-99), Duke { 9z

Robert (Curthose) (?l54-r4), Duke { 1?, I74, pl, l, l, l, sh. 6(erms) Nrr, antiquity of office, r5 Kings of rms, 4I, 94-5 (lis, /. 9
errns, pI. 4

226

Id
Northumberland, (Dudley) Dukes { 99 r Algernon (Percy) (1478-5z7), 5th Earl of, sea1, 96 Novgorod, arms,
Parker, Edmund (d. bebre r546), of BTowshlm, Yorkshire, Edward (z-67), f Browsholme, Yorkshire,
cashiTe, r Henry (d, 54), f Frth 11, Essex, 7 James & ., z Matthew (lso+-zs), rhish f Canterur, lms, 7 of Browsholme, Yorkshire, pedigree f,

Nugent, Field rshl Sir George (757r849), rst Bt., 65

Numbers, blazon , Nuremberg, City of,
54 19

Giles (l. 57), f Horrocksford, Lan-

Oddyngescles, crest { 8z Odescalchi, ri, z I9

Officers f Arms in England, institution Ogle, impaled ms of, pl. j SirJohn (T569-164o), 4
Ogress, , zo4

ol

rr Tempest (l89-97), Captain RN,

I2-

'William

Tz9 (quarteTings), l j
(.

Okeover family of Okeover, Staffordshire, z Oidcastle, SirJohn (d, T4t7), tz OlivaTes, Gaspar (de Guzman Pimente1), Duke f, z Olmhidge, arms, pl. z, l, j, sh. 7 Onslow, motto, II

cester a]ias William f Malvern. . /. l j, l. 4, sh. (arms) Partition, lines of, 56, 57 methods , ,j-7 Partridge, Nicholas, arms arid cTest, pl, j,l. , sh, l
Passant, 2,25 Paston, use ofsupporters , r Peacock, as g, l49
aS crest, 82 h, Gilbert (d. lzTz), 9

I+8z-sq), Abbot

z-j

(pedigree)

of Glou-

r, 5-4, zo4

Ordinary, definition, zo4 Honourable, 58 ofarms, crests, etc., 4, pl, t,'pl

sub r plain, r Ordnance, Board of, 4 rl, -z, zo4 'William, of h Hall, StaffoTdshire, rm,

Pedigrees, Tz9

John (d. r.l5), 8z

Ormonde, (Butler) EaTl rms slrr. r74

sh. t

ol

arms,

pl. t l, l.

Iberian, zz ltr, rjz-j, Is, pl, 7 manufectured Norman, r8z

'/lsh,

mri. I, t64 English ml line,

Osbome, Sir George (T74z-r8T8), 4th Bt., Io5 Ounce, zo4 Ow1, significance of, 4 Oxford, Earldom f, extinction in r7oz, 8 (Vr) Earls of, 8z

nartltive,48, l
7-8

'Walter, Pedwardyn, arms, pl. T,l. 5, sh. Peerage of rli, 59 Peeresses, Toz Pegasus, zo5

, Richard (?r48z-56), Secretary to the King, 6, 7 Paine, James (T7z5-89), architect, 8 Painter, umhr, augmentation of rms, 7I Pairle, zo4

lhm, Charles (d. 7), f Brocklesby, Lincolnshire, family, 7, 8z

Pelican, zo5 Pellet, 66, zo5

Pakenham, Thomas (1757-8), Admiral

Sir, RN, 7z l, 59, zo4 r. ss PaIe beviJe, per. 56 Palewise, zo4 11, zo4, zo5

Pellety, zo5 Pell fmil, 169 Pembroke, Aymer (de Valence) (z96-z), Henry (Herbert) (9-75), 9th Ear1 { 77 William (Herbert) (I58-6), rd r1 of,
Penguin, as surtr, ro7 Penhellick, crest, 8 Penn, Granville (. 176T), 166 Thomas (d, t), 66 Y/illiam (44-I7I8), 4, I , definition f, lr Peppere11, Sir'/illiam, Bt. (d. 759), Ir Pepys, Samuel (6-7), 47, 48 (arms and Per, as term ofblazon, 5, 5 Perceva1, rrs, pl. zj Percy, badge,96
crest)
89 Ear1

ol

sea1, Tz

Pallet, 59, zo5 l, zo5

lmr, arms, 47

Panaches, 8r, zo5 Pantheon, zo5, pl. 17 Panther, 64, zo5, pl. l Papal arms, z8-9 Pard, 4 Paris, City { zo Matthew (d. Tz59), historian and monk, 7,
4

Henry de, equestrian seal (r), 8

Id
Peters, Grg, London, granted rms
(tz+8), ++ Petra Sancta, Sylvester,

)an
Prince Arthur's Book, 98-9, pl. 19 i g County. Virginia. t7o rr, zo5 rthr, Edward (T798-T85z), Collection Y/elsh Mss, I J I Pudsey, badge, 7 crest,82
crest, and badge, pl. zz

PeveTill, arms, 8 Sir .. ms, 9 Phelipp, rgrt, rms, /49 h, 7, zo5

53

Philipot, John
rld. loI. Phoenix, zo5

(r.
1_17

5ti9-145), Sonerset

f Bolton Bowland, Yorkshire, arrns,

Physicians, grants rrs to in lth .. 8 Pickering, Robert, Serjeant-at-Law, 4I Pierced, zo5 Pierrepont, lnotto, l I Robert (irrt) (I584-I4), r, Viscount Newport, subsequently Earl

Pugin, Augustus Welby Nrthmr (t8Tz5z), T8z Punctuation, lack ofin blazon, 74 Purpure, JT-4, 25 Putnam, James, l65 Quarles, Jarnes (d. I599), I2o Quarter, an addition fhur, 68 as sub-ordinary, z definition, zo5 sinister, Quartering and illegitimecy, rz f arms granted to ancestress who was t hr fthr's hir or coheir, rz4-5 of rms in 7ales, 7 not retained ifpedigree disproved, r4 principles upon which marshalled, lz9- rules, rz5

Pile,6z, 5

Kingston-upon-Hull, 98 fhur, 68

per, 5 Pindar, Queen's Master Cook, 8 Pineepple, I,25 Piozzi, Hester Lynch (r74l-T8zr), 4 John Salusbury (rzq-l8s8), tr,rds Sir John Salusbury Piozzi-Salusbury, 4 Plantagenet, rms, 92 Gfr (d. 5), .1 Plate, 6, zo5 Platts, Miss Beryl, 5-7 Plaunche, SirJames, aliasJake de la (d. r. I 6), Plessy. ugh de. ms. pl. j, l, z. sh, 7 Pocock, Admiral Sir George (T7ojz),7z Sir George (r765-T84o), Tst Bt., 72 point as mark f abatement, 8 Poitiers, Battle f(r56), 7 Pole mil, 9z Polish hrldr, z9 :'m, 67, zo5
arms,

as edditiorr

Quarterly, 8,

pl. lz

Quatreoil, 67, zo5 Queue, zo5 Quinci, Rgr de (?95-rz5) (Earl of Winhstr), I4, I72 Radclyffe, 'William (77-r8z8), Rouge Croix

55

Pursuivant,77 Raguly, 5Z zo5

ml, zo5

Ponthieu, Guy of, 5 , ancestry shown in Italian heraldry, z7 John Paul II, z8, z9 Paul VI, z8 hm, surtrs, IoI Porcupine, 6, pl. t9

Ralegh, Virginia, 56, r7o Raleigh, Sir W'alter (?r55z-8), I5, l70 Rmr, Magaret de, 9 Rampant, 2, zos Ramsbury, John de (_f. 88), 8z Randell, trs,7 Randolph mil, 69 r, 4

Ranuncula,65 Ravensworth, r (Liddell) (r7o8-84), Ist Rawlinson, Robert, f Cark in rtml, Lancashire, 4z Rau,,tenstell, Lencashire, grant f arms to Borough f, 49

r, Mark Anthony, Frh master at Eton College, z

Porter, m and arnrs. t5 Williem f London, rms and crest, /. r, Portst-nouth, (Wallop), Earls f. 99 Portuguese heraldry, zz, z4 Povey's Roll, r, 78 Powhatan County. Virginia, 7 Powis, r rthur (rr (r.t7-7z), rtt, Roger, t56
8

(l87l)

l.

t,

ll. j

Real Transporte, Gutierre de Hevie, Bustamt Alonso de Caso, Marques del, created l76o, z4

lst Earl , 44

rmh, King h Ashanti, Gold Coest,

Preston f Lincolnshire. rms, 9 Pretence, escutcheon of,68, 7, l2, 2oI Preuilly, Gdr de, 3 Prideaux, rst, 82

Records llg oArnrs, definition of, 4 Redmayne, Jennet, I rms quartered rkr, rz9 Regerdant, 2,25 Renishaw HaIl, Derbyshire, r86 Repton, mhr (T75z-T8T8), 8 Reynes, John f rt Longvile, Huntingdshir, 9 Rhine, Prince Palatine of, rms, 7 Rhinoceros, crest, 12,

Riband,

59

228

Id
Richmond, Dukes of, Tz4 Jh (de Dreux r de Bretagne) (z95), Duke ofBrittany and Ear1 of, I8, pl. tt,l, , sh. z (arms) Yorkshire, prospect of, 4 Richmond and Gordon, Frederick Charles (Gordon Lennox) (. 9), 9th and 4th Duke { z Ricketts, Major Generel George,

quently Lancaster Herald, 4z Rympyngden, John, f Leatherheed, Surrey,

7

Arms intruded Parliament,

subse-

Sable, 5-4, zo5 Sachevere11, John, ofHopwe11, Derbyshire, 8z Sackville, banner f rms, pl. 9 4, 127 supporters,6T St Agnes in Agone, Rome, hrh of, z8 St Albans, Charles Frederic Aubrey de Vere (Beauclerk) (. T9I5), th Duke oi Iz St Andrerv, Order of, r St Andrew's Cross, r St Antoine Le Petit, Paris, hurh f, 45 St Esprit, Order of, zo St George, Henry (z5-7r5), Clarenceux, subsequently Garter King f Arms, 7,

/illiam r (d. 79), f ,

Jamaica, 6 William f theJerseys, l64

family, 9 Sir Thomas, Gentleman Usher to James

I,

Ripon, Yorkshire, See { 47 Rising, zo5 Rivett, erms and crest, pl, l j,l. 1, sh, z Roch, Sir Bartholomew 1, augmentation f
arms, 7I Rh, r, arms and crest, l, r, l, ,, sh. 4 Rochester Castle, Kent, 7_ Rolle, Henry (Rolle) (78-5), tst Lord, r f Stevenstone, 4 Rollo (d. 9), 5 Rolls of Arms, 4 Ros, John de, arms, pl. z, l. z, sh, 6 Thomas (de Ros) (l4-), Baron, 7 Rose, 65, zo5 Demask, 4 Thomas, arms, l2o

Sir Richerd (d. 5), Clarenceux King f

Thomas (r5-7), GarterKing ofArms,
St

I59

Arms,
159

r 9

Henry, Roya1 and Military tdr of Haiti,

Rotemburg, afms, 18

Rotherham, George (d. 599), Tzo Rothwell, James, 9 Rotier of Cheshire, arms, 9 Round, John Horace (854-r9z8), z Roundels, 65,66, zo5 Rowe, 'William, Secretaty to th Commissioners f th Parliament f England, r9
Roya1 rms, English, I87-9T

StJohn, eagle f, z Indians, N. America, Bietso, Oliver (St John) (d. T58u), r,98

Tst

St Leger, family of Cornwall, roo porters), lol

mil f Kent, Tol (banner)

(sup-

Sir Anthony, KG (d. 559), 98, /.

Frh, zo, 65 Spenish, z R1 Beasts, 96 Roya1 Exchange Assurance, 4, 5 Royal Licence, 45 Ruck Keene family, Rundell, Thomas (d. 8), ofBath, surgeon,
I

Russell, Daniel of Charlestown, Massachusetts, 66 Dukes ofBedford, 85 James of Charlestown, Massechusetts, 66 James of Clifton, Gloucestershire, 66

hms HodgetTs, I

St Leonards, Edward Burtenshaw (Sugden) (78I-875), Ist r, 47 St Luigi dei Francesi, Rome, hurh of, zo St Michael, Order f, zo St Petersburg, arms { r St 1, Counts f, 5, 6 Guy III (de Chatillon), Count of, 7 St Quintin, J., arms, lo, l, z, sh, 8
Salamanca, University f, 8

Robert, rms, lo, l. l, sh. 8 Y/., arms, to, l. j, sh. 8

Salamander, Salient, zo5

zo5

Russia, Alexander r, z

Richard,

II (88-8), Tsar

Saltire, , z

Salisbury,'/illiam (Longespee) (d. Tzz6), Earl of, rz

Sancroft, 'William (z-q), Archbishop of Canterbury, 4z Sandford, Francis (6-94), Lancaster Herald, 8, 79
San Diego Museum f

Michael III (596-645), Tsar f, 4 Peul I (754-8), Tsar f,

per,56

Russian heraldty, -1,

Peter the Gteet (T67z-T7z5), Tsar f, six grades ofnobility, l

.12

Rutland, John (Manners) (696-779), rd Duke of, 47 Rye, arms quartered Parker, Tz9 Ryley, William (d. 1667), lr King f

Att, California,

Sanguine, 5I-, 8

Saracen's head, crest f, 8z, 8 Sassoferreto, Barto1o de, oPerugia, 5

Sassoon, Siegfried (r886-T967), 8

Id
Savage ofCheshire, use ofsupporters , Tor Savoy, Amadeus IV (rT97-1z46 or z5), Count { 4

229

Emnranuel Philibert (T5z8-8o), Duke {

Saxony, Duke { 17(rms), r9 Prince Consort's crest fr, -7

KG,

qs,

pl,

19 (banner)

Scalp arms, ll Srf, 59 Scarlett, Richard, hereld painter, to9, pl. z7 Scarpe, 59 Scattergood, John, of Ellaston, Staffordshire, Schuyler, rms, I69
I54
42

Say fmil, 8 (rms), 9

Sheldon, George, of Canterbury, rzz Ralph (lz-84), bequest of, r5o Shelley, rms, 7 Sherard, of Leicestershire, supporters, IoI Shield, parts { 57

Shakespeare, Jh (d. II), 4 Williem (I 564-6), 4 Sharpe, William (d. . 8) 75

Shaftesbury, th (Ashley-Cooper) (T7TT-7r), 4th Earl { rzz

Shirborn, f Stonyhurst, Lancashire, supporters

Shipmen, Thomas (6z-8), Royalist poet, and brothers Gervase and Y/illiam, 4z

shape, 5

Scotland, Alexander III (z4t-86), King of, David II (z+-zs), King f, 7 grants ofsupporters in, 98

heraldic thrit in, I 52 l (I94-+z), King oi gs Jarrres II (4-), King f, 95 Jarnes III (r451-88), King ol ps Janres IV (r47-5), King of, 9 James V (T5Tz-4z), King f,96 lack great heraldic archive in, r54 rgrt, niece ofMalcolm IV and'/illiam
Jarnes

Royal SuppoTters, 95 wr-r ln, I I2, Scott, Sir Walter (I77r-82), I55

position motto, r z Robert I the Bruce (lz74-tz9), King { 5 RobeTt II (6-9), King { 54 Royal Arms f, r

rh Lion, Kings f. I 4 Mary (T54z-87), Queen {

Shugborough Hall, Staffordshire, 8 Siberia, arnrs, r Sickingen family of hmi, arms and crest, |, 6 Sidney, benners of arms, pl. r9 supporters of, 99 Simcoe, f Chelsea, 44 Simminges, John, 8 Sinclait, Upton (r878-198), r8

Shrewsbury, George (Talbot) (d. r59), th Earl of, tomb, /,

Shirley, crest, 8 Shirley's RolI, 8z

45

sinister, z Sitlington, William, of 'igton, mrld,

44

motto, I I2 Smur, arms, pl. t9

Semy r Sm, z Seringapatam, Citadel . /. 1 Sermyent, Sir Dego, Seton, George (r8zz-98), 89, 98

Selborne, Roundell (lmr) (T8Tz-95), lst rl of, Lord Chancellor. 47

Seger, Simon (.fl, T656-17Tz), 5 Sir'!7illiam (d. l6). GarterKing rms, 5, 8, 9,4, 98, Tl9 Segar's Roll, 4,4, pl, lz Segreant, z Sejant, z, z

(book-plate) Scottish heralds, 5-5 Scrope, Anabella (d. I7), 8 Richerd le, 8I Scrope v. Crostlerlor (I85-9), 4, 59 Sea Dog in crest f hms. /, r.;l Seal designs, t58, t, t84 Sea Lion, as supporter, 4r Seckford, rms and crest, pl. r

Scott-Gatty, Sir lrd ScoK (847-t9l8), Garter King of rms, Io9, ilo, r8J

Thomas f Great r, StaffoTdshire, rms, 4z

Skinner, Cortlandt, 65 Sledmere 11, Yorkshire, T8r Slipped, z Slogans, Trz Smert, Jh (d. 78), Garter King f Arms, Smith, John, descended from Cuerdley, Lancashire, 8, J9 (grant ofarms) hms, 4 William (r, 55-8), Rouge Dragon Pursuivant, arms from his Ordinary, 9 Soap Boilers of London, arms f, 64

8, z

Somerset, Edmund (Beaufort) (.46-55), Duke l rz Edwerd (Smr) (c.r5oo-5z), Ist Duke ,98, pL tg John Beaufort (c,r4o4-44), Duke { 96 John Michael Edward (Smr) (. Tqsz), I9th Duke of, 99 Seymour family, Dukes { 69 Somner family of Canterbury, 47 Srti,9
Sons, younger,

Southampton, Y/illiam (Fitzwilliam) (. r49r54z), r1 { 9 Soth Sea m, grant of supporters to,

Southwell, Richard f rshm St Faiths, Sutis,9 Spain, Ferdinand (r45z-I5I6) and Isabella

Io5

Norfolk, etms, 127 Sir Richard (t5444), Tz7

23

Id
(r45T-T5o4), King and Queen f, z6, 8 grandees in, z

illegitimacy in, z Philip II (T5z7j8), King of, z6, 14, r88 Philip V (r8-74), King { z Royal rms , zO Spanish heraldry, heralds, 19,22-4, 25, 2,
Sparhawk, Andrew r11, 4 Spencer, badge, 8
I

(Pole), Duke of, arms, pl. t1,1. l, sh, j Suffolk and Bindon, r (Howard) (6778), th and Tst Earl { ro4 Sumner, John Bird (I78-I8z), Archbishop Sunderland, Emanuel (Scrope) (584-6),

frrur.47

-Surrrs. defmition, z English Royal, 95

r1 , 8

EdwardJohn (Spencer) (. l9za), 8th Earl, SirJohn (d. ), funeral certificate, pl. z7

fr corporate bodies, 4 for Royal proxies, 5

good business ganting them in midr8th ., 4 granted Lord Lyon to Englishmen, ro4 granted Royai'WarTant, oiigin . 94 Scottish Royai, 95 single, 98,99 three, l, roz

Speranzov, N. N., Spinster, use f aTms , r Spring, Sir'William of Suffoik, reo SpuTious, definition of, z Squibb, ATthur (578-I5), Ciarenceux King ofArms, 4z Squirrel. seal, Stafford, Hugh de (.4z-8), subsequently znd EaTi of, arms, lo, l, j, sh. 4 James de, arms, io, L j, sh. l John de. rms. ,, l, t, sh. 5 R. de, rms, to, l. , sh. 5 Ralph (de Stafford) (l1-7z), Ist Barl of, Richard de, aTms, to, l. z, sh, z 'W. de, aTms, l, l. z, sh. 5 Stag; significance , 64 Stained glass, heraldic, 174, 176

rms. lo, l, l, sh,

Symbols, Napoleonic, zz

use ofby eldest sons ofpeers, r use of gentlemen, roo use ofby wives ofpeers, roz Surgeons, College { ro5 Surr, John de ('Warenne), Earl f, seal, 7 'William (de'/arenne) (d. l8), Earl oi 9 Sussex, Robert (Radcliffe) (r. 48-I54z), Earl 96 Sutli, John. 4 Symbolism ofbeasts and birds, , 64

Stains (murrey/sanguine and tenn6), 5, 8 Stalin, Joseph (r879-195), l Standards, ro9-T Standish, erms, Stanhope, Henry, Lord (d. ), ro2, 1 Stanley, Henry f Sutton Bonnington, Nottirrghamshire, confirmation f rms and crest, 5, /. 8 (patent) Staples, interlaced badge f Neville, 9 Stapleton, crest, 82 Sir Miles, 8z Sir Robert de (l. Iz4), rrs, pl. lz Stawell mil of Somerset, Ioo, II Stewart, Leslie of New York, r5
St, ms , sh, z (funeral certificate) of Elvaston, Drshir, arms, I5

StainfoTth, Margaret,

II

Symound, Thomas, arms, pl. 1,1, 4, sh. Syon , I74, I75 Swinford, CatheTine (5-I4), Iz7 Swynnarton, hms, standafd, rro

Tadlow, James andJohn f London (l. r478), arms and crest, 8l Tait, Archibald mli (T8TT-8z), rhbishop of Canterbury, 47 'Writer to th Signet, 47 John, Talbot, as supporters, pl, definition, z

family, badge { 7 Jh (l. 5z), 8z

papers, I5o

Professor Lawrence, 49 Strange of Blackmere, Jh, rms, 1.

tzz

Tankerville, SirJohn (Grey) (d. r4zr), Earl f,

Sir Thomas of Bashal1, Yorkshire, arms, crest, and badge, pl, zz

89

l, L

Tanquervil, Count
5,

of Knockyn, Roger, arms, pl. l, L 4, sh. j f Norfolk, John, arms, pl. 1,1. 5, sh. 4 Piers, arms, pl, 1,1. 5, sh. 5 Strathmore and Kinghorne, Claude George (Bowes-Lyon) (855-944), T4th Earl of , Strawberry Hill, Middlesex, l8z StTotheT, Clement, of Newton, Northumber7and, Tzz
I

(t46), 9 Tatton, Robert Henry Grenville (I88-9z), r29 Thomas rthur (89-968), Tz9

'

od risr at

shawe, Cheshire, Tz9 Taucida, arms oi r Collectors, grants f arms to in r7th ., 4 Taylor, Joseph PTingle, 66 Silas (Iz4-78), Tz8 Tempest, arms quartered rkr, r2g, I Bridget (d. I), I family of Broughton, Yorkshire,

'/ythenhms 'William (t86-85), of

Robert, T5z

Suffolk, Charles (Brandon) (.r484-r545),

Duke of, Tz7

Sub-Ordinaries,

Id
SirJh . l7, tt Sir Piers (d. r. T4l7), I, I Sir Richard (d. r.I79), , Il Sir Rgr (d. . rz88), t

237 flr counter-flory, I rr, BishopJohrr (d. I4Io), 5t Tricking, z rir, Archbishopric { arn:'s, I7 Trinity College, Carnidge, erms, 7 Trippant, z rit as SuItr, Truro, Cornwall, See f, +z Turberville, Gloucestershire, Gilbert, rrs, /. z, l. z, sh. 8 Turbot as crest, 8r Tutbury, Strdshir, rir of, z Tyldesley, hurst, ofLancashire, rrs and crest, pl, ro Tyler, Andrew (d. l7ao), st, Massachusetts, rl, r64 William (d. 758), ofBoston, Messachusetts,
164

Tenenti. 9 t. James, Io4 Earl

of,, 4r

Tenn6,5t-],68, z Thanet, Nicholas (Tufton) (l578-16 ), rst

Theolv, zo6, pl. lg
Prince f, z4

h , Manuel Domingo Francisco de Godoy Alvarez de Faria (T767-T85l),

htfrd rir, Nrlk, l78 hms Jh London, arns and crest, pl. lj, l. , sh, z hrrgh, Virginia Shhrd, t William Butler, San Francisco, California, hrrgh-rr, dwrd Denman, Thoroton, Dr Robert (lz-78), rs, 42 Thorp, arms quartered Parker, rz9 hrl, r (d. t78t), 46 Thunderbolt, z Thuringia, ri Consort's crest fr, 17 Thurlow, crest f Hovell granted to Edward (Hovell ThuTlow) (T78T-T8z9), znd Tichborne, supporters, IoI

r,9z

Tierce, en giron appointi en rr, 5 en girons arrondis, 5 en gousset, j mantel, 56 Tierstein, Count , 6 Tiles, heraldic encaustic, I82 Tinctures, 51-4,2

Ulster King rms, rms of ffi, pl. 4 Ud r Undy, z Unguled, z Unicorn, z. pl. r9 United States mri, Arnrorial Bearings f, t66-7 IJr, z Urinal in basket, in z, 8 Urswick, rs, rst, and badge, pl. -zz badge, lo7 Uvedale, John Sonrerset, crest, /. r,1 Vir, z

Yaiy,

Valentia, r (Power)

(r.

t56z-164z),

Tippoo Sahib (d. rzqg), ruler Mysore

Tivitoe, John London, 8 Toke, George Worcestershire, 4l, pl. 9 Toledo, Spain, City f, 8 Tonge, Thomas (d. 56), It9 rk mil. badge, loT Sir Richard of Torbock, Lancashire, arms, crest, and badge, pl. zz
Torse, z
(patent)

Viscount , 4r Vanbrugh, rms, I69

(78z9), t

SirJohn, (1664-17z6), Clarenceux King Arms, architect,44, lz7, l8o V, arms with quartering and crest, 7, pL.I Sir r (ll-6z), 7z Vassall, Catherina, wido, of Lt.-Col. Spencer Thonras Vassall, notto { l4 Vaughan, Sir Hugh (f. ,sr+), 97 (arms and
crest), 1 Io (standard), r r l Vela, Gffr de (d. 914), z4 Ve]deke, Heinrich von, the Aeneid (r r74),

Torteau,66, z urmt, invention of, Townsend, Francis (c.t749-T8T9),'Windsor Herald, 77 Townshend, Slm of Newport, Rhode lsland, l65

of Kinderton, Cheshire, Tzz Robert (?rz-87),46 Vrd, Theobald de (?z48-9), 94

V]s, PeteT (r.4-69), Vere, badge, 7 fril, 9

78

Transylvania, Sigismund (Bathori) (T57zI), Duke (thwis ri) { 8, 9

(seal)

rg,

f Tilbury, r (Vr)
r, 8

(t5.5-t5),

Transylvanian hrldr, 39

Treason, tmt r. 68

Trappes-Lomax, Michael Rgr (r9oo-7z), Somerset Herald, 87 rfil, 5, .z Trelawnay, rms. rzr, sh.
Tressure. z

Verrnandois, Isabel de (d. beloreJuly Il47),7 Vr, Sir Ednrund (d. ls99), rtrd-

Vrt, 5-4, z Vielelobos, Sir Ferdinand de, 7 Vienna, Austria, City , r9 Vincent, Augustine, (r,r5SI-1:). Windsor Herald, l, r5o

shire, Tzo

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Vipont fmil, l Castle, land, Tz, pl. j, l, l, sh. (arms) Virgin, Incarnation of Christ r of , symbol
devisa]s rms to countie in, I7o sea1, r57, 58 Senate f the mmwlth of, r7o Viscount's coronet, /98

'Westmor-

'/ashington,
'/tr

Virginia, Commonwealth f, I7o

{, z

George (783-99), 67 bouget, 7 'Watson, Sir Brook (75-187), Ist Bt., 84

University, z

Watt, James (7-8t9), engineer, 46 James (l79-848), of,Aston 11, Birming-

'Wavy

-Webb,

Voell, David,

Visitations, Herald's, 4, 4, 48, , I2o, I5, l4o, l45, 46, l47, l48, l49
all;'s, I49

r Ud, 57, z Sir'William (d. r599), Tzo Webbe, 'William (l577) tm, Drset, 8J

hm,4

Voided, z Voider, z, 8 Volant, z Volastyslaw, aTms and crest, 16, l. z, sh.

Waddington, Alice (d. rz), I arms qualtered Parker, rz9 'Wadiswil, repetition f arms on crest, 8l Wagner, Sir Anthony (. I9o8), Garter King f rms, , r, 8, 78, 87 'Waldegrave, arms, rl8 Gffr Noel ('Waldegrave) (. r95), KG,
'Wales,

Y/eddall, Jh (I58-64z), f Stepney, SeaCaptain, 4 'Weissenburg, repetition rms crest, 8I '/lsh genealogy, Protheroe Collection, r 5 heraldry. l-8. l49. pl, z5 /m of um, Richard ('Wm) (r573'/estbury,

Westminster , City f, 69

Richard (Bethell) (8-7), rst Baron, Lord Chancellor, 47 Robert, Abbot f r, , 7 (rms)

64), Tst Viscount, 4

z, l7j

Sir Richard (d. 4), 8 Arthur (r486-15oz), Prince f, 95, 8 evolution ofheraldry in, r7 Prince f North, arms of, l. Tl

I2th EaIl, J5

quess of, 69 Whl with two spouts, 64, 65

Gerald Cavendrsh (Grosvenor) (, 95), th Duke { 9 Robert (Grosvenor) (r77-r845), Ist r-

Princess

'Walford's Roll, z 'Walker, Hezekiah, f th Middle Temple, 44

(armoria1 bearings)

f (. 9), , lo4, pl.

zo

Whll, Edmund, Abbot Yrk, 7

f St

Mary's,

Arms, 7, 7I, rlg, r5o Wallop, SirJohn, KG (d, r55I), r, 98,

use ofsupporters ,

Sir Edward (tl1-77), Garter King f

pl. rg

Y/hrt, Jh f Kirkby hr, Westmorland, aTms in wrndow f his house, 47 Whihm, hrs, London, silversmith, Ylhite, Alain Campbe1l, f Litchfield, Connecticut, I69 -/ales, arms, 49 Jh f Tenby, (79. I585-9), Governor Ralegh, John
z

lr

Walpole, r (77-97), (subsequently 4th r1 f rfrd),77. I8l 'Waltham

Cross, Essex, 7 Warburton, crest, 82 John (T68z-1759), Somerset Herald, 9, 5 'War-cries,

'/erd

SirJh,7

Mrs (d. 87),

I2o

N. Carolina,

r5

Robert (d. 599), f Aldershot, Hampshire, Whitgit, John (.r5-i4), Archbishop of Canterbury, 8, 9 (grant ms), 75 '/illiam (,:'5z.4-7, Dean Whittingham,

78

-fi/arde,

ofStaffordshire, crest, /, 4 Sir Robert de 1 (d. r.r7), arms, pl. lz, l. 5, sh. l 'Warenne, |r:'s, I72, pl, , ll. r-4, sh. l
'Warner,

II4 Scottish.

British and Frh hm,

Tz

/hitwick, hms (c.l69o-T7zz), York

Herald, r /hyting, Richard (d. ,sq), Abbot ofGlastonY/'iddrington, arms, 8 Ylife, arms rd, z4 Y/ilberfoss, aTms quartered rkr, Tz9

Durham, 4

ur,

r, 8I Vice Admiral Sir PeteT (7-5z), 43 '/arwick, Earl , arms, pl. z, l, l, sh, Guy (de uhm) (.z7I-5), th Earl of, 94 Richard (Neville) (r4z8-7T), th Earl f, the Kingmaker, 87
5th '/'rr,

Mildred (d. 7), I67 'Warre, Sir Thomas La (La'Warre) (d. laz7),

Sarah Pawson, rr Wilrhm, arms, I22 Y/ilcocks, r, Archdeacon of Leicester,

Sir Richard (Beauchamp) (8z-49), th Ear1 of, 8z, 87, 6, l7

Y/ilkins of Stoke, Kent, arms and crest, pl. r Willement, hms (786*187), T8z William and Mary College, ViTginia, 59 V/illiams family of Boston, Massachusetts, John (T7zz-8z), of Boston, A4assachusetts, r, z (arms)
pedigree,

arms,

pl. t j, l. 5, sh.

Sir hms (uhm)

(r.

I2th r1 of, 8z, 88 (garter stall plate)

r8-r4r),

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Jonathan (l7l7j6), tz Jonathan, Salem, Massachusetts, I Y/illoughby, crest, 8z Sir Robert de (d. r. l 7), rms, pl, t z '/ilmot, Robert (r. I64bl7zz), f Osmaston,

..r5

Sir Charles (Somerset) (.r46-15z), tst

Words on rms, 2J Wrs. Hester (8-l87). rl Wrth, crest, 88

Earl f, Tz4

/iltshire, hms (Boleyn) (+zz-rsq),

Derbyshire, 4z

r, SiT Christopher (6z-t7z), I4o, I8 Wright, ldr, r66

rl , 9 Winchester Castle, l7z Nigel Grg (Paulet) (. T94I), I8th rquess f, 97 William (Paulet) (d. lz8), 4th Marquess of, full achievenrent, 5z, pl, l7 /indolve, Bartholonew, oRadiswell, Hertfordshire, rms and crest, pl. lj, l. 5, sh. z Wingfield, John (.rl9-78), York rld, II, I

charles of London, silversmith, lz John, John, subsequently Sir Jh Ingilby, Bt.

(I758-T8r5), John Izard, 66

lzI

Sir James, Bt. (I7r6-85), Grr f Georgia, N. mri,

Sir James ldr (Izqq-r8z), rd Bt.,

Sir Anthony, KG (d. l55z), 98, pl, l9

(r)

subsequently Ingilby, Henry (r7I-r8), riothesley, 96, II,

l66

Winthrop College, South rli, I7o Wise, r (s-rzS), f rrt Park, Middlesex, Gardener, 4 /istow, Richard, arnrs and crest, pl. ro

Sir Thonas (d. 54), Garter King fArms, 5, , 8, 49, 52"65,8,

tz7, lz8

'Wittenberg, I8 /r , Bedordshire, l85 Wl, Frencis, dsI, Shropshire, 7 /ollaston, Sir Gerald'Woods (r874-1957), Garter King rrs, r t r 'Wolsey, hms (r. r475-I5), Cardinal, 6,

Writhe,John (d. r5), Garter King f rls, 66,8 Wyatt, Jarrres (l746-8), erchitect, 44 /yatville, Sir Jffr (7-r84), architect, Wyvern, loz, z, pl. t
without wings,
as crest

l8z

ofFarrington, pl. zz

Wolsterrholme, Sir Jh (r56z-r9), rrht drrr, motto f. t r women, as Sovereign Princes, 75 r their ther's quarterings, 76

_7

7 (rrs)

Yale (monster), zo6, pl. lg Yarborough, Charles lrd Worsley (Pel-

Charles (Anderson-Pelhanr) (l749-8z),

Pelharn), (l89-z), znd Earl oi I Yonge,John (d. I5T6), NorroyKing ofArnrs,

hanr) (I859-I9), 4th Earl f, arms, Ist Baron, I

rr7

do not use crests, 75, 76 heiresses, 128, l4, I5 how their rms marshalled, lz4-5 rrrid, 75, l peeresses in thir own right, il, rr7 spinsters r widows bear arnrs lozenge,
use omottoes , TI.1 wido,s f peers, use rms ,

divorced, r r

Charles Anderson Worsley (AndersonII

Young, Dr, arms, 7

z, tt

'Woodmason,

Worcester, John (it (?r4z7-7o), Earl f,

l79o),

65

Revds Charles and James (f.

King f Arn-rs, |, 14, I2,7 Younger, r, augmentation of rms, 7I Yrk, Srh, Duchess f(. 959), lz5 York Minster, rms in windou,, l47, t7
Zeys'iBhen Til, rms and crest, 1. } Zieber, Eugene, r

Sir Charles Grg (l795-869),

Grtr

Richard (uhr) (r.97-r4z), Earl

f, I7

Zouche, rms f, apparently r znd wi Sir William Helford, Bt,, tzz, l z j Zurih Roll (. 4), 78

'l'irtrlas Woodcock qualified as rristr anrl Solderset rld. is joint editor with (.hester Herald of the brthcoming
Dlrir,, ori

rrtl ms.

Jh Marl:i,tl Robinson is Fitzalan Ptrrsuir-ant Extraordinan,. } is author of h WvatB,

Royal Residences" Georgian foIode] Farms, h Itest Country Houses, h rhittur oJ Nrthm gld, Cardinal Consa]vi, and National Trust Book oJ th glh ut- Lstate_

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h frd strtd History of the British rh;l

John and Ralph Griffi*

The Oxford Iustrated Historv of Medieval r

Edited Grg Holmes

The Oxford Iustrated Historv of Britain Edited .

r
l

Fmr: rmril Bearings of EaTl of tgm.

(ht: John Rose;.

|acket illusotior

1616

8ccl: Granb Wim , lru, 15{| (photo: John Rose).

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