Professional Documents
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Brinell Hardness
100 BHN 200 BHN 300 BHN 400 BHN 500 BHN
Type of Steel
Mild Steel Medium carbon steel High carbon steel High alloy steel Unhardened tool steel Hardened tool steel
600+ BHN
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PMI Standards
ASTM E1916 Standard Guide for Identification and/or Segregation of Mixed Lots of Metals American Society of Testing Material /1997 , reaffirmed 2004 MSS SP-137-2007 - Quality Standard for Positive Material Identification of Metal Valves, Flanges, Fittings, and Other Piping Components Edition: 1st Manufacturers Standardization Society / 01-May-2007 This Standard Practice provides methods and acceptance standards for Positive Material Identification (PMI) of metal flanges, fittings, valves, and pressure boundary parts of valves and other piping components. PFI ES42 - Standard for Positive Material Identification of Piping Components Using Portable X-Ray Emission Type Test Equipment Pipe Fabrication Institute / 01-Oct-1996
PMI Standards
API R P 578 Material Verification Program for New and Existing Alloy Piping Systems American Petroleum Institute / May 1999
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Although OES is considered a non-destructive testing method, the spark does leave a small burn on the sample surface
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PMI Testing
The elements of the basic alloy materials to be verified should be in accordance with Table below:
Basic Alloy Carbon-Molybdenum, Manganese Molybdenum, and Chromium Molybdenum steels Nickel steels Regular carbon grade stainless steels Low carbon stainless steels Low-carbon Stabilized stainless steels Nickel-based alloys Copper-based alloys Elements to be Verified Chromium and Molybdenum Nickel Chromium, Nickel, and Molybdenum Chromium Nickel, Chromium, Nickel Molybdenum Molybdenum, and Carbon Chromium, Nickel, Molybdenum, Titanium and Niobium Nickel, Iron, Copper, Chromium, and Molybdenum Copper, Zinc, and other elements specified in purchase order or SAMS catalog description
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Component Identification
The ASME B31.3 Code requires random examination i ti of f materials t i l and d components t to t ensure conformance to listed specifications and standards. B31.3 also requires these materials to be free from defects. Component standards and specifications have various marking requirements.
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Case Study 1: Failure of A Slurry Recycle Line in a Delayed Coker Canada 1984
Failure of a slurry recycle line in a delayed coker unit in Canada in 1984. The line was specified to be NPS 6, schedule 40 ASTM A 335 grade P5 (UNS K41545) seamless pipe having a nominal composition of 5% chromium and % molybdenum. The line contained oil with sulfur compounds and coke particles at a temperature of 705 F (374 C) and a pressure of 240 psig (1 (1.66 66 MPa) MPa). The line split longitudinally, showering the unit with hot oil and causing a fire to spread through the unit resulting in a half dozen additional pipe failures
Case Study 1: Failure of A Slurry Recycle Line in a Delayed Coker Canada 1984
The fire was traced to the rupture of a 16-in. (406-mm) long section of carbon steel, shown in Figure, that had been welded into the line approximately fi years previously. five i l The carbon steel section had a thickness of only 0.090 to 0.125 in. (2.3 to 3.2 mm) prior to the failure while the adjacent pipe was between 0.250 and 0.260 in. (6.4 to 6.6 mm) thick.
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Case Study 1: Failure of A Slurry Recycle Line in a Delayed Coker Canada 1984
Figure below is a longitudinal metallographic section of one of the girth welds at the end of the carbon steel section illustrating the abrupt change in wall thickness between the carbon steel section and the adjacent 5% chromium steel pipe and weld.
Safety Bulletin - U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB)
Positive Material Verification: Prevent Errors During Alloy Steel Systems Maintenance
The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) issues this Safety Bulletin to focus attention on process equipment configuration control and positive material verification of critical alloy steel piping components. The CSB recommends e e d th that t the refining, efi i petrochemical, et he i l and d chemical industries review material verification programs to ensure that maintenance procedures include sufficient controls and positive material identification (PMI) testing to prevent improper material substitutions in hazardous process systems.
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Carbon steel RHU heat exchanger outlet pipe (arrow) ruptured after operating only 3 months in high-temperature hydrogen service.
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Ruptured 8-inch carbon steel pipe elbow pieces recovered after the fire
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API RP 578: Material Verification Program for New and Existing Alloy Piping Systems
Provides guidelines for a material quality assurance system to verify the consistency between the nominal composition of alloy components t within ithi the th pressure envelop l of f a process piping i i system with the selected or specified construction materials to minimize the potential for catastrophic release of toxic or hazardous liquids or vapors. Presents material control and verification programs on ferrous and nonferrous alloys during construction, installation, maintenance, and inspection of new and existing process piping systems covered under the ASME B31.3 and API 570 codes. Applies to metallic alloy materials purchased for use by the owner/user or indirectly through vendors, fabricators, or contractors, and includes the supply, fabrication and erection of these materials. Carbon steel components specified in new or existing piping systems are not covered under the scope of this document.
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Markings Pipe
Standard Title and Marking Requirements Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc Coated, Welded and Seamless 1. Name of Brand of Manufacturer 2. Kind of Pipe (e.g. ERW B, XS) 3. Specification Number 4. Length Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service 1. Marking requirements of A530/A530M 2. Heat Number 3. Hydro/NDE y Marking g 4. S for supplementary requirements as specified (stress-relieved annealed tubes, air underwater pressure test, and stabilizing heat treatment) 5. Length 6. Schedule Number 7. Weight on NPS 4 and larger ASTM A53
ASTM A106
ASME B16.36
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Markings Fittings
Standard Title and Marking Requirements Factory Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings Factory-Made 1. Manufacturers Name or Trademark 2. Material and Product Identification (ASTM or ASME grade symbol). 3. WP in grade symbol. 4. Schedule number or nominal wall thickness. 5. NPS Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded 1. Manufacturers Name or Trademark. 2 M 2. Material t i l id identification tifi ti i in accordance d with ith th the appropriate i t ASTM ASTM. 3. Product conformance symbol, either WP or B16. 4. Class designation - 2000, 3000, 6000, or 9000. Where size and shape do not permit all of the above markings, they may be omitted in the reverse order given above
ASME B16.9
ASME B16.11
Markings - Fasteners
Standard Title and Marking Requirements Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for HighTemperature Service 1.Grade or manufacturers identification symbols shall be applied to one end of studs 3/8 in diameter and larger and to the heads of bolts in diameter and larger. Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High-Pressure and High-Temperature Service 1.Manufacturers identification mark. 2.Grade and process of manufacture (e.g. 8F indicates nuts that are hot-forged or cold-forged) Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs 1.Manufacturers identification mark. 2.All bolt heads, one end of studs 3/8 and larger, and whenever feasible studs less than 3/8, shall be marked with a grade material. Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts 1.Grades O, A, and B are not required to be marked unless identified as such by the purchaser. 2.Grade D, DH, DH3 shall be marked with the symbol HX3 on one face. Heavy hex nuts made to the requirements of DH3 are marked with HX3 on one face. 3.Grades C, C3, D, DH, and DH3 and hex nuts made to the requirements of DH3, are marked with the manufacturers symbol. ASTM 193
ASTM 194
ASTM 307
ASTM 563
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Metal Analyzers
Positive Material Identification (PMI) refers to the identification and analysis of various metal alloys based on their chemical composition in non-destructive testing (NDT). Measurement results are shown in the form of elemental concentration in percentage or by specific alloy name such as SS316L or Inconel 625. PMI is a field-testing method made possible by the portability of most PMI analyzers. The two main technologies used for alloy identification in PMI are: X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES)
Innov-X Portable XRF Metal Analyzer
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NITON XRF instruments report a two-sigma precision along with the result for each element. This represents an error band of two standard deviations on either side of the result. The two sigma precision represents a 95 % confidence interval for the data. Note the precision, or +/- error band, is not an indication of accuracy, but a measurement of repeatability around a most probable value. Accuracy must be assessed by comparing the measured result and precision to known values from a reference standard.
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