C1 CAD-CAM> TONGQUAN

GVC NGUYN TH TRANH

Chng 1.

TNG QUAN V CAD/CAM

1.1 VAI TR V CHC NNG CA CAD/CAM TRONG NN SX HIN I. 1.1.1 Gii thiu v CAD/CAM hay CAO/FAO. Thit k v ch to c s tham gia ca my vi tnh (CAD/CAM hay CAO/FAO) thng c trnh by gn lin vi nhau. Tht vy, hai lnh vc ng dng tin hc trong ngnh c kh ch to ny c nhiu im ging nhau bi chng u da trn cng cc chi tit c kh v s dng d liu tin hc chung: l cc ngun th hin th v d liu qun l. Thc t, CAD v CAM tng ng vi cc hot ng ca hai qu trnh h tr cho php bin mt tng tru tng thnh mt vt th tht. Hai qu trnh ny th hin r trong cng vic nghin cu (bureau dtude) v trin khai ch to (bureau des mthodes). Xut pht t nhu cu cho trc, vic nghin cu m nhn thit k mt m hnh mu cho n khi th hin trn bn v biu din chi tit. T bn v chi tit, vic trin khai ch to m nhn lp ra qu trnh ch to cc chi tit cng cc vn lin quan n dng c v phng php thc hin. Hai lnh vc hot ng ln ny trong ngnh ch to my c thc hin lin tip nhau v c phn bit bi kt qu ca n. * Kt qu ca CAD l mt bn v xc nh, mt s biu din nhiu hnh chiu khc nhau ca mt chi tit c kh vi cc c trng hnh hc v chc nng. Cc phn mm CAD l cc dng c tin hc c th cho vic nghin cu v c chia thnh hai loi: Cc phn mm thit k v cc phn mm v. * Kt qu ca CAM l c th, l chi tit c kh. Trong CAM khng truyn t mt s biu din ca thc th m thc hin mt cch c th cng vic. Vic ch to bao gm cc vn lin quan n vt th, ct gt vt liu, cng sut ca trang thit b, cc iu kin sn xut khc nhau c gi thnh nh nht, vi vic ti u ho g v dng c ct nhm m bo cc yu cu k thut ca chi tit c kh. Nhm khai thc cc cng c hu ch, nhng ng dng tin hc trong ch to khng ch hn ch trong cc phn mm ho hin th v qun l m cn s dng vic lp trnh v iu khin cc my cng c iu khin s, do vy i hi khi thc hin phi nm vng cc kin thc v k thut gia cng.

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GVC NGUYN TH TRANH

Trong ch to, vic s dng cc d liu tin hc phi lu n nhiu mi quan h rng buc. Cc rng buc ny nhiu hn trong thit k. Vic ct gt vt liu trn mt my cng c iu khin s hay mt my cng c vn nng thng thng l nh nhau, trong hai trng hp vt liu khng thay i v tnh cht. Trong khi cc d liu tin hc c trong mi trng cng nghip cng c trong cc xng gia cng. Cc ngun d liu ny ci thin k thut ch to, chuyn i phng php v dn n thay i quan trng trong cc cng vic hon thnh khi lp qui trnh cng ngh cng nh trn v tr lm vic. Ngoi cng vic cho php iu khin s cc nguyn cng gia cng, vic thit lp cc d liu tin hc mang li nhiu s ci thin v kt cu lin quan n cu trc my v g, cc phng php ch to v kim tra sn phm, thit k dng c ct v cc c cu t ng khc. Mt khc, cc ng dng tin hc ny cng cho php khai thc tt hn cc kh nng mi ca my v dng c. Ngy nay vic chuyn bin t mt tng tru tng thnh mt sn phm thc t c th theo mt qu trnh hon ton c chi phi bi my tnh in t, nh s hnh 1.1 ch r.
BUREAUTIQUE ET COMMUNICATION ADMINISTRATION ET GESTION

CONCEPTION, MODELISATION, ANALYSE ET INGENIERIE ASSISTE PAR ORDINATEUR (CAO - IAO) CAO DESSIN ASSISTE PAR ORDINATEUR (DAO)

BUREAU DETUDE

FABRICATION INTEGREE SUR ORDINATEUR (FIO)

PROCEDES, SIMULATION, PROGRAMMATION

FAO
MOCN MOCN AUTOMAT ROBOT

BUREAU DE METHODES

CONTRLE DE QUALIT

INVENTAIRE ET MANUTENTION

ADMINISTRATION ET GESTION

Hnh 1.1 - S CAO - FAO - FIO

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GVC NGUYN TH TRANH

Ta phn bit hai loi dng c tin hc trong nghin cu thit k: - Cc phn mm v c s tham gia ca my tnh in t (Dessin Assist par Ordinateur-DAO hay Computer Aided Drawing - CAD). - Cc phn mm thit k c s tham gia ca my tnh in t (Conception Assiste par Ordinateur-CAO hay Computer Aided Design-CAD). Trong ting Anh ta s dng t CAD chung cho c hai phn mm ny. Trong trin khai ch to ra sn phm t bn v thit k, ngy nay c cc phn mm ng dng l cc phn mm ch to c s tham gia ca my tnh in t ( Fabrication Assiste par Ordinateur - FAO hay Computer Aided Manufacturing - CAM) Khi s tch hp trn my tnh in t cho cc hot ng thit k v ch to c thc hin, tc l khi vic thc hin c th trc tip da vo cc d liu s c to ra bi vic thit k, tp hp cc hot ng c trng ca CAD/CAM c m t di khi nim ch to c tch hp bi my tnh in t ( Fabrication Intgre par Ordinateur - FIO hay Computer integrated Manufacturing - CIM). Do vy CIM biu din cc hot ng tng ng vi thit k, v, ch to v kim tra cht lng ca mt sn phm c kh. 1.1.2 i tng phc v ca CAD/CAM. Xu th pht trin chung ca cc ngnh cng nghip ch to theo cng ngh tin tin l lin kt cc thnh phn ca qui trnh sn xut trong mt h thng tch hp iu khin bi my tnh in t (Computer Integrated Manufacturing - CIM). Cc thnh phn ca h thng CIM c qun l v iu hnh da trn c s d liu trung tm vi thnh phn quan trng l cc d liu t qu trnh CAD. Kt qu ca qu trnh CAD khng ch l c s d liu thc hin phn tch k thut, lp qui trnh ch to, gia cng iu khin s m chnh l d liu iu khin thit b sn xut iu khin s nh cc loi my cng c, ngi my, tay my cng nghip v cc thit b ph tr khc. Cng vic chun b sn xut c vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh bt k mt sn phm c kh no.

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GVC NGUYN TH TRANH

Cng vic ny bao gm: - Chun b thit k ( thit k kt cu sn phm, cc bn v lp chung ca sn phm, cc cm my.v.v...) - Chun b cng ngh (m bo tnh nng cng ngh ca kt cu, thit lp qui trnh cng ngh) - Thit k v ch to cc trang b cng ngh v dng c ph v.v... - K hoch ho qu trnh sn xut v ch to sn phm trong thi gian yu cu. Hin nay, qua phn tch tnh hnh thit k ta thy rng 90% thi lng thit k l tra cu s liu cn thit m ch c 10% thi gian dnh cho lao ng sng to v quyt nh phng n, do vy cc cng vic trn c th thc hin bng my tnh in t va tit kim thi gian va m bo chnh xc v cht lng. CAD/CAM l lnh vc nghin cu nhm to ra cc h thng t ng thit k v ch to trong my tnh in t c s dng thc hin mt s chc nng nht nh. CAD/CAM to ra mi quan h mt thit gia hai dng hot ng: Thit k v Ch to. T ng ho thit k l dng cc h thng v phng tin tnh ton gip ngi k s thit k, m phng, phn tch v ti u ho cc gii php thit k. T ng ho ch to l dng my tnh in t k hoch ho, iu khin v kim tra cc nguyn cng gia cng. 1.1.3 Vai tr ca CAD/CAM trong chu k sn xut.

Khi nim SP mi Nhu cu th trng

Thit k sn phm Nhu cu TTB mi

V chi tit K hoch ho QTSX

Kim tra cht lng

Sn xut sn phm

Lp biu SX

Hnh 1.2- S chu k sn xut

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GVC NGUYN TH TRANH

TH thit k

V bng MTT

Khi nim SP mi

Thit k SP

V chi tit

Nhu cu th trng

Nhu cu TTB mi

KHH QTSX

TH KHH QTSX

Kim tra cht lng

Sn xut sn phm

Lp biu SX

T H KTCL

TB K bng MTT

V B, lp nhu cu NVL KT

Hnh 1.3 - S chu k sn xut khi dng CAD/CAM

R rng rng CAD/CAM chi phi hu ht cc dng hot ng v chc nng ca chu k sn xut. cc nh my hin i, trong cng on thit k v ch to, k thut tnh ton ngy cng pht huy tc dng v l nhu cu khng th thiu c. 1.1.4 Chc nng ca CAD. Khc bit c bn vi qui trnh thit k theo cng ngh truyn thng, CAD cho php qun l i tng thit k di dng m hnh hnh hc s trong c s d liu trung tm, do vy CAD c kh nng h tr cc chc nng k thut ngay t giai on pht trin sn phm cho n giai on cui ca qu trnh sn xut, tc l h tr iu khin cc thit b sn xut bng iu khin s. H thng CAD c nh gi c kh nng thc hin chc nng yu cu hay khng, ph thuc ch yu vo chc nng x l ca cc phn mm thit k. Ngy nay nhng b phn mm CAD/CAM chuyn nghip phc v thit k v gia cng khun mu c kh nng thc hin c cc chc nng c bn sau:

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GVC NGUYN TH TRANH

- Thit k m phng hnh hc 3 chiu (3D) nhng hnh dng phc tp. - Giao tip vi cc thit b o, qut to 3D thc hin nhanh chng cc chc nng m phng hnh hc t d liu s. - Phn tch v lin kt d liu: to mt phn khun, tch khun, qun l kt cu lp ghp... - To bn v v ghi kch thc t ng: c kh nng lin kt cc bn v 2D vi m hnh 3D v ngc li. - Lin kt vi cc chng trnh tnh ton thc hin cc chc nng phn tch k thut: tnh bin dng khun, m phng dng chy vt liu, trng p sut, trng nhit , co rt vt liu,... - Ni suy hnh hc, bin dch cc kiu ng chy dao chnh xc cho cng ngh gia cng iu khin s. - Giao tip d liu theo cc nh dng ho chun. - Xut d liu ho 3D di dng tp tin STL giao tip vi cc thit b to mu nhanh theo cng ngh to hnh lp th. Nhng ng dng ca CAD trong ngnh ch to my: To mu nhanh thng qua giao tip d liu vi thit b to mu nhanh theo cng ngh to hnh lp th (o qut to ) Gim ng k thi gian m phng hnh hc bng cch to m hnh hnh hc theo cu trc mt cong t d liu s. Chc nng m phng hnh hc mnh, c kh nng m t nhng hnh dng phc tp nht. Kh nng m hnh ho cao cho cc phng php phn tch, cho php la chn gii php k thut ti u. 1.2 THIT K V GIA CNG TO HNH. Theo lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ta c th phn bit cng ngh thit k v gia cng to hnh nh sau: - Thit k v gia cng to hnh theo cng ngh truyn thng. - Thit k v gia cng to hnh theo cng ngh CAD/CAM - Thit k v gia cng to hnh theo cng ngh tch hp CIM 1.2.1 Thit k v gia cng to hnh theo cng ngh truyn thng. Trong cng ngh truyn thng, cc mt cong 3D phc tp c gia cng trn my vn nng theo phng php chp hnh s dng mu hoc dng. Do vy qui trnh thit k v gia cng bao gm c 4 giai oan phn bit (Hnh 1.4): 1. To mu sn phm, 2. Lp bn v k thut, 3. To mu chp hnh, 4. Gia cng chp hnh. Qui trnh ny c nhng hn ch:

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GVC NGUYN TH TRANH

- Kh t c chnh xc gia cng, ch yu do qu trnh chp hnh, - D dng lm sai do nhm ln hay hiu sai v phi x l mt s ln d liu, - Nng sut thp do mu c thit k theo phng php th cng v qui trnh c thc hin tun t: to mu sn phm - lp bn v chi tit - to mu chp hnh - phay chp hnh.
TNG Hiu chnh V & THIT K MU SN PHM Ly mu

BN V K THUT

TO MU CHP HNH

MU CHP HNH

GIA CNG CHP HNH

Hnh 1.4 - Qui trnh thit k v gia cng to hnh theo cng ngh truyn thng 1.2.2 Thit k v gia cng to hnh theo cng ngh CAD/CAM. S pht trin ca phng php m hnh ho hnh hc cng vi thanh tu ca cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh in t, k thut iu khin s c nhng nh hng trc tip n cng ngh thit k v gia cng to hnh (Hnh 1.5): - Bn v k thut c to t h thng v v to bn v vi s tr gip ca my vi tnh. - To mu th cng c thay th bng m hnh ho hnh hc trc tip t gi tr ly mu 3D. - Mu chp hnh c thay th bng m hnh ton hc - m hnh hnh hc lu tr trong b nh my vi tnh v nh x trn mn hnh di dng m hnh khung li. - Gia cng chp hnh c thay th bng gia cng iu khin s (CAM). V cng ngh, khc bit c bn gia gia cng to hnh theo cng ngh truyn thng v cng ngh CAD/CAM l thay th to hnh theo mu bng m hnh ho hnh hc.

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GVC NGUYN TH TRANH

Kt qu l mu chp hnh v cng ngh gia cng chp hnh c thay th bng m hnh hnh hc s (Computational Geometric Model - CGM) v gia cng iu khin s. Mt khc kh nng kim tra kch thc trc tip v kh nng la chn ch gia cng thch hp (gia cng th, bn tinh v tinh). Theo cng ngh CAD/CAM phn ln cc kh khn ca qu trnh thit k v gia cng to hnh theo cng ngh truyn thng c khc phc v rng: B mt gia cng t c chnh xc v tinh xo hn. Kh nng nhm ln do ch quan b hn ch ng k. Gim c nhiu tng thi gian thc hin qui trnh thit k v gia cng to hnh.
TNG

Hiu chnh
V & TO BN V (CADD) MU SN PHM

BN V K THUT

Ly mu, s ho

M HNH HO HNH HC

M HNH HNH HC S (CGM)

GIA CNG IU KHIN S (CAM)

Hnh 1.5 - Qui trnh thit k v gia cng to hnh theo cng ngh CAD/CAM 1.2.3 Thit k v gia cng to hnh theo cng ngh tch hp (CIM). T cng ngh CAD/CAM ta d dng thc hin tng lin kt mi thnh phn trong mt h thng tch hp (Hnh 1.6). Theo cng ngh tch hp, cng vic m hnh ho hnh hc - v - to bn v c tch hp trong CAD; kt qu mi thng tin v hnh dng c lu li di dng CGM, lu tr trong c s d liu trung tm. Cng ngh tin tin nht c kh nng h tr thc hin ton b qui trnh thit k v ch to theo cng ngh tch hp: Cho php thit lp m hnh hnh hc s CGM trc tip t tng v hnh dng. c tr gip bi thit b ho mnh v cng ngh t mu, to bng hin i.

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GVC NGUYN TH TRANH

C kh nng thc hin cc chc nng phn tch k thut; lin kt vi cc thit b to mu nhanh theo cng ngh to hnh lp th; lp trnh ch to; iu khin qu trnh gia cng iu khin s; lp qui trnh lp rp; to phi,... TNG

CAD M HNH FEM BN V K THUT M HNH HNH HC S (CGM) CAPP

Computer Aided Process Planning

MU SN PHM MN HNH HO

CAM

Hnh 1. 6 - Qui trnh thit k v gia cng to hnh theo cng ngh tch hp 1.3 M HNH HO HNH HC.

M hnh ho hnh hc l m t i tng hnh hc bi m hnh ton hc - m hnh hnh hc s.

Khi nim m hnh hnh hc c s dng cho thc th hnh hc c th m t c, l nhng thc th hnh hc c s, c s dng trn bn v k thut hay trn mn hnh, l: - im, - ng cong, bao gm c on thng, - Mt cong, bao gm c mt phng, - Khi (cu trc c). M hnh hnh hc c din gii bi con ngi nhng hnh thc m t chng phi thch hp, r rng sao cho c th chuyn i thnh m hnh hnh hc s duy nht. Tc l yu cu m hnh hnh hc phi c m t bi cc gi tr s chnh xc:

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10

GVC NGUYN TH TRANH

- im c th m t bi gi tr to , - ng cong c th c m t bi chui im hoc phng trnh, - Mt cong c th c m t bi tp hp im hoc li ng cong, hoc phng trnh, - Khi c th c nh ngha bi cc mt cong bao quanh n. 1.3.1 Phng php m t ng cong. 1. ng cong 2D c m t bi 2 phng php: a. S dng cc ng cong 2D c s. b. Nh l chui im trn mt phng. 2. ng cong 3D c m t bi mt trong cc cch sau: a. Chui im 3D b. Giao tuyn gia 2 mt cong. c. Hnh chiu ca ng cong 2D ln mt cong 3D. d. Tp ng cong 2D trn cc mt phng hnh chiu trc o. 3. Phng php n gin m t ng cong 2D. Ngi ta s dng h ng cong bc hai conic, bao gm: on thng, ng trn, ng lip, ng Parabol, ng Hyperbol. Chng c xc nh r rng bi thng s ca chng nh: to tm, bn knh, tiu im. Ta c th gi h ng cong conic l ng cong c s to nn ng cong a hp bng cch ni kt lin tc theo chui, c th s dng gc ln ti v tr yu cu t trn lng. 4. Phng php ph bin nht m t ng cong t do 2D v 3D. y l phng php xc nh chui im ng cong i qua, phng php gin tip m t ng cong 3D l xc nh giao tuyn gia 2 mt cong. Trong trng hp ny ta khng th xc nh ng cong mt cch chnh xc. Phng php ph bin xc nh dng cong 3D trong v k thut l xc nh hnh chiu 2D ca chng, sau xc nh hnh chiu trn mt cong, y chnh l php chiu ngc. 1.3.2 Phng php m t mt cong. Ta khng th v mt cong hnh hc, nhng c th m t chng trn bn v di dng m hnh: - Mt hnh hc c s, - Mt ni suy li ng cong, - Mt qut hnh ng mt ct, - Mt ni suy im, - Mt kt ni hnh. Tng ng l: S dng cc mt cong c s. M t mt cong bi m hnh li ng cong.

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GVC NGUYN TH TRANH

M t mt cong bi php qut hnh. Mt cong ni suy im. M hnh mt cong kt ni. 1.3.3 Phng php m t khi hnh hc. Khc bit c bn vi m hnh mt cong, ngoi d liu hnh hc thuc mt bao, phng php m hnh ho theo cu trc khi, cho php qun l d liu thuc min khng gian bn trong thc th hnh hc. V phng php to hnh, phng php m hnh ho hnh hc theo cu trc khi s dng thut ton BOOL (php ton v tp hp) trn cc khi hnh hc c s. Khi hnh hc c s c th l: - Khi c s bc hai. - Khi qut hnh: hnh thnh trn c s qut hnh mt gii hn bi ng vin 2D khp kn theo ng nh hnh. 1.3.4 Phng php m hnh ho hnh hc. Theo phng php m t im, ng cong, mt cong, khi hnh hc cp trn, ta c th xy dng gii thut m hnh ho hnh hc theo cu trc mt cong v cu trc khi theo qui tc chung nh sau: Thc th hnh hc c m t nh cu trc th hin mi tng quan gia cc thc th hnh hc c s cng loi hoc khc loi. Mt cong c m t bi php ni suy im; ni suy li ng cong; php qut hnh ng mt ct; mt cong c s bc hai. Khi hnh hc c m t bi php qut hnh mt ct; khi c s bc 2. Trong trng hp tng qut, thc th hnh hc c xc dnh t nhng thc th c s cp thp hn. V d nh ng cong c thit lp t im, mt cong t im v ng cong, khi t cc b mt bao,... Cc thc th hnh hc cp thp v tham s thit k c gi l yu t iu khin hnh hc, c th hiu chnh c thay i hnh dng v kch thc.