1

( 92)

2549

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Cluster)

(Cluster)

4 8 2549

..2549

1
1
1
4
4
13
15

1.1
1.2
1
(1.1)
(1.2)
(1.3)
2 2
3
16
(2.1) 2
17
(2.2)
19
(2.2)
27
(2.3)
31
3
35
(3.1)
35
(3.2)
37
4
42
(4.1)
42
(4.2)
45
(4.3)
53

59

65

1.1
(Strategy)
(VISION)

(Supply Chain and Logistics)

(Risk Object) (Accident and Incident)

1.2

(Risk Assessment)





..2543
(Risk)

(Hazard Identification)

2
(Ammonia Anhydrous : AMP (NH3))
Fluorocarbon 12 ; CFC-12 ; R12 (CCl2 F2),
Fluorodichloromethane ; Freon 21 ; R-21 (CHCl2F) (CO2)

(1.1)

1. Primary Refrigeration
(Refrigerant)
1.1 (Chiller)
1.2 (Air-Condition)
Freon
1.3 (Cold Storage Room and
Freezing Room) Freon-22

2. Secondary Refrigeration
(Media)
(Cooling Media)

,Glycol

1. Thermostatic Expansion Valve

Expansion Valve
2. Direct Injection Valve
(Hand Regulation Valve)

3. Flooded System
(Liquid Level
Controller) Evaporator
4. Pump Re-circulation

(Refrigerant)

(AMMONIA ANHYDROUS : AMA)
NH3 17.03
(Synonym) AMMONIA , AMMONIAC , SPIRITS OF HARTSHORN , CAS-number 7664-417 UN number 1005 (Hazardous Goods Classification)
Class 2.3 3
..2535 .3005
(Liquid)

1.
- State at 15 0C, 1 atm : ................................................. Gas
- Boiling Point at 1 atm : .............................................. -33.4 0C ; -28.1 0F ; 239.8 0K
- Freezing Point : ............................................................... -77.7 0C ; -108 0F ; 265.5 0K
- Specific Gravity at 33.4 0C (liquid) : ............................. 0.682

- Vapor (gas) Specific Gravity : ....................................... 0.6

- Vapor Pressure at 21.1 0C : ............................................ 888.0 kPa ; 8.88 bar ;128.8 psia
- Latent Heat of Evaporization : ........................................ 327.4 kcal/Kg ; 189 Btu/lb
- Solubility in Water at 20 0C , 1 atm : ................................ 53 g NH3/100 gH2O
- Colour - Odor : ....................................................................... colourless pungent
- Explosive Limits (by volume) : .......................................... 15% - 28%
- Flash Point : .......................................................................... 1208 0C
- Autoignition Temperature : ............................................... 651 0C ; 1202 0F ; 924 0K
2.
1. 1.0 N pH 11.6 , 0.1 N pH
11.1 , 0.01 N pH 10.6
2. (Exothermic)
3. (Corrosive fume of ammonia)

4.
,
5. , , , , ,
, ,
6.
7. ,
8. (Rubber)
4 -8 (Incompatible substances)

3.
(Acute toxic)

-

10

()

(Chronic toxic)




4.



2


15 10
1 . 5 5%


5.
-
-
-
- Neopene, Butylneopene, Aporn, Buna-N
P VA Polyethylene
-
-

11

(Totally Encapsulating Chemical Protective)

(Positive Pressure Self Contained Breathing Apparatus : SCBA)
6.
1.

2.
3.
pH

( NOx )
7.
50 ppm
1. 100 ppm
- (Full facepiece
and Ammonia Cartridge)
2. 300 ppm
- (Full
facepiece and Ammonia Cartridge)
3. 500 ppm
-
-
(Supplied air with a full facepiece,helmet of hood) -

4. 500 ppm
-

12

-

-
-
8.
1.

. (Refrigerated Atmospheric Pressure

Storage Tanks) 10,000 50,000

Carbon Steel 1 2
33 C (-28 F) 3.5 kPa
(Vapor)
(Flare)
(Water scrubbing)
(Purge)
. (Pressurized Storage Spheres and Vessels)
- (Spheres) 3,000

(Cylinder) 350 kPa (6o psig) 1 C (34 F)
(Semi-refrigerated)
Carbon Steel
ASME SEC VIII, DIVISION I (American Standard
Mechanical Engineering) BS-5500 250 psi
- (Cylinders)
68 115 1,720 kPa (250 psig)
Carbon Steels Stainless steels, Quenched and Tempered Steels, Aluminium

13

Alloys Carbon Steels, Stainless Steels.

53% 0.5 ppm 2,000 ppm

ASME SEC. VIII, DIVISION I
- . 88
2512
1 8
(NH3 )
1 8
. 358 2531 ( )
0.53 2.80
3.6
1. 500
- 3
- 10 2
- 20 1
2. 500
- 5
- 10 2
- 20 1
1.1

(Refrigerated Atmospheric Pressure Storage Tank) (Pressurized
Storage Spheres)
1.1.1
100 250
100 500
1.1.2
ASME, API

14

5
(Visual Test)
1.1.3

1.1.4

1.1.5

1.1.6 Heat detector Gas detector

(Safety Relief Valve)
1.1.7
- Water Spray System
-
-
-
1.1.8 (Lighting) (Grounding)

1.1.9
(Explosionproof)
1.1.10 , SCBA

1.1.11
1.1.12

15

1.1.13

1.1.14

NFPA

1.1.15

1.2 (Cylinder)

1.2.1 -
2
52 0C

1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4 1 6
2

(Explosion proof)
1.2.5

1.2.6


1.2.7 (First in First out)

1.2.8

16

1.2.9

1.2.10
1.2.11 1

1.2.12
1.2.13
(1.2)

Evaporator
Expansion Valve
Suction tube
Liquid tube
Suction
Valve

Compressor

Discharge Valve

Receiver
tank

Discharge tube
Condenser

( )

17

1. (Compressor)

2. (Receiver Tank)

1.5
3. (Empty Tank)
(Hot Gas System)
4. (Inter - Cooler)
Low Stage Compressor (Saturated
Temperature) Hi Stage Compressor
5. (Accumulator)

(Liquid Flooded)
6. (Evaporator)

7. (Condenser)
(Receiver)

8. (Cooling Tower) Shell

and Tube Condenser

18

(1.3)




1. (Cooling Storage)

2. (Freezing)

-
15
-
15
-

18

19

2 2
3

..2535 1 2 3
30 ..2535
1

2
3

92
..2535 3
- 1 20 20

- 2 50 50
1
- 3 50 50

20

(2.1) 2

1. 2
50 50
1
2. 2
30 .. 2535

3. ..1
4 (..2535)
3.1

3.2
()
3.3
4. 3
2 ..2
4 (..2535)
5. 2

1. (..2535)

..2535
2
2.
2

21

3.
2 (..2535)
..2535

3.1 2 (..2535)
..2535
3.1.1 2
(1)
2(1) 2 (..2535)
..2535
(2) 50



2(2) 2
(..2535) ..2535

..
2545
(3) (2)


3 2 (..2535)
..2535
3.2

22

3.3

1.

2. 2
3.

4. ..2
5.

6.

(2.2)

1. 3 50
50
2. 3
3.
3.1 ..3 2

3.2 ..3 3

23

3.3 ..3
3.3.1 (
)
3.3.2
(
)
3.3.3
( )
3.3.4
3.3.5
(

)
3.3.6
3.3.6.1 ()
3.3.6.2 / ()

3.3.7

3 (..2542)

3.3.8
3.3.9
()




4.

24

1.
(..2535)
..2535 3
50 50
92
2.

3.
2 (..2535)
..2535

3.1 2 (..2535)
..2535
3.1.1 3
(1)
2(1) 2 (..2535)
..2535
(2) 100



2(2) 2
(..2535) ..2535

..
2545

25

(3) (2)


3 2 (..2535)
..2535
3.2 3.1


4
2 (..2535) ..2535
3.3
32(1)
..2535 33(1) ..2512


3.4

3.5

4.

5 2
(..2535) ..2535

26

4.1


4.1.1

4.1.2
(1)

4.1.1
(2)

4.1.3
1 10
0.5

4.1.4

110
200
50
2

4.1.5

27

1.50

4.1.6 3.00

2.30
4.1.7
4.1.8 3


4.1.9

4.1.10
4.1.11

4.1.12
70



4.1.13
15 1 40 2
80 3 1
50
15

28

5. /
5.1

5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3



6
2 (.. 2535)
..2535
5.2

5.3 / (
)
5.3.1

(1)

(2)
(Biochemical Oxygen Demand) (Chemical Oxygen
Demand) (PH)

29

(Suspended Solids) (Oil & Grease)

(3)

(4)
(5)
3
(6) 3
(7)

(8)
(9)

5.4

3 (..2542)

.. 2535
32

30

1.

20 ..2535
2.

(2.2)

1. 2
1.1 11 ..2535
2
2
1.2 (..2535) 24 ..2535
(..2535) ..2535

1 2 3 4 (..2535)
..2535

2. 3
2.1 ..2535
2.1.1 12 3

31

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5
2.6

2.1.2 13 3

2.1.3 14
..2535
2.2.1 (..2535) 1.2
2.2.2 2 (..2535)

2.2.3 5 (..2535)


2.2.4 7 (..2535)

2.3.1

2.3.2

2.3.3 3 (..2542)

2.3.4 1 (..2543)
1
2
3

2.4.1
2.4.2

32

3. 3
13 ..2535

15
4.
4.1 13 ..2535

15

4.2 6 (..2535)

5.
5.1 15 ..2535

5.2 ..2535
5.2.1 (..2535) 1.2
5.2.2 2 (..2535) 2.2.2
5.2.3 5 (..2535) 2.2.3
5.2.4 7 (..2535) 2.2.4
5.3
5.3.1

5.3.2
.. 2512 68
..2535
5.4

33

6.
6.1 18
2.1.1 2.1.2

6.2 ..2535
6.2.1 (..2535) 1.2
6.2.2 2 (..2535) 2.2.2
6.2.3 5 (..2535) 2.2.3
6.2.4 7 (..2535) 2.2.4
6.3 2.3
6.4 2.4
6.5
6.6
7.
7.1 20 ..2535

7.2 5 (..2535) 2.2.3

8.
8.1 ..2535
8.1.1 21

8.1.2 22

8.2 5 (..2535) 2.2.3

34

9.
9.1 25
9.2 7 (..2535) 2.2.4

(2.3)
3 (..2542)
..2535


( 92) 12
3 (..2542)

1.
1.1

500
1.2

35

1.3 1:100

1.4

1.5
1.6

2.
2.1
3.

3.1
3.1.1

3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
3.1.8
3.1.9
3.2

36

3.3

13 .. 2535

/



0.5%

Freon -12 , CFC-12 Freon 21

(Hazard Identification) (Risk Assessment)

, ,
,
(Cooling Tower)

3 (.. 2542)

37

..2543


3.4 Checklist
3.5 WHAT-IF Analysis
3.6 Hazard and Operability Studied (HAZOP)
3.7 Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA)
3.8 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
3.9 Event-Tree Analysis

3
(3.1)

38

1 2
3 .. 2535

..2535

..2535

..2512 ()

4
1.


2.
3. (1) (2)
4.

-

1.

39

2 (..2535)
1: 2 :
3 : 4
5 :
3 (..2535) : 2

6
(..2535) : 8 (..2535) :
4 (..2514) 11 :




.. 2545
14 (..2530) :


25 (..2531) :
18 (..2528)
.. 2512

.. 2548 .. 2548

1

40

2.

02
(3.2)





1.
1.1 ,

1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.
2.1


2.2 ()

41

3.
3.1 ( )

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5


/
8 7 19




2 (..2535) 1 ..2535
2 (..2512) 2
..2512
3.6

42

2 (..2535) 2 ..2535
4 (..2514) ..2512
3.7


12
..2512

2 (..2512) 4
..2512

2 (..2512) 3 .. 2512

2
(..2512) 8 ,9 ,10 4 (..2514)
11 ..2512
3.8

..2548




/

43

/ 500

18 2540
(..2528)
.. 2512

4 (..2514) 14 ..2512
4.

..2548

13 (..2525), 22 (..2528) 2
(..2539), 2 18 2540

5.

5.1

44

5.2
5.3

5.4

()
5.5
5.6

1.
2.
()
3.
4.
(
)
5.
(
)
6. .39

4
(4.1)
(Refrigerant) 2

45

0.005
0.05

1.

1.
2.
( Hi Pressure Control)

3. (Check Valve)

(Evaporator)

4.

46

1.

2.
3.


4.

5.

6. Back seat
7.

1. (Compressor)
1.1
1.2

1.3
1.4 ( 30% )
1.5
1.6
1.7
2. (Accumulator)
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4 Direct Expansion

47

3.

4.

5.

6.

2.5 Run Dry

3.1
3.2 ( 3 )
3.3
3.4
3.5

4.1

4.2
4.3
4.4 Strainer

5.1
5.2
(
)

6.1

6.2
(
5% )

7.
7.1
7.2 Equalizer

48

(4.2)

1

1.
(Compressor)

2.

3.
4.
5.


6.

7.
8.

9.

10. 0.7
11. 18
12.

49

(Condenser)

10%
13.

14.

15. -
16.
1.5

1.


2. 300 /

250 /
Shell & Tube (
)
3. (Safety Valve)

120%

4.

5.



6.

50

7.

1.
(Evaporator)


2. 150 /
250
/

3. (Safety Valve)

4.

5.

6.

7.
8.
1.

(Pressure

Vessels),
2.

250 /
(Expansion Valve)
300

/
(Suction, Discharge
3.
and Liquid lines)

4.
5.

51

6.
7.
8.
9.

10.
11.

87.5%

250 /

0.40 /
-

1.

2. 0.5 ../ /
3.
4. 1

5. (Eye Bath) (Safety Shower)

6.

52

7.
1 /
1 /
8.
9.
10. -
11. Evaporative Condenser

12. -
13.
14. Dry Chemical

15.
16. (Material Safety Data Sheet : MSDS)
17.

................................................................................................................
1.
.....................................................
.........................................................


().....................................................
-
................/2

53

-
-

................
.

.................
.

.........

.............................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................

.................. .................................................
2. (Pressure Vessel)
H.P Receiver

....................................../2

54
Inter-cooler .

....................................../2

Accumulator ..

....................................../2

.............................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
3. (Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers)
.........................................
...................................................................................
................................./2

....................................../2

55

4.

5. (Tube Side) (Valve)

(Valve)

6. (Refrigerant Pumps)

7.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
7.

8. 2

9.

10.

11.
12.

13.

..............................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................

56

(4.3)

1. (Unsafe Acts)
2. (Unsafe Working Condition)
1. (Unsafe Act)
1.1
1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6
2. (Unsafe Working Condition)
2.1
-

-
-

-

2.2

57

-

-
-

1.
2.

3.
4.

5.
6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
(Explosion Proof)
11.
12. 1
13.

58

(Transformer)

(Main Switch)

1.
()
2. (
)
3.
4.
5.
*(1)
6.

7.
8.
9.

1.
2.

3. (Breaker)
4.

5.
6. *(3)
7.

59

8.

9.

10.
11.
3

(Load Center)

1.
()
(Wires and
2.
Wire Way)

3. (

4.
5.

6.
()

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

60

7.
(Cable Tray) (Wire
Way)
8.

9.

10.

1.

2.
5.1
3.
(Breaker)
4.
5.
5.2 ,

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.3 5.

1.
2.
3.
4. (Over Load)
5.
6.

7.

8.

61

(Grounding)

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.
6.

62

(Incompatible Substances)
Substances

Reactivity

ACIDS

Violent reaction.

ALDEHYDES

May undergo violent exothermic condensation.

ALKALIMETALS

Forms explosive metal hydrazides.

ALKYLENE OXIDES

May undergo violent exothermic condensation.

ALUMINUM

May be corrosive.

AMIDES

Possible violent reaction.

ARSINE

Vigorous reaction with the liquid.

BORON

Incandescent reaction with release of hydrogen gas

when heated.

BORON HALIDES

Violent reaction.

CALCIUM

Exothermic reaction which may become

incandescent.

CARBON MONOXIDE

Forms explosive product with the liquid.

CHLORIC ACID

Formation of explosive compound.

CHLORINE AZIDE

Formation of explosive compound.

CHLORINE MONOXIDE

Explosive mixture.

CHLORITES
CHLOROFORMANIDINIUM NITRATE

Forms shock-sensitive compound.

Violent reaction

63

1-CHLORO-2,4-DINITROBENZENE

Violent reaction with possible explosion.

2-CHLORONITROBENZENE
CHLOROSILANE

Violent reaction.
May form spontaneously flammable compound.

CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE(CHROMIC ANHYDRIDE) Exothermic oxidation with possibleincandescence.

CHROMYL CHLORIDE
COATINGS

Incandescent reaction with possible ignition.

Attacks.

COPPER
DIAMMINEBORONIUM
HEPTAHYDROTETRABORATE
DIBORANE

May be corrosive.

1,2-DICHLOROETHANE

May explode on contact with the liquified gas.

DIMETHYL SULFATE

Violent reaction.

GERMANIUM DERIVATIVES

Possible explosion.

HALOGENS

Violent reaction with possible formation of explosive

compound.

HEAVEY METALS AND COMPOUNDS

May form compounds which are explosive when dry.

HEXACHLOROMELAMINE

Fire and explosion hazard.

HYDRAZINE

Forms explosive metal hydrazides.

HYDROGEN BROMIDE

Vigorous reaction.

HYPOCHLOROUS ACID

Explodes on contact.

SODIUM

Forms explosive product with the liquid.

SODIUM NITRITE

Produces explosive, reactive solid.

STIBINE

Explosion on heating.

SULFUR+COMPOUNDS

May form explosive product.

TELLURIUM HALIDES

Forms explosive compound.

Violent decomposition.
Ignition.

64

TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM AMIDE

Explosive decomposition

NH3(ppm)

5-9

100
400

- - .
-
- 1 .

500

- .

700

- .

1,720

- .

5,000 -10,000
(0.5-1%)

NH3(ppm)

NH3

5,000

5,000
50
280
100
680

60
120
10-20
40
36 .
3 .
90

65

680
20

90
6

NH3(ppm)

NH3

250

1,000

(TLV TWA)*
..................................................................................25 ppm (18 mg/m3)
............................................................................................25 ppm (18 mg/m3)
...........................................................................................50 ppm (35 mg/m3)
...........................................................................................25 ppm (18 mg/m3)
.............................................................................................25 ppm (18 mg/m3)
.................................................................................................50 ppm (35 mg/m3)
*

TLV TWA Threshold Limit Value Time Weighted Average

8 / 40 /


Hood
TLV
TWA*
. 358 2531
- . 255 2521 * (Safety relief device)
** (Fusible plug) ***(Reinforced
fusible plug)

66

( ) 760
2
( ) 760

( ) 75
. 255 - 2521
*
(Safety relief device)

**
(Fusible plug)

74 C
***
(Reinforeed fusible plug)

74 C

()

>35
35 50
50 95
95 185
185 300
300 500
500

()

10
16
25
35
50
70
95

67

()
6-16
20-25
30-63
80-100
125-200
225-400
500
600-800
1,000
1,200-1,250
1,600-2,000
2,500
3,000-4,000
5,000-6,000

- ()
1.5
4
6
10
16
25
35
50
70
95
120
185
240
400

68

- ..2535
..2535

- ..2535
2541
-
2547
-
2544