Quiz 6

Due: 11:59pm on Saturday, November 17, 2012 Note: You will receive no credit for late submissions. To learn more, read your instructor's Grading Policy

Question 1
Part A
For a single substance at atmospheric pressure, classify the following as describing a spontaneous process, a nonspontaneous process, or an equilibrium system. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

Hint 1. Define spontaneous, nonspontaneous, and equilibrium

Complete the following vocabulary exercise regarding spontaneity and equilibrium. Match the words in the left-hand column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. ANSWER:

Answer Requested
Keep in mind that spontaneous does not mean instantaneous. Some spontaneous processes occur quite slowly.

Hint 2. Classify phase changes by temperature

Classify these phase changes by whether they are more likely to occur at higher temperatures or at lower temperatures. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. ANSWER:

ANSWER:

All attempts used; correct answer displayed

Nonspontaneous processes simply do not occur. If conditions are altered such that the process occurs, it is reclassified as spontaneous. In other words, a certain reaction may be spontaneous or nonspontaneous depending on conditions, but a certain reaction under a particular set of conditions has only one classification.

Part B
Determine whether each of these processes is reversible or irreversible. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

Hint 1. Define reversible and irreversible processes

Classify the following as reversible or irreversible processes. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. ANSWER:

ANSWER:

Correct
In reality, no process can truly be reversible because of loss and dissipation of energy during the change. In other words, infinitesimal changes (those that do not affect the surroundings) are not realistically feasible.

Question 2
Part A
Which of the following processes are spontaneous, and which are nonspontaneous? (a) the ripening of a banana, (b) dissolution of sugar in a cup of hot coffee, (c) the reaction of nitrogen atoms to form molecules at 25 and 1 , (d) lightning, (e) formation of and molecules from and at room temperature and 1 of pressure.

Sort these processes into the proper categories. ANSWER:

Correct

Question 3
The normal boiling point of is 58.8 , and its molar enthalpy of vaporization is = 29.6 .

Part A
When ANSWER: boils at its normal boiling point, does its entropy increase or decrease?

increase decrease

Correct

Part B
Calculate the value of ANSWER: = 134 when 1.50 of is vaporized at 58.8 .

Correct

Question 4
For each of the following pairs, choose the substance with the higher entropy per mole at a given temperature.

Part A
or ANSWER: ,

Correct

Part B
at 3 atm pressure or ANSWER: at 3 atm pressure at 1.5 atm pressure at 1.5 atm pressure,

Correct

Part C
1 of in 15.0 or 1 of in 1.50 ,

ANSWER:

1 1

of of

in 15.0 in 1.50

Correct

Part D
or ANSWER: .

Correct

Question 5
Part A
Predict the sign of the entropy change of the system for each of the following reactions. (a) (b) (c) (d) ANSWER:

Correct

Question 6
Using values from Appendix C in the textbook, calculate values for the following reactions.

Part A

Express your answer using four significant figures. ANSWER: = -120.5

Correct

Part B

Express your answer using four significant figures. ANSWER: = 176.6

Correct

Part C

Express your answer using five significant figures. ANSWER: = 152.39

Correct

Part D

ANSWER: = 92.3

Correct

Question 7
For a certain chemical reaction, = - 33.0 and = - 83.0 .

Part A
Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? ANSWER: exothermic endothermic

Correct

Part B
Does the reaction lead to an increase or decrease in the disorder of the system? ANSWER: increase decrease

Correct

Part C
Calculate for the reaction at 298 .

Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: = -8.3

Correct

Part D
Is the reaction spontaneous at 298 ANSWER: yes no under standard conditions?

Correct

Question 8
Using data in Appendix C in the textbook, calculate , , and at 298 for each of the following reactions.

Part A
Express your answer using five significant figures. ANSWER: = -537.22

Correct

Part B
Express your answer using three significant figures. ANSWER: = 13.7

Correct

Part C
Express your answer using five significant figures. ANSWER: = -541.40

Correct

Part D
Express your answer using four significant figures. ANSWER: = -106.7

Correct

Part E
Express your answer using four significant figures. ANSWER: = -142.2

Correct

Part F
Express your answer using three significant figures. ANSWER: = -64.0

Correct

Part G
Express your answer using four significant figures. ANSWER: = -165.9

Correct

Part H
Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: = 1.4

Correct

Part I
Express your answer using three significant figures. ANSWER:

= -166.2

Correct

Question 9
Part A
Classify each of the following reactions as one of the four possible types: 1 spontaneous at all temperatures; 2 nonspontaneous at all temperatures; 3 spontaneous at low ; nonspontaneous at high ; 4 spontaneous at high ; nonspontaneous at low . (a) (b) (c) ANSWER:

All attempts used; correct answer displayed

Question 10
Acetylene gas, , is used in welding.

Part A
Write a balanced equation for the combustion of acetylene gas to and .

Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer. ANSWER:

Correct

Part B
How much heat is produced in burning 8 of under standard conditions if both reactants and products are brought to 298 ?

Express your answer using five significant figures. ANSWER: = !1.0396"104

Correct

Part C
What is the maximum amount of useful work that can be accomplished under standard conditions by this reaction when 8 Express your answer using five significant figures. ANSWER: = -9880.8 of is burned?

Correct

Question 11
The equilibrium constant of a system, , can be related to the standard free energy change, , using the following equation:

where

is the temperature in kelvin and

is equal to 8.314

Under conditions other than standard state, the following equation applies:

In this equation, equilibrium values.

is the reaction quotient and is defined the same manner as

except that the concentrations or pressures used are not necessarily the

Part A
Acetylene, , can be converted to ethane, , by a process known as hydrogenation. The reaction is

Given the following data at 25C, what is the value of

for this reaction?

Substance

( 209.2

0 32.89 Express your answer using two significant figures.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

For a gaseous reaction,

1. Calculate

for the reaction using the equation

2. Convert the units of 3. Use the value of

from kilojoules to joules. to calculate .

Hint 2. Calculate the standard free energy of the reaction

What is the value of for the reaction in kilojoules?

Express the standard free energy in kilojoules using four significant figures. ANSWER: = -242.1

Try Again; 5 attempts remaining

Hint 3. Convert the free energy change to joules

Express the value of in units of joules.

Express the standard free energy in joules using four significant figures.

Hint 1. Conversion factor

Recall that .

ANSWER: = !2.421"105

Hint 4. Determine the temperature to use

For the standard free energy change, , what is the value of the temperature in kelvin?

Express the temperature numerically in kelvin. ANSWER: = 298

ANSWER: = 2.7"1042

Correct
Based on the magnitude of , we know that this reaction has practically gone to completion at equilibrium.

Standard versus Nonstandard Conditions

In Part A, we saw that you will determine the for the hydrogenation of acetylene at 25C under standard conditions (all pressures equal to 1 for the reaction under a given set of nonstandard conditions. ). In Part B,

Part B
At 25 the reaction from Part A has a composition as shown in the table below. Pressure ( ) 5.45 4.05 5.25"10!2 What is the free energy change, , in kilojoules for the reaction under these conditions?

Substance

Express your answer numerically in kilojoules.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

The free energy change at nonstandard conditions can be calculated as follows: 1. Calculate the value of 2. Convert 25 3. Calculate to kelvin. in joules using under the given conditions.

where

as found in Part A.

4. Convert the final answer from joules to kilojoules.

Hint 2. Calculate the value of Q for the given conditions

Based on pressure values for each component of the reaction, what is the value of the reaction quotient, Express your answer numerically. ?

Hint 1. Equation for Q

Similar to the equilibrium constant, , the reaction quotient, , , is a ratio of the pressures of the products to the pressures of the reactants. For the hypothetical reaction

where each pressure term is raised to the power of its coefficient from the balanced chemical equation.

ANSWER: = 5.87"10!4

Hint 3. Convert temperature to kelvins

Convert 25 to the corresponding Kelvin temperature.

Express the temperature numerically in kelvins. ANSWER: 25 = 298

Hint 4. Calculate the value of the free energy change in joules

What is the value of in joules for this reaction under the given conditions?

Express your answer numerically in joules. ANSWER: = !2.61"105

ANSWER: = -261

All attempts used; correct answer displayed

Question 12
The reaction is the basis of a suggested method for removal of from power-plant stack gases.

The values below may be helpful when answering questions about the process.

Substance 228.6 237.1 300.4 241.8 285.8 296.9

370.4 33.01 0

395.2 20.17 0

Part A
Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction at a temperature of 298 .

Express the equilibrium constant to one significant figure.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

To find the equilibrium constant

, use the equation

where

is the standard free-energy change for the reaction in joules, for this equation is 8.314 because

is the ideal gas constant, and has units of joules.

is the temperature in kelvins.

The appropriate value of

Hint 2. Calculate the standard free-energy change

What is the standard free-energy change, , for the following reaction?

Express your answer numerically in kilojoules.

Hint 1. How to calculate

Identify the that values for all the products and reactants involved in the reaction from the table mentioned in the introduction and recall

where

and

are the stoichiometric coefficients in the chemical equation and

is the standard free energy of formation.

This equation indicates that to find the standard free-energy change, standard free energies of formation for the products, formation for the reactants,

, for a chemical reaction you should calculate the sum of the , and subtract from it the sum of the standard free energies of

. Make sure to include the coefficient while solving.

ANSWER: = -90.8

Hint 3. Convert the standard free-energy change to joules

Convert Express ANSWER: !9.08"104 to units of joules. Recall that in joules to three significant figures. .

Hint 4. Solve for the equilibrium constant

Solve the equation for .

Hint 1. How to solve an equation with natural logarithms

Recall that the inverse of is . For example, when solving the equation for , the final equation is

ANSWER:

Hint 5. Calculate the value of the exponential term

As a step toward finding the equilibrium constant, evaluate the expression

where

, and

Express your answer numerically to three significant figures. ANSWER: 36.6

ANSWER: = 8"1015

Correct
Since both the temperature known variables the equation to one significant figure. and the standard free-energy change, simplifies to , are provided to three significant figures, after substituting values for , where 36.6 is known to three significant figures. When you raise

a value to the power of , only the digits after the decimal point are used to determine the number of significant figures in the answer. Therefore,

Part B
In principle, is this reaction a feasible method of removing from power-plant emissions?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Examine the spontaneity of the reaction and the relative amounts of reactants and products at equilibrium. The spontaneity of the forward reaction under standard conditions is indicated by the sign of . .

Whether the equilibrium mixture is mostly reactants or products is indicated by the magnitude of the equilibrium constant By examining these quantities, you can identify whether will be consumed at standard conditions.

Hint 2. Identify how spontaneity relates to free energy

The spontaneity of a chemical reaction can be predicted by calculating the Gibbs free energy do the various value ranges for the Gibbs free energy indicate? Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. ANSWER: for the reaction and observing its sign. What

Hint 3. Determine the direction of the equilibrium

What does a large equilibrium-constant value ( ) indicate?

Hint 1. How to determine what the magnitude of the equilibrium constant indicates
Recall that in general for the reaction the equilibrium-constant expression is

where

, and

are the chemical species involved and , , , and

are their coefficients in the balanced chemical equation.

The numerator of the equilibrium-constant expression must be large for the value of the equilibrium constant to be large. Also notice that products appear in the numerator.

ANSWER: mostly products. The equilibrium mixture contains mostly reactants. nearly equal amounts of reactants and products.

ANSWER:

No; the reaction is highly spontaneous at 298 Yes; the reaction is highly spontaneous at 298 Yes; the reaction is highly spontaneous at 298 No; the reaction is not spontaneous at 298 No; the reaction is not spontaneous at 298

, but a significant amount of

will remain at equilibrium. will remain at equilibrium.

, even though a significant amount of and almost no

will remain at equilibrium. will remain at equilibrium. will remain at equilibrium.

, even though almost no and a significant amount of

Correct
To determine whether a chemical reaction is spontaneous you need to calculate the Gibbs free energy for the reaction. A negative freeenergy value indicates that the reaction is spontaneous as written. The magnitude of the equilibrium constant can be used to determine relative amounts of reactants and products at equilibrium. An equilibrium constant that is large in magnitude ( ) indicates significantly more products than reactants. In principle, this reaction is a feasible method to remove ; however, is a highly toxic gas that reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Its use would pose a safety hazard for plant workers and people in the nearby area.

Part C
Assume that the partial pressure of sulfur dioxide, vapor pressure of water is 22 , is equal to the partial pressure of dihydrogen sulfide, ( ) in the system at 298 , and therefore . . If the , calculate the equilibrium partial pressure of

Express the pressure in atmospheres to two significant figures.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

First set up the equilibrium-constant expression for the reaction in terms of the partial pressure of each reagent and product. In general for the reaction the equilibrium-constant expression is

where

, and

are the chemical species involved and , , , and

are their coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. value you calculated in Part A, then

Once you have the equilibrium-constant expression, substitute in the known pressure values and the solve for .

Hint 2. Convert the partial pressure for water to the appropriate units
Convert the vapor pressure of water, 22 , to atmospheres.

Express the partial pressure in atmospheres to two significant figures.

Hint 1. Conversion factor

Recall that .

ANSWER: = 0.029

Hint 3. Identify the equilibrium-constant expression

Identify the equilibrium-constant expression for the reaction

where

, and

are the partial pressures of sulfur dioxide, dihydrogen sulfide, sulfur, and water, respectively.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

In general for the reaction the equilibrium-constant expression is

where

, and

are the chemical species involved and , , , and

are their coefficients in the balanced chemical equation.

ANSWER:

Hint 4. Identify the equilibrium-constant expression in terms of x

Given that , 0.029 , , and , identify the equilibrium-constant expression in terms of known values and ANSWER: , where .

ANSWER:

= 4.7"10!7

Correct
Because is very large, , it follows that the equilibrium partial pressure of is much smaller than the vapor pressure of .

Question 13
Use data from Appendix C in the textbook to calculate the equilibrium constant, , at 298 for each of the following reactions.

Part A

Express your answer using one significant figure. ANSWER: = 900

Correct

Part B

Express your answer using one significant figure. ANSWER: = 4"10!2

Correct

Part C

Express your answer using one significant figure. ANSWER: = 2"1087

Correct

Question 14
Consider the decomposition of barium carbonate:

Part A
Using data from Appendix C in the textbook, calculate the equilibrium pressure of Express your answer using one significant figure. ANSWER: = 6"10!39 at 298 .

Correct

Part B
Using data from Appendix C in the textbook, calculate the equilibrium pressure of Express your answer using one significant figure. ANSWER: = 1"10!2 at 1300 .

All attempts used; correct answer displayed

Question 15
Using the data in Appendix C in the textbook and given the pressures listed, calculate for each of the following reactions at 298 .

Part A

= 3.5 ANSWER:

= 7.6

= 2.0

= -48.1

Correct

Part B

, ANSWER: = -1300

= 0.6

= 0.5

Correct

Part C

= 0.5 ANSWER: = -142

= 7.4

= 8.8

Correct

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 86.2%. You received 12.93 out of a possible total of 15 points.