Quiz 4

Due: 11:59pm on Friday, October 26, 2012 Note: You will receive no credit for late submissions. To learn more, read your instructor's Grading Policy

Question 1
Part A
What is the expression for ANSWER: for the following reaction:

Correct

Part B
The following reaction is homogeneous or heterogeneous: ANSWER: homogeneous heterogeneous

Correct

Part C
What is the expression for ANSWER: for the following reaction:

Correct

Part D
The following reaction is homogeneous or heterogeneous: ANSWER: homogeneous heterogeneous

Correct

Part E
What is the expression for ANSWER: for the following reaction:

Correct

Part F
The following reaction is homogeneous or heterogeneous: ANSWER: homogeneous heterogeneous

Correct

Part G
What is the expression for ANSWER: for the following reaction:

Correct

Part H
The following reaction is homogeneous or heterogeneous: ANSWER: homogeneous heterogeneous

Correct

Part I
What is the expression for ANSWER: for the following reaction:

Correct

Part J
The following reaction is homogeneous or heterogeneous: ANSWER:

homogeneous heterogeneous

Correct

Part K
What is the expression for ANSWER: for the following reaction:

Correct

Part L
The following reaction is homogeneous or heterogeneous: ANSWER: homogeneous heterogeneous

Correct

Part M
What is the expression for ANSWER: for the following reaction:

Correct

Part N
The following reaction is homogeneous or heterogeneous: ANSWER: homogeneous heterogeneous

Correct

Question 2
The equilibrium constant, equilibrium. For a gaseous reaction with the general form , of a reaction at a particular temperature is determined by the concentrations or pressures of the reactants and products at

the

and

expressions are given by

The subscript

or

indicates whether

is expressed in terms of concentrations or pressures. Equilibrium-constant expressions do not include a term for

any pure solids or liquids that may be involved in the reaction.

Part A
Phosgene (carbonyl chloride), , is an extremely toxic gas that is used in manufacturing certain dyes and plastics. Phosgene can be produced by reacting carbon monoxide and chlorine gas at high temperatures:

Carbon monoxide and chlorine gas are allowed to react in a sealed vessel at 467 following results obtained: Gas Partial Pressure ( ) 0.810

. At equilibrium, the concentrations were measured and the

1.15 0.170 What is the equilibrium constant, Express your answer numerically. , of this reaction?

Hint 1. Identify the equilibrium-constant expression for the reaction

What is the expression for the equilibrium constant, ANSWER: , for the reaction?

ANSWER: = 0.183

Correct

Deriving concentrations from data

In Part A, you were given the equilibrium pressures, which could be plugged directly into the formula for . In Part B however, you will be given initial concentrations and only one equilibrium concentration. You must use this data to find all three equilibrium concentrations before you can apply the formula for .

Part B
The following reaction was performed in a sealed vessel at 797 :

Initially, only

and

were present at concentrations of , for the reaction at this temperature?

and

. The equilibrium concentration of

is 0.0700

. What is

the equilibrium constant,

Express your answer numerically.

Hint 1. Identify the equilibrium-constant expression

What is the equilibrium-constant expression for this reaction? ANSWER:

Correct

Hint 2. Determine the change in the concentration of iodine

What value should be placed in the table in place of the "?" for the change in concentration of the reactant ?

Be sure to include the sign of the change. Express your answer with the appropriate units. ANSWER: -1.98

Correct
Use this value to determine the change in the concentration of hydrogen.

Hint 3. Determine the change in the concentration of hydrogen

What value should be placed in the table in place of the "?" for the change in concentration of the reactant ?

Be sure to include the sign of the change. Express your answer with the appropriate units. ANSWER: -1.98

Correct
Use this value to determine the change in the concentration of hydrogen iodide.

Hint 4. Determine the change in the concentration of hydrogen iodide

What value should be placed in the table in place of the "?" for the change in concentration of the product ?

Be sure to include the sign of the change. Express your answer with the appropriate units. ANSWER: 3.96

Correct

Hint 5. Determine the equilibrium concentration of hydrogen

What value should be placed in the table in place of the "?" for the equilibrium concentration of the reactant ?

Express your answer with the appropriate units. ANSWER: = 1.77

Correct

Hint 6. Determine the equilibrium concentration of hydrogen iodide

What value should be placed in the table in place of the "?" for the equilibrium concentration of the reactant ?

Express your answer with the appropriate units. ANSWER: = 3.96

Correct
Now use the completed table to calculate .

ANSWER: = 127

Correct

Question 3
Phosphorus trichloride gas and chlorine gas react to form phosphorus pentachloride gas: . A 7.5gas vessel is charged with a mixture of = 0.121 , = 0.153 and , and , which is allowed to equilibrate at 450 = 1.30 . . At equilibrium the partial pressures of the

three gases are

Part A
What is the value of at this temperature?

Express your answer using three significant figures. ANSWER: = 70.2

Correct

Part B
Does the equilibrium favor reactants or products? ANSWER: The equilibrium favor products. The equilibrium favor reactants.

Correct

Part C
Calculate for this reaction at 450 .

Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: = 2600

Correct

Question 4
A mixture of 1.374 of and 70.31 of is heated in a 2.00 of . vessel at 700 . These substances react as follows:

At equilibrium the vessel is found to contain 0.566

Part A
Calculate the equilibrium concentration of .

Express your answer using three significant figures. ANSWER: = 0.140

Correct

Part B
Calculate the equilibrium concentration of .

Express your answer using three significant figures. ANSWER: = 1.96!10"2

Correct

Part C
Calculate the equilibrium concentration of .

Express your answer using three significant figures. ANSWER: = 0.401

Correct

Part D
Calculate .

Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: = 58

Correct

Question 5
Ammonium bisulfide, , forms ammonia, , and hydrogen sulfide, , through the reaction

This reaction has a

value of 0.120 at 25

An empty 5.00-

flask is charged with 0.250 of pure

, at 25

Part A
Evaluate the validity of the following statements. Drag each item to the appropriate bin.

Hint 1. Identify the equation to determine the reaction quotient

Given the equation for a hypothetical equilibrium reaction, determine the expression for the reaction quotient in terms of partial pressures. Express in terms of , , and .

Hint 1. How to express the reaction quotient

The expression for the reaction quotient, , is set up just like that for :

where the pressure of each species is raised to the power of its coefficient in the balanced chemical equation. Also keep in mind that liquids and solids are not included in or expressions.

ANSWER: =

Hint 2. Identify the initial amount of ammonia

Based on the given information, "A 5.00- flask is charged with 0.250 of pure how many moles of , at 25 ."

are initially present in the flask?

Express your answer numerically in moles. ANSWER: 0

Hint 3. Identify the substances needed for a reaction

Ammonium bisulfide, , forms ammonia, , and hydrogen sulfide, , through the reaction

Identify the substances needed for forward and reverse reactions. Drag each item to the appropriate bin. ANSWER:

ANSWER:

Correct

Part B
What is the initial pressure of in the flask?

Express your answer numerically in atmospheres.

Hint 1. Enter the appropriate formula for pressure

The ideal gas law where is volume, is the number of moles, . . is the gas constant,, and is temperature, can be used to determine the pressure, , of

. Rearrange the ideal gas law to isolate Express ANSWER: = in terms of , , , and

Correct
Keep in mind that the constant has a value of 0.08206 .

Hint 2. Identify the volume of hydrogen sulfide

According to the problem introduction, what is the volume of Express your answer numerically in liters. ANSWER: = 5.00 ?

Correct
The volume of any gas is equal to the volume of its container.

Hint 3. Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen sulfide

How many moles of are in 0.250 of ?

Express your answer numerically in moles.

Hint 1. Calculate the molar mass of hydrogen sulfide

What is the molar mass of ?

Express your answer in grams per mole using four significant figures. ANSWER: 34.08

ANSWER: = 7.34!10"3

Correct

Hint 4. Calculate the Kelvin temperature

What is the Kelvin temperature of the hydrogen sulfide gas?

Express your answer numerically in kelvins. ANSWER: = 298

Correct

ANSWER: = 3.59!10"2

Correct

Addition of ammonium bisulfate

In addition to the already present in the flask, solid is added until there is excess unreacted solid remaining.

Part C
What are the partial pressures of and at equilibrium, that is, what are the values of and , respectively?

Enter the partial pressure of ammonia followed by the partial pressure of hydrogen sulfide numerically in atmospheres separated by a comma.

Hint 1. Identify the equation to use

The presence of and the absence of ( ) means that the reaction needs to shift to the right to reach equilibrium. An is equilibrium table can be set up to express the equilibrium concentrations in terms of initial concentrations and equilibrium changes. If defined as the change, the 1:1:1 stoichiometry of this reaction would produce the following table. Pressure ( ) Initial Change Equilibrium (Note that , the solid, is not included.) Based on the equilibrium-constant expression for the reaction,

how can ANSWER:

be expressed in terms of

Correct
Plug in the value of , then solve this expression for using the quadratic formula.

Hint 2. Determine the values of , , and

When the expression is rearranged into standard quadratic format,

in the quadratic equation

what are the values of , , and , respectively? Enter the values for , , and ANSWER: , , = 1.00,3.59!10"2,-0.120 numerically separated by commas.

Answer Requested

ANSWER: , = 0.329,0.365

Correct

Part D
What is the mole fraction, , of in the gas mixture at equilibrium?

Express your answer numerically.

Hint 1. Relationship between partial pressure and mole fraction

The total pressure of a mixture of gases, gases, , is the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were present alone. For a mixture of two and , this can be stated mathematically as

where

and

are the partial pressures of the gases , through

and . The mole fraction of gas

, is related to the partial pressure of the gas,

, and the total pressure,

To determine the mole fraction, the total pressure of the system must first be calculated.

Hint 2. Determine the total pressure of the system

Based on your answer to Part C, what is the total pressure inside the flask at equilibrium?

Express your answer numerically in atmospheres. ANSWER: = 0.694

ANSWER: = 0.526

Correct

Part E
What is the minimum mass of equilibrium? Express your answer numerically in grams. that must be added to the 5.00flask when charged with the 0.250 of pure , at 25 to achieve

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

The only source of is the decomposition of the solid, . So, the amount of present can be used to calculate the amount of needed to produce that amount of . Any amount slightly greater than this value will allow for some solid to remain in the flaska using the ideal gas law,

necessary condition for equilibrium. Determine the number of moles of

where

is pressure,

is volume,

is the number of moles,

is the gas constant, and

is temperature. Based on the stoichiometry of the , which can then be converted to grams using the

reaction, the number of moles of molar mass of the solid.

can be converted to the number of moles of

Hint 2. Determine the amount of ammonia in the flask

How many moles of are present in the flask at equilibrium at 25 ?

Express your answer numerically in moles.

Hint 1. Rearrange the ideal gas law

How can the ideal gas law be rearranged to isolate Express ANSWER: = in terms of ? , , , and .

Hint 2. Identify the values to use in the equation

Enter the values of the pressure (in atmospheres), volume (in liters), and temperature (in kelvins) that should be used in the calculation of moles of . Enter the values for ANSWER: , , and numerically separated by commas.

, ,

= 0.329,5.00,298

ANSWER: 6.73!10"2

Hint 3. Determine the number of moles of ammonium bisulfide needed

Based on the reaction stoichiometry, how many moles of Express your answer numerically in moles. ANSWER: 6.73!10"2 are needed to produce 6.73!10"2 of gas?

ANSWER: 3.44

Correct
The answer here would be exactly enough to produce the equilibrium pressures of have some solid in the flask, a condition required for equilibrium. and . So a slightly larger amount must be added to

Question 6
As shown in Table 15.2 in the textbook, for the equilibrium

is

at 450

. For each of the mixtures listed here, indicate whether the mixture is at equilibrium at 450

. If it is not at equilibrium, indicate the

direction (toward product or toward reactants) in which the mixture must shift to achieve equilibrium.

Part A
98 ANSWER: yes, mixture is at equilibrium no, mixture must shift toward products to achieve equilibrium no, mixture must shift toward reactants to achieve equilibrium , 45 , 55

Correct

Part B
57 ANSWER: , 143 , no

yes, mixture is at equilibrium no, mixture must shift toward products to achieve equilibrium no, mixture must shift toward reactants to achieve equilibrium

Correct

Part C
13 ANSWER: yes, mixture is at equilibrium no, mixture must shift toward products to achieve equilibrium no, mixture must shift toward reactants to achieve equilibrium , 27 , 82

Correct

Question 7
Learning Goal: To determine equilibrium concentrations from initial conditions. The reversible reaction has a reaction quotient defined as

Because the reaction is reversible, both the forward and reverse reactions will occur simultaneously. The reaction will eventually reach equilibrium, at which point the concentrations do not change, and is equal to a constant known as .

Relationship between the reaction quotient and the equilibrium constant

The equilibrium concentration of each component depends on the initial conditions, the direction in which the reaction proceeds to attain equilibrium, and the magnitude of the value. If for the initial concentrations, the net reaction will proceed forward to produce more products and increase . If for the initial concentrations, the net reaction will proceed in reverse to produce more reactants and decrease .

Part A

Based on a equilibrium.

value of 0.220 and the initial concentrations given in the table, determine in which direction the net reaction will proceed to attain

Initial concentrations ( Mixture A B C Drag the items into the appropriate bins. 0.100 0

0.500 0.100 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.300

Hint 1. Identify the significance of the relation between Q and K

Identify the direction in which the net reaction proceeds based on the relationship between Drag the items into the appropriate bins. ANSWER: and .

Correct
Use these relationships when comparing the value of to that of to predict the direction in which the reaction proceeds.

Hint 2. Calculate Q for mixture A

Based on the initial conditions, calculate the value of Express your answer numerically. for mixture A.

Hint 1. How to calculate the reaction quotient

The reversible reaction has a reaction quotient defined as

ANSWER: = 0

Correct
Compare this value to to determine the direction of the net reaction.

Hint 3. Calculate Q for mixture B

Based on the initial conditions, calculate the value of Express your answer numerically. for mixture B.

Hint 1. How to calculate the reaction quotient

The reversible reaction has a reaction quotient defined as

ANSWER: = 0.0200

Correct
Compare this value to to determine the direction of the net reaction.

Hint 4. Calculate Q for mixture C

Based on the initial conditions, calculate the value of Express your answer numerically. for mixture C.

Hint 1. How to calculate the reaction quotient

The reversible reaction has a reaction quotient defined as

ANSWER:

= 0.450

Correct
Compare this value to to determine the direction of the net reaction.

ANSWER:

Correct

Calculating equilibrium concentrations when the net reaction proceeds forward

Consider mixture B, which will cause the net reaction to proceed forward.

The change in concentration,

, is negative for the reactants because they are consumed and positive for the products because they are produced.

Part B
Based on a value of 0.220 and the given data table, what are the equilibrium concentrations of , , and , respectively?

Express the molar concentrations numerically.

Hint 1. Express the equilibrium constant in terms of concentrations

At equilibrium, , and so

But we also know that ANSWER:

, and

at equilibrium. How can

be expressed in terms of

Correct
Plugging in the value of gives

which we can solve for

Hint 2. Rearrange the expression into quadratic form

When the expression

is rearranged into quadratic form

what are the values of , , and , respectively? Express your answers numerically separated by commas.

Hint 1. How to rearrange the expression into quadratic form

Start by squaring the value squared , keeping in mind that can be rewritten as .Once you have

, multiply both sides of the expression by

to clear the fraction on the right side of the expression. Finally,

move all terms to one side of the expression, combining like terms, leaving the expression in the quadratic form .

ANSWER: , , = 1.00,0.420,-0.100

Answer Requested

Hint 3. Calculate the value of

For an expression in the form can be calculated by using the quadratic formula

If

what is the value of

Express your answer numerically.

Hint 1. Example calculation

Consider an example expression written in quadratic form: into the quadratic formula , where , , and . Plugging these values

gives

The quadratic formula gives two solutions for negative value for has no physical meaning.

. In this case,

and

. Note that in many chemical problems the

ANSWER: = 0.170

Correct
Now plug the value of into the expressions for the equilibrium concentrations.

ANSWER: , , = 0.330,0.270,0.270

Correct
You can check your answer by verifying the value of with these concentrations:

Calculating equilibrium concentrations when the net reaction proceeds in reverse

Consider mixture C, which will cause the net reaction to proceed in reverse.

The change in concentration,

, is positive for the reactants because they are produced and negative for the products because they are consumed.

Part C
Based on a value of 0.220 and the data table given, what are the equilibrium concentrations of , , and , respectively?

Express the molar concentrations numerically.

Hint 1. Express the equilibrium constant in terms of concentrations

At equilibrium, , and so

But we also know that ANSWER:

, and

at equilibrium. How can

be expressed in terms of

Correct
Plugging in the value of gives

which we can solve for

Hint 2. Rearrange the expression into quadratic form

When the expression

is rearranged into quadratic form

what are the values of , , and , respectively? Express your answers numerically separated by commas.

Hint 1. How to rearrange the expression into quadratic form

Start by squaring the value squared

, keeping in mind that

can be rewritten as

.Once you have

, multiply both sides of the expression by

to clear the fraction on the right side of the expression. Finally,

move all terms to one side of the expression, combining like terms, leaving the expression in the quadratic form .

ANSWER: , , = 1.00,-0.820,0.0460

Answer Requested

Hint 3. Calculate the value of x

For an expression in the form can be calculated by using the quadratic formula

If

what is the value of

Express your answer numerically.

Hint 1. Example calculation

Consider an example expression written in quadratic form: into the quadratic formula ,where , , and . Plugging these values

gives . The quadratic formula gives two solutions for negative value for has no physical meaning. . In this case, and . Note that in many chemical problems the

ANSWER: = 0.0606

Correct
Now plug the value of into the expressions for the equilibrium concentrations.

ANSWER: , , = 0.261,0.239,0.239

Correct
You can check your answer by verifying the value of with these concentrations:

Question 8
The concentrations of reactants and products for a chemical reaction can be calculated if the equilibrium constant for the reaction and the starting concentrations of reactants and/or products are known.

Part A
Carbonyl fluoride, , is an important intermediate used in the production of fluorine-containing compounds. For instance, it is used to make the via the reaction refrigerant carbon tetrafluoride,

If only

is present initially at a concentration of 2.00

, what concentration of

remains at equilibrium?

Express your answer with the appropriate units.

Hint 1. Express the equilibrium constant in terms of the change in concentration

The concentrations of each species throughout the reaction can be described using a table such as the one shown here.

How can Express

be expressed in terms of in terms of .

Hint 1. Identify the equilibrium-constant expression

What is the appropriate equilibrium-constant expression for this reaction? ANSWER:

Correct

ANSWER: =

Answer Requested
Now plug in the value of and solve for :

Notice that you can take the square root of each side of the equation to simplify the algebra:

Hint 2. Solve for x

Given that

what is the value for

Express your answer with the appropriate units. ANSWER: = 0.857

Answer Requested
Now plug this value of back into the equilibrium expression for .

ANSWER: = 0.286

Correct

Part B
Consider the reaction If a reaction vessel initially contains only be at equilibrium? Express your answer with the appropriate units. and at concentrations of 1.00 and 2.00 , respectively, what will the concentration of

Hint 1. Express the equilibrium constant in terms of the change in concentration

The concentrations of each species throughout the reaction can be described using a table such as the one shown here.

How can Express

be expressed in terms of in terms of .

Hint 1. Identify the equilibrium-constant expression

What is the appropriate equilibrium-constant expression for this reaction? ANSWER:

ANSWER: =

Answer Requested
Now plug in the value of and solve for :

This time you will need to use the quadratic formula to solve for

Hint 2. Determine the values of a, b, and c

If the expression

is rearranged into quadratic form

what are the values of , , and , respectively? Enter the values of , , and ANSWER: 0.670,-3.01,1.34 separated by commas.

Answer Requested
Now plug these values into the quadratic formula and solve for :

Hint 3. Calculate the square-root term of the quadratic formula

As a step toward solving the quadratic equation, determine the value of if , , and .

Express your answer numerically. ANSWER: 2.34

Answer Requested
The expression simplifies to

Now, solve for

keeping in mind that only one of the two roots will make physical sense.

ANSWER: = 0.501

Correct

Question 9
When 1.40 and 1.40 are placed in a 3.00. container at 395 , the following reaction occurs:

Part A
If = 0.802, what are the concentrations of in the equilibrium mixture?

Express your answer with the appropriate units. ANSWER: 0.246

Answer Requested

Part B

If

= 0.802, what are the concentrations of

in the equilibrium mixture?

Express your answer with the appropriate units. ANSWER: 0.246

Correct

Part C
If = 0.802, what are the concentrations of in the equilibrium mixture?

Express your answer with the appropriate units. ANSWER: 0.220

Correct

Part D
If = 0.802, what are the concentrations of in the equilibrium mixture?

Express your answer with the appropriate units. ANSWER: 0.220

Correct

Question 10
Part A
Consider the reaction If you start with 21.0 of a 0.909 solution of , and then dilute it with water to 500.0 , what is the concentration of at equilibrium?

Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. ANSWER: 1.3!10"3

Correct

Question 11
Learning Goal:

To learn how to calculate the solubility from

and vice versa.

Consider the following equilibrium between a solid salt and its dissolved form (ions) in a saturated solution: At equilibrium, the ion concentrations remain constant because the rate of dissolution of solid equilibrium constant for the dissolution reaction is equals the rate of the ion crystallization. The

is called the solubility product and can be determined experimentally by measuring the solubility, which is the amount of compound that dissolves per unit volume of saturated solution.

Part A
A saturated solution of lead(II) fluoride, found to be 2.08!10"3 . Calculate for , was prepared by dissolving solid . in water. The concentration of ion in the solution was

Express your answer numerically.

Hint 1. Find the concentration of

If solid

using stoichiometry
, what concentration of ion is produced?

dissolves to produce 2.08!10"3

Express the molar concentration numerically.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Under the assumption of complete dissociation, each mole of produces one mole of and two moles of :

Consider how the concentration of

will compare to the concentration of

ANSWER: = 4.16!10"3

Hint 2. Identify the

expression
is

The balanced equation for the complete dissociation of

What is the expression for the solubility product? ANSWER:

ANSWER: = 3.60!10"8

Correct

Part B
The value of for silver carbonate, , is . Calculate the solubility of in grams per liter.

Express your answer numerically in grams per liter.

Hint 1. Identify the

expression
is

The balanced equation for the complete dissociation of

What is the expression for the solubility product? ANSWER:

Correct

Hint 2. Express
If

in terms of the molar solubility of

that dissolves to form a saturated solution, then we can construct the following table:

represents the number of moles per liter of

excess

0 +

0 + ? .

What is Express ANSWER: =

in terms of in terms of

Hint 3. Calculate the molar solubility of

The solubility product is . Calculate , the molar solubility of .

Express the molar solubility numerically. ANSWER: = 1.27!10"4

Hint 4. Calculate the molar mass of

Calculate the molar mass of main question window. Express your answer numerically in grams per mole. ANSWER: molar mass of = 276 . Recall that you can access a periodic table by clicking the "Tools" link in the upper right corner of the

ANSWER: solubility = 3.49!10"2

Correct
When we know the solubility product for a substance, we can calculate its solubility, which is actually the concentration of a saturated solution. At 25 , the concentration of a saturated solution of silver carbonate is or . If we add 10 of to 1 of water, only of the salt will dissolve, and the rest will stay at the bottom of the beaker.

Question 12
Ksp for the dissolution of barium phosphate is 3.0x10 -23. Ksp for the dissolution of silver carbonate is 8.1x10-12.

Part A
Calculate the concentration of barium ions present in a saturated solution of barium phosphate. Express your answer in proper scientific notation to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. ANSWER: 3.7!10"5

Answer Requested

Part B
Calculate the concentration of phosphate ions present in a saturated solution of barium phosphate. Express your answer in proper scientific notation to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. ANSWER: 2.5!10"5

Answer Requested

Part C
If Ksp for the dissolution of silver carbonate is 8.1x10-12, calculate the concentration of silver ions present in a saturated solution of silver carbonate. Express your answer in proper scientific notation to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. ANSWER: 2.5!10"4

Correct

Question 13
Learning Goal: To understand the relationship between precipitation and the solubility product and to be able to predict whether a substance will precipitate or not. Precipitation is the formation of an insoluble substance. For the equation , precipitation represents a shift to the left and the and gets above a certain level, the

production of a solid. From Le Chtelier's principle, we know that when the product of the concentrations of reaction will respond by shifting left to decrease the concentrations of case, When When . where is the ion product. is equal to . and . This critical level,

, is a constant at a certain temperature. In this

, precipitation occurs until , a precipitate does not form.

Part A
Strontium chromate, and 1.50!10"3 , has a ? value of 4.00!10"5 . What happens when strontium and chromate solutions are mixed to give 2.00!10"2

Hint 1. Calculate the value of

What is the value of when the solution contains 2.00!10"2 and ?

Express your answer numerically.

Hint 1. Determine the equation to calculate

If is the molar concentration of and ? and (e.g., xy^4). and is the molar concentration of , what is the equation that can be used to calculate

in terms of

Express your answer in terms of

Hint 1. Identify the solubility reaction for strontium chromate

Which of the following reactions represents the dissolution of ANSWER: in water?

ANSWER: =

ANSWER: = 3.00!10"5

ANSWER: A precipitate forms because A precipitate forms because No precipitate forms because No precipitate forms because . . . .

Correct

Part B
What concentration of the lead ion, for lead chloride is 1.17!10"5 . Express your answer with the appropriate units. , must be exceeded to precipitate from a solution that is in the chloride ion, ?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

You need to find the lead ion concentration when concentration and is equal to . First, write the solubility-product expression. Then, plug in the given

value and solve for the lead ion concentration.

Hint 2. Determine the equation to calculate

If of is the molar concentration of and ? and (e.g., xy^4). and is the molar concentration of , what is the equation that can be used to calculate in terms

Express your answer in terms of

Hint 1. Identify the solubility reaction for lead(II) chloride

Which of the following reactions represents the dissolution of ANSWER:

in water?

ANSWER: =

ANSWER: 0.117

Correct
When the lead ion concentration is exactly 0.117 the reaction is at equilibrium and the solution is saturated. Just one more drop of a solution and cause precipitation. containing either the lead ion or the chloride ion would make

Question 14
When a chemical reaction is at equilibrium, changes the value of equal to (the reaction quotient) is equal to (the equilibrium constant). If a stress is applied to the mixture that is . The result however is the , then the system is no longer at equilibrium. To regain equilibrium, the reaction will either proceed forward or in reverse until is equal to the new .

once again. Alternatively, equilibrium can be disrupted by a change in temperature, which changes the value of

same, and the reaction will proceed forward or in reverse until

Le Chtelier's principle summarizes this idea: If a stress is applied to a reaction mixture at equilibrium, a net reaction occurs in the direction that relieves the stress.

Part A
Consider the following system at equilibrium: Classify each of the following actions by whether it causes a leftward shift, a rightward shift, or no shift in the direction of the net reaction. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

One way to approach the problem is consider each situation qualitatively and determine which shift will "undo" the effects of the stress. Another approach is to look at each situation quantitatively. For example, calculate if , , and are each 1 . Then calculate increased or decreased values as the choices indicate. If If , the reaction will shift toward the reactants. , the reaction will shift toward the products. with

Hint 2. Identify the expression for the equilibrium constant

Which of the following expressions correctly describes ANSWER:

for the reaction?

Hint 3. Identify how an increase in reactant concentration affects the reaction

If the concentration of a reactant increases, how will the reaction respond to relieve the stress? ANSWER: It will consume reactants to make products. It will consume products to make reactants.

Hint 4. Identify how a decrease in reactant concentration affects the reaction

If the concentration of a reactant decreases, how will the reaction respond to relieve the stress? ANSWER: It will consume reactants to make products. It will consume products to make reactants.

Hint 5. Identify how an increase in product concentration affects the reaction

If the concentration of the product increases, how will the reaction respond to relieve the stress? ANSWER: It will consume reactants to make products. It will consume products to make reactants.

Hint 6. Identify how a decrease in product concentration affects the reaction

If the concentration of the product decreases, how will the reaction respond to relieve the stress? ANSWER: It will consume reactants to make products. It will consume products to make reactants.

ANSWER:

Correct

Part B
The following system is at equilibrium: Classify each of the following actions by whether it causes a leftward shift, a rightward shift, or no shift in the direction of the net reaction. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

In a gas reaction, it is useful to look at the number of moles of gaseous reactant versus the number of moles of gaseous product. In this case, there are three moles of gaseous reactant, , and one mole of gaseous product, . The result of an increase in volume is a decrease in pressure. This stress can be relieved if the reaction moves toward the side that exerts more pressure (i.e., has more moles of gas). Similarly, the result of a decrease in volume is an increase in pressure. This stress can be relieved if the reaction moves toward the side that exerts less pressure (i.e., has fewer moles of gas).

Hint 2. Identify the expression for the equilibrium constant

Which of the following expressions correctly describes ANSWER: for the reaction?

Hint 3. Identify how a decrease in volume affects the reaction

If the volume is decreased, how will the reaction respond to relieve the stress? ANSWER: It will consume reactants to make products. It will consume products to make reactants.

Hint 4. Identify how an increase in volume affects the reaction

If the volume is increased, how will the reaction respond to relieve the stress? ANSWER: It will consume reactants to make products. It will consume products to make reactants.

ANSWER:

Correct

Part C
For a certain chemical reaction, . Assuming the reaction is at equilibrium, classify each of the following actions by whether it causes a leftward shift, a rightward shift, or no shift in the direction of the net reaction. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

An endothermic reaction absorbs heat: By thinking of heat as a reactant, we can treat a temperature change the same way we would a change in reactant concentration.

In contrast, an exothermic reaction releases heat:

By thinking of heat as a product, we can treat a temperature change the same way we would a change in product concentration.

Hint 2. Identify the correct balanced equation that includes the heat contribution
Which of the following balanced equations correctly shows the contribution of the heat in this reaction? ANSWER:

Hint 3. Identify how an increase in temperature affects the reaction

If the temperature is increased, how will the reaction respond to relieve the stress? ANSWER: It will consume reactants to make products. It will consume products to make reactants.

Hint 4. Identify how a decrease in temperature affects the reaction

If the temperature is decreased, how will the reaction respond to relieve the stress? ANSWER: It will consume reactants to make products. It will consume products to make reactants.

ANSWER:

Correct
For an exothermic reaction, a temperature increase causes the value of reactants. The opposite occurs for endothermic reactions. to decrease. Then, because , the reaction shifts toward

Question 15
Consider a saturated aqueous solution of chromium (III) hydroxide, How will each of the following changes affect an equilibrium mixture?

Part A
Solid chromium (III) nitrate is dissolved in the saturated solution of chromium (III) hydroxide. ANSWER: shift equilibrium toward the reactants shift equilibrium toward the products no affect

Correct

Part B
5 mL of 6 M NaOH (aq) is added to the saturated solution of chromium (III) hydroxide. ANSWER: shift equilibrium toward the reactants shift equilibrium toward the products no affect

Correct

Part C
Additional solid chromium (III) hydroxide is added to the saturated solution of chromium (III) hydroxide. ANSWER: shift equilibrium toward the reactants shift equilibrium toward the products no affect

Correct

Part D

5 mL of 12 M HCl (aq) is added to the saturated solution of chromium (III) hydroxide. ANSWER: shift equilibrium toward the reactants shift equilibrium toward the products no affect

Correct

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 85.3%. You received 12.8 out of a possible total of 15 points.