Critical

Core job Personal and

psychological
dimensions work outcomes
states

• Skill variety Experienced • High internal

• Task identity meaningfulness work motivation
• Task significance of the work

• High-quality work
Experienced performance
• Autonomy responsibility
for outcomes
of the work • High satisfaction
with the work

Knowledge of the
• Feedback actual results of • Low absenteeism
work activities and turnover

The Job Employee

Source: J. R. Hackman and G. R. Oldham,
“Motivation Through the Design of Work: A Test

Characteristics
of a Theory,“ Organizational Behavior and Human
growth-need Performance, Vol. 6 (1976), pp. 250–279.
strength Copyright © Academic Press, Inc. Reprinted by

Approach
permission of Academic Press and the authors.
Figure 6.1