TCVN

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN

: 2012

Xut bn ln 1

CNG TRNH THY LI YU CU K THUT THIT K, THI CNG V NGHIM THU H MC NC NGM
Hydraulic structures Technical requirements for design, construction and acceptance of decreasing groundwater level

H NI - 2012

Mc lc
Trang Li ni u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Phm vi p dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Ti liu vin dn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Thut ng v nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Kho st phc v thit k v thi cng h mc nc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Yu cu chung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Kho st a hnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Kho st a cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Thit k h mc nc ngm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 Yu cu chung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Ni dung ca n thit k h nc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Cc iu kin bin dng tnh ton, thit k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Cc phng php h mc nc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 Tnh ton thit k h mc nc ngm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 Chn my mc, thit b. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Thi cng h mc nc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 o ho, rnh t ng thu nc hoc thot nc . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 o ging thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 H ging kim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Lm lp lc bng ct si bao quanh ng lc ca ging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Mt s yu cu quan trng khc khi thi cng ging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 Lp t my mc, thit b. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Nghim thu h thng h mc nc ngm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 Vn hnh th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Nghim thu a vo khai thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Vn hnh h thng h mc nc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Dng hot ng v tho d h thng h mc nc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 An ton khi thi cng h mc nc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph lc A (Tham kho) : c tnh c bn ca mt s loi ct si trong h mng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph lc B (Tham kho) : Phng php bm ht nc th nghim xc nh h s thm ca t nn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph lc C (Tham kho) : Thit k ng lc ca h thng h mc nc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph lc D (Tham kho) : Tnh ton h mc nc ngm bng phn mm 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph lc E (Tham kho) : Xc nh vn tc gii hn V gh c th thi cng lp lc ph xung quanh ng lc ca ging bm nc h mc nc ngm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 5 5 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 18 19 22 28 34

Li ni u

TCVN

: 2012

Cng trnh thy li Yu cu k thut thit k, thi cng v

nghim thu h mc nc ngm, c xy dng trn c s kt qu nghin cu v tng kt vic thi cng h mc nc ngm thc t nc ta trong thi gian qua, theo quy nh ti khon 2 iu 13 ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k

thut v im a, khon 1 iu 5 ca Ngh nh s 127/2007/N-CP ngy 01 thng 8 nm 2007 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut. TCVN : 2012 do Trung tm Khoa hc v Trin khai k thut thy li thuc

trng i hc Thy li bin son, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ngh, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng thm nh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh cng b.

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN

: 2012

Cng trnh thy li Yu cu k thut thit k, thi cng v nghim thu h thp mc nc ngm
Hydraulic structures Technical requirements for design, construction and acceptance of decreasing groundwater level

Phm vi p dng

Tiu chun ny quy nh yu cu k thut trong tnh ton, thit k, thi cng v nghim thu h mc nc ngm xy dng cc cng trnh thy li. C th p dng tiu chun ny thi cng h mc nc ngm khi xy dng cc cng trnh xy dng khc.

Ti liu vin dn

Cc ti liu vin dn sau y rt cn thit cho vic p dng tiu chun ny: TCVN 5308 - 1991 : Quy phm k thut an ton trong cng tc xy dng; TCVN 8478 : 2010 Cng trnh thy li Yu cu v thnh phn, khi lng kho st a hnh trong cc giai an lp d n v thit k; TCVN 8477 : 2010 Cng trnh thy li Yu cu v thnh phn, khi lng kho st a cht trong cc giai an lp d n v thit k.

Thut ng v nh ngha

Tiu chun ny s dng cc thut ng v nh ngha sau: 3.1 ng lc (filter pipe) on nm su nht ca ging. i vi ging thng, cu to ca ng lc l mt on ca ng ging nhng trn c cc l cho nc ngm i qua. i vi ging kim th ng lc c cu to t mt khung c dng hnh lng, bn ngoi qun nhiu lp dy ng c k h cng ngy cng m rng dn t trong ra ngoi hnh thnh mt li lc. Nhim v ca ng lc l ch cho nc ngm chui t ngoi qua lp lc vo ging c ht ra ngoi, cn cc ht t ct ca nn c gi li bn ngoi thnh ng lc.

3.2 Tng lc ph bng ct si (additional sand and gravel filter) Lp ct hoc si (i khi dng hn hp ct v si) bao quanh bn ngoi ng lc c nhim v lm tng kh nng ht nc ca ng lc, gim nguy c tc ng lc do cc ht t, ct nh hn bt kn li lc ca ng lc. Tng lc ph bng ct si lc c th c hnh thnh t nhin trong qu trnh ht nc ngm qua ng lc hoc c thit k v thi cng theo mt cng ngh nht nh. 3.3 Ct chy (drift sand) Hin tng ct b nc ngm li ra khi mi h mng, tri theo dng nc v i vo trong h mng. 3.4 Mch si (sand boil) Khi y h o nm trn tng ct v p lc y ngc ca nc ngm ln s hnh thnh cc ch ct b cun theo nc ngm i ln b mt y mng. Hin tng ny gi l mch n hoc mch si. Mch n c th xut hin n l hoc nhiu ch, cn gi l tp on mch si. 3.5 H s thi nc (drainage coefficient) Th hin kh nng thot mt lng nc ngm cha trong khi t ra bn ngoi. H s thi nc k hiu l , c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

=
hoc theo cng thc :

Vn V

(1)

=n
trong :

d w n

(2)

Vn l th tch nc thot ra t khi t, m3; V l th tch khi t, m3 ; n l rng ca t, % ; l khi lng ring ca ct t, t/m3 ; n l khi lng ring ca nc, t/m3 ; W l m phn t ca t, % . C th tham kho tr s ca mt s loi ct si trong ph lc A.

3.6 Tnh gi nc (water retaining capacity) Kh nng lu gi mt lng nc nht nh trong khi t sau khi qu trnh thot nc kt thc. Tnh gi nc k hiu l ag v c biu th bng cng thc:

ag =
hoc:

Vg V

(3)

ag = n - trong : Vg l th tch nc gi li trong khi t, m3; V l th tch khi t, m3; Cc ch s n v gii thch trong cng thc (1) v (2)

(4)

4
4.1 4.1.1

Kho st phc v thit k v thi cng h mc nc ngm

Yu cu chung Trc khi tin hnh thit k v thi cng h thp mc nc ngm cn thu thp cc ti liu chnh

sau y: a) Ti liu v a hnh, a mo, kh tng v thy vn ca khu vc thi cng xy dng; b) Ti liu v a cht v a cht thy vn khu vc xy dng cng trnh, k c din bin mc nc trong cc ging nc sinh hot ca nhn dn cc vng dn c ln cn; c) Nng lc thi cng ca nh thu, kh nng cung ng vt t, my mc thit b v nhn lc cho vic h thp nc ngm; d) Cc iu kin v dn sinh, kinh t - x hi khu vc d n c th tc ng n qu trnh thi cng xy dng cng trnh. 4.1.2 Tn dng ti a cc ti liu c v kho st a hnh, kho st a cht trong cc giai on lp

d n v thit k xy dng cng trnh thit k v thi cng h mc nc ngm. Ch kho st b sung thm phn khi lng cn thiu so vi quy nh ti 4.2 v 4.3. Yu cu k thut, ni dung, thnh phn v khi lng kho st a hnh, kho st a cht trong cc giai an lp d n v thit k xy dng cng trnh thc hin theo TCVN 8477:2010 v TCVN 8478:2010. 4.1.3 Cn nghin cu k h s thit k cng trnh lm r cc yu t sau y:

a) Cao trnh y mng, kch thc v cu to h mng; b) Kh nng c th phn on thi cng cc b phn cng trnh; c) Thi gian phi tin hnh h mc nc ngm v tin thi cng cng trnh.

4.2 4.2.1

Kho st a hnh Phi c ti liu bnh v cc mt ct dc, mt ct ngang khu vc h mng cng trnh xy

dng vi t l t 1/100 n 1/200. i vi cng trnh cp I v cp c bit c th dng t l 1/500. 4.2.2 Phm vi o c m rng ra pha ngoi ng vin h mng ti thiu 20xH, trong H l su

h mng. Trn bnh v cc mt ct thuc phm vi o c phi th hin c v tr cc h khoan kho st a cht, cc ao, h, sng ngi, cc cng trnh thi nc v ht nc ngm, ng thi c nhng cng trnh khc c nh hng n s vn ng ca nc ngm. 4.2.3 Phi c bn thuyt minh nu chi tit cc ni dung khng th hin c trn bn v, ng thi

phi nu ra cc kin ngh hoc lu trong qu trnh thit k v thi cng h mc nc ngm. 4.3 4.3.1 Kho st a cht Bnh b tr cc l khoan kho st v l khoan th nghim ti khu vc xy dng c t l t

1/200 n 1/500. Trn bnh phi th hin chnh xc v tr, kch thc v su ca ao h, dng chy l thin, nhng ngun cung cp hoc khai thc nc ngm v cc cng trnh khc vng ln cn nhng c nh hng n mc nc ngm ca khu vc xy dng. 4.3.2 Lp cc mt ct dc v ct ngang a cht ti khu vc h mng c t l t 1/200 n 1/500 v

phi th hin n su ln hn 2xH, trong H l su h mng tnh t mc nc ngm t nhin, nhng khng nh hn 5 m. Khong cch gia hai mt ct k nhau khng qu 20 m. Trn cc mt ct phi ch dn y v tr cc l khoan, mc nc ngm t nhin trong cc l khoan ti cc thi im khc nhau trong thi on cn h mc nc ngm. 4.3.3 Khoan hoc o kho st a cht khu vc nm ngoi phm vi h mng phi t n su

khng nh hn 10xH trong H l su h mng. 4.3.4 Khi xy dng cc cng trnh gn sng, gn bin phi bm nc h mc nc ngm n

su ln v duy tr trong thi gian di t mt thng tr ln, cn kho st thm cc vn sau: a) Ch thy vn, a cht thy vn, mc bi lng to thnh cc tng kp st lm nh hng n tnh ng nht v ng hng ca t nn; b) Kh nng xut hin v phm vi xut hin ca hin tng karster cha nhiu nc trong cc lp vi v cc lp nham thch nt n nhiu; c) Ht nc th nghim trong cc l khoan c th d tnh h s thm ngang v ng ca t nn thuc phm vi h mng cng nh vng ln cn. 4.3.5 Thuyt minh tnh hnh a cht phi nu r cc loi t v phn b ca chng ti khu vc xy

dng. c bit cn ch r cc thng s kho st v th nghim nh thnh phn ht, tnh cht c l, h s thm, h s thi nc v thnh phn ho hc ca nc ngm. C th tham kho phng php bm ht nc th nghim xc nh h s thm ca t nn trong ph lc B.

5
5.1

Thit k h mc nc ngm
Yu cu chung

Tnh ton thit k tiu nc h mng v h thp mc nc ngm khi thi cng xy dng cng trnh phi p ng c cc yu cu c bn sau y: a) Kt hp vi bin php tiu nc mt khi cng trnh phi thi cng trong ma ma hoc khi c ngun nc mt khc chy vo h mng; b) Khng ph hy trng thi t nhin ca nn cng trnh ng thi phi m bo s n nh ca mi h mng v an ton cho cc cng trnh l thin hoc cng trnh ngm gn khu vc thi cng xy dng; c) Ph hp vi bin php tng quan v thit k v thi cng xy dng cng trnh; d) D thc hin nhng phi m bo vic o mng v thi cng cng trnh trong iu kin kh ro; e) Tng chi ph cho vic h thp mc nc ngm l ph hp. 5.2 5.2.1 Ni dung ca n thit k h nc ngm Cn c vo c im a cht nn, su cn h mc nc ngm, kh nng cung cp my

mc thit b v nng lc ca nh thu m la chn phng php h thp mc nc ngm ph hp. Cc phng php la chn c th l nm ngang (rnh, ho hoc ng chn nm ngang), thng ng (h thng ging thng hay ging kim) hoc hn hp. 5.2.2 Khi p dng phng php h mc nc ngm bng h thng ging, c th b tr cc ging

thnh mt hng hoc hai hng vy xung quanh h mng, vy xung quanh tng phn h mng hoc b tr thnh hai tng ging v v. 5.2.3 Phi c bnh m t chnh xc v tr cc ging h mc nc ngm, cc ng o p kim tra

mc nc; cc t my bm, ng ht v ng y, h thng x nc (mng, ng, rnh), ng vin h mng v cng trnh s xy dng, cc cng trnh v ng ng dn nc trn mt t hoc ngm trong vng ln cn cng trnh xy dng. 5.2.4 Cc mt ct ngang, mt ct dc h mng th hin c chnh xc v tr cc ging h mc nc

ngm, ng o p, cao ca ng lc, my bm, ng vin cng trnh hin c v s xy dng. 5.2.5 Thit k cc gii php h tr tng kh nng ht nc ca ng lc hoc thit b lc nng

cao hiu qu h mc nc ngm nh lp ct si lc xung quanh ng lc, x l tng kp st hoc thu knh st tng kh nng thm nc ca t nn theo c ba chiu (tham kho ph lc C), bin php x l phng st l mi cc b bng cc tre, phn rm, vi a k thut hoc tng lc ngc v v .
GHI CH: 1) Khi thit k gii php h tr tng kh nng ht nc ca ng lc hoc thit b lc phi ng thi thit k bin php thi cng chng; 2) Dng lp lc bng ct, si nh bao quanh ng lc ca ging c hiu qu ht nc tt trong trng hp nn l ct mn, ht u v c cc tng kp st mng nm xen k gia cc tng ct nhng gi thnh tng i cao v kh thi cng hn. Ngoi ra khi gp dng nn ny cng cn xem xt vic dng vi nc p lc cao chc thng cc tng kp st nhm tng cng tnh

thm theo phng thng ng. Phm vi thc hin gii php ny bao gm ton b din tch mt bng h mng cng thm phn m rng t 70 m n 120 m v mi pha, cn su ly bng 1,5 H trong H l su t ging.

5.2.6

Khi c tng nc p lc nm khng su di y mng th phi t cc ng o p o ct

nc p lc v tnh ton nh gi kh nng bc nn. Nu khng m bo th phi b tr thm cc l khoan t chy. 5.2.7 Thng k tnh nng ca my mc, thit b dng h mc nc ngm, dng c kim tra, o

lng k c cc loi ng v vt t chuyn dng. 5.2.8 C bn v lp rp thit b, ch dn cng ngh thi cng cc ging h mc nc ngm k c lp

t cc ng o p. ng thi cng cn ch r cc b phn thit b, vt liu cn gia cng ti hin trng 5.2.9 Xc nh r ngun in nng v s cung cp in phc v cng tc h mc nc ngm.

5.2.10 Ch dn phng thc x nc t my bm v bin php tiu nc mt h tr. 5.2.11 Nu phi tin hnh h thp mc nc ngm trong thi gian di, lu lng ht nc ln v h thng h mc nc ngm b tr gn cc cng trnh khai thc nc ngm ang hot ng, bt buc phi nghin cu nh gi nh hng ca vic h thp mc nc ngm n iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca cng trnh khai thc nc ngm. Phi c gii php k thut ph hp hn ch tc ng xu do hot ng h thp mc nc ngm trong h mng cng trnh gy ra v gii php ny phi c c quan qun l cng trnh khai thc nc ngm chp thun. 5.3 5.3.1 Cc iu kin bin dng tnh ton, thit k Cc ch tiu chnh dng thit k h mc nc ngm phi p ng cc yu cu sau y:

a) Phng php v s b tr h mc nc ngm phi ph hp vi c im ca t nn v kt cu ca cng trnh xy dng; b) Nc ngm khng c thot ra mi h mng m phi cch y mng ti thiu 0,5 m m bo h mng c kh ro v n nh, thi cng cng trnh c thun li v an ton; c) Cn c vo tin o h mng v thi cng xy dng cng trnh xc nh thi gian h mc nc ngm n cao yu cu v duy tr trong mt khong thi gian nht nh; d) Ph hp vi kh nng cung cp my mc, thit b nht l thit b chuyn dng nh h thng ging kim ca nh thu thi cng. 5.3.2 Tnh ton, thit k h mc nc ngm phi xt n trng hp c ma hoc c ngun nc

ngm, nc ngoi lai khc c th chy vo khu vc h mng m khng th ngn chn c. 5.4 5.4.1 Cc phng php h mc nc ngm Phng php tho nc nm ngang

Khi mc nc ngm cn h khng su, vic o ho, o rnh khng qu kh khn th nn dng phng php h mc nc ngm theo phng ngang nh ho, rnh hoc ng ng chn trong t

 thu nc ngm. Khi p dng phng php ny phi thit k thm cc kt cu lc nc ngm t y v chy dc theo ho, rnh (xem ph lc B) thu nc ri thot ra ngoi bng t chy hoc chy vo cc h tp trung nc ri bm ra ngoi. 5.4.2 Phng php tho nc thng ng

Khi mc nc ngm cn h xung su, rt kh cho vic o ho, o rnh th phi dng phng php tho nc thng ng. Ni dung ch yu ca phng php ny l khoan o cc ging tp trung nc v bm nc t h thng ging a ra ngoi. Tu tng trng hp c th ca h mng cng trnh, c th la chn cc loi ging sau y h thp mc nc ngm: a) Ging thng: Ging c cu to bi ng ging v bn di l ng lc. Khi h ging phi dng my khoan ng knh ln, xi nc p lc cao hoc o moi bng th cng h ng lc ri sau h tng on ng ging v cui cng lin kt chng li thnh ging hon chnh. Dng my bm chm t trong ging hoc dng my bm c chiu cao ht nc ln t trn mt t bm nc t ging thi ra ngoi. C th ch cn dng mt ging hoc kt ni nhiu ging thnh tng hng chy dc theo h mng hoc vy xung quang h mng. Vt liu lm ging c th l g, b tng hoc b tng ct thp, thp, nha tng hp, hoc bng loi vt liu khc c kh nng gi n nh thnh ging khng b h hng trong qu trnh bm ht nc h thp mc nc ngm. Ging thng c p dng trong trng hp t nn l dm si, ct th hoc ct va c h s thm t 10-2 cm/s tr ln; b) Ging kim: H thng thit b chuyn dng h mc nc ngm, hot ng theo nguyn l bm chn khng v thng c dng khi t nn l ct va hoc nh, c h s thm nm trong khong t 10-2 cm/s n 10-3 cm/s. 5.5 5.5.1 Tnh ton thit k h mc nc ngm Trnh t cc bc tnh ton

Vic tnh ton thit k h mc nc ngm cn thc hin theo trnh t cc bc sau y: a) Cn c vo phng php v s b tr h mc nc ngm chn s b tnh ton xc nh ng vin h thp mc nc ngm v tng lu lng nc ngm cn bm t h mng cng trnh. Ty tng trng hp c th ca tng cng trnh v thi gian thi cng, c th phi xt n t hp cc trng hp tnh ton nh nu ti 5.3.2; b) Kim tra cc kt qu tnh ton theo cc ch tiu chnh nu trong 5.3.1. Nu khng tha mn cc ch tiu ny th phi b tr li h thng h mc nc ngm, k c p dng bin php phn t h mc nc ngm theo chiu su hoc theo mt bng ca h mng, thm ch phi thay i c phng php h mc nc ngm ri tnh ton li t u. Nu tha mn th thc thc hin cc bc tip theo; c) Tnh ton thit k ng lc ca ging. Trong trng hp cn thit phi thit k c lp lc ph bng ct si bao quanh ng lc (xem ph lc C);

d) Tnh ton la chn loi my mc, thit b tiu nc h mng ph hp vi kh nng p ng ca nh thu thi cng; e) T b tr chi tit h thng my mc, thit b chn; f) Tnh ton khi lng cc cng vic cn thc hin. Cn c vo nh mc, n gi v ch chnh sch hin hnh ca nh nc v a phng lp d ton chi ph cho hng mc cng vic h mc nc ngm. 5.5.2 Phng php tnh ton

Tu tng trng hp c th ca cng trnh m la chn mt trong cc phng php sau y tnh ton thit k h thp mc nc ngm: a) Gi thit t nn l ng nht v ng hng, c th dng cc cng thc thng dng v tnh ton thy lc nc ngm c gii thiu trong cc gio trnh, ti liu hoc s tay cng tc nn mng hin c tnh ton. b) S dng cc phn mm chuyn dng c kim nghim trong thc t. Ph lc D gii thiu mt phn mm 3D ang c s dng rng ri trong tnh ton h mc nc ngm. 5.6 5.6.1 Chn my mc, thit b Cn c vo su mc nc ngm cn h, kch thc h mng, lu lng nc cn bm,

kh nng cung cp my mc, thit b chn loi my mc, thit b v phng php h mc nc ngm ph hp. Cc phng php h thp mc nc ngm quy nh ti 5.4. Khi p dng phng php h thp mc nc ngm bng ging thng th dng loi my bm chm hoc my bm ht su. 5.6.2 Cc thng s k thut ch yu cn lu khi chn my bm h mc nc ngm l tng ct

nc cn bm, su ht nc, c tnh cng tc, cng sut bm, loi nng lng tiu th. Khi chn my bm chm cn ch kch thc bn ngoi ca my bm ph hp vi kch thc ng knh bn trong ca ging, ng ht v ng y. 5.6.3 Khi p dng gii php h mc nc ngm bng h thng ging kim lp t hai t my bm tr

ln th phi chia ng gp tng on ng vi tng nhm ging. 5.6.4 Phi chun b my mc, thit b d tr m bo duy tr mc nc ngm c h thp

theo ng yu cu trong sut thi gian thi cng k c trng hp c l hoc ma ln. S lng my bm d tr phi ly bng 100 % nu ch thit k mt my lm vic v ly bng 50 % nu c hai my lm vic tr ln.

6
6.1

Thi cng h mc nc ngm

o ho, rnh t ng thu nc hoc thot nc

Cc ho, rnh c o bng th cng hoc c gii. gia c thnh bn ca ho, rnh c th dng cc, vn c g hoc thp kt hp vi vng chng ngang.

6.2 6.2.1

o ging thng C th dng bin php o th cng kt hp vi cn trc o moi ging. Vi ging g th

o n u chng n . Vi ging b tng ct thp hoc ging thp c th o moi bng th cng hoc xi nc p lc h ging theo phng php h ging chm. Cng c th khoan l bng my khoan ng knh ln chuyn dng t ging. 6.2.2 Khi h ging bng phng php xi nc trong tng ct ht nc mnh nn kt hp bm kh

nn vo y ging. Trn ng ng dn kh ca my nn kh cn b tr van t ng ngn khng cho nc i ngc vo my nn kh. 6.3 6.3.1 H ging kim Tr trng hp gp t cng phi dng my khoan to l t ging cn phn ln l dng

bin php xi nc h ging. Trnh t h ging nh sau: a) Lp ghp ng lc vi cc on ng ging thnh ging hon chnh. Nu ging qu su, ng ging qu di th ban u ch lp mt s on ng ging d lp t; b) Kt ni ging vi ng dn nc p lc cao bng cao su c ni vi my bm; c) Dng gi 3 chn dng ging thng ng ti v tr cn h; d) Bm xi nc ph hu t nn u ng lc v h chm ging ti su yu cu. Lng t b ph hu u ng lc theo nc chy ngc ln mt t. Ngoi trng lng bn thn gip ging t h chm, trong mt s trng hp c th phi b tr thm ngoi lc n ging chm xung. p lc cn thit ca nc ph hu t nn v h ging phi t t 0,5 MPa n 0,8 MPa. Lu lng bm cn thit t 35 m3/h n 40 m3/h khi dng ging nh v t 80 m3/h n 120 m3/h khi dng ging c ln. 6.3.2 Khi nn l ct mn v c cc tng kp st nm xen k gia cc tng ct, tc h ging cn

duy tr trong khong t 0,5 m/min n 1,5 m/min to ra khong trng xung quanh thnh ging v lm tng kh nng tp trung nc ca ging. 6.3.2 Khi h ging kim bng xi nc, nu gp t cng cc b th phi dng my khoan to l ri

mi c tip tc. Nu gp cc tng kp st hoc thu knh st th cn h ging t t hoc nng ln h xung vi ln m rng khong trng xung quanh ging lm tng kh nng tp trung nc ngm chy dc theo ging xung ng lc. 6.4 6.4.1 Lm lp lc bng ct si bao quanh ng lc ca ging i vi ging thng, trnh t thi cng lp lc nh sau:

a) Khoan o ging ng knh bng D+, trong D l ng knh ng lc v l chiu dy lp lc; b) t ng chn; c) t ging c gn ng lc vo trong ng chn. Qu trnh t ging phi m bo ng lc v ng chn l ng trc;

d) ct si lc vo khong trng gia ng chn v ng lc, to rung ln cht lp lc sau rt ng chn ln. Khi ct si lm lp lc phi p ng yu cu sau: - Chiu cao lp ct si khng cao hn y ng chn 1,0 m khi ng knh ng lc 15 cm v khng qu 2,0 m khi ng knh ng lc > 15 cm; - Sau khi rt ng chn th chiu cao lp ct si lc cn li trong ng chn phi cao hn y ng chn ti thiu 0,5 m. 6.4.2 i vi ging kim khi thi cng trong mi trng ct nh c th lm lp lc ph theo phng

php sau: a) Sau khi lp v nh v ging kim ti v tr cn h th lp mt khung lng thp bao quanh ng lc. ng knh lng ly bng D+2, trong : - D l ng knh ng lc do nh my ch to cung cp, thng thng l 110 mm; - l chiu dy lp lc, thng ly bng 15 cm. b) Vt liu lm khung lng l thp c ng knh 6 mm. Ton b din tch xung quanh ca lng c p bng li thp mm si nh c mt li 5 mm 5 mm. ct si lc vo khong trng ca lng xung quanh ng lc v ln cht to thnh lp lc ph. Bm nc p lc 1,0 MPa vi lu lng ti thiu 150 m3/h to ra khong trng c chiu dy t 15 cm tr ln xung quanh ng lc v ging c th t chm xung do trng lng bn thn hoc khi cn c th dng nhn lc n xung; c) Nu gp kh khn th c th ch ct si lc n mt na chiu cao ng lc ri bm xi nc h ging. Khi ging t n cao yu cu th gim lu lng bm vn tc nc i ln xung quanh ging t n gi tr gii hn (k hiu l V gh) m bo c th th ct si chm xung to thnh lp lc xung quanh ton b chiu cao ca ng lc. C th xc nh tr s ca V gh bng thc nghim tham kho phng php tnh ton ph lc E. Cn ch l khi ct si lc phi t t v u xung quanh ging; d) Kim tra kch thc lp lc c to ra bng cch o khi lng ct si vo xung quanh ging v kt hp vi thc o di su; e) Trng hp nn l ct mn, ht u v c cc tng kp st mng nm xen k gia cc tng ct, c th dng nc p lc cao chc thng cc lp ny ging nh khi h ging (xem 6.3). 6.4.3 6.4.4 Ct si lm tng lc phi sch. Nu bn th phi ra loi tr cc ht st. Kim tra b phn lc ca ging bng cch nc vo ging. Ging no ht nc qu chm

so vi cc ging khc th ging c th b tc, nu khng x l c phi lm ging mi thay th. 6.5 6.5.1 Mt s yu cu quan trng khc khi thi cng ging Nu trong h mng c sn mt lng kh ln nc ng th vic ht nc ng cn c tin

hnh ng thi vi h thp mc nc ngm. Tc h mc nc tn ng phi c theo di v iu chnh cho ph hp vi tc h mc nc ngm trnh hin tng bin dng, st l mi h

mng. Trong qu trnh bm phi thng xuyn kim tra qu trnh h mc nc ngm. Nu thy xut hin cc bin dng th cn gim tc hoc tm dng bm nc ng hoc phi dng cc tre, phn rm, vn c g v v chng hay p p trc mi bng ct si.
GHI CH: Theo di qu trnh h mc nc ngm bng cch quan st bin ng mc nc trong cc ng o nc c chn sn trong t nn.

6.5.2

Trc khi thi cng h mc nc ngm bn cnh cc cng trnh c th cc bn c lin quan

phi cng nhau nghin cu k hnh dng, kch thc mng, quy m ca cc cng trnh xy dng ni trn v cc cng trnh ngm khc nh ng dy cp, ng dn nc v v c bin php phng nga, iu chnh bin php thi cng h mc nc ngm. 6.5.3 V tr x nc thi phi cch xa mi h mng t 100 m tr ln. Nu x trc tip vo cc cng

trnh dn nc khc th phi c s ng ca c quan qun l chng. 6.5.4 tng kh nng ht nc ca my bm v tng hiu qu tiu nc h mng, phi o tng

t nm trn mc nc ngm trc khi lp t h thng thit b h mc nc ngm. 6.5.5 Phi quan st k cu to a cht cc h khoan trong qu trnh khoan lp t ging. S lng

h khoan phi lp tr a cht v m t a cht h khoan ph thuc vo kch thc h mng nhng khng c t hn 3 h v c b tr cc v tr cch xa nhau. Cc ti liu ny c lu trong h s thi cng, c dng kim tra ti liu kho st ca thit k, ng thi l cn c ngh iu chnh thit k khi cn thit. 6.6 6.6.1 Lp t my mc, thit b Trc khi lp t my mc, thit b cn phi kim tra cc vn sau:

a) Chng loi theo quy nh ca thit k; b) Khng b h hng, long ri, mo m, rch thng, nht l ng lc v li lc; c) Chng chu c s n mn, xm thc khi tip xc vi nc ngm. 6.6.2 Phi lp t cc ging, tuyn ng, my bm v cc thit b ph tr nh van, ng h o p lc

v vtheo ng s m thit k quy nh. 6.6.3 i vi h thng ging kim, phi lp t ging trc sau ni ging vi ng gp v cui cng

mi kt ni vi my bm. 6.6.4 Cc mi ni dng kt ni cc b phn my mc, thit b vi nhau phi m bo kn kht v

chn khng cn thit. u ren ca cc b phn trc khi lp ghp u phi qun dy gai hoc bng keo v qut sn chng r. Phi m bo vo ht ren khi kt ni cc b phn. 6.6.5 ng gp ca h thng ging kim phi c t trn cc thanh m t nm trn mt t

c san phng. dc ca ng t 5 % n 20 % v dc v pha my bm. 6.6.6 Phi c s lp ghp h thng, trong tt c cc ging v b phn thit b phi c ghi s

hiu v ghi y cc vn sau y:

a) Loi my v cao trc my bm; b) Cao y ng lc ca mi ging; c) S lng ging kt ni vi mt t my bm.

7
7.1 7.1.1

Nghim thu h thng h mc nc ngm

Vn hnh th Vn hnh th h thng h mc nc ngm phc v cng tc nghim thu v a vo s

dng. Tu tng trng hp c th ca cng trnh nh s lng ging v s b tr ging, tin thi cng xy dng la chn phng n vn hnh th cho tng ging, tng nhm ging hoc ng thi cho c h thng ging. 7.1.2 Ch cho php vn hnh th h thng h mc nc ngm khi cc ni dung chnh di y sau

khi khi kim tra p ng c yu cu ca thit k. Kt qu kim tra u c ghi chp chi tit trong h s hon cng: a) S b tr ging v v tr t ging, kch thc ca tng ging, chiu di v ng knh ng dn, thng s k thut ca cc loi my mc v thit b dng h thp mc nc ngm lp t; b) kn nc (khng c nc r r t cc ng ng dn nc) v kn chn khng; c) S ph hp gia lu lng ht nc v chn khng so vi thit k yu cu; d) Khng c ct v tp cht trong nc bm ln. 7.2 Nghim thu a vo khai thc

Ch nghim thu cho php h thng h mc nc ngm trong h mng cng trnh hot ng sau khi vn hnh th v lm vic bnh thng lin tc trong 24 h p ng c yu cu ca thit k. Cng tc t chc nghim thu thc hin theo ng quy nh hin hnh.

8
8.1

Vn hnh h thng h mc nc ngm

H thng h mc nc ngm cn c vn hnh lin tc theo quy nh ca thit k, nht l khi

ang o mng. Ngoi cn b k thut chu trch nhim vn h thng, n v thi cng cn b tr th c kh, th in kim tra, pht hin v x l kp thi cc h hng trong tt c cc ca lm vic. 8.2 Trong sut thi gian vn hnh h mc nc ngm, cc vn sau y phi c ghi vo s

nht k thi cng: a) Lu lng bm ca tng my bm hoc ca tng ging; b) Cc s o trn ng h o p lc; c) Cc s c v my mc v thit b xy ra, d on nguyn nhn v cch khc phc; d) Mc nc trong tng h o hoc trong cc ng o mc nc ti cc v tr khc nhau;

e) iu kin thi tit v cc s vic c lin quan khc xy ra.

CH THCH: 1) Khi ang bm ht h mc nc ngm, c th p tay vo cc ng ng ht nc t cc ging bit kh nng ht nc thng qua nhit ca chng. Khi cm thy mt lnh v ma h hay m v ma ng l chng t ging ht nc tt; 2) Lu lng nc bm ln s gim dn khi mc nc ngm gim dn n cao yu cu. Cn theo di v iu chnh lu lng bm nhm gi mc nc ngm cao cn thit.

9
9.1

Dng hot ng v tho d h thng h mc nc ngm

Dng hoc gim mc hot ng ca h thng h mc nc ngm phi cn c vo yu cu

ca thit k v tnh hnh thc t thi cng cng trnh. 9.2 Khi dng hai tng ging kim h thp mc nc ngm th phi tho d tng di thp trc.

Trong khi tho d tng ny th vn phi duy tr s lm vic ca tng trn. 9.3 Phng php v phng tin tho d phi m bo khng gy h hng my mc, thit b v

m bo kh nng s dng li ca chng c tt. i vi ging kim th c th dng gi ba chn hoc cn trc nng ging ln sau bm nc p lc vo ng lc ra sch t ct bm xung quanh ng lc. 9.4 Tt c my mc, thit b sau khi tho d phi c ra sch, bi m chng r v bo qun

trong kho. 9.5 Cn c vo yu cu phng chng thm v an ton trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng cng trnh

quyt nh mc san lp ging v hon tr li mt bng h mng sau khi tho d h thng h mc nc ngm cho ph hp.

10

An ton khi thi cng h mc nc ngm

Ton b qu trnh thi cng h mc nc ngm phi tun theo TCVN 5308 1991.

Ph lc A (Tham kho)

c tnh c bn ca mt s loi ct si trong h mng

Bng A.1 Dm si ln

c trng 1. ng knh ht d, mm 2. Hm lng, % 3. rng n, %

Bi

Ct mn

Ct va

Ct th

Si

_ _ _

0,1 75 43

0,25 >50 39

0,5 >50 36

2 > 50 33 - C ln ct:

10 > 50 28

H s thm Kt, cm/s

T 0,0023 n 0,0145

T 0,0145 n 0,0280

T 0,028 n 0,087

T 0,087 n 0,115 - Khng ln ct: T 0,173 n 0,230

> 0,23

H s thi nc

T 0,10

T 0,15 n

T 0,20 n 0,25

T 0,25 n 0,35

n 0,15 0,20

Ph lc B (Tham kho) Phng php bm ht nc th nghim xc nh h s thm ca t nn

B.1

S b tr l khoan ht nc th nghim

B.1.1 Ht nc t mt l khoan Xung quanh l khoan cn b tr cc ng quan trc mc nc ngm. Khi bm ht nc th nghim c th bm mt cp lu lng hoc nhiu cp lu lng vi nhiu ln bm khc nhau. Cc s liu thu c l lu lng bm, mc h thp mc nc ngm trong l khoan cng nh trong cc ng quan trc v thi gian bm nc t tnh ton xc nh cc thng s cn tm. S th nghim ny c p dng cho trng hp din tch h mng nh v su h mc nc ngm khng ln. B.1.2 Ht nc t mt chm l khoan Cc l khoan c b tr theo s sau: mt l khoan hoc vi l khoan ht nc c t trung tm, cn cc l quan trc c b tr xung quanh. S ny c u im sau: a) chnh xc cao hn s ht nc t mt l khoan, th hin y cc c trng thy vn ca ton b nn mng cng trnh v cc vng ph cn; b) Xc nh c cc iu kin bin ca nc ngm trn bnh v trn cc mt ct ngang, s lin h gia nc mt v nc ngm, lin h gia cc tng cha nc v bn knh nh hng khi ht nc. B.1.3 Ht nc theo nhm cc l khoan B.1.3.1 Cc l khoan ht nc c b tr trong vng nh hng ca nhau. C th ht nc ng thi tt c cc l khoan hoc c th ht nc tng nhm vo tng thi im khc nhau. Ht nc theo nhm c nhng u im sau: a) Xc nh c kh nng h mc nc ngm st vi thc t v cho kt qu chnh xc hn; b) Khc phc c nhc im khi ht nc trong mt l khoan do khng th m bo c mc h mc nc ngm ln (thng khong 3 m); c) p dng cho trng hp din tch h mng ln v nn mng cng trnh c c im a cht thy vn bin i phc tp. B.1.3.2 S lng l ht nc th nghim nn chn t 1 l n 4 l v s l quan trc t 3 l n 10 l ty theo mc ng nht ca nn cng trnh. B.1.3.3 Chn khong cch t l khoan ht nc n cc l quan trc sao cho tr s h thp mc nc ngm l quan trc th nht khng nh hn 20 % v l quan trc th hai khng nh hn 10 % so vi l khoan ht nc trung tm. C th tham kho bng B.1 b tr khong cch t cc l quan trc n l khoan ht nc trung tm. Bng B.1 - Khong cch t l khoan ht nc trung tm n l quan trc Loi t nn Tnh cht ca Khong cch ti a tnh t l khoan ht nc trung tm m

nc ngm C p 1. Ct ht mn v va Khng p C p 2. Ct ht th Khng p C p 3. Cui si Khng p C p 4. nt n Khng p

n l quan trc th 1 80 10 200 15 200 25 80 30

n l quan trc th 2 150 15 450 30 450 40 150 50

B.1.3.4 Cc l khoan ht nc c b tr nm trn mt tia i qua l ht nc trung tm. ng knh l khoan ht nc phi m bo t c my bm chm v ng ng dn nc khi cn thit phi s dng loi my ny. B.1.3.5 Thi gian ht nc th nghim ph thuc vo mc nc ngm cn h thp, c im a cht thy vn ca t nn, m bo trng thi ca nc ngm chy n l khoan ht nc l gn t n trng thi n nh trong phm vi b tr cc l khoan th nghim v phi p ng yu cu sau y (c th tham kho bng B.2 xc nh thi gian ht nc th nghim): a) Tr s h thp mc nc ngm ti l khoan ht nc khng nh hn 3 m c th hnh thnh r rng phu h thp mc nc ngm; b) Hiu s h thp mc nc ngm gia l quan trc c b tr ln cn v l xa phi ln hn 30 cm nhm m bo chnh xc cho php.

B.2

Tnh ton cc thng s v thm ca t nn

B.2.1 Cn c vo kt qu quan trc ht nc th nghim, cho php s dng cc cng thc c sn trong cc ti liu k thut chuyn ngnh v thit k nn mng tnh ton. B.2.2 Khi nn mng c n lp c chiu dy khc nhau, c tnh cht c l v h s thm khc nhau, cc lp u l ng nht v ng hng. H s thm tng ng ca ton b nn, n v l m/s, c tnh ton theo cc cng thc sau: a) H s thm tng ng ca ton b nn theo phng thng ng, k hiu l Kz:

Kz =

d d1 d2 d + + .... + n K1 K 2 Kn
(B.1)

b) H s thm tng ng ca ton b nn theo phng ngang, k hiu KX:

Kx =
trong :

K 1d1 + K 2d2 + ... + K ndn d

(B.2)

d l chiu dy ca ton b nn, m; di (i t 1 n n) l chiu dy ca lp t th i, m; Ki ( i t 1 n n) l h s thm ca lp t th i, m/s. Bng B.2 - Thi gian ht nc th nghim Thi gian ht nc Loi t nn H s thm k m/d Tnh cht ca nc ngm Ht nc t 1 l khoan 1. nt n v caster ha, cui si khng ln ct, ct va v ng nht 2. Cui si c ln ct v st 3. Ct th v va khng ng nht 4. Ct cht < 0,5 p lc cao T 5 n 7 T 7 n 10 T 10 n 30 Khng p C p T 5 n 10 Khng p T 0,5 n 5 p lc cao T 5 n 7 T 3 n 5 T 7 n 10 T 5 n 7 T 4 n 6 T 3 n 5 T 5 n 7 T 5 n 7 > 30 Khng p C p T 3 n 4 T 3 n 4 T 4 n 6 T 4 n 6 C p T 2 n 3 d Ht nc t chm l khoan T 3 n 5

Ph lc C (Tham kho) Thit k ng lc ca h thng h mc nc ngm C.1 Khi p dng phng php h mc nc ngm theo phng nm ngang

C.1.1 Nguyn tc chung

Ho hoc rnh t cc ng thu nc ngm c thit k nh cc knh thot nc bnh thng. C.1.2 Xc nh chiu rng y ca rnh, ho Chiu rng ca rnh, ho k hiu Bh (khng k kt cu gia c thnh bn) nn chn nh sau: a) Khi ng knh ng lc D < 0,5 m : b) Khi ng knh ng lc D 0,5 m : Bh = D + 0,9 m. Bh = D + 1,2 m.

C.1.3 Chn dc thnh bn ca rnh, ho dc thnh bn ca ho (rnh) c th hin qua h s mi dc M = cotg , vi l gc gia mi dc thnh bn ca ho vi mt phng nm ngang. Khi ho hoc rnh su khng qu 5 m v thnh bn khng cn gia c th h s mi dc thnh bn c th chn theo bng C.1. Trong trng hp t nn b bo ha nc hoc khi ho su hn 5 m th phi thng qua tnh ton n nh xc nh h s mi dc ca thnh ho cho ph hp, k c phi dng thm bin php gia c nh c v ging chng. Bng C.1 - H s mi dc thnh bn ca ho, rnh H s mi dc tng ng vi su ho m 1,5 1. t p 2. Ct si m (khng bo ha nc) 3. t ct 4. t st C.1.4 Chn kch thc ng lc Cn c vo lu lng nc cn dn qua ng lc ( c xc nh thng qua tnh ton thy lc nc ngm chy vo h mng) tnh ton xc nh ng knh ng lc. Cho php tham kho cc bng tnh thy lc ng ng dn nc trong cc ti liu k thut hin hnh xc nh kch thc ng lc. Khi tnh ton cn xc nh dc t ng ng lc v cn c vo bnh b tr h thng rnh, ho chn t ng lc theo dc ny. C th tham kho bng C.2 xc nh dc t ng lc. Bng C.2 - dc t ng lc ng knh ng lc mm < 200 T 200 n 300 >300 C.1.5 Cu to ca ng lc dc ti thiu ca ng lc tng ng vi loi t nn St 0,0020 0,0015 0,0005 Ct 0,0030 0,0015 0,0005 1,00 1,50 1,25 1,00 T 1,5 n 3,0 1,25 1,75 1,50 1,25 T 3,0 n 5,0 1,50 2,00 1,75 1,50

Loi t

Vt liu lm ng lc c th l b tng, b tng ct thp, thp, cht do hoc cc loi vt liu khc c tnh nng tng t. Trn thnh ng b tr cc l thu nc c dng hnh trn hoc khe rnh. Kch thc l thu nc ca ng lc tham kho bng C.3. C th lm khung c dng ng ri qun xung quanh bng dy ng hoc inox to thnh ng lc. Cch b tr cc l thu nc trn thnh ng lc nh sau: a) L hnh trn b tr theo li vung hoc hoa mai; b) L hnh ch nht b tr thnh hng so le nhau. Bng C.3 - Kch thc l thu nc ca ng lc Kch thc l thu nc tnh theo bi s d50 ca t nn Hnh dng l L trn Khe, rnh Mt li
CH THCH : 1) d50 l khi lng ht t c kch thc bng v nh hn c ht c ng knh l d chim 50 % khi lng ton b; 2) Tr s nh cho trong bng c chn khi t c c ht nh, cn tr s ln dng khi t c c ht ln; 3) Chiu rng khe, rnh c dng ch nht l con s ghi trong bng, cn chiu di ly t 4 n 6 ln chiu rng.

Ct ng nht T 2,5 n 3,0 T 1,25 n 1,5 T 1,5 n 2,0

Ct khng ng nht T 3,0 n 4,0 T 1,5 n 2,0 T 2,0 n 2,5

C.1.6 Cu to lp vt liu p mt ngoi ca ng lc Hnh C.1 gii thiu s cu to lp vt liu p mt ngoi ca ng lc. Lp vt liu ny c tc dng lm tng kh nng ht nc ngm ca ng lc ng thi hn ch ng b tc, nht l khi t nn l ct mn ln ph sa. Khi p lp lc thnh hai lp th lp ngoi dng ct t nhin cn lp trong dng dm si c cht lng tt, khng b phong ha. Chiu dy ti thiu ca mi lp vt liu t 15 cm n 20 cm. Khi lp lc ch p mt lp th dng dm si nh. Thnh phn ht ca cc lp lc ny phi tha mn iu kin sau:

5<
trong :

D50 < 10 d50

(C.1)

D50 l ng knh ht ca lp bn trong m tng khi lng ca nhng ht c ng knh nh hn c ny ch chim 50 % khi lng t; d50 l ng knh ht ca lp bn ngoi m tng khi lng ca nhng ht c ng knh nh hn c ny ch chim 50 % khi lng t.

5
5

4
4

1
3

2
t 80 cm n 120 cm

a) o ho mi thng ng c chng
CH DN: 1 ng lc; 2 Lp dm m cht vo t nn; 3 Dm si; 4 Ct th; 5 t p ti ch.

b) o ho vi mi dc, khng chng

Hnh C.1 - Cu to ca lp vt liu p mt ngoi ng lc

C.2

Khi p dng phng php tho nc thng ng bng h thng ging

C.2.1 Thit k ng lc ca ging thng C.2.1.1 Thit k ng lc ca ging thng c thc hin sau khi c phng n b tr cc ging trn mt bng hoc trn cc mt ct ngang ca h mng trn c s xem xt c im a cht ca nn v tnh ton thy lc nc ngm. C.2.1.2 Xc nh ng knh l thu nc ca ng lc theo trnh t sau: a) Cn c vo thnh phn cp phi ht ca t nn tnh h s khng u theo cng thc:

Cu =
trong :

d40 d90

(C.2)

CU l h s khng u; d40 v d90 l ng knh ht m tng khi lng ca cc ht c ng knh ln hn ch chim 40 % v 90 % ca tng khi lng t;

b) Nu kt qu tnh ton cho h s khng u Cu < 3 th t coi nh l ht u v ng knh l thu nc dtn ly bng d40 cn khi Cu>6 th t nn coi nh c ht khng u v d tn ly bng d30. Trong trng hp ny mt s ht c nh trong t nn s chui qua l thu nc v xung quanh ng lc s hnh thnh mt lp lc mi c h s thm ln hn h s thm ca t nn. c) Thnh phn ht ca ct th v ct mn c th tham kho bng C.4: Bng C.4 - Thnh phn ht ca ct th v ct mn ng knh ht mm d30 Ct th Ct mn 0,750 0,250 d40 0,625 0,200 d50 0,525 0,175 d70 0,300 0,125 d90 0,200 0,075

Loi ct

C.2.1.3 ng knh ca ng lc thng thng bng ng knh ging. c th lp t my bm chm trong ging c d dng, cn cn c vo lu lng cn bm t ging chn ng knh ng lc cho ph hp. C th tham kho bng C.5 xc nh ng knh ca ng lc: Bng C.5 Quan h gia lu lng cn bm t ging vi ng knh ng lc Lu lng cn bm, l/s ng knh ging, mm < 6,3 152 13 203 25 254 38 305 57 356 82 406 110 508 190 610

C.2.1.4 Cn c vo ng knh ca ng lc, vn tc nc ngm i qua l c trn thnh ng lc (tham kho bng C.6) v lu lng cn bm t ging s tnh c chiu di ng lc theo cng thc sau:
L= Qg D g Vlo

(C.3)

trong : L l chiu di ng lc, m; Qg l lu lng cn bm t ging, m3/s ; Dg l ng knh ng lc, m; Vlo l vn tc nc ngm i qua l c trn thnh ng lc, m/s; l t s gia tng din tch ca cc l c trn 1 m di ng lc v tng din tch thnh bn ca on ng lc ny. Bng C.6 Vn tc ln nht ca nc ngm khi chui qua l ca ng lc H s thm ca t nn, m/d Vn tc ln nht ca nc ngm khi chui qua l ca ng lc, m/min 3,6 2,4 1,2 0,9 > 250 120 40 20

C.2.1.4 Khi nn l ct mn, c nc ngm v c d 40 nh hn 0,25 mm th xung quanh bn ngoi ng lc cn phi c lp lc ph bng si nh nm gia thnh ng lc v t nn tng kh nng ht nc ca ng lc v ngn khng cho ht mn i vo lm tc ng lc. Chiu dy ti thiu ca lp si ny l 15 cm. Cao ca n phi cao hn nh ng lc 3 m. Thnh phn ht ca lp si ny phi tha mn cc iu kin sau y: a) d70 ca si xp x bng 4 ln d 70 ca t nn khi t nn c thnh phn ht l u v bng 6 ln d 70 khi thnh phn ht ca t nn l khng u; b) H s khng u Cu ca si bng 2,5; c) d90 ca si bng ng knh l trn thnh ng lc. Thnh phn ht ca lp si c h s khng u Cu = 2,5 dng lm lp lc ph bn ngoi ng lc ca ging c th tham kho bng C.7. Bng C.7 - Thnh phn ht ca si dng lm lp lc ph
n v l milimet

d30 0,875

d40 0,750

d50 0,675

d70 0,500

d90 0,300

C.2.2 Thit k ng lc v lp lc ph khi dng ging kim C.2.2.1 H thng ging kim l thit b chuyn dng c ch to sn. ng lc ca ging kim c ch to bi mt khung hnh ng v xung quanh c qun mt vi lp dy ng to thnh li lc. Khi bm nc, li lc ny ch cho nc ngm chui qua v gi li cc ht t. Ging kim ht nc c l nh trong ging c chn khng do my bm chn khng ca h thng ging kim to ra. C.2.2.2 Ging kim c dng h mc nc ngm trong iu kin t nn l ct va v nh. Khi nn l ct mn, bi tch ph sa, nht l khi c tng kp st nm xen k gia cc lp ct th kh nng ht nc ca ging kim s gim xung rt nhiu hoc b tc, dn ti khng th h mc nc ngm n su mong mun. Trong trng hp ny cn c thm lp lc ph bng ct si bao quanh ng lc v chiu su ca lp lc ph ny bng khong 2/3 chiu su ca ging kim. Thit k lp lc ph ny tng t nh i vi ging thng nu C.2.1.4. khc phc c hiu qu cc nh hng xu ca nn ct mn ln ph sa c cc tng kp st, khi thi cng cn p dng thm cc gii php khc nh nu ti 5.2.5 v 6.4.2 ca tiu chun ny.

Ph lc D (Tham kho) Tnh ton h mc nc ngm bng phn mm 3D D.1 Phng trnh ton hc
h h h h K yy + K xx + K zz W = Ss x x y y z z t

Phng trnh tng qut biu din chuyn ng ca nc ngm trong mi trng thm c dng: (D.1)

trong : Kxx , Kyy, Kzz l h s thm theo cc hng x, y v z (z l hng thng ng); h l mc nc ngm ti v tr (x, y, z) thi im t;

W l mdul dng thm hay gi tr b sung hoc gi tr thot i ca nc ngm ti v tr (x, y, z) thi im t; Ss l h s thi nc n v, 1/m.

D.2

Phng php gii

D.2.1 Phng trnh D.1 m t dng nc ngm trong iu kin khng cn bng cho mi trng khng ng nht v d hng. gii phng trnh ny bt buc phi tm hm s h(x,y,z,t) tho mn D.1 v tho mn cc iu kin bin. S bin ng ca gi tr h theo thi gian s xc nh bn cht ca dng chy, t c th tnh c tr lng ca tng cha nc cng nh tnh ton cc hng ca dng chy. Phng trnh D.1 c gii bng phng php gn ng - Phng php sai phn hu hn. Phng php ny phn chia khng gian lin tc thnh thnh cc khng gian a h phng trnh o hm ring D.1 v mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh. S lng phng trnh trong h bng s cc li chia x, y, z, t. Nu chia cng nh th kt qu thu c t li gii sai phn cng gn vi li gii ng ca phng trnh D.1.

k 1
T ng cha n c (K)

2 3 4 rj
Bin c a t n g cha n c trong m i nt nh m h nh ng o i m i n t nh m h nh

ci

rj ci k

Ch i u x ca ct th j Ch i u y ca h ng th i Ch i u z c a t n g th k

Hnh D.1 - S ho h thng a cht thu vn khu vc nghin cu D.2.2 Hnh D.1 m t qu trnh ri rc ho khng gian. Khng gian nghin cu c phn thnh cc lp cha nc theo chiu thng ng z. Mi lp cha nc li c chia thnh cc nh hn. Vng hot ng ca nc ngm trong mi tng cha nc c nh du l trong min tnh. Nhng thuc vng khng c nc hoc nc khng th thm qua th c nh du l ngoi min tnh. Trn c s cn bng li (i, j, k) v cc ngun theo bc thi gian tm-1 n tm, c c h phng trnh sai phn tng qut sau:
m hm CRi,j-1/2,k( hi, j 1 ,k i, j,k )

m hm CRi,j+1/2,k( hi, j+ 1 ,k i, j,k )

m hm CCi-1/2,j,k( hi 1 , j,k i, j,k )

CCi+1/2,j,k(

hm hm i+ 1 , j,k i, j,k ) +
m m m hm hm CVi,j,k-1/2( hi, j,k 1 i, j,k ) + CVi,j,k+1/2( h i, j,k + 1 i, j,k ) + Pi,j,k hi , j , k + Qi,j,k

m m 1 = Ssi,j,k(rjcivk)( hi, j,k hi, j,k )/(tm - tm-1)

(D.2)

trong : CR, CC, CV l dn mc ca lp cha nc ti (i, j, k); P l lu lng trao i n v ca h thng; Q l tng lng nc trao i ca h thng vi bn ngoi; rj,... ci ,vk l khong sai phn theo phng x, y, z; Ss l h s thi nc v tm, tm-1 l hai bc thi gian k cn nhau. D.2.3 Gii h phng trnh D.2 bng phng php lp. Chia nh khong thi gian (tm-1,tm), kt qu nhn c l li gii gn ng ca h phng trnh. Khi t tng ln th h s thay i. Khi h t c s n nh (ht<hcp) th mc nc t c s cn bng ng v ti y kt thc qu trnh tnh ton.
Ct cao m c n c t nh c cho b c thi gian m + 1 hm+1 = hm+1,n

B t u t nh ton cho b c thi gian m + 1 K t thc t nh ton cho b c thi gia nm N u da o ng | hm,n hm,n-1 | nh h n gi tr chnh l ch cho ph p th qu tr nh t nh ton c coi l ho n t t y

hm,n

hm,n-1

hm,1

hm,0

B t u t nh ton cho b c thi gian m K t thc t nh ton cho b c thi gia nm -1

hm-1 = hm-1,n

Ct cao m c n c t nh c cho b c thi gian m -1

Hnh D.2 - S gii h phng trnh vi phn

D.3

iu kin bin ca bi ton

D.3.1 C 3 loi iu kin bin chnh sau y gii bi ton h mc nc ngm: a) p lc c xc nh trc, chiu cao mc nc ngm h khng i (cn gi l iu kin bin Dirichlet); b) Lu lng c xc nh trc, lu lng Q khng i (cn gi l iu kin bin Neuman); c) Lu lng trn bin ph thuc vo s thay i ca p lc, Q= f( H) (cn gi l iu kin bin Cauchy hoc bin hn hp).

D.3.2 Trong t nhin nhng bin ny c m phng l sng, bin, knh thot, mch l, tng chn, gc, bc thot hi, thm xuyn, l khoan ht nc hoc p nc...

D.4

ng dng phn mm Visual Modflow phin bn 4.2.0.151 sn xut nm 2006 chy

trong mi trng Windows XP tnh ton h thng ging ht nc

D.4.1 Cc bc s dng phn mm nh sau: a) Bc 1: Khi ng phn mm: Start\Programs\Visual MODFLOW\Visual MODFLOW 4.2:

Hnh D.3 - Giao din khi ng phn mm Visual MODFLOW 4.2 b) Bc 2: Thit lp h n v tnh ton, xem hnh D.4:

Hnh D.4 - Giao din thit lp h n v tnh ton c) Bc 3: Thit lp cc thng s ca mi trng thm v nh hng gii bi ton, xem hnh D.5:

Hnh D.5 - Giao din thit lp cc thng s mi trng thm. d) Bc 4: To ging quan trc v ging ht nc, xem hnh D.6:

Hnh D.6 - Giao din to ging v cc thng s ht nc ca ging e) Bc 5: Nhp mc nc ngm v iu kin bin v ngun nc nh sng, h v v... xem hnh D.7:

Hnh D.7 - Nhp ti liu mc nc ngm v iu kin bin f) Bc 6: Chy chng trnh, xem hnh D.8:

Hnh D.8 - Chy chng trnh tnh g) Bc 7: Xem kt qu tnh ton th hin cc hnh t D.9 n D.11:

Hnh D.9 M t kt qu tnh ton bng hnh nh

Hnh D.10 - Hnh nh v kt qu tnh ton

Hnh D.11 - ng quan h ct nc trong cc ging quan trc theo thi gian ht nc

D.4.2 Phn mm ny cng cho php ly kt qu t cc file c dng *.txt trong th mc lu file tnh ton ny.

Ph lc E (Tham kho) Xc nh vn tc gii hn Vgh c th thi cng lp lc ph xung quanh ng lc ca ging bm nc h mc nc ngm

Vn tc gii hn c th tnh theo cng thc: Vgh = P1 Wcs trong : Vgh l vn tc gii hn ca nc i ln t y ging, m/s. Khi thi cng khng ch vn tc i ln ca nc khng c vt qu tr s ny khi ct si lm tng lc ph vo xung quanh ging th ct si c th chm xung y ging v hnh thnh lp lc ph bao quanh ng lc ca ging; P1 l h s, c th ly t 0,2 n 0,3; WCS l th thy lc ca ct si lm lp lc ph, m/s. C th xc nh W CS bng cch tra bng E.1 hoc tnh theo cng thc sau:
Wcs = 1 ,1 1 .g.d50

(E.1)

(E.2)

1 l khi lng ring ca ct si, kg/m3; l khi lng ring ca nc, kg/m3; g l gia tc trng trng, m/s2; d50 l ng knh c ht ca ct si m tng khi lng ca tt c nhng ht ln hn n ch chim 50 % tng khi lng ct si, m.

Bng E.1 - Quan h gia ng knh ht v th thy lc ng knh ht, mm th thy lc, mm/s 0,10 5,12 0,12 7,27 0,15 11,20 0,20 17,20 0,30 29,10 0,40 40,70 I,00 138 5,00 308 10 435