P & ID FORMAT

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTALS

PIPE DATA ON P&IDs

• SIZES BASED ON VELOCITY
AND/OR PRESSURE DROPS.
• MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
http://www.curren
• INSULATION AND TRACING, IF thvac.net/images/
AutoCad2.jpg
REQUIRED
• CAN BE LISTED IN A PIPE SCHEDULE
AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SHEET.
LINE 101 102 103 104 105
NUMBER
LINE SIZE in. 4 6 6 8 12
MEDIA R.M. 1 R.M. 2 RXTR STEAM COMP.
PROD AIR
M. O. C. 316 SS 316 SS 316 SS 304 SS C.S.
INSULATED YES YES NO YES NO

1
 LOOP DATA ON P&ID’S
• MOST LOOPS WILL BE DESIGNATED
BY:
– A SINGLE BUBBLE
– CONNECTED TO SENSOR
– AND CONTROLLED INSTRUMENT OR
INTERLOCK. I

http://www.controleng.com/contents/images/ctl0505ip1b.gif

CONTROL ON P&IDs
• ALL PRIMARY CONTROL LOOPS
SHOULD BE SHOWN
• ALL SUPERVISORY ALARMS SHOULD
BE INDICATED ON THE DIAGRAM
• ALL INTERLOCKED ALARMS SHOULD
BE INDICATED ON THE DIAGRAM
• PLCs SHOULD BE SHOWN
CONNECTED TO CONTROL ELEMENTS

2
 PRIMARY CONTROL AND
ALARMS ON P&IDs
TO LOW PRESSURE
INTERLOCK CONNECTIONS

TO CONTROL TO HIGH PRESSURE

ELEMENT INTERLOCK CONNECTIONS

PC I I

PS PALL PAL PAH PAHH

TYPICAL PLC CONNECTIONS

REACTOR
PLC

S
PS LS TS

FCV

3
 PLC LOGIC DIAGRAMS
• CREATED AS SEPARATE
DOCUMENTS
• NEED TO BE LINKED TO
THE ELECTRICAL AND
INSTRUMENT DIAGRAMS
• USE LADDER LOGIC
SYMBOLOGY

http://www.industrialtext.com/Support/Logic_Sy
mbols.PDF

STANDARD DRAWINGS
• INCLUDE DETAILS FOR
COMPONENTS IN THE CONTROL
LOOP
• STANDARD DRAWINGS SHOULD BE
ATTACHED TO THE P&ID SET
• STANDARD DRAWINGS SHOULD BE
NOTED ON ALL P&ID’s.

4
TYPICAL STANDARD DRAWING
STANDARD FLOW
CONTROL LOOP Set Point CONTROL ROOM
INDICATION & DATA
RECORDING
DATA HIGHWAY

FRC

CONTROL CARD
IN I/O CABINET

IAS I TRANSMITTER
P TRANSDUCER IAS TRANSMITTER
I
P TRANSDUCER

FCV
FLOW SENSOR

STANDARD DRAWING
CONFIGURATION
• CONTROL BUBBLE SHOULD INCLUDE
A HORIZONTAL LINE IF THE SIGNAL
IS SHOWN IN THE CONTROL ROOM.
• INTERLOCKS I SHOULD BE
CONNECTED TO ALL DEVICES IN THE
LOOP INCLUDING THE ALARMS.
• SEE TEXT FIGURE D-6 FOR COMMON
SYMBOLS

5
 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
• POWER, GROUNDING & CONTROL
• POWER DESIGN - DELIVERY OF
POWER TO DRIVERS IN THE
FACILITY

13,800
DISTRIBUTION 13.8 kV MOTORS

13.8 kV/4160V 13.8 kV/4160V

4160V
PLANT SUBSTATION PLANT SUBSTATION
MOTORS

4160V/480V 4160V/480V 4160V/480V 4160V/480V 4160V/480V 4160V/480V

AREA SUB AREA SUB AREA SUB AREA SUB AREA SUB AREA SUB

POWER DELIVERY
• TYPICAL SUPPLY IS AT 13.8 Kv
• CAN BE USED TO DRIVE LARGE MOTORS
• REQUIRES SPECIAL METHODS FOR START-UP AND
SHUT DOWN OPERATIONS
• IN-PLANT DISTRIBUTION CAN BE AT 4160 V
OR 440 V
• 4160 V CAN BE USED TO DRIVE LARGER MOTORS
• 460/480 V IS THE TYPICAL LEVEL FOR MOST LOW -
MEDIUM HP UNITS
• LOWER LEVELS ARE USED FOR LIGHTING,
SMALL MOTORS AND CONTROL SYSTEMS.

6
 DISTRIBUTION FOR MOTOR DRIVERS
• AC MOTORS
• CONSTANT SPEED SQUIRREL CAGE OPERATING ON 60
Hz CURRENT, CAN RUN AT 3600/1800/1200/900/600/450
RPM, DEPENDING ON THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE
WINDINGS
• WOUND-ROTOR INDUCTION
• VARIABLE FREQUENCY ALLOW DIFFERENT SPEEDS
• DC MOTORS
• USE RECTIFIES TO PRODUCE CONSTANT SPEED
OPERATION
• THERE IS AN INHERENT LOSS IN EFFICIENCY FOR
THESE UNITS.
• SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
– HAVE A CONSTANT SPEED OPERATION BASED ON THE
POWER SUPPLY FREQUENCY

http://www.hupp-electric.com/graphics/service.jpg

MOTOR CONTROL CENTERS

• CONTAIN THE STARTERS FOR THE
VARIOUS TYPES OF MOTORS
• CONTAIN THE OVERLOADS AND
CONTROL CONNECTIONS FOR THE
MOTORS
http://www.automation.siem
ens.com/cd/sivacon/html_76
/8pt_motorcontrolcenter_ein
schub.htm

7
 POWER DISTRIBUTION
• CAN BE OVERHEAD USING
POLES OR CABLE TRAYS
• CAN BE UNDERGROUND
USING DUCT BANKS
• LOCALLY IS THROUGH
CONDUIT

http://www.power-
technology.com/contractor_imag
http://www.fpc.unc.edu/construction/projects.asp?P
es/al-babtain/4-
roject=105&Update=022105
distribution_pole.jpg

CONTROL SYSTEMS
• CONNECTED INTERLOCK
SYSTEMS
• LOGIC DIAGRAMS INDICATE
THE STRUCTURE
• ACTUAL PROGRAM MAY BE
ON PLC.
• SEND SIGNALS TO
STARTERS

http://www.cybro-
plc.com/cybro.htm

8
 GROUNDING SYSTEMS
• GROUNDING SYSTEMS ARE SET UP
INDEPENDENT OF THE ELECTRICAL POWER
SYSTEM
• EVERYTHING THAT CAN CONDUCT IS
CONNECTED TO THE GROUNDING SYSTEM

http://www.geotech-
inc.com/images/LIGHTNING%202.j
pg