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SS D
I I =
1
2. V
in
= + (V
in
+
is more positive than V
in
-
)
M
1
is ON while M
2
is OFF.
DD out
V V =
0
2
=
D
I &
&
D SS DD out
R I V V =
+
2
2 1
SS
D D
I
I I = =
3. When V
in
+
= V
in
-
the tail current I
SS
splits
equally.
2
D SS
DD out out
R I
V V V = =
+
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Defining the Single Ended Output Level.
0
1
=
D
I
1. V
in
= - (V
in
+
is more negative than V
in
-
)
M
1
is OFF while M
2
is ON.
Differential Amp Analysis
DD out
V V =
+
SS D
I I =
2
&
&
D SS DD out
R I V V =
SS D
I I =
1
2. V
in
= + (V
in
+
is more positive than V
in
-
)
M
1
is ON while M
2
is OFF.
DD out
V V =
0
2
=
D
I &
&
D SS DD out
R I V V =
+
2
2 1
SS
D D
I
I I = =
3. When V
in
+
= V
in
-
the tail current I
SS
splits
equally.
2
D SS
DD out out
R I
V V V = =
+
Single ended output transfer curve
Single ended output is defined as
+
out
V
out
V
& .
Differential input is defined as .
+
=
in in in
V V V
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Defining Differential Output Level.
Differential Amp Analysis
Differential output is defined as .
Differential input is defined as .
+
=
in in in
V V V
+
=
out out out
V V V
Differential output transfer curve
DIFFERENTIAL SIGNALLING
OFFERS INCREASED SIGNAL SWING.
Single ended output transfer curve
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Differential Mode Voltage Gain, A
VDM
Calculation Through Small Signal Model
+
=
in in in
v v v
1. Define the small signal differential input as
2. Define the current going into the drain or source as
i
d
and i
s
, respectively.
Obtaining the Open Loop Voltage Gain Equation.
3. From node v
out
, define i
out
as .
4 2 d d out
i i i =
1 2 s d
i i = .
out in m out s out d d out out out
r v g r i r i i r i v
1 1 4 2
2 ) ( = = = =
4. Finally, gain, A
v
is calculated as
out m
in
out
VDM
r g
v
v
A
1
= =
2
1
1 4 2
in m
s d d
v g
i i i = = =
For a balanced circuit,
.
.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Hybrid t model
Diode resistance
T - model
Various small signal models are
used to obtain the formula for r
out
.
This value is used to ultimately predict
the gain, A
VDM
.
Obtaining the Output Resistance.
Differential Mode Voltage Gain, A
VDM
Calculation Through Small Signal Model
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Differential Amp SSM
x
x
out
i
v
r =
1. The output resistance is defined as
2. The output current i
x
is given as
4 3 2 1 x x x x x
i i i i i + + + =
3. The current i
x1
is given as
4
1
ds
x
x
r
v
i =
Obtaining the Output Resistance.
Differential Mode Voltage Gain, A
VDM
Calculation Through Small Signal Model
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Differential Amp SSM
4. The current i
x2
is written as
) || (
2 1 2
2
s s ds
x
x
r r r
v
i
+
=
2 1 2
||
s s ds
r r r >>
Since ,
2
2
ds
x
x
r
v
i =
Differential Mode Voltage Gain, A
VDM
Calculation Through Small Signal Model
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Differential Amp Simplified SSM
5. Currents at node x is written as
2 1 2 s s x
i i i =
Note that the inputs are equal (both
grounded) and the input transistors
are identical. Current i
x2
splits evenly
through r
s1
and r
s2
.
2
2 1
2
ds
x
s s
r
v
i i = =
M
3
& M
4
form a current mirror
i
x3
cancels i
x4
.
3 2 1 5 4 x s s x x
i i i i i = = = =
Differential Mode Voltage Gain, A
VDM
Calculation Through Small Signal Model
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Differential Amp Simplified SSM
6. From the predefined r
out
equation
2 1 4 3 2 1 x x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
out
i i
v
i i i i
v
i
v
r
+
=
+ + +
= =
4 2
4 2
2 4
) (
ds ds
ds ds x
x
ds
x
ds
x
x
out
r r
r r v
v
r
v
r
v
v
r
+
=
+
=
4 2
4 2
4 2
||
ds ds
ds ds
ds ds
out
r r
r r
r r
r =
+
=
) || (
4 2 1 ds ds m VDM
r r g A =
7. Finally. The gain A
v
is obtained as
.
.
Differential Mode Voltage Gain, A
VDM
Calculation Through Small Signal Model
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
) || (
4 2 1 ds ds m VDM
r r g A =
.
From the gain equation, A
v
depends on transistors M
1
, M
2
and M
4
.
) (
tn GS ox n m
V V
L
W
C g =
D ox n m
I
L
W
C g 2 =
Dsat
o
I
r
1
=
2
) (
2
tn GS ox n D
V V
L
W
C I =
Some useful equations for designing the differential amp
Differential Mode Voltage Gain, A
VDM
Calculation Through Small Signal Model
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Common Mode Voltage Gain, A
VCM
Calculation Through Small Signal Model
Since all currents, input &
output are similar, the diff. amp
is simplified to a half circuit
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Common Mode Voltage Gain, A
VCM
Calculation Through Small Signal Model
From the half circuit,
3
1
,
2
1
2
1
m
SS
m
CM in
out
g
R
g
v
v
+
=
3
1
,
2
1
2
1
1
m
SS
m
CM in
out
VCM
g
R
g
v
v
A
+
= =
3
1
1
1
2 1
1
m
m
SS m
g
g
R g
+
=
3
1
1
2 1
1
m
m
SS m
VCM
g
g
R g
A
+
=
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
VCM
VDM
A
A
CMRR=
CMRR is the ratio that a differential amplifier amplifies differential signals to
common mode signals.
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
1
3
1 4 2 1
2 1 ) || (
m
m
SS m ds ds m
g
g
R g r r g CMRR
( )
SS m ds ds m
R g r r g CMRR
1 4 2 3
2 1 ) || ( + =
1. CMRR is defined as .
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Common Mode Input to Differential Mode Output Gain, A
CM-DM
.
Variations in differential output due to input common mode signal is caused by transistor
M
5
which is non-ideal and exhibits a finite output resistance.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
) (
, 1 1 P CM in m D
V v g I =
SS D D SS SS P
R I I R I V ) (
2 1
+ = =
SS P CM in m P CM in m P
R V v g V v g V )) ( ) ( (
, 2 , 1
+ =
SS P CM in m m
R V v g g ) )( (
, 2 1
+ =
SS P m SS CM in m SS P m SS CM in m
R V g R v g R V g R v g
2 , 2 1 , 1
+ =
SS CM in m SS CM in m SS P m SS P m P
R v g R v g R V g R V g V
, 2 , 1 2 1
+ = + +
SS m m CM in SS m m P
R g g v R g g V ) ( ) ) ( 1 (
2 1 , 2 1
+ = + +
) ) ( 1 (
) (
2 1
2 1 ,
SS m m
SS m m CM in
P
R g g
R g g v
V
+ +
+
=
1. SSM yields &
2.
) (
, 2 2 P CM in m D
V v g I =
Common Mode Input to Differential Mode Output Gain, A
CM-DM
.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
3. Substitute V
P
D
SS m m
SS m m CM in SS m m CM in
m
R
R g g
R g g v R g g v
g
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ + +
=
) ) ( 1 (
) ( ) ) ( 1 (
2 1
2 1 , 2 1 ,
2
D
SS m m
SS m m CM in SS m m CM in CM in
m
R
R g g
R g g v R g g v v
g
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ + +
=
) ) ( 1 (
) ( ) ) (
2 1
2 1 , 2 1 , ,
2
D
SS m m
SS m m CM in SS m m CM in CM in
m
R
R g g
R g g v R g g v v
g
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ + +
=
) ) ( 1 (
) ( ) ) (
2 1
2 1 , 2 1 , ,
2
) ) ( 1 (
2 1
, 2
SS m m
CM in D m
out
R g g
v R g
v
+ +
=
+
D P CM in m out
R V v g v ) (
, 2
=
+
D
SS m m
SS m m CM in
CM in m out
R
R g g
R g g v
v g v
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
=
+
) ) ( 1 (
) (
2 1
2 1 ,
, 2
Common Mode Input to Differential Mode Output Gain, A
CM-DM
.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
4. Similarly, .
) ) ( 1 (
2 1
, 1
SS m m
CM in D m
out
R g g
v R g
v
+ +
\
|
=
1
1
,
2
The common mode input level is the voltage level applied to the input transistors that
assures they work in the saturation region.
Input Common Mode Range.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
tn GS DS
V V V >
5 5
The lower transistors M
1
and M
5
determine v
in,CM(min)
1. M
5
operates in saturation mode when
M
1
operates in saturation mode when
tn GS DS
V V V >
1 1
2. Analyzing M
1
s saturation mode condition,
tn GS DS
V V V >
1 1
tn GS tn DS CM in
V V V V v >
1 5 (min) ,
) (
1 5 (min) ,
) (
GS DS CM in
V V v >
1 5 (min) ,
) ( (
GS tn GS CM in
V V V v >
1 5 (min) ,
) (
GS tn GS CM in
V V V v + >
Input Common Mode Range, Lower Limit (v
in,CM (min)
)
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
The input transistor M
1
v
in,CM(max)
1. As v
in,CM
rises, v
out
falls and M
1
enters the linear
region when .
tn GS DS
V V V <
1 1
From the circuit, this condition is written as
tn CM in out
V v v <
+
(max) , tn out CM in
V v v + >
+
(max) ,
2. Since the drain-source resistance of M
5
& M
3
is
R
SS
& R
D
, respectively
tn D SS DD tn out
V R I V V v +
|
.
|
\
|
= +
+
2
1
tn D SS DD CM in
V R I V v +
|
.
|
\
|
>
2
1
(max)
,
Input Common Mode Range, Upper Limit (v
in,CM (max)
)
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Slew Rate
Slew Rate (SR) is defined as the maximum rate of change of the output voltage
for a step input.
t
v
SR
out
A
A
=
1 2
0 5
t t
SR
=
3 4
5 0
t t
SR
=
Positive SR Negative SR
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Slew Rate
L
D
C
I
SR
5
=
SR is dependant on input voltage level. It is best to
analyze SR using a step input that changes between
ground and V
DD
.
Measurement set-up Schematic view
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Input Offset Voltage
Input Offset Voltage, V
OS
The difference in input voltage that causes v
out
=0.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Frequency response
Open loop voltage gain, A
VO
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
in
out
V
v
v
A log 20
Closed loop voltage gain, A
VC
L out
dB
C r
1
3
= e
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
IZHAL ABDUL HALIN
Suggested Reading
1. Razavi, B., Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 2000.
(Section 3.2.5, Section 4.2, Section 4.3, Example 4.3, Example 5.5, Section 5.3).`
2. Carusone, T.C., John, D.A. and Martin, K., Analog Integrated Circuit Design,
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001.
(Section 3.8).
3. Anything good on differential amplifiers