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INTRODUCTION
Display devices which are helpful to the experimenter to examine the parameters of an electronic circuit Examples- voltmeter, ammeter Further development in the field of display devices lead to the discovery of recording devices
TOPICS
MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDERS DIGITAL RECORDING X-Y RECORDER DIGITAL PLOTTER PRINTERS CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE DIGITAL CRO LIGHT EMITTING DIODE LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY SEGMENTAL AND DOT MATRIX DISPLAY DATA LOGGERS
RECORDING HEAD
Recording head produces a magnetic pattern in a magnetisable medium Construction is similar to that of a transformer
MAGNETIC TAPE
This tape is made of magnetic iron oxide(Fe2O3 ) on a plastic ribbon Dimensions 12.7 mm wide and 25.4m thick
REPRODUCING HEAD
Used to detect magnetic pattern and convert it back to electrical signal Similar to recording head
CONDITIONING DEVICES
It consist of amplifiers and filters Modifying signal to a format that can be properly recorded on a tape
METHODS OF RECORDING
Direct recording FM recording PDM recording
DIRECT RECORDING
DIRECT RECORDING
The signal to be recorded modulates the current in the recording head When the tape is moved under the recording head, the magnetic particles retain a state of permanent magnetisation The input signal is converted to a spatial variation of the magnetisation of the particles on the tape.
DIRECT RECORDING
Reproducing head detect the changes as changes in the reluctance Induced voltage is proportion to change in flux Disadvantages cant be used in dc lower limit around 100 Hz and upper limit around 2MHz
FM RECORDING
FM RECORDING
In this system, fc is modulated by the level of the input signal When there is no input signal the modulation is at a fc + signal is applied, the frequency deviates from the centre frequency in some direction -signal is applied, the frequency deviates from the centre frequency in opposite direction
FM RECORDING
Speed range selector is provided. S/N is 40-50 db, accuracy of less than 1% Max speed range is 80 kHz at 120 in/s Output of the modulation is fed in to the tape It uses both ac & dc inputs Output of the reproducing head is demodulated and fed through LPF
FM RECORDING
Advantages
used for both dc & ac
Disadvantages
less sensitive
PDM RECORDING
PDM RECORDING
It allows simultaneous recording The input signal is converted at the instant of sample to a pulse The no.of channels per track is 86 Input frequencies are less than 1.5
PDM RECORDING
Advantages
capable to simultaneous record
DIGITAL RECORDING
NRZ L method
head
X-Y RECORDER
X-Y RECORDER
Used plot the instantaneous relationship between two variables[Y=F(x)], rather than to plot each variable separately as a fn of time Writing head move both x & y axis Graph paper is held fixed by electrostatic attraction or by vacuum It is also used to plot the physical qty
X-Y RECORDER
Accuracy of less than 0.3% of full scale Zero offset adjustment are also provided Application
speed torque characteristics of motor regulation curve of power supply
DIGITAL PLOTTER
DIGITAL PLOTTER
Analog x-y recorder are replaced by digital x-y recorders. It is known as digital plotters A/D conversion .(input is analog; output is digital) Digital value is stored in memory and indicated the time varying analog signal .The data in the memory can be scanned and going to any recorder or any display devices ADVANTAGE: Can plot or draw grids, axis, storage data. DISADVANTAGE: Cost is high
PRINTERS
2 types Impact printers 1. Dot matrix 2. Drum printer 3. Chain /band printers Non-impact printers 1. Ink-jet printer 2. Laser printer
IMPACT PRINTERS
A printer in which printing is the result of mechanically striking the printer medium Example Type writer key striking a ribbon against the paper
DRUM PRINTER
DRUM PRINTER
Another name is line printer Which print one line at a time Character embraced Drum character with 132 character /line and supporting a character set of 96 character hence 132*96 character embossed on its surface Paper can be placed between hammer and drum Drum would have to complete one full revolution to print line of output .This means that all character on a line are not printed at exactly same time DISADVANTAGE: Noisy operation Expensive
Non-impact printers
Printer do not strike characters against ribbon or paper when they print are non-impact printers
Ink-jet printer
High resolution appearance where characters are represented by sharp continuous lines Print head consist of small holes or nozzles . Individual holes can be heated very rapidly(in few micro seconds)by an integrated circuit resistor Tiny dots Fair complex electronic system selects the holes to be heated
Laser printer
LASER PRINTER- Page printer Which prints one page at a time Laser beam source ,a multi sided motor ,photo conducive drum and tones Laser beam is focused on the electro statically charged drum by spinning multisided mirror .the mirror focuses the laser beam on the surface of the drum in a manner to create the pattern of character/image to be printed on the page ADVANTAGE: Very high quality(high resolution) Very very tiny holes 4 to 12 page per minute (very high speed) DISADVANTAGE: Costlier than other printer
The interior of the tube is a very good vacuum, with a pressure of around 0.01 Pa (107 atm) or less. At any greater pressure, collisions of electrons with air molecules would scatter the electron beam excessively.
The cathode, at the left end in the figure, is raised to a high temperature by the heater, and electrons evaporate from the surface of the cathode.
The accelerating anode, with a small hole at its center, is maintained at a high positive potential V1, of the order of 1 to 20 kV, relative to the cathode. This potential difference gives rise to an electric field directed from right to left in the region between the accelerating anode and the cathode.
Electrons passing through the hole in the anode form a narrow beam and travel with constant horizontal velocity from the anode to the fluorescent screen.
The area where the electrons strike the screen glows brightly.
The control grid regulates the number of electrons that reach the anode and hence the brightness of the spot on the screen.
The focusing anode ensures that electrons leaving the cathode in slightly different directions are focused down to a narrow beam and all arrive at the same spot on the screen.
The assembly of cathode, control grid, focusing anode, and accelerating electrode is called the electron gun.
The beam of electrons passes between two pairs of deflecting plates. An electric field between the first pair of plates deflects the electrons horizontally, and an electric field between the second pair deflects them vertically.
If no deflecting fields are present, the electrons travel in a straight line from the hole in the accelerating anode to the center of the screen, where they produce a bright spot.
DIGITAL CRO
Advantages of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Low power consumption Long life, Small size
SMECTIC
Smectic is a layered structure with the molecules oriented parallel or tilted relative to the layer normal. They are characterized by absence of positioned order with in the layers. Both orientation order and positional order is present in the smectic crystals.
NEMATIC
One of the most common LC phases is the nematic ,where the molecules have no positional order, but they have long range orientation order. Thus, the molecules flow and their centre of mass positions are randomly distributed as in a liquid, but they all point in the same direction. Have fluidity similar to that of ordinary(isotropic) liquids but they can be easily aligned by an external magnetic or electric field.
CHOLESTERIC
In these crystals the rod like molecules in each layer are oriented at different angle with in each layer. This phase exhibits a twisting of the molecules perpendicular to the direction with the molecular axis parallel to the director. The optical activity of the crystal depends upon the orientation and the twist of the molecules as one goes from one layer to another.
TYPES OF LCDS
Dynamic Scattering Displays Field Effect Displays
In the case of dynamic scattering display in the absence of an applied voltage the dives is transparent. But, when the voltage is applied, the liquid crystal becomes an efficient scatter of white light.
Construction
It consists of a pure nematic liquid crystal in which impurities are added to increase its conductivity, due to ions in them. The liquid crystal is filled in between two glass plates which are coated with transparent tin oxide and act as electrodes. The spacer and scalar help in filling of liquid and to change in liquid level.
In the normal State, without application of electric field, all the molecules in the nematic liquid crystal are parallel to the glass plate. The materials is transparent. When the electric field is applied, the dipoles of the molecules are rotated into alignment in the direction, exactly perpendicular to filed direction. Now, the ions are pukked by the electrodes and hence the positive irons will go towards negative potential and vice versa.
Working
Working
Therefore these ions (impurity) distrupt the molecules which are orderly arranged and create a small turbulence. Due to turbulence the negative charges are gathered as crests and positive charge are gathered as through, with respect to the field direction. When the applied voltage is at critical value, the turbulence becomes more, which results in the variation of refractive index of the medium of the crystal. So, the light falling to the crystal is scattered and hence liquid appears dark in the white background. When the field is switched OFF, the molecules are locally rearranged and material becomes transparent and the display is erased.
The top glass plate is rotated through 90 and hence the molecules are also twisted through 90. Without Field The lights passed through the polarizer, then through the molecules and finally through the analyzer. Here, the field of view appears bright, because the plane of polarization is rotated through 90 by the crossed position of polarizer and analyzer and another 90 by twister nematic molecules.
Working
With field
With field
Now, then the field is applied, the twisted molecules come to normal position and there is only 90 rotation of plane of polarization between polarizer and analyzer. Therefore, there is no transmission of light and the display appears black in white back ground. When the electric field is switched off, once again the molecules return back to their twisted position and so display is bright and erased.
APPLICATIONS
Application of LCD Used as numerical counters for counting production items. Analog quantities like voltage, current etc, can also be displayed as a number on a suitable device. (e.g) Digital Multimeter. Used for solid state video displays. Used for image sensing circuits. Used for numerical display in pocket calculators. Application of Display Devices They are use in wrist-watches, clocks. They are used in calculators, measuring instruments like digital multimeter. Digital Balance also has application of display devices. They are used in measuring the temperature.(Digital Thermometers) They are used in Digital Gauss Meters. They are used in large display units. They are used in optical switching devices. LEDs are used in dot matrix display units.
DATA LOGGERS
DATA LOGGERS
Detailed operation : Input signal High ,low ,Ac signals Pneumatic ,on/ off signal from switches relay etc Input scanner The rate of scanning has to be matched with the rate of change of input data and time required by the recorder Signal conditioning Amplify low level signals ,isolated filter to provide high levels Analog to digital converter: Converts analog to digital signal
DATA LOGGERS
Recorder May be type writer ,digital recorder (CRO) etc. Programmer: It is an automatic sequence switch which controls the operation of all other units of data loggers Operation Taken By Programmer Set amplifier gain set high and low alarm limit .Initiate alarm for abnormal condition start A/D conversion ,display recording ,reset loggers