FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Fifth Edition Joseph E. Bowles, P.E., S.E. Consulting Engineer/Software Consultant Engineering Computer Software Peoria, Illinois The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogoté Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoMcGraw-Hill A Division of The McGraw Hill Companies FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN International Edition 1997 Exclusive rights by McGraw-Hill Book Co ~ Singapore, for manufacture and export. This book cannot be re-exported from the country to which itis sold by McGraw-Hill. The International Edition isnot available in North America Copyright © 1996, 1988, 1982, 11977, 1968 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Ine. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part ofthis publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. 10 09 08 07 06 0S 04 03 02 O1 20 09 08 07 06 0S 04 03 02 O1 00 BIE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bowles, Joseph E Foundation analysis and design / Joseph E. Bowles. ~S" ed. pom Includes index ISBN 0.07-912247-1 (set) 1. Foundations. 2. Soil mechanics. I. Title TAI7S B63. 1996 624.’5—de20 95-3780 ‘TEXT DISCLAIMER Although every effort has been made to interpret the references cited correctly, there is no warranty ‘express or implied thatthe interpretation is correct. If there is a question of whether the interpretation has been correctly made, the reader should consult the appropriate reference. There is also no warranty that every equation in te text has been correctly typeset. There are inevitably a few errors between the time equations re first written and when they get into print. tis the user's responsibilty to check the results of any equation that has been used and, if the results do not seem reasonable, to use the textbook explanation (or original reference) to see ifthe equation can be derived. To catch equation errata the author, in addition to presenting the equation, has usually used the equation in an example COMPUTER PROGRAM DISCLAIMER Neither the publisher nor the author warrants the included programs to execute other that the displayed output ifthe data are correctly entered into the computer. Any use of these programs to solve problem other that those displayed or for which datasets are provided is the sole responsibilty ‘of the user. This includes making a correct problem model, obtaining the necessary input data (including any estimated values), and interpreting the output ‘When ordering this title, use ISBN 0-07-118844-4 Printed in SingaporeMcGraw-Hill A Division of The MeGraw Hil Companies FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN International Edition 1997 Exclusive rights by MeGraw-Hill Book Co ~ Singapore, for manufacture and export. This book cannot be re-exported from the country to which itis sold by McGraw-Hill, The Intemational Edition isnot available in North America Copyright © 1996, 1988, 1982, 11977, 1968 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except a permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, ‘without the prior written consent ofthe McGraw-Hill Companies, Ine. including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance lemming Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be avaiable to customers outside the United States 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 20 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 O1 00 BIE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bowles, Joseph E. Foundation analysis and design / Joseph F. Bowles. -5 ed, pom. Includes index. ISBN 0-07-912247-7 set) 1 Foundations. 2. Soil mechanics. 1 Title TATIS B63 1996 62456020 95-3780 TEXT DISCLAIMER Although every effort has been made to interpret the references cited correctly, there is no warranty express or implied thatthe interpretation is correct. If there is question of whether the interpretation has been correctly made, the reader should consul the appropriate reference. There is also no warranty that every equation in the text has been correctly typeset. There are inevitably a few errors between the time equations re frst written and when they get into print. Iti the user's responsibility o check the results of any equation that has been used and, ifthe results do not seem reasonable, to use the textbook explanation (or original reference) to see if the equation can be derived. To catch equation errata the author, in addition to presenting the equation, has usually used the equation in an example, COMPUTER PROGRAM DISCLAIMER, Neither the publisher nor the author warrants the included programs to execute other that the displayed output ifthe data are correctly entered into the computer. Any use ofthese programs to solve problem other that those displayed or for which data sets are provided isthe soe responsibility fof the user. This includes making a correct problem model, obtaining the necessary input data (including any estimated values), and interpreting the output ‘When ordering this title, use ISBN 0-07-118844-4 Printed in SingaporeCONTENTS Preface About the Computer Programs List of Primary Symbols Used in Text Introduction 1-1 Foundations: Their Importance and Purpose 1-2 Foundation Engineering Foundations: Classifications and Select Definitions Foundations: General Requirements Foundations: Additional Considerations Foundations: Selection of Type ‘The International System of Units (SI) and the Foot-Pound-Second (Fps) System -8 Computational Accuracy versus Design Precision 1-9 Computer Programs in Foundation Analysis and Design SaGES re Il Ll 1M Ke Geotechnical And Index Properties: Laboratory Testing; Settlement and Strength Correlations 241 Introduction 22. Foundation Subsoils 23 Soil Volume and Density Relationships 2-4 Major Factors that Affect the Engineering Properties of Soils 2-5 Routine Laboratory Index Soil Tests 2-6 Soil Classification Methods in Foundation Design 2-7 Soil Material Classification Terms 2-8 In Situ Stresses and K, Conditions 2-9 Soil Water; Soil Hydraulics 2-10 Consolidation Principles 2-11 Shear Strength 2-12 Sensitivity and Thixotropy 2-13 Stress Paths 2-14 Elastic Properties of Soil 2-15 Isotropic and Anisotropic Soil Masses Problems Exploration, Sampling, and In Situ Soil Measurements 3-1 Data Required 3-2. Methods of Exploration 3-3. Planning the Exploration Program 3-4 Soil Boring 3-5. Soil Sampling 3-6 Underwater Sampling 3-7. The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 3-8 SPT Correlations xiii xvii wera B 15 15 16 17 21 4 29 35 39 56 90 412 113 121 127 131 135 135 136 137 11 14s 152 154 162vi CONTENTS 3.9) 3-10 3-1 3-12 3413 3.14 3-15 3-16 3-17 318 3.19 3-20 3-21 Design N Values ‘Other Penetration Test Methods Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Field Vane Shear Testing (FVST) The Borehole Shear Test (BST) ‘The Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT) ‘The Pressuremeter Test (PMT) Other Methods for In Situ Ke Rock Sampling Groundwater Table (GWT) Location ‘Number and Depth of Borings Drilling and/or Exploration of Closed Landfills or Hazardous Waste Sites ‘The Soil Report Problems 4 Bearing Capacity of Foundations 44 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 Introduction Bearing Capacity Bearing-Capacity Equations ‘Additional Considerations when Using the Bearing-Capacity Equations Bearing-Capacity Examples Footings with Eccentric or Inclined Loadings Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity Bearing Capacity for Footings on Layered Soils Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes Bearing Capacity from SPT Bearing Capacity Using the Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Bearing Capacity from Field Load Tests Bearing Capacity of Foundations with Uplift or Tension Forces Bearing Capacity Based on Building Codes (Presumptive Pressure) Safety Factors in Foundation Design Bearing Capacity of Rock Problems 5 Foundation Settlements Sl 52 53 54 55 5-6 5-7 58 59 5-10 Sl 5-12 5-13 5-14 5-15 The Settlement Problem Stresses in Soil Mass Due to Footing Pressure The Boussinesq Method For ge Special Loading Cases for Boussinesq Solutions Westergaard’s Method for Computing Soil Pressures Immediate Settlement Computations Rotation of Bases Immediate Settlements: Other Considerations Size Effects on Settlements and Bearing Capacity Alternative Methods of Computing Elastic Settlements Stresses and Displacements in Layered and Anisotropic Soils Consolidation Settlements Reliability of Settlement Computations Structures on Fills Structural Tolerance to Settlement and Differential Settlements 165 166 167 183, 189 190 194 198 202 205 206 210 213 213 214 219 228 231 236 249 251 258 263 266 267 270 274 215 271 280 284 284 286 287 296 301 303 310 313 316 323 326 329 337 337 338