MV Lareu Clase Genetica Forense

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\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3986\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
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0\par\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {GENTICA FORENS
E}\b0 \par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-213\s
0\par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1. GENETICA F
ORENSE: De lo}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {s grupos sanguneos al ADN}\b0 \pa
r\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La Gentica
forense es una especialidad de}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { la Gentica que incl}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {uye un conjunto de}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conocimientos de Gentica necesarios para resolver
ciertos problemas jurdicos. Los}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {tipos de pericia ms solicita}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos al la
boratorio de Gentica forense por los tribunales }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son casos de investigacin biolgica de la}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { paternidad, pericias de criminalstica }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\s
l-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {biolgica (estudio de vestigios biolgicos
de inters criminal como manchas de }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {sangre, esperma, pelos, etc.) y, finalmente problemas de ide
ntificacin.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {La Gentica forense comenz con el descubrimiento en el ao 1900 por Karl}\par\pa
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Landsteiner del grupo A
BO}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#1"}}{\
fldrslt {1}}}}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y con la demostracin de su herencia d
e este grupo en}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
1910. Poco despus (1912) fue ut}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ilizado ya en casos d

e inve}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {stigacin biolgica de la}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl
-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {paternidad y pronto en el an}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {lisis de vestigios biolgicos de inters criminal como}\par\pard\li
1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {manchas de sangre.}\par\pard
\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nuevos antgenos eritrocita
ri}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {os polimrficos, esto es c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {on una proporcin significativa}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {de variantes allicas en la poblacin, y que}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { se heredaban de forma mendeliana simple}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como el Rh, MNSs o Duffy fueron progres}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {ivamente incorporados al panel de }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-4
13\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {marcadores genticos de que disponamos los
genetistas forenses. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {La aparicin de polimorfismos proteicos }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y enzi
mticos de eritrocitos y leucocitos}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {analizados por tcnicas elec}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {troforti
cas supuso, principa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lmente a partir de 1960 se}\par
\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dispusiese de marcad
ores ms }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {informativos y ms objetivos.}\par\pard\li1133
\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La introduccin de los antgenos del
sist}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ema mayor de histocompatibilidad, HLA,}\par\pa
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {supuso una gran revoluc
in en }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la prueba biolgica de la }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {paternidad a partir de 1970}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-3
20\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Landsteine
r K (1900). Zur kenntnis der antifermetativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wi
rkungen}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {des Blut
serums und der Lymphe. Zentralbe Bakteriol 27 : 357-362.}\par\pard\li9346\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
9346\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpa
ge
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3\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li11
33\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sobre todo tras los
trabajos reali}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {zados por el viens Wolfgang Mayr}{\sup
er \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#2"}}{\fldrslt
{2}}}}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Sin embargo}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tanto los HLA como los anteriores mar}\fs22\cf0

\f0\charscalex100 {cadores genticos presentaban grandes}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-4
13\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {limitaciones cuando se trataba de analiza
r muestras degradadas o en minscula}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {cantidad lo que sucede con mucha frecuencia en}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { el trabajo forense. Particularmente la}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-41
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {utilizacin de todos estos }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {polimorfismos de expresin era muy limitada para el}\par\pard\li1133\r
i0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anlisis de manchas o pelos y los pr
oblemas }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de identificacin, y en la mayor parte de}\pa
r\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los casos criminale
s los genetistas forense poco o nada podan decir sobre la persona a}\par\pard\li1
133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la que perteneca un vestigio.
Esto era par}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ticularmente cierto para el anlisis de }
\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esperma o mancha
s de esperma y pelos o }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cabellos donde era excep}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cional proporcionar}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algn dato acerca de la correspondencia de }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {un vestigio a un presunto agresor con lo}\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que la ayuda a la justicia era muy l
imitada.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tambin e
ra imposible la realizacin de pruebas de paternidad en muestras}\par\pard\li1133\
ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {degradadas (por ejemplo a pa}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rtir de restos seos) y m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {uy d
ifcil en casos complejos }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {como las pruebas realizadas sin el presunt}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
o padre a partir de familiares indubitados}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del mismo. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Y esta era la situacin cuando se descubrie}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ron en la dcada de 1980 los polimorfismos }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del ADN. }\par\pard\li3626\ri0\sl-213\s
0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2. POLIMORFISMOS DE ADN}\b0 \par\
pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {1. Con
cepto de polimorfismo de ADN}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-400\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El trmino polimorfismo fue definido por Ford en 19
40}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#2"}}{\
fldrslt {3}}}}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { como la aparicin conjunta }\par\pard\
li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en un lugar de dos o ms for
mas discontinuas }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la misma especie,}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 { de tal modo que la}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ms rara de ellas no se puede mantener simplemente a travs de la
mutacin}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {peridica.
Si existen modificaciones en un ge}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n, a nivel de un
locus especfico en una}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {poblacin, este locus es polimrfico. Para que}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { u
n locus sea polimrfico, se asume que}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {el alelo ms comn para ese locus de}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{be tener una frecuencia menor del 99%.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El genoma humano haploide contiene aproximadamente 3x10}
{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { pares de
bases, aunque}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n
o todas son expresivas en trminos de pr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oduccin de pro
tenas. El genoma de los}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {eucariotas superiores, contiene secuenci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as d
e ADN con una funcin determinada }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {(genes que codifican la secuencia de am}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {inocidos de una protena) denominadas}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ADN}\i0
\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-346\slmult
0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Mayr WR (1970) Die
genetik des HLA systems. Hum Genet 12 : 195-199}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Ford EB (1940) Po
lymorphim and taxanomy. En : New systematics (ed. JS Huxley). Clarendon Press,}\
par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Oxford }\par\pard
0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\marg
bsxn173\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\s
l-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {expresivo o codificante}\i0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { y secuencias de ADN que no son }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{transcritas a protenas y que}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {se conoce como }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ADN no codificante}\i
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Este ltimo puede pr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
sentarse como ADN de}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {copia nica o en copias mltiples (ADN repetitivo-}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Slo el 2% del genoma humano (incluso }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {algo menos) corresponde a DNA codificante}\par\pard\li1133\
ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y el resto (la gran mayora) es DNA
no coficante.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E
l ADN codificante es, en general, poco va}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {riable o p
olimrfico entre las personas,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {con excepcin de la regin HLA. Sin embar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g
o, el ADN no codi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ficante, al no estar}\par\pard\li1
133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sujeto a presin selectiva inte
nsa, admite}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { unos niveles de variacin muy grandes en}
\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {comparacin con la
s regiones de ADN codificante}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Existen numerosos ejemplos de polimorfism}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {os en el genoma }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {humano. A nivel del}\
par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ADN, los polimorf
ismos pueden ser de diversos tipos, desde la mutacin de una sola }\par\pard\li113
3\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {base hasta el cambio en el nmero
de un}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {idades repetidas en tandem en ciertas}\par\pa
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {regiones del ADN y se s
uelen clasificar en:}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li11
33\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {a) Polimorfismos de secuencia,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {producidos por el cambio de uno (mutacin puntual) }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ms nucletidos en una secuencia de ADN. Estos
son los polimorfismos son muy }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {abundantes en el ADN codifican}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {te per
o tambin en el no }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {codificante y son conocidos}\par\p
ard\li1133\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como SNPs (\uc1\u8220X
single nucleotide polymor}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phisms\uc1\u8221X, polimor
fismos nucleotdicos}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {simples).}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {b) Polimorfismos de longitud,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {produc
idos por inserciones o deleciones de uno o ms}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nucletidos. Este tipo de polimorfismo es el }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {que se observa ms frecuentemente en el }\par\pard\li1133\ri
0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ADN repetitivo nuclear.}\par\pard\l
i1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx1453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {ADN repetitivo en tandem}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { est formado por bloques de ADN que se repiten}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consecutivamente y se suele dividir en}\fs2

4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ADN satlite, ADN minisatlite y ADN}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\s
l-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {microsatlite.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-4
13\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El ADN minisatlite y micros}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {atlite, que son los utiliz}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ados con fin
es forenses,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con
sisten en repeticiones de fragmentos }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de ADN de nmero
va}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {riable, por lo que}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {genricamente se denominan VNTR ("vari}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {able number of tandem repeats"). La }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl
-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {repeticiones en el ADN micros}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {atlite son de tamao pequeo (de 2 a 6 pares de bases)}\par\pard\l
i1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por lo que se suelen denomi
nar STRs ("shor}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t tandem repeats"). Las repeticiones
en un}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {locus min
isatlite tienen un tamao entre 15 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y 50 pares de bases
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para un total de 300}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bp hasta 20 Kb. El tamao total de los STRs es
de 50 bp a 500 bp.}\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9346
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li9346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\m
argbsxn173\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\s
0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Poniendo un ejemplo, un STR puede t
ener }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una estructura como ACTT ACTT ACTT }\par\pard\
li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ACTT ACTT ACTT ACTT ACTT..
.hasta un }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmero n de repeticiones. Los}\par\pard\li1
133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {individuos nos diferenciamos
por el nmero de repeticiones de esa secuencia. Un }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {individuo 8-12 para ese STR significa que }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene 8 veces la unidad de repeticin }\par\pard\li1133\r
i0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(ACTT) en un lugar especfico de un
cromosoma (locus gnico) y 12 veces en el locus }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {correspondiente del cromosoma homlogo.}\par\pard\l
i1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El polimorfimo en los micro
satlites y mini}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {satlites se basa principalmente en el}
\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmero de repetici
ones.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los minisa
tlites y microsatlites adems }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de ser extraordinariament
e polimrficos,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {po
seen una herencia mendeliana simple. Es}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to significa
que el}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { individuo 8-12, que}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl
-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {antes pusimos de ejemplo, ha heredado u
no de }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los alelos de su madre y otro de su }\par\par
d\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {padre biolgico.}\par\pard
0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En el campo for
ense utilizamos bsicamente STRs de 4bp y 5bp en la unidad de}\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {repeticin. Los de menos }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {repeticiones son muy propens}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {os a ar
tefactos (bandas}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{tartamudas) lo que dificulta la interpretaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n de p
erfiles de ADN obtenidos a partir de}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {mezclas de diferentes individuos. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
133\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adems de los STRs en cromosoma
s autos}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {micos son de gran importancia los STRs }\par\
pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de cromosoma Y partic
ularmente para}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { el caso de agresiones sexuales.}\par

18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tambin, com
o ya veremos no slo el ADN nucle}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ar es interesante, s
ino que desde el}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{punto de vista forense es de gran importan}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cia fore
nse el anlisis de ADN mitocondrial}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {(regiones hipervariables HV1 y HV2 en el bucle D) pues es ms ef
icaz en muestras}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{degradadas y es el nico polimorfismo que }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se puede a
nalizar en cabellos sin bulbo,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {que son vestigios que aparecen con mucha }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {frecuencia en la escena de delitos.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los SNPs (polimorfimos puntuales de secuen}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cia), tanto de cromosomas autosmicos,}\par\pard\li1133\
ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cromosoma Y y ADN mitocondrial, t
ienen, co}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mo veremos, una enorme importancia}\par\pa
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en la prctica forense}\p
ar\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsx
n16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b \i {2. Anlisis de polimorfism}\b0 \i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b \i {os de ADN mediante PCR}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El anlisis de polimorfismos de ADN medi}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {ante la reaccin en cad}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ena de la polimera
sa}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(PCR) solucio
n muchos problemas y actua}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lmente la mayora de los ves
tigios}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {biolgicos
de inters criminal se }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {analizan utilizando esta tcnica
.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La PCR es una
tcnica de amplificacin in}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { vitro de pequeos segmentos d
e ADN con}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la que
a partir de una cadena nica se }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pueden hacer millone
s de}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { copias, de modo que}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-41
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el producto amplificado puede ser fcilmente
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { analizado, incluso sin recurrir al uso de}\par\par
d\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sondas.}\par\pard\li1133
\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bsicamente la PCR consiste en una
serie de}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ciclos que se real}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {izan automticamente }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {en un termociclador (bao termosttico que }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pr
oporciona temperaturas muy exactas a}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {gran velocidad). Cada ciclo }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {co
nsta de tres etapas: de}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {snaturalizacin, acoplamiento}
\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(\uc1\u8220Xanne
aling\uc1\u8221X) de los }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cebadores(\uc1\u8220Xprime
rs\uc1\u8221X) y extensin, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esto es creacin de una cad
ena}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {complementar
ia de ADN con una polimeras}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a termoestable (Taq poli
merasa). Los }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ce
badores son oligonucletidos}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { de cadena corta (unos 20
bp)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { que se sintetizan en}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-4

13\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sintetizadores de oligonucletidos. Una PCR
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tpica para fines forenses tiene 28 ciclos}\par\pard
\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y no se suelen utlizar ms
salvo circunstanc}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ias excepcionales y controles est
rictos}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para moni
torizar la contaminacin.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Los polimorfismos de ms inters analizab}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {les po
r PCR son los minisatlites y los }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {microsatlites (STRs), especialmente estos ltimos que son los ms ut
ilizados.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las gr
andes ventajas de los STRs son su estabilidad y la posibilidad de PCR multiplex
}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con las que se
pueden amplifi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {car varios loci mini o micr}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {osatlite simultneamente a }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-426\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {partir de una muestra minscula.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El anlisis de los productos amplifica
dos se}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ha facilitado en gran medida gracias al }\pa
r\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {uso de fluorocromos
y sistemas automatiza}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos (secuenciadores automticos
de ADN) }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que p
ermiten la visualizacin de varios mini o microsatlites simultneamente. El }\par\par
d\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anlisis de polimorfismos
de ADN por PCR }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene una ventaja adicional al emple
o de}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sondas, ya
que los polimorfismos en ADN re}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {petitivo pueden ser
separados en clases}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {discretas de alelos y ,stos, pueden ser f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cilmente
clasificados por el nmero de}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {repeticiones, lo que facilita enorme}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {me
nte la estima de frecuencias.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Los polimorfismos analizables por PCR an}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
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\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forense deben cumplir una serie de requ}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
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00C7BC9FFC4D51FF008466CF764DCEA279CFFC7ECBFF00C57B9FCCD1FF0008C58E00F3F50E38FF00
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}}}}
7;32768}}
\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El descubrimiento de
los microsatlites o STRs en 1989}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field
{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#6"}}{\fldrslt {4}}}}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, abri u

nas enormes}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {posi
bilidades a este campo. Sus ventajas }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eran notables
ya que ofrecan junto a}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {pequeos tamaos (y por lo tanto ms resi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {stencia a
la degradacin) , un buen poder de}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {discriminacin y facilidades para ser amplificados de forma simul
tnea con PCR}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mult
iplex (esto es amplificar varios sistemas STR simultneamente a partir de la }\par
\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {misma muestra).}\par
\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Actualmente se suele
n analizar hasta 15 STRs}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (estandarizados y validado
s) a partir de}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l
a misma muestra biolgica utilizando es}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tos secuenciad
ores automticos y PCR}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {multiplex. Sistemas como el Profiler Plus}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y Co
filer de la compaa Applied}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Biosystems (9 STRs ms el locus espec}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fico de
sexo de la amelogenina) son muy}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {populares en los laboratorios forenses, as como los nuevos 15-ple
x (15 STRs ) de las}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {compaas Applied Byosistems (Identifiler) }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y Promeg
a (Powerplex 16). Un ejemplo }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {se puede ver en la Figura 2.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Figura 2: Multiplex de STRs
utlizando el kit comercial PowerPlex16 (Promega) que}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-426
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {incluye 15 STRs y el marcador de sexo }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amelogenina marcados con diferentes}\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fluorocromos. El la calle final se v
e un estndar interno.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li11
12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Weber Jl, May PE (1989)
Abundant class of human DNA polymorphisms which can be typed using}\par\pard\li1
133\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {the polymerase chhain reactio
n. Am J Hum Genet 44 : 388-396 }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840
\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para anlisis de criminalstica biolgica }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {se prefiere usar STRs de pequeo tamao}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0

\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(menos de 200 bp) pues el tamao es invers}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {amente proporcional a la degradacin y en }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\s
l-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {muestras muy degradadas slo cabe espe}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rar xito con la amplificacin de estos }\par\pard\li1133
\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sistemas. Tambin son muy interesa
ntes}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { las repeticiones de 5 nucletidos }\par\pard\li1
133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(pentanucleotide repeats) cua
ndo se trat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a de analizar muestras mezcladas con}\pa
r\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diferentes individu
os pues tienen me}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nos artefactos que otros STRs. }\
par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b \i {4. Los polimorfimos de ADN mitocondrial}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1840\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li18
40\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hasta no hace muchos aos, el es
tudio de}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { los polimorfismos de ADN se haba }\par\pard
\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {centrado mayoritariamente
en el anlisis de}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { marcadores nucleares. Esto es debi
do a}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que, a lo l
argo de la historia de la gentic}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, la idea de que lo
s }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {genes estaban ubicados}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-36
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en el genoma nuclear ha constituido uno de
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los pilares fundamentales para el estudio }\par\pa
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en general de todos los
organismos eucario}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tas. Sin embargo, el }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {modo particular de}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {herencia de algunos genes re}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ve
l que estos deban esta}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r situados fuera del ncleo.}\par
\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Durante estos ltimos
aos, el inters por este genoma extranuclear ha crecido }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-36
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {considerablemente debido a aquellas peculi
ar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {idades que ste presenta respecto al}\par\pard\li11
33\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {genoma nuclear. Este genoma se
encuentra ubicado dentro de las mitocondrias y se}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conoce como ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt).}\par\pa
cf0\par\pard\li1840\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El ADNmt se p
resenta como un marcad}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {or con mltiples aplicaciones e
n el }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {campo de l
a Gentica Forense debido fundamentalmente a su modo de herencia, su}\par\pard\li1
133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elevada tasa de mutacin y a la
existencia }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de miles de molculas por clula, lo que}\p
ar\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {permite su estudio
en condiciones en las }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que el material biol}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {gico a analizar se}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {encuentra en mal estado o en cantidad insu}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ficiente para estudi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ar cualquier otro
}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {marcador nuclea
r. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A diferenci
a de la mayor parte de los or}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ganelos citoplasmticos,
las mitocondrias son}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {lo bastante grandes como para observarse }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bajo
microscopia ptica (0.5 m-10 m). }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Son orgnulos citoplasmticos de dobl}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e c
adena y son las responsables del}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {metabolismo energtico celular en las clulas eucariticas.}\par\pard
0\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93

\pard\li9346\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbkpage
7;32768}}
18\cf0\par\pard\li1840\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El ADN mit
ocondrial presenta la}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s siguientes caractersticas: }
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a)}\
b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { El ADNmt humano es una molcula ADN ci}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {rcular, cerrado y de }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {doble cadena,
lo}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que le confi
ere mayor estabilidad (con }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {respecto al genoma nucle
ar) frente a }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fe
nmenos de degradacin.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li113
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\b {b)}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { El ADNmt mide 16.569 bp y fu
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e secuenciado en su totalidad por primera vez en}\p
ar\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1981 por Anderson}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y cols}\i0 {\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#8"}}{\fldrslt {5}}}}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {.}\i0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b {c)}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { La distribucin de las bases dif
iere en}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { las dos cadenas del ADNmt. Una de las }\par
\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cadenas de la molcula
es rica en purinas y es conocida como la cadena pesada o H}\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(heavy). La cadena complementaria es
rica }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en pirimidinas y es conocida como la}\par\par
d\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cadena ligera o L (light
)}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {d)
}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Mientras que el ADNmt significa menos de}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l 1% del ADN celular total, este posee }\par\pard\li1133\
ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un gran nmero de copias. Se estima
que la}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s clulas de mamferos contienen varios}\par\par
d\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {miles de copias de ADNmt
dependiendo del tipo de tejido. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0

\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {e)}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { El ADNmt pres
enta herencia materna y en consecuencia:}\par\pard\li1840\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.- todos los individuos de un mism}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {o linaje materno exhiben la misma }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {secuencia de ADNmt (exceptuando casos ex}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {cepcionales en donde exista segregacin}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-34
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de heteroplasmas en algn individuo del }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {linaje o evidentemente mutaciones puntuales}\par\pard\li
1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a nivel germinal).}\par\pard
0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los polimorfism
os que caracterizan al}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ADN mitocondrial son sobre t
odo}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Polimorfismo
s de secuencia.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri
0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {5}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Anderson S y cols. Sequence and organiz
ation of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290 : 457-}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\
sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {465.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmu
l-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn1
1893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li1840\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En su mayora, los marcadores genticos usado
s en la actualidad en los }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {laboratorios forenses son de origen nuclear.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { No obstante, existen algunos casos en los}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que las muestras han sido expuestas a cond}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iciones tan adversas que el estudio del}\par\pard\li1133\r
i0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ADN nuclear no es posible. En esto
s casos, }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tan solo el ADNmt podr ser estudiado ya}\pa
r\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que, debido a sus c
aractersticas, las probabili}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dades de xito en la ampli
ficacin son }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {muy
superiores a la amplificacin de }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {marcadores nucleares
. As tenemos como }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ejemplo los pelos sin bulbo o muestras muy degradadas}\par\pard\li1840\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li18
40\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El genoma mitocondrial contien
e informaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n de gran utilidad y en ocasiones}\par\pa
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {decisiva judicialmente
para el establecimiento de la identidad o fuente de un }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {determinado especimen biolgico, jugando }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un papel crucial en}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { la
identificacin}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cri
minal. }\par\pard\li2546\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La util
izacin de la prueba del ADNmt para al resolucin de casos }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-
360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {judiciales forenses es muy reciente. As,

}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los primeros casos en el que los resultados}\par\pa
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del anlisis de ADNmt fue
ron llevados a lo}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s tribunales en Estados Unidos fue
en}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Junio de 199
6 (FBI Crime Lab) a raz de un ca}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {so de violacin y pos}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terior asesinato en}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el estado de Tennessee (caso P.W Ware) y }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {simultneamente en Espaa, el primer}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-3
60\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anlisis de ADNmt que se llev a los tribun}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ales data tambin de 1996 (Sumario 2/95,}\par\pard\li11
33\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Juzgado de 1 Instancia e Instru
ccin de }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Puente Genil, Crdoba; informe Instituto }\par
\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Medicina Legal Santi
ago 23/1996).}\par\pard\li1186\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Po
r su mejor comportamiento en muestras }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {degradadas el
ADNmt es esencial para }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {muchos casos de identificacin a partir de re}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{stos seos. Se han obtenido secuencias de}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ADNmt en muestras de miles de aos y }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {la prueba ha servido para solucionar }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {numerosos enigmas histricos como la identi}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {ficacin, antes indicada, de los restos de}\par\pard\li1133\r
i0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la familia Romanov, el corazn de pi
edra que}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { se conservaba en la Iglesia de Saint}\par\
pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Denis en Pars como hij
o de Mara Antonieta,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y ya en Espaa ha sido utilizado
para la}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {identifi
cacin de un buen nmero de restos }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {seos no identificados
por otras tcnicas }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {(Programa Fnix) y para la resolucin de }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {problemas h
istricos como la verificacin}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {del los restos del arzobispo Irurita como pe}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {rtenecientes al mismo, lo que fue esencial}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-360\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en su proceso de beatificacin. }\par\pard\li1133\
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {5. Los polimorfimo
s del cromosoma Y}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {A pesar de representar solo el 2% }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {del componente cromosmico humano, el}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cromosoma Y posee unas caractersticas qu}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {e le diferencian del resto de los}\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li934
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\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cromosomas y le conf
ieren gran utilidad }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {desde el punto de vista tanto f
orense como}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {antr
oplogico y que son:}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es uno de los cromosom
as humanos ms pequeos, con un tamao de}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {aproximadamente 60 millones de pares de bases (Mb).}\par\par
d\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b)}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { Es acrocntrico.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx14
93\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se hereda como
un bloque de padres}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { a hijos, constituyendo un grup
o de}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ligamiento.
La nica fuente posible de variacin es producida por eventos}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\
sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mutacionales.}\par\pard\li3680\ri0\sl
680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
s18\cf0\par\pard\li3680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3680\ri0\sl-213\
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i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
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slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Figura 5}\b0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
Esquema de cromosoma Y}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los marcadores ms interesantes a efectos}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { forense son los microsatlites aunque los}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\s
l-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {marcadores biallicos (mayoritariamente}
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tener una gran}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i
mportancia por su sensibilidad para poder se}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r anali
zados en muestras mnimas y por}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {la posibilidad de definir con precisin el haplotipo y poder as dar
datos sobre el}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o
rigen geogrfico posible de una muestra. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
lmult0 \*\tx1493\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
En cuanto a los microsatlites comparten }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sus caracters
ticas c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on los microsatlites }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl
-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de cromosoma autosmicos, pero adems}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { presentan caractersticas especficas }\par\pard\li1493\ri0
\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como :}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\s
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\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a)}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {No sufren ningn proceso de recombinacin}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { por su localizaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n en la regin no}\par\pa
rd\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pseudoautosomal del cro
mosoma Y.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {b)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Su herencia exclusivamente paterna, se}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { traduce en su mantenimiento generacin}\par\pard\li1493
\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tras generacin sin ningn otro camb
i}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o que los producidos por eventos}\par\pard\li1493\
ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mutacionales. }\par\pard\li1133\
ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1493\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Presentan un moderado nivel de polimor}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f
ismo cuando los comparamos con los}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {STRs autosmicos.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx1493
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La construccin de
haplotipos altamente di}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {scriminativos resulta de gr
an utilidad }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en
el campo forense y antropolgico, y }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pueden ser utiliz

ados para trazar la }\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {evolucin de los linajes paternos en }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {combinacin c
on marcadores de evolucin}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {ms lenta.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\
rscalex100 {Actualmente se pueden encontrar en bases de datos genmicas centenares
de STRs de}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {crom
osoma Y aunque los ms usados se puede}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n ver en la tab
la 2. Particularmente los}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {STRs que integran el llamado \uc1\u8220Xh}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
aplotipo mnimo\uc1\u8221X (DYS19, DYS385, DYS389I,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392 y DYS393) so}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n usados por la }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mayora d
e los}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {laboratori
os forenses en la actualidad.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn168
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33\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Loci}\b0 \par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{DYS388 }\b0 \par\column\pard\li493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li493
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li493\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {Motivo}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\b {
Repetitivo }\b0 \par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ATA}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Alelos}\b0 \par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10-18}\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Locus GDB-ID
}\b0 \par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-333\slmult
0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G00-365-729}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn118
93\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4453\colsr-0\colno2\colw
2226\colsr-0\colno3\colw4413\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b {DYS392}\b0 \par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b {DYS436}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {ATT 7-16}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {GTT
10-15}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G00-45
6-509}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn1
33\cols4\colno1\colw4173\colsr-0\colno2\colw1546\colsr-0\colno3\colw960\colsr-0\
colno4\colw4413\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {DYS
19}\b0 \par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {DYS389II}\b0 \par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {DYS389I}\b0 \par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {DYS390}\
b0 \par\column\pard\li213\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {TAGA}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {TGTG/TATC}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {TGTG/TATC}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {TCTG/TCTA}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10-19}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10-24}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {10-16}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
18-27}\par\column\pard\li80\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G00-1
21-4}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G00-366-108}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G00-366-108}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G00-366-115}\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw44
00\colsr-0\colno2\colw2280\colsr-0\colno3\colw4413\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {DYS391 }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {CTAT 8-13}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G00-366-118}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11
893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4133\colsr-0\colno2\col
w1586\colsr-0\colno3\colw960\colsr-0\colno4\colw4413\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {DYS385}\b0 \par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {DYS393}\b0 \par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {GATA A 7.1}\b0 \par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {GATA A7.2 }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {AAGG/GAAA}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {AGAT}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {ATAG}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{TAGA}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9-22}
\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9-15}\par\pard\li4
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7-12}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13-17}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G00-316-257}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G00-456-649}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {G42675}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {G42671}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4400\colsr-0\colno2\colw2453\colsr-0\colno3\colw4240
\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {GATA A10}\b0 \par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {TATC 17-22}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G42674}\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\c
olw4173\colsr-0\colno2\colw1546\colsr-0\colno3\colw1133\colsr-0\colno4\colw4240\
pard\li2760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {GATA C4 }\b0 \par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {GATA H4 }\b0 \par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {GATA A4 }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {TGTA/TCTA}\par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ATAG}\par\pard\li2
13\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {AGAT}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22-26}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24-27}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {26-30}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {17-20}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G4
2673}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G42676}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {G42670}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marg
lsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4400\colsr-0\colno2\colw6693\pard\li2760\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {DYS434}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ATCT 8-12}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
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ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {TGGA}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15-17}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
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7;32768}}
7;32768}}
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7;32768}}
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7;32768}}

7;32768}}
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;6;(0,0);(1560,0);(1560,13);(0,13);(0,0);(0,0);}}
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\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {DYS43
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lmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {DYS439}\b0 \par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-293\slmu
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t0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {DYS438}\b0 \par\pard\li2760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
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0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {TCTA
/TCTG}\par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-346\slm
ult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {AGAT}\par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {GATA}\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {TTTTC}\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {TA
AAA}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-32
0\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16-18}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16-18}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\cha
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sl-360\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9-13}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9-14}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
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lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G00-433-599}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li3253\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3253\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Ta
bla 2}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Algunos loci microsatlite de cromosoma Y}
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los microsatlites localizados en el cromo
s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oma Y, han irrumpido con gran fuerza en}\par\pard\
li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el panorama de los marcado
res genticos de uso forense, debido a que suponen una}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ayuda inestimable para ciertas situacione}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s forenses especficas como son algunos}\par\pard\li113
3\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {casos de investigacin de la pate
rnidad difciles y especialmente casos criminales con }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mezcla de ADN masculino y femenino.}\par\pa
rd\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {As, los polimorfismos de
cromosoma Y se}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { emplean cada vez ms en aquellos caso
s }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en los que no
hay muestra del presunto padr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e y sus supuestos hij
os son varones. As,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10

0 {si se cuenta con otro familiar masculino de la lnea paterna, su cromosoma Y se
r}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {idntico al del p
adre no disponible y su supue}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sto hijo varn. Pero }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en estos casos, hay}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que tener en consideracin que el resulta}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {do basado exclusivamente en microsatlites }\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de Y, no excluye como padre a ningn
otro va}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rn de esa lnea patern}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {a. Por lo tanto, el}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {estudio debe complementarse con marcador}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
autosmicos en el caso de que sea }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {necesario eliminar esa posibilidad.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-41
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pero sobre todo, los polimorfismos de crom
osoma Y son importantes en el anlisis de}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {muestras en delitos contra la libertad sexua}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {l en las que el esperma u otras clulas del}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\
sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {agresor estn mezcladas con clul}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {as femeninas de la vctima.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmul
-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A pesar de resultar evidente su capacid
ad analtica, estos marcadores presentan, como }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-426\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hemos dicho, una limitacin: todos los individuos de
la misma lnea paterna}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {compartirn idntico perfil }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {haplotpico de cromosom
a Y por lo que no podrn ser}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {excludos como autores de un delito}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { si se
presenta ese problema.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Con todo los polimorfismos de cromosoma Y }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
tn siendo utilizados en todos los}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {laboratorios forenses actualmente y han }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {servido para arrojar luz sobre casos}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {criminales importantes en Europa sobre }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {todo relacionados con agresiones sexuales.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\s
l-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como en ste, existe la necesidad para l
os polimorfismos de cromosoma Y de grandes }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bases de datos poblacionales para estimar la frecuen
cia de los haplotipos y se ha}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
8\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsx
n173\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
13\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {realizado un esfuerzo colaborativo a nive
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l mundial muy importante en este sentido}\par\pard\
li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex1
00 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://www.ystr.org)/"}}{\fldrslt {www.ystr.or
g)}}}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://www.ystr.
org)/"}}{\fldrslt {.}}}}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100\b \i {6. SNPs y los mtodos de futuro}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1133\ri
\li1133\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A diferencia de otros cam
pos de la Genti}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ca, los avances tecnolgicos en el rea}\
par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forense suelen t
ener una aplicacin a la r}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ealidad pericial relativame
nte lenta por la}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{necesidad de validacin previa y de incorpor}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acin a pr
ogramas de control de calidad. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Por eso alguno de los SNPs y sus tcnicas de }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc

alex100 {anlisis an estn en}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { fase de validacin}\par\pard
\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aunque otros ya estn imple
mentados en la rutina forense.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Las caractersticas d elos SNPs tales como }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {que poseen una tasa de mutacin muy baja}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los hace idneos para pruebas de patern}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {idad. Adems en teora al menos, el}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polimorfismo solo afecta una base, por lo que}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { la posibilidad de que est intacta en }\par\pard\li1133\r
i0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {material degradado es mxima. La may
ora }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de las muestras del atentado del World}\par\pard
\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Trade Center no pudieron
ser analizadas mediante STRs por la degradacin de las}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {muestras y est intentndose su anlisis }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {mediante SNPs. Adems su simplicidad los}\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hace susceptible de anlisis a gran es
cala }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y particularmente de anlisis con chips o}\par\p
ard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {microarrays de ADN. }
\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En la actualidad
se estn util}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {izando los SNPs para la resolucin de cas
os complejos de }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{parentesco o identificacin (cuando tene}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mos muestras
muy degradadas donde los}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {STRs clsicos no funcionan). Otra de }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las gr
andes utilidade}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s de los SNPs la}\par\pard\li1133\ri
0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {determinacin el origen geogrfico de u
na}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { muestra biolgica o para determinar}\par\pard\li11
33\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {determinadas caractersticas fsic
as como el color del pelo (pelirrojo) o el color de los}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ojos.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pero adems de todo esto los SNPs son marcadores con
un futuro prometedor y su }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {utilizacin cada vez ser mas }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {extendida en
el mundo forense}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\b {3. APLICACIONES MDICO-LEGALES }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {DE
LOS POLIMORFIMOS DE ADN}\b0 \par\pard\li5000\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b {ADN}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\r
i0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {1. Aplicaciones en investigac
in de la pat}\b0 \i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {ernidad, identificacin y cri
minalstica}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Como hemos dicho en la introduccin, el an}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lisis de l
os polimorfismos de ADN ha }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {supuesto un cambio radical en }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las posib
ilidades del labora}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {torio de Gentica forense.}\par\pa
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9240\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13}
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\mar
gtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri
\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En la investigacin de la p
aternidad antes }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del desarrollo de esta nueva metodo
loga, se}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {solucion
aban la casi totalidad de los casos}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { con los marcado
res }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {clsicos. Sin embargo,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-41
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el uso de polimorfismos del ADN ha simplif
i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cado la prueba, la ha hecho ms barata y}\par\pard\l
i1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ofrece, adems, mayor posibil

idades en cas}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {os difciles como aquellos en los que
el}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {presunto padr
e ha fallecido y }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hay que realizar la inves}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {tigacin de la }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {paternidad a}\par\
pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {travs de restos cadavri
cos o de familiares directos del mismo, o en los diagnsticos }\par\pard\li1133\ri
0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prenatales de paternidad (en casos
de viol}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acin, por ejemplo). Todos estos casos eran}\p
ar\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {difcilmente abordab
les con la metodolog}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a anterior al de}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {scubrimiento de los}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {polimorfismos de ADN repetitivo.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En identificacin de restos seos la revol}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {ucin ha sido tambin notable ya que la}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl
-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mayora de los casos se pueden resolver a
tr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {avs del anlisis del ADNmt y en muchos}\par\pard\li
1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {casos se pueden incluso obte
ner datos con }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {STRs. As se han resuelto numerosos cas
os}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de gran impor
tancia en todo }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el mundo como la identificac}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {in de desaparecidos en la }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dictadura argentina, y muchos desastres }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {de masas y enigmas histricos han sido y}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\
sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {estn siendo investigados.}\par\pard\li
1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En criminalstica biolgica la r
evolucin ha si}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {do total, particularmente en el anlisis
}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de manchas de
esperma, de pelos y cabellos, saliva, o manchas minsculas de sangre,}\par\pard\li
1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dado que, en estos vestigios
, se poda dar muy poca informacin sobre la persona a}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {quien pertenecen utilizando marcadores clsicos
.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hoy a partir d
e un nico cabello o de }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un mnimo nmero de espermatozoid
es}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {recogidos en
cavidad bucal o una mancha enve}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jecida y minscula de
sangre se puede,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{en muchas ocasiones, aportar datos de gr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an valor s
obre la individualidad de ese}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {vestigio, lo que era totalmente}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { impen
sable hace pocos aos.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Est siendo especialmente importante la }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aplicacin
del polimorfismo del ADN en los}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {delitos contra la libertad sexual, delitos }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {en los que ante la }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {negativa del presunto}\
par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {culpable no suele
n existir ms pruebas indi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ciarias que las proporciona
das por posibles}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{restos de esperma en prendas y en cavidad }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vaginal
o anal. El esperma es un vestigio}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {idneo para el anlisis de ADN y los marca}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {dores clsicos apenas aportaban datos de}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {utilidad salvo en casos excepcionales.}\par\pard\li1
133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Finalmente algunos grupos for
enses estn es}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tudiando tambin marcadores fsicos para}\p
ar\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {predecir caracterst
icas individuales de las }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {personas que puedan ser ut
ilizados en la}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f
ase de investigacin policial de un delit}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o. El sexo e
s evidentemente fcil (se suele }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {utilizar como hemos indicado el gen de la}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex

100 { amelogenina) y sobre }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {todo con marcadores}\par
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
14}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
margtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133
ard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de cromosoma Y y ADNmt
se pueden deducir datos sobre el origen geogrfico del }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-4
13\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {individuo que cometi el delito. }\par\par
d\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Entre otros marcadores d
e caractersticas }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fsicas a travs del anlisis de SNps }\p
ar\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {podemos definir el
color de la piel, del color }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del pelo si este es }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pelirrojo o no, el color}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los ojos. Adems otros caractersticas }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { como el carcter de lbulo de la oreja }\par\pard\li1133\ri0
\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pegado o libre estn en estudio.}\par\
8\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{3. EL VALOR DE LA PRUEBA DE ADN}\b0 \par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1. Las etapas de la prueba de ADN en}
\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { el laboratorio de Biologa forense}\b0 \par\par
d\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La prueba de A
DN aplicada a criminalsti}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ca tiene, como hemos visto
hasta ahora,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cua
tro etapas bsicas:}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\
rscalex100 {1. Anlisis laboratorial de la muestra, lo}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ que incluye analizar el mayor nmero de}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polimorfismos de ADN posible, obteniendo as}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { un perfil gentico de la muestra objeto}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-41
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de anlisis.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\
sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. Comparacin de los resultados}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { con los obtenidos en el in}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cu
lpado o en la vctima. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Ello implica que si aparece un vestigio biolg}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i
co en la vctima la comparamos con el}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {anlisis gentico del agresor, o bien, si, po}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {r ejemplo, aparece una }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mancha de sangre e
n}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el agresor la
comparamos con la sangre de la vctima.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.Puede entonces ocurrir que los patrones s}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ean diferentes en uno o ms grupos con lo}\par\pard\li1133
\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que concluiremos que ese vestigi
o biolgico}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { no se corresponde c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {on el individuo con el}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {que lo comparamos.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Pero puede suceder que los polimorfismos }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {de ADN analizados en el vestigio se}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {correspondan con el individuo con el que se }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {compararan. Entonces hay que valorar la }\par\pard\li1133\ri
0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {probabilidad de que ese vest}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {igio provenga de ese indivi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {du

o lo que depende de la }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {frecuencia de esos grupos en la poblacin. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La
tercera etapa del anlisis es pues la }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {valoracin probabilstica de la prueba en }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {el caso de coincidencia de patrones.}\par\pard\li9240\ri0\sl-213\slmult
40\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpag
e\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn173\pard\l
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4. Por ltimo la emisin del correspondiente}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { informe mdico-legal y, en su caso, la}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-4
13\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {comunicacin de los resultados en el juicio
oral.}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Estas etapas de anlisis laboratorial que concluyen en el informe mdico-legal tien
en}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un precedente
bsico que es la correcta rec}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ogida y envo del vestigi
o al laboratorio }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{mdico-legal. Estos aspectos han cobrado }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una import
ancia considerablemente mayor}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {porque el valor de la prueba es, en o}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
casiones, trascendente. As, aspectos}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {frecuentemente descuidados, como la denomin}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {ada "cadena de custodia" del vestigio, }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {han pasado a tener una enorme trascendencia.
}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Del mismo modo,
con la importancia que la }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prueba posee en los deli
tos contra la}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {li
bertad sexual, el que se analice el esperma en un porcentaje mnimo de los delitos
}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {denunciados y q
ue no llegue muchas veces en buenas condiciones a los laboratorios}\par\pard\li1
133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forenses debera ser inmediatam
ente corregido. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\
1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {16}\par}

MV Lareu Clase Genetica Forense

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1910. Poco despus (1912) fue ut}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ilizado ya en casos d

ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tanto los HLA como los anteriores mar}\fs22\cf0

\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consecutivamente y se suele dividir en}\fs2

ularmente para}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { el caso de agresiones sexuales.}\par

bp)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { que se sintetizan en}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-4

{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#6"}}{\fldrslt {4}}}}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, abri u

lex100 {se prefiere usar STRs de pequeo tamao}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0

0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li9346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93

dependiendo del tipo de tejido. }\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0

360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {judiciales forenses es muy reciente. As,

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el campo forense y antropolgico, y }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pueden ser utiliz

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os son varones. As,}\par\pard\li1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10

0\charscalex100 {Por eso alguno de los SNPs y sus tcnicas de }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc

i1133\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ofrece, adems, mayor posibil

charscalex100 {utilizar como hemos indicado el gen de la}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex

cf0\f0\charscalex100 {igio provenga de ese indivi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {du

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