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Ohmmeters

om sp o t.c
Rs E Series
=

A Meter I Rx

A Meter I Rs E Rp

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us

iv

e.

bl

Rx

og

Digital Voltmeter

Rx

.e

ee ex

Shunt

Digital

R p ) x R R ) x x x p R R R p p R p ER ( R E R s s ( R R I I

R E s R I +

R I

For the meter to read zero

Wheatstone Bridge

R
1

R1

R2

+ V1

.e

ee ex

+ V2

cl

us

iv

e.

bl

og

R3

R4

sp o

t.c

V
V

R
1

E 2 R

E 4 R
+
4

E 4 R 4 4R ( R 3R R ) 4 3 4 4 R 1 R R E R R 2 1 2 3 2 3 R R V 2R R R 1( 2 R 2 1 r R R R o =

+
1

) 2 R

om

Wheatstone Bridge
R1 E R2 + V1

sp o us iv e. bl og ee ex
+ V2

t.c
R3 R4

.e

cl

om

R 3 1 R R

Fundamental Principles of Instrumentation


Minimum Disturbance to Physiological Systems Sensor must be at value of measured variable Null Measurements (Measurement by Comparison)
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Variable Capacitance Displacement Sensor


sp o bl og t.c
C A d

om

ee ex

cl

us

iv

e. w w w
Air Dielectric
A C = 0 d

Solid Dielectric
A C = k 0 d

.e

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)


sp o w w w .e ee ex cl us iv e. bl og
+ + +

t.c

om

Other Displacement Sensors


Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT)
.e ee ex sp o t.c

Variable capacitance
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Variable inductance
w

Mutual inductance Ultrasound transit time


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cl

us

iv

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