WATER

The earth is so blessed with water resources that it is called the

`WATER PLANET’. But a mere 2.5% of the earth`s water is fresh
Water usable by human beings; the remaining 97.5% is Sea water.
Now a days due to increase in population & industries, demand of
Water has been increased rapidly.
Pollution is also increases. Due to lack of water resource, Human
Beings find new technology, called ` Reverse Osmosis’
Reverse
Osmosis
 Technical
Presentation
● Reverse Osmosis Terminology
● Principles of Reverse Osmosis
● Types of R O Membranes
● Membrane Configurations
Typical Applications
of
Reverse Osmosis

● Industrial process water

● Production of potable
water
● Food processing
● Waste treatment
Principles of
Reverse
Osmosis
 Osmosi
semi-permeable
s membrane

Dilute Concentrated
Solution Solution

The spontaneous flow of water from a dilute

solution to a concentrated solution, when the two
solutions are separated by a semipermeable
membrane.
 Osmotic
Pressure
P

Dilute Concentrated
Solution Solution

P = ∆π
The pressure that must be applied to
a concentrated solution to prevent
osmosis.
 Reverse
Osmosis
P

Dilute Concentrated
Solution Solution

P > ∆ π
Reversing osmotic flow by
applying a pressure in excess of the
osmotic pressure
 Three Cases of
Osmosis
P P

π1 π2 π1 π2 π1 π 2

osmosis equilibrium reverse osmosis

π1 < π2 P = ∆π P > ∆π
Factors Influencing Permeation Rates
of Dissolved Materials

Greatest Influence: Electrical Charge

Moderate Influence: Molecular Weight
Slight Influence: Molecular Structure
 FEED WATER LIMITING
CONDITIONS
Oxidizing Agents like chlorine - Nil
 COD & BOD with in limit.
 OIL & GREACE NIL
 SDI LESS THAN 5.
 pH range 3 to 11
 Turbudity – less than 1 NTU
 Permeation Rates of Other
Dissolved Species

• Dissolved Gases pass freely through the

membrane.
• Many Dissolved Organics are weak acids. Their
rate of permeation will depend not only on their
molecular weight and structure but on their degree
of ionization.
HX H+ + X-
 Permeation Rates
of
Weak Acids
Weak acids are those acids that do not become
completely ionized in water. Included in this
group of acids are chromic, boric and many
organic acids.
H2CrO4 H+ + HCrO4-
HCrO4- H+ + CrO4- -
H3BO3 H+ + H2BO3-
 Reverse
Osmosis
Terminology
PRODUCT FEED

REJECT

RECOVERY = PRODUCT FLOW / FEED FLOW

SALT PASSAGE = PRODUCT TDS / FEED TDS
SALT REJECTION = 100 – SALT PASSAGE IN %
 Reverse
Osmosis
Terminology FEED
PRESSURE
PRODUCT

REJECT PRESSURE

P = FEED PRESSURE – REJCT PRESSURE

 REVERSE OSMOSIS
System has divided into three parts.
• PRE-TREATMENT
• R.O. SYSTEM
• POST TREATMENT
 Reverse osmosis system
Cleaning tank

Pump (SS)
Pretreatment
Cartridge filter

Cartridge filter RO hydra Cleaning

Dosing system block system DM plant

De-chlorination pH adjustment
Membrances
Filteration Degassification
Pressure tubes
Coagulation

Clarification
HP pumps Post
treanment
Control pannel
 Schematic diagram of RO unit for waste water

Activated
carbon filter
Coagulation, Sand Dechlori Anti
sedimentation, filter nation. scale
Chlorination

DESALATION Cartridge
Product SECTION High pressure filter
water Membrane modules pump

Waste
brine
 Block Diagram of RO

ME PRODUCT
SALT MB WATER
WATER RA
NE
(PERMEATE )

HIGH
PRESSURE REJECT
PUMP WATER
(CONCENTRATE)
 RO System components
The basic expanded design of a single system
includes the following:
●Raw water feed pump to supply water to the pre

treatment
●Pre treatment system for Turbidity,TSS,Colloidal

particles & Organic matter.

●Cartridge filter to remove micron size particle to

control the SDI( Silt density index) of feed water

●Anti scalant dosing system.

●High pressure pump&feed control valve to

pressurize the feed water.

●Membranes housed in Pressure tubes.
●Areject control valve to control the recovery of the
RO system.
●A skid to mount to all mechanical equipment .
●Flow indicators to measure permeate and reject flow
rates.
●Pressure gauges for monitoring the differential
pressures across the RO feed, reject and intermediate
stages.
●Conductivity & pH meter for measuring the quality of
the permeate water.
●And other necessary instruments for monitoring easy
operation and critical parameters.
●A cleaning system consisting of Tank,CF,Pump and
necessary instruments.
 Recovery Rate
● Ratio of permeate flow to feed flow
● Expressed as %
● Recovery = (permeate flow/feed flow)
* 100
 Role of Pretreatment in RO
● To reduce particulates & improve SDI.
– Clarification / Filtration.
– Polymer/coagulant addition.
– Micro-filtration.
● Minimize Scaling &fouling.
– Softening.
– Acid & anti scalant addition.
– Anti scalant addition.
● Chlorine Removal.
– Carbon Filtration.
– Bisulfite Addition.
 Role of Pretreatment in RO
● Minimize Silica Scaling.
– Antiscalant addition.
– Softening & pH control.
– Turbocirculator.
● Controlling Organic.
– Dissolved Organic.
– Colloidal Orgabic.
 Role of Pretreatment in RO
● Silt Density Index : It is the second
parameter used to determine colloidal
quantity of the RO Feed water. A test is run
to determine the rate of the pluggage of a
0.45 micron filter at 30 psig for 15 minutes.
This test consists of determining amount of
time it takes to collect a 500 ml sample at the
start of the 15 minutes test and comparing
this time to the amount of time it takes to
collect a 500 ml sample at the end of the 15
minutes.
 Cross section of
Spiral Wound Membrane
Permeate Tube

Membrane Backing

“O” Ring

Mesh Spacer Outer Cover

Permeate Carrier

Membrane
Membrane Assembly
 Reverse Osmosis
Membranes -
Types

● Cellulose Acetate
● Thin Film Composite
● Polysulfones
 Thin Film Composite
Membrane Characteristics

● Lower Operating
Pressure
● High Salt Rejection
● Available for Sea
Water
● Stable to pH 11
● Sensitive to Oxidants
 Operating Parameters
Feed Pressure
Concentration
pH
Temperature

Permeate Concentration
Flow
Pressure

Concentrate Flow
Pressure
Concentration
 INSTRUMENTATION

 Instruments used in RO System

•PH * ORP
•Conductivity Meter * Level Switches
•Rotameter * Pressure Switches
•Pressure Gauges * Electrical Control
 Fouling

There are Six main causes of membrane

Fouling.
•Scaling by hardness salts.
•Scaling by Silica.
•Fouling by Metal Oxides.
•Plugging by suspended solids.
•Biological Fouling.
 Scaling

The deposition of sparingly soluble salts onto

the
membrane surface and/or the feed channel
material.
– Scaling occurs primarily in the
downstream elements because of the
higher concentrations existing in this
portion of the RO system.
– Common scalants include calcium sulfate,
silica and calcium carbonate.