Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pre-Independence Era
Macaulays Minutes Woods Despatch Indian Education Commission/Hunter Commission Indian Universities Commission Sadler Commission/Calcutta University Commission Wardha Scheme of Education
Macaulays Minutes
Minutes passed by Thomas Babington Macaulay in 1835 Promotion of English Language, Culture and Literature in India
Features
Woods Despatch gave importance to vernacular languages Emphasized vocational education and education of women Introduced grant-in-aid policy and gave due importance to Indian Literature, Culture and Philosophy Emphasized on training of teachers and stipends to the poor and deserving students Resulted in establishment of Universities at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1857
Features
Mother-tongue was adopted as the medium of instruction Model High Schools were opened Scholarships and awards were introduced
Features
Introduction of craft in schools Emphasis on learning by doing Free and compulsory education for children between the age group of 6 and 14 Mother tongue was adopted as a medium of instruction Vocational Education and Activity based curriculum were adopted
Features
The commission stressed on Science and Mathematics Work experience was included in the school curriculum Measures were taken for the education of handicapped and backward classes Mid-day meals was recommended for students though the scheme was implemented in 1995 Recommended opening of residential school in each Community Development Block Introduced Earn while Learn concept Recommended 6% of the GDP to be spent on education
National Policy on Education was issued by the Government of India on the recommendation of Education Commission of 1964 The policy was adopted by the Indian Parliament in 1986
Features
Emphasis on education for all Recommended child-centered education Operation Blackboard was launched to focus Primary Education Decentralisation of Educational Institutions Establishment of Open and Distance learning centres was recommended Emphasis on sports and physical education Navodya Vidyalayas were opened