4 Beam Design

4.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam
This chapter will discuss the following topics:

Outline of the procedures for member sizing. Design procedures for bending, deflection and shear. Design D i of f simply i l supported t db beams and d a continuous ti beam using moment and shear force coefficients. Special requirements for link when there is compression steel. Definition of T and L beam and the determination of effective flanged width. Design of T and L beam for the case where the stress bl k li block lies within ithi the th flange. fl Curtailment of bars by calculation and simplified rules.
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RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)
Preliminary Analysis and Member Sizing

The preliminary analysis requires the values of max. moments and max. shears in order to estimate reasonable dimensions. Beam dimensions required are: Nominal i l Cover C to reinforcement i f Breadth (b) Eff ti depth Effective d th (d) Overall depth (h)
The strength of a beam is affected more by its depth than its breadth. breadth A suitable breadth may be 1/3 1/2 of the depth.
4-2
Preliminary Analysis and Member Sizing The dimensions for b and d can be obtained by a few trial calculations as follows: follows: Without compression reinforcement, M/bd2fcu 0.156 0 156 (for fcu 45 MPa) With compression reinforcement, M/bd /bd2fcu 10/fcu if the h area of f bending b di reinf i f is not to be excessive. Shear stress v = V/bd and v > 0.8 fcu or 7 N/mm2 whichever is the lesser. To avoid congested shear reinf., v shall be in about 1/2 of the max. allowable value value.
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 4-3
Preliminary Analysis and Member Sizing Deflection (Span-Effective Depth Ratio Approach)
Unlike structural steel members, deflection of R.C. beams is normally checked by comparing the allowable spaneffective depth ratio with the actual span-effective depth ratio. ratio The Th allowable ll bl span effective ff ti depth d th ratio ti = (Basic span-effective depth ratio see Table 7.3) * (modification ( difi ti factor f t of f tension t i reinf. i f - see Table T bl 7.4) 7 4) * (modification factor of comp. reinf. - see Table 7.5) The actual span-effective depth ratio = (Effective ( ff i span l)/(Effective )/( ff i depth d h d)

The basic span-effective depth ratio for span 10m should be as given below.
Cantilever Beam Simply Supported Beam Continuous Beam End Span 7 20 26 23 } } } } Basic spanp effective depth ratio.
Refer to Table 7.3 of the Code For span greater than 10m, the basic ratios shall be multiplied by 10/span.
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If the allowable span-effective depth ratio the actual span-effective p depth p ratio, , Deflection O.K.
If the allowable span-effective depth ratio < the actual span-effective depth ratio, Deflection NOT O.K.
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Preliminary Analysis and Member Sizing Overall depth

The overall depth p of the beam is g given by y h = d + nominal cover + t where t = estimated distance from the outside of the link to the centre of the tension bar. bar
b
d h
Nominal Cover
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Effective Span of Beam

The effective span, l of a member should be calculated as follows: l = ln + a1 + a2 where: ln is the clear distance between the faces of the supports, a1 and a2may be determined from the appropriate ai in figure 5.3 Sw is the width of the supporting element Continuous slabs and beams may y generally g y be analysed on the assumption that the supports provide no rotational restraint.
Figure 5.3 - Effective span (l) for different support conditions
R Reproduce d f from HK C Code d RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 4-9
Design for Bending Reinforcement An excessive amount of reinforcement indicates that a member is undersized (too small) and it may also cause difficulty in fixing the bars and pouring of concrete.
For rectangular beam Code stipulates 100As/bh and 100As/bh
4.0% 0 24% (for R) 0.24% 0.13% (for T) (refer ( f to t Table T bl 9.1 9 1 and d cl.9..2.1.3 l 9 2 1 3 of f the th Code) C d )
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Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section for fcu 45 MPa ( b 0.9)

b x
cc=0.0035
S=0.9 9x
0.67 0 67 fcu m = 0.45fcu S/2 Fcc z = la*d
d As
Neutral Axis
st
STRAINS
Fst
SECTION
STRESS BLOCK
Fig.4.1 Singly reinforced section

Design Procedures for Bending Reinforcement The design procedures are summarised below: Calculate K = M/bd2fcu Determine the lever-arm, z, from design table 1 or by g equation. q using
Design Table 1:
K M/bd2fcu K= la = z/d
0 043 0.043 0 05 0.05 0 06 0.06 0 07 0.07 0 08 0.08 0 09 0.09 0 10 0.10 0 11 0.11 0 12 0.12 0 13 0.13 0 14 0.14 0 15 0.15 0 156 0.156
0.950
0.941
0.928
0.915
0.901
0.887
0.873
0.857
0.842
0.825
0.807
0.789
0.775
z = d 0.5 +
( 0.25 K / 0.9) ]
Equation
Pls note the upper and lower limit for z. (z 0.95d & z 0.775d)
Design Procedures for Bending Reinforcement

The area of tension steel is:As = M 0.87 f y z
Select suitable bar sizes. (Available bar size = 40, 32, 25, 20 , 16, 12 & 10 mm) In practice, = 12 & 10 mm would NOT be used in beam as main reinforcement. Check that the area of steel provided is within the limits required by the code, i.e.
and 100As/bh 100As/bh 4.0% 0.24% (for R) 0 13% (for 0.13% (f T)
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Example 4.1 - Design of tension reinforcement for a rectangular section.
The beam section shown in Fig. 4.2 is subject to a design sagging moment (i.e. at the ultimate limit state) of 170 kNm. Design the main reinforcement for the beam. Given that the characteristic material strength fcu = 35 N/mm2 and fy = 460 b 250 b=250 N/ 2. N/mm
d = 490
As = 2-T25
Fig. 4.2
h = 550
Solution: Ex. 4.1

M 170 x10 6 K= 2 = = 0.081 bd f cu 250 x 490 2 x35
This s is s less ess t than a 0. 0.156, 56, t therefore e e o e co compression p ess o stee steel is s NO NOT required. From design g table 1, la = 0.90 lever arm z = la*d = 0.90*490 = 441 mm
M 170 x10 6 As = = = 964mm 2 0.87 f y z 0.87 x 460 x 441
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Solution: Ex. 4.1

Provide TWO nos. T25 bars, area = 982 mm2. (see design ( g table 2) )
100 As 100 x 982 = = 0.71 bh 250 x 550
100 As 0.13 < < 4.0 bh
steel percentage is within the limits specified by the code. code
4-16
Example 4.2 - Span-Effective Depth Ratio Check

A rectangular continuous beam 11.5m span (interior span) with a mid-span ultimate moment of 380 kNm. The breadth (b) and overall depth (h) are 300 mm and 650 mm respectively. Check deflection by using span-effective ratio. Gi Given th t that: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) ( ) (v) fy = 460 N/mm N/ 2 Nominal cover = 30 mm Li k size Link i = 10 mm The size of main bar assumed to be 20 mm Two T16 bars b are located l d within h the h compression zone.
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Solution: Ex. 4.2 (Modification Factor of Tension Steel) Basic span-effective depth ratio (design table 7.3) = 26 p > 10m, , As span adjusted basic l/d ratio = 26 x 10/11.5 = 22.6 d = 650 - 30 - 10 - 20/2 = 600 mm Tension reinforcement modification factor (design table 7.4):
M bd
2
380 x10 6 300 x 600

2
= 3.52
From design table 7.4, for fy = 460 N/mm2 (assume As,req = 2 As,prov s prov , fs = 307 N/mm , ), modification factor = 0.87
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Solution: Ex. 4.2 (Modification Factor of Compression Steel) Compression reinf. modification factor (design table 7.5): 100 As' 100 x 402 = = 0.22 bd 300 x 600 From o des design g tab table e 7.5, modification od cat o factor acto = 1.07 .07 Hence, the allowable span span-effective effective depth ratio = 22.6 x 0.87 x 1.07 = 21.0 Actual span-effective depth ratio = 11.5x103/600 = 19.2 < allowable span-effective depth ratio = 21.0 21 0 Deflection O.K.
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Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam for fcu 45 MPa ( b 0.9) 0 9)

Compression steel is required whenever the concrete in compression is unable to develop the necessary moment of resistance (i.e. K > 0.156).
b As' d As d' d x = d/2 Neutral Axis 0.0035
S=0 0.9x
0.45fcu Fsc Fcc

z
sc
Fst STRESS BLOCK
st
STRAINS
SECTION
Fig.4.3 Section with compression reinforcemen 4-20
Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam for fcu 45 MPa ( b 0.9)

Moment Redistribution Factor b 0.9 and d/x 0.43
Compression reinforcement is required if, ( cubd2) > 0.156 K = M/(f Area of compression steel
M 0.156 f cu bd 2 As ' = 0.87 f y (d d ' )
Area of tension steel,
0.156 f cu bd 2 As = + As ' 0.87 f y z

and z = 0.775d
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Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam for fcu 45 MPa ( b 0.9) 0 9) If ( d '/ x ) > 0.43, 0 43 the stress in compression steel should be determined by the stress-strain relationship e.g. relationship, e g fsc = Es * sc.
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Containment of Compression Reinforcement: Link requirements ( Cl. Cl 9.2.1.10 9 2 1 10 )

Links should be provided according to the following rules. The links should pass round the corner bars and each alternate bar. The link size 1/4 of the size of largest compression bar or 6mm whichever is greater. (Compression steel). Transverse spacing should not exceed 12 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar. (Compression steel). p g of links 0.75d The spacing No longitudinal bar is more than 150mm from a restrained bar. At right-angles to the span, the horizontal spacing should be such that no longitudinal tension bar is more than 150 mm g this spacing p g should in any y case not exceed from a vertical leg; d.
Link requirements ( 9.2.2 )

Corner Bar alt. bar alt. bar alt. bar alt. bar Corner Bar Compression Steel
Tension Steel Corner Bar alt. bar alt. b bar alt. b bar alt. bar Corner Bar
Arrangement of Links when there are Compression Steel Bars

Example 4.3 - Design of Tension and Compression Reinforcement, b>0.9
The beam section shown in Fig. 4.4 is subject to an ultimate hogging moment of 190 kNm. Design the main reinforcement for the beam. Given that the characteristic material strength of fcu = 35 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2.
b = 250 As
d = 340 h = 400 d' = 50 d
As'
Fig. 4.4 Beam doubly reinforced to resist a hogging moment

Solution: Ex. 4.3 (Area of Compression Reinforcement)

M bd fcu
2
190 x10 6 250 x 340 x 35

2
= 0.188
> 0.156
compression steel required, and ( d '/ / x ) = 50/170 = 0.30 < 0.43 fsc = 0.87fy
( M 0.156 f A ' = Compression steel

s
(190 x10
0.87 f y (d d ' )
6
cu bd
0.156 x35 x 250 x340 2 0.87 x 460 x(340 50 )
= 278 mm2
Solution: Ex. 4.3 (Area of Tension Reinforcement)

Tension steel
0.156 f cu bd 2 As = + As ' 0.87 f y z
0.156 x35 x 250 x340 2 + 278 = 0.87 x 460 x0.775 x340

=1775 1775 mm2
Provide TWO T16 bars as compression reinf. reinf (As= 402 mm2) and 2T32 + 1T16 bars as tension reinf. (As = 1809 mm2)
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Solution: Ex. 4.3 (Check Steel % and Link Requirements)

100 As ' 100 x 402 = = 0.40 bh 250 x 400
100 As 100 x1809 = = 1.81 bh 250 x 400
> 0.2 < 4.0 > 0.13 < 4.0
O.K.
O.K.
4-28
4.4 T-Beam and L-Beam Fig. 4.5 and Fig. 4.6 show the arrangement of Tbeams and L-beams. When the beams resist sagging moment, part of the slab will be in compression and it acts as a compression flange of the h beam. b Th members The b may be b designed d i d as a TT beam or L-beam. When the beams resist hogging moment, the slab will be in tension and assumed to be cracked (i.e. no contribution of the flexural strength of the beam), the beam must be designed as a rectangular l section i with i h a width id h bw and d an overall ll depth h.
Fig. 4.5 - Arrangement of T-Beams and L-Beams

Span of Bea S am
Beam
Beam
Beam
Beam E
S1
S1
S1
Beam
S1
PLAN
L-beam
T-beam
T-beam
T-beam
L-beam
hf
span of slab
span of slab
span of slab
span of slab
SECTION
Fig. 4.6 - T-Beam and L-Beam

bf hf d h bf
bw
bw
Fig. 4.6 T-beam and L-beam
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Effective flange width parameter
Reproduce from HK Code RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 4-32
lpi : Distance between points of zero moment
4.4 T-Beam and L-Beam

When the stress block falls within the flange, design the T-beam or L-beam as an equivalent q rectangular g section of breath bf *h.
bf hf d h bf
bw Equivalent Rectangular Section of Breath b f
bw
Transverse reinforcement should be p placed across the top flange with an area of not less than 0.15% of the longitudinal cross-section of the flange.
Design Procedures for T or L Beam

Determine the effective flange width bf Calculate M/bfd2fcu and determine the lever-arm z from design t bl 1. table 1 If d - z hf/2, the stress block lies within the flange depth, and the h design d i i proceeded is d d as for f a rectangular l section i with ih a section of bf * h. If d - z > hf/2, /2 the h stress block bl k lies li below b l the h slab, l b then h consult l the clause 6.1.2.4(d) of HKC2004 for the design procedures. It will not be taught here. In either case, provide transverse steel (0.15% of the longitudinal g cross-section area) ) in the top p of the flange. g
Area = 0.15hf x 1000/100 1 5hf mm2 per meter length of the = 1.5h slab. 4-35
4.5 Curtailment (cutting) of Bars

The Code states that in every flexural member every bar should be extended beyond the theoretical cut-off point (TCP) (theoretically the bar is no longer required at this point where the design resistance moment of the section equals l to t the th design d i moment) t) for f a distance di t equal l to t greater of: (i) The effective depth of the member or (ii) 12 This applies to compression and tension reinforcement, but reinf in the tension zone should satisfy the following reinf. additional requirements.
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4.5 Curtailment of Bars

(iii) The bars extend a full anchorage bond length KA* (as discuss in chapter 3) beyond the theoretical cut-off point. (iv) At the physical cut-off point (PCP - the bar is actually cut at this point), the shear capacity of the b beam at t PCP is i at t least l t twice t i the th actual t l shear h force. f
( (v) ) At A PCP, PCP the h actual l bending b di moment at PCP is i not more than half the moment at TCP.
4-37
4.5 Curtailment of Bars (Example)

MR of continuing bars, MA
A B
Bending g Moment Diagram g
For condition (i) and (ii), AB is the greater of d or 12. For condition (iii), AB equals the full anchorage bond l length. h For F condition diti (iv), (i ) For condition (v), (v) At B, B shear he capacity it 2*(the shear he force) f e) At B, B moment < half moment at A. A
4-38
4.5 Curtailment of Bars (Simplified Rules)

In design office, the simplified rules for curtailments are normally y used for conventional ( (typical) yp ) R.C. structures. But for special structural members, detailed checking as discussed before will be used. Where the loads on a beam are substantially y uniformly y distributed, simplified rules for curtailment may be used. These rules only apply to continuous beam if the characteristic imposed load does not exceed the characteristic dead load and the spans are equal Fig.4.7 shows the rules in a diagrammatic form.
4-39
Fig. 4.7 Simplified rules for curtailment of bars in beams

50 % 100 %
50 %
0 08L 0.08L
0.08L
Simply Supported Beam

c = 0.25L c =0.15L c < 45 30 % 20 % 100 % 60% 100% 30 %
0.1L
L Continuous Beam
0.15L
4-40
4.6 Design for Shear ( for fcu 40 MPa ) If V is the shear force at a section, then the shear stress v is given by v = V/bd. v must t never exceed d the th lesser l of f (i) 0.8 f cu or (ii) 7 N/mm2. For fcu < 40 N/mm2, 0.8 f cu will design design. govern the
4-41
4.6 Design for Shear (Shear Links) Rules:

( Min. spacing sv of links should not be less than 80 mm.) Max. spacing sv of links should not exceed 0.75d longitudinally along the span. At right angles to the span, the horizontal spacing should be such that no longitudinal tension bars is more than 150 mm from a vertical leg, this spacing should in any case not
exceed d.
Nowadays high-tensile steel (T) is often used for shear links because of its high strength per unit cost. cost But for narrow members, mild steel (R) is normally used because it may be bent to a smaller radius than high-yield steel (T). This allo s correct positioning of the tension reinforcement. allows reinforcement
4.6 Design for Shear (Shear Links) The size () and spacing sv of the shear links is given by the following equation.
Asv bv(v vc ) sv 0.87 f yv
where Asv= sv = bv = v = vc = fyv= Area of the all legs of a link Spacing of the link Breadth of the beam V/bd = shear stress Ultimate shear resistance of conc. Characteristic strength of the link reinf.
4-43
4.6 Design for Shear (Minimum / Nominal Links)

If v is less than vc, minimum (nominal) links must still be provided unless (i) the beam is a very minor one and (ii) v < vc/2 . The minimum links should be provided for fcu 40 MPa according to: Asv 0.4b sv 0.87 f yv Th The shear h resistance it of f the th concrete t plus l the th minimum i i links for fcu 40 MPa Vn (0.4 (0 4 + vc)bd. )bd
4.6 Design for Shear (Minimum / Nominal Links)

If the design shear force V > Vn, then shear links should be provided. If the design shear force V Vn, then minimum links would be adequate. At this section, the shear links necessary to resist shear can be stopped and replaced by th minimum the i i links. li k
4-45
Example 4.4
A simply supported beam as shown in Fig. 4.8 is subject to a design loading w = 65 kN/m. Design the shear reinforcement for the beam. Given that the characteristic strength of the mild steel links is fyv = 250 N/mm2 and concrete is fcu = 35 N/ 2. N/mm
4-46
Example 4.4 - Fig. 4.8

6-R10-links @ 200c/c R10 links @ R10 links @275c/c 300 c/c 6-R10-links 5-R10-links @ 225 c/c 5-R10-links@ @200c/c 225 c/c
300
300 560 560 7000
227.5 kNVs = 218 kN Vn = 163 kN

Vs = 218 kN
Vd = 182 kN Vn = 163 kN Vd = 182 kN Shear Force Diagram
227.5 kN
Fig. 4.8 Beam - Shear Reinforcement

Solution: Ex. 4.4 (Check max. shear stress) Check max. shear stress
Total load on span, F = w * span = 65 *7 = 455 kN At face of support Shear Vs = F/2 - w * support width/2 = 455/2 - 65 * 0.15 = 218 kN Shear stress, vs = Vs/bd = 218*103 / (300*550)
2 < 0.8 = 1.32 1 32 N/mm N/ 08
fcu
4-48
550
2T25
2R10
4T25
2T25
Solution: Ex. 4.4 (Design shear stress) Shear links

Distance 1d from face of support Shear Vd = Vs - w*d = 218 - 65*0.55 65*0 55 = 182 kN Sh Stress Shear St vd = 182*103 / (300*550) = 1.10 N/mm2.
4-49
Solution: Ex. 4.4 (Design shear links) Shear Links

Only two 25 mm bars extend a distance d past the critical section. Therefore for determining vc
100 As 100 x982 = = 0.60 300 x550 bd

2 F From d i table design t bl 6.3, 6 3 vc = 0.53 0 53 (35/25)1/3 = 0.59 0 59 N/mm N/
Asv b(v vc ) 300(1.10 0.59 ) = 0.703 = = 0.87 f yv 0.87 x 250 sv

From design table 4, provide R10-links.-200 c/c. (Asv /sv = 0.785)
Solution: Ex. 4.4 (Design Minimum Links) Minimum links

For mild steel links
Asv 0.4b 0.4 x300 = = = 0.551 sv 0.87 f yv 0.87 x 250
From design table 4, 4 provide R10-links-275 R10 links 275 c/c. c/c (Asv /sv = 0.571)
4-51
Solution: Ex. 4.4 (Extent of Shear Links)

Shear resistance of nominal links + conc. is
Vn ( 0.4 + vc ) bd
= (0.4 + 0.59) 300*550 = 163 kN Shear reinf. is required over a distance s given by V Vn 218 163 s= s = = 0.85 m w 65 No. of R10 links at 200 c/c required at each end of the beam is: 1 + (s/200) = 1 + (850/200) = 6
4-52
Example 4.5 - Design of a simply supported beam

A simply supported R.C. beam has an effective span of 8m and size of 300 * 500 mm deep (overall depth h). The beam is subject to characteristic dead load including an allowance for self-weight of 20 kN/m, and characteristic imposed load of 15 kN/m. kN/ D i the Design th main i and d shear h reinforcement, i f t and d check deflection of the beam by using span-effective depth ratio approach. Given that: (i) fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2, fyv = 250 N/mm2; (ii) Effective depth = 450 mm; (iii) Inset to compression reinf. d= 55mm; (iv) Link size assumed to be 10 mm. mm
4-53
Solution: Ex. 4.5 (Design load, shear force and bending moment)
Design g load = ( (1.4*20) )+( (1.6*15) ) = 52 kN/m Design es g moment o e t=5 52 * 82/8 = 416 6 kNm. N . Shear force at support = 52 52*8/2 8/2 = 208 kN.
4-54
Solution: Ex. 4.5 (Design Bending Reinforcement)

K= M bd fcu
2
416 x10 6 300 x 450 x 35

2
= 0.195 > 0.156
compression p steel reqd. q
( d '/ x ) = 55/225 = 0.24 < 0.43,

( K 0.156) f cu bd 2 As ' = 0.87 f y (d d ' )
comp. steel yielded.
( 0.195 0.156 )35 x300 x 450 2 = 0.87 x 460(450 55)

Provide 2T25 Top (As = 982 mm2)
= 525mm 2
4-55
Solution: Ex. 4.5 (Design Bending Reinforcement)

0.156 f cu bd 2 As = + As ' 0.87 f y (0.775d )
0.156 x35 x300 x 450 2 = + 525 = 2902mm 2 0.87 x 460 x0.775 x 450
Provide 2T40 + 1T25 Bottom (As = 3005 mm2)
100 As 100 * 3005 = = 2.00 > 0.13 bh 300 * 500
100 As ' 100 * 982 = = 0.65 > 0.2 and < 4.0 O.K. bh 300 * 500
Solution: Ex. 4.5 (Design Shear Reinforcement)

Assume the width of support = 0 (Support Width Not Given) pp is: The max. shear stress at the support
208 * 10 3 v= = 1.54 N / mm 2 < 0.8 f cu 300 * 450
O.K. O. .
The shear at d = 450 mm from the support is: Vd = 208 - 0.45 0 45 * 52 = 184.6 184 6 kN
184.6 * 10 3 vd = = 1.37N / mm 2 300 * 450
4-57
Solution: Ex. 4.5 (Design Shear Reinforcement)

The area of steel at the section is 3005 mm2.
100 As 100 * 3005 = = 2.26 bd 300 * 450

From design table 6.3, vc = 0.92 N/mm2. shear links required. vd > vc + 0.4 Shear Links:
Asv b(v vc ) 300(1.37 0.92 ) = = = 0.620 sv 0.87 f yv 0.87 * 250
From design table 4, provide R10-links-250 c/c (Asv/sv=0.628)

Solution: Ex. 4.5 (Extent of Shear Links)

Vn = (0.4 + vC) bd = (0.4 + 0.92)300*450 = 178.2 kN. s = (208 178.2)/52 = 0.57 m Therefore the no. of links required is: 1 + s/0.25 = 1 + 0.57/0.25 = 4 Provide id 4 nos. R10-links-250 10 li k 2 0 c/c / at each h end. d Minimum links
Asv 0.4b 0.4 x300 = = = 0.55 sv 0.87 f yv 0.87 x 250

From design table 4, provide R10-links.-275 c/c (Asv/sv = 0.571)
Solution: Ex. 4.5 (Shear Links) As 2T25 compression steel bars are used, special requirements of links, in addition to shear, should be observed.
Link size 1/4*max. = 1/4*25 = 6.25 mm.
Use R10,
O.K. OK
Link spacing 12 12*min. 12*25 25 = 300 mm. min = 12

Use spacing of 250mm & 275mm 300 mm O.K.
4-60
Solution: Ex. 4.5 (Deflection Check)

Basic l/d ratio = 20 Modification factor for tension steel:
M bd
2
416 * 10 6 300 * 450

2
= 6.85
2 * 460 * 2902 = 296 N / mm 2 b 3 As , p 3 * 3005 prov 1 =1 Moment redistribution is not considered, therefore b fs = = From design table 7.4, M.F. for tension steel = 0.74
4-61
2 f y As ,req
Solution: Ex. 4.5 (Deflection Check)

Modification factor for compression steel:
100 A's , prov bd
100 * 982 = 0.73 300 * 450
From design table 7.5, M.F. for compression steel = 1.20
the allowable l/d ratio = 20 20*0 0.74 74*1 1.20 20 = 17.8 17 8

the actual l/d ratio = 8000 / 450 = 17.8 17 8 = allowable l/d ratio Deflection O.K. OK
Example 4.6 - Design of a Continuous Beam

A continuous beam has three equal spans of 5.5 m and is subject to characteristic imposed load qk of 45 kN/m and characteristic dead load gk, including self-weight of 70 kN/m. The continuous beam is 350*650 mm deep. In the traverse di ti direction, th beams the b are spaced d at t 3.25 3 25 m centres t with ith a 150 mm thick slab as shown in the Fig. 4.9 & Fig. 4.10. Design the main and shear reinforcement for the continuous beam by using force coefficients of HKC2004. Given that:(i) fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2, fyv = 250 N/mm2 (ii) ( ) Nominal concrete cover = 40 mm.
4-63

Moment M =0 0.09FL Shear V = 0 45F 0.45F 0 6F 0.6F L=5.5 L 5.5 m 0 55F 0.55F -0.11FL 0.07FL 0 55F 0.6F 0.55F 0 6F -0.11FL 0.09FL 0 45F 0.45F 0
L=5 5 m L=5.5 F = 1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk
L=5 5 m L=5.5
Fig. 4.9 Continuous Beam with Ultimate B.M and Shear Force Co
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3.25m
Continuous Beam
3.25m
5.5m
5.5m
5.5m
Fig. 4.10
4-65
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Design load, bending moment & shear) For each span Ultimate load w = ( (1.4g gk + 1.6q qk) = ( (1.4*70 + 1.6*45) ) = 170 kN/m Total ultimate load on a span is F = 170 * 5.5 = 935 kN As the loading is uniformly distributed, distributed qk < gk, and the spans are equal, the coefficients shown in Fig. 4.9, which are extracted from Table 6.1 of the HKC2004, are used to calculate the design moments and shears.
Observe the requirements in the Code before using the coefficients coefficients.
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Bending - 1st & 3rd spans)

Design as a T-section for the span Moment M = 0.09FL = 0.09*935*5.5 = 463 kNm Actual flange width, b = 3.25 m b1 = b2 = ( b - bw ) / 2 = (3.25 0.35) / 2 = 1.45 m Distance between points of zero moment, lpi = 0.85L 0 85L = 0.85 0 85*5 5.5 5 = 4.675m 4 675m Consider beff,i = 0.2*1.45 + 0.1*4.675 = 0.7575 m < 0.2*4.675 = 0.935m 0 935 < 1.45 m Hence beff = beff,i eff i + bw = 2*0.757 + 0.35 = 1.864 m Effective depth, depth d = 650 - 40 - 12 - 32/2 = 582 mm
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Bending - 1st & 3rd spans)

463 *106 M = = 0.021 < 0.043 b f d 2 f cu 1864 * 582 2 * 35
From design table 1, la = z/d = 0.95, z = 0.95 * 582 = 553 mm d - z = 582 - 553 = 29 mm < hf/2 = 150/2 = 75 mm stress block lies within the flange. M 463 *10 6 As = = = 2092mm 2 0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 * 553 Provide 2T32 + 1T25 bottom bars (As = 2099 mm2) 100 As 100 * 2099 = = 0.92 > 0.18 350 * 650 bh < 4.0 OK
4-68
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Bending - Interior support)

Design as a Rectangular Section for the interior support M = 0.11FL = 0.11*935*5.5 = 566 kNm (Hogging) Effective depth d = 650 -40 -12-32-16 = 550 mm
M 566 *10 6 = = 0.153 < 0.156 bd 2 f cu 350 * 550 2 * 35
No compression steel reqd. From design table 1, Z = 0.783*550 = 431 mm
4-69
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Bending - Interior support)

M 566 *10 6 = = 3281mm 2 As = 0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 * 431
Provide ov de 3 3T32 3 - top 1 a and d 2T25 5 - top 2
(As = 339 ( 3394 mm2)
100 As 100 x3394 = = 1.49 > 0.13 bh 350 x650
< 4.0
O.K.
4-70
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Bending - 2nd span)

Design as a T-section for the span M = 0.07FL = 0.07*935*5.5 = 360 kNm Actual flange width, width b = 3.25 3 25 m b1 = b2 = ( b - bw ) / 2 = (3.25 0.35) / 2 = 1.45 m Distance between points of zero moment, lpi = 0.7L = 0.7*5.5 = 3.85m Consider beff,i = 0.2*1.45 + 0.1*3.85 = 0.675 m < 0.2*3.85 = 0.77m < 1.45 1 45 m Hence beff = beff,i + bw = 2*0.675 + 0.35 = 1.7 m
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Bending - 2nd span)

360 *106 M = = 0.018 < 0.043 b f d 2 f cu 1700 * 582 2 * 35
z = 0.95*582 = 553 mm d - z = 583 - 553 = 29 < hf / 2 = 150/2 = 75 mm Stress block lies within the flange.
M 360 *10 6 As = = = 1627 mm 2 0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 * 553

Provide 2T32 +1T16 Bottom (As = 1809 mm2) - Bottom
100 As 100 *1809 = = 0.80 > 0.18 bh 350 * 650 < 4.0 4 0 OK
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Shear - max. shear stress)

Check the max. shear stress Max. shear force at face of support(width = 300 mm) is: Vs = 0.6 0.6F - w w*support suppo t w width/2 dt / = 0.6*935 - 170*0.15 = 534 kN Shear stress,
Vs 534 *103 vs = = = 2.77 N / mm 2 < 0.8 f cu bd 350 * 550
4-73
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Shear - minimum links)

Minimum Links
Asv 0.4b 0.4 * 350 = = = 0.64 sv 0.87 f yv 0.87 * 250

From design table 4, provide R10-links-225 c/c (Asv/sv = 0.698)
4-74
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Shear - End support)

Shear force at a distance 1d from face of support is Vd = 0.45F - w*(d ( + support pp width / 2) ) = 0.45*935 - 170*(0.582 + 0.15) = 296.3 kN Shear stress,
Vd 296.3 *103 vd = = = 1.45 N / mm 2 bd 350 * 582

100 As 100 * 2099 = = 1.03 bd 350 * 582
From design table 6.3, 6 3 vc = 0.71 0 71 N/mm2, vd > vc + 0.4

Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Shear - End support)

Provide shear links
Asv b(vd vc ) 350(1.45 0.71) = = = 1.19 sv 0.87 f yv 0.87 * 250
From design table 4, provide R10 R10-links-125 links 125 c/c. (Asv / sv = 1.26)
Shear resistance of nominal links + conc. is Vn (0.4 + vc)bd = (0.4 + 0.71)*350*582 = 226 kN. Sh Shear reinforcement i f t other th than th the th minimum i i i required is i d over V Vn 296.3 226 a distance, s = d +d = + 0.582 = 1.00m w 170
No. of shear links required q =1+( (1.00/0.125) )=9

4-76
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Shear - 1st & 3rd spans interior supports) Distance d from face of support, Vd = 0.6*935 - 170(0.55 ( + 0.15) ) = 442 kN Shear S ea st stress, ess,
Vd 442 *103 vd = = = 2.30 N / mm 2 bd 350 * 550
100 As 100 * 3394 = = 1.76 bd 350 * 550

From design table 6.3, vc = 0.85 N/mm2, vd > vc + 0.4 04
4-77
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Shear - 1st & 3rd spans interior supports) Provide shear links. Asv b(vd vc ) 350(2.3 0.85) = = = 2.33 sv 0.87 f yv 0.87 * 250 From design table 4, 4 provide R12-D.S.-175 R12 D S 175 c/c. c/c (4 Legs) (Asv / sv = 2.586) Shear resistance of nominal links + conc. is Vn (0.4 + vc)bd = (0.4 + 0.85)*350*550 = 240.6 kN. Shear reinforcement other than the nominal is required over a distance s = Vd Vn + d = 442 240.6 + 0.55 = 1.73m distance, 170 w
N of No. f shear h links li k required i d = 1 + (1.73/0.175) (1 73/0 175) = 11

4-78
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Shear - 2nd span)

Distance d from face of support, Vd = 0.55*935 - 170(0.55 ( + 0.15) ) = 395 kN Shear S ea st stress, ess,
Vd 395 *103 vd = = = 2.05 N / mm 2 bd 350 * 550
100 00 As 100 00 * 339 3394 = = 1.76 bd 350 * 550

From design table 6.3, vc = 0.85 N/mm2, vd > vc + 0.4 04
4-79
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (Shear - 2nd span)

Provide shear links. Asv b(vd vc ) 350(2.05 0.85) = = = 1.93 sv 0.87 f yv 0.87 * 250 From design table 4, provide R12-links-100 c/c. (Asv / sv = 2.262) Shear resistance of nominal links + conc. is Vn (0.4 + vc)bd = (0.4 + 0.85)*350*550 = 240.6 kN. Shear reinforcement other than the minimum is required over a distance, s =
Vd Vn 395 240.6 +d = + 0.55 = 1.46m w 170
4-80
No of shear links required = 1 + (1.46/0.125) No. (1 46/0 125) = 13
Solution: Ex. 4.6 (R.C. details of the beam)

9R10-S.S.-125 R10-S.S.-225 R10-S.S.-250 9R10-S.S.-125
11R12-D.S-175 12R12-D.S.-175 10R12-D.S.-200
3T32 2T32
3T32 2T32 + 1T25 2T25 2T25 2T32+ + 1T20 2T32 1T25 2T32 + 1T20
300
L=5.5 m
R.C. Details for 1st Span

Summary of Design Procedures for R.C. Beams for fcu 40 MPa g of R.C. Beam consists of three main The design steps: Design for Bending Reinforcement at ULS. Design for Shear Reinforcement at ULS. Check deflection by using span-effective ratio.
The design procedures of each step will be summarised here.
4-82
Summary of Design Procedures for Bending (b 0.9, Rectangular ec gu Sec Section) o )
Calculate K = M/(bd2fcu)
Case 1
If K 0.156, no compression steel required. g table 1 or by y formula Find z from the design Find As,
As = M 0.87 f y z
Select suitable bar size from design table 2. percentage Check the steel percentage.
0.13
100 As 4.0 for f y = 460 N / mm 2 bh
4-83
Summary of Design Procedures for Bending (b 0.9, Rectangular ec gu Sec Section) o ) Case 2 If K > 0.156, compression steel required. z = 0.775d
2 Find As, As ' = ( K 0.156 ) fcu bd f sc ( d d ' )
If d/x 0.43, fsc = 0.87fy If d/x d/ > 0 0.43, 43 fsc = Es*sc

0.156 f cu bd 2 Find As, As = + As ' 0.87 f y * 0.775d
Select suitable bar size from design table 2.
4-84
Summary of Design Procedures for Bending (b 0.9, Rectangular ec gu Sec Section) o ) Case 2 (contd)
Check the steel percentage Tension Steel: 100 As 0.13 4.0 for f y = 460 N / mm 2 bh Compression p Steel: 100 As ' 0.20 4.0 for f y = 460 N / mm 2 bh
4-85
Summary of Design Procedures for Deflection Select the suitable basic span-effective depth ratio from Table 7.3.
Note that these ratios apply to beams with spans 10m. For span > 10m, modification to the basic ratio has to b made. be d
Determine the modification factor of tension steel.

Calculate C l l t M/bd2 Calculate fs,
As , req 1 2 fy 3 As , prov b For b 0.9, (1/ b) is taken as 1. For conservative design, one may assume fs =307 N/mm2 fs =
- Determine the modification factor of tension steel from table 7.4.

Summary of Design Procedures for Deflection

Determine the modification factor of compression steel.
Note that this factor may be ignored if the modification factor of tension steel is large enough. Calculate 100As/(bd) Determine the modification factor of compression steel from table 7.5.
Determine D i the h allowable ll bl span-effective ff i depth d h ratio. i

(allowable span-effective depth ratio) = (basic span-effective depth ratio) * (modification factor of tension steel) * (modification factor of compression steel if applicable) steel,
Summary of Design Procedures for Deflection Determine the actual span-effective depth ratio
(actual span span-effective effective depth ratio) = (effective span of beam)/(effective depth of beam) = l/d
Compare the allowable and the actual spanspan effective depth ratio.
If the th actual t l span-effective ff ti d depth th ratio ti the th allowable ll bl span-effective depth ratio, deflection O.K. If the actual span-effective depth ratio > the allowable span-effective depth ratio, ratio deflection NOT O.K. OK
Summary of Design Procedures for Shear Determine the design shear force V(kN). Determine the design shear stress, stress v = V/bd
Design shear stress must NOT exceeds the smaller of
0.8 f cu or 7 N/mm 2
Otherwise Oth i one has h to t i increase the th member b size. i
Determine i the h shear h resistance i of f concrete, vc

Calculate 100As/bd Read vc from table 6.3. Multiply the value of table 6.3 by (fcu/25)1/3 if the concrete grade is NOT 25 N/mm2.
Summary of Design Procedures for Shear If v > vc + 0.4, use shear link.
Asv b(v vc ) sv 0.87 f yv
Normally, if v vc + 0.4, use minimum (nominal) link. link

Asv 0.4b sv 0.87 f yv
Select suitable link size and spacing from design table 4.

DESIGN FORMULAE (Based on HK Code 2004)
K z = d 0.5 + 0.25 0.9
Table 1:
K= M/bd2fcu la = z/d
0.043 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.156
0.950
0.941
0.928
0.915
0.901
0.887
0.873
0.857
0.842
0.825
0.807
0.789
0.775
4-91
Table 2 Area of Steel Reinforcement

Steel Reinforcement Bar Size Area of one Bar (mm2) 8 50.3 10 78 5 78.5 12 113 16 201 20 314 25 491 32 804 40 1257
4-92
Table 4 - Asv/sv Ratio for Shear Link
Asv/sv Ratio for Shear Link (2 legs)

Link Size (mm) 8 10 12 16 Spacing of Links in (mm) 80 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325
1.257 1.005 0.804 0.670 0.574 0.503 0.447 0.402 0.366 0.335 0.309 1.964 1.571 1.257 1.047 0.898 0.785 0.698 0.628 0.571 0.524 0.483 2 827 2.262 2.827 2 262 1.810 1 810 1.508 1 508 1.293 1 293 1.131 1 131 1.005 1 005 0.905 0 905 0.823 0 823 0.754 0 754 0.696 0 696 5.027 4.021 3.217 2.681 2.298 2.011 1.787 1.608 1.462 1.340 1.237
4-93
Table 6.1 - Design Ultimate Bending Moments and Shear Forces for Beams
Table 6.2 Form and area of Shear Reinforcement in Beams
Table 6.3 - Values of vc Design Concrete Shear Stress
Reproduce from HK Code 4-96
Table 7.3 - Basic Span/Effective Depth Ratio
Reproduce from HK Code 4-97
Table 7.4 - Modification Factor for Tension Reinforcement
Reproduce from HK Code RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)
4-98
Table 7.5 - Modification Factor for Compression Reinforcement
Table 9.1 - Minimum Percentage of Reinforcement
Minimum and Maximum Percentages of Reinforcement in Beams, Slabs and Columns

Minimum % : Table 9.1 of the code Maximum % (a) Beam (9.2.1.3) Neither the area of tension reinforcement nor the area of compression reinforcement should exceed 4% of the gross cross-sectional area of concrete. (b) ( ) Column ( (9.5.1) ) The longitudinal reinforcement should not exceed the following amounts, calculated as percentages of the gross cross-sectional area of the concrete : ~ vertically cast columns : 6% ~ horizontally cast columns : 8% ~ laps in the vertically or horizontally cast column : 10% (c) Wall (9.6.2) The h area of f vertical i l reinforcement i f should h ld not exceed d 4% of f the h concrete cross-sectional area of the wall. 4-101
Self-Assessment Questions
Q1. What is the basic span-effective depth ratio of a continuous beam (end span) with a span of 12m? Choices: (a) 19.2 (b) 23 (c) ( ) 26 What is the basic span-effective depth ratio of a simply supported t d flanged fl d beam b with ith a bw/b = 0 0.5? 5? Choices: ( ) (a) 16 (b) 17.1 ( ) (c) 20
4-102
Q2.
Q3. Determine the effective flange width of the end span of a continuous T-beam with effective spans of 8m. The width of the web is 400 mm and the spacing between the adjacent beams is 3.8m. Choices: (a) 2.20m (b) 2.44m (c) 3.8m
4-103
Q4. State the spacing requirements for links in beam. Answer
Q5.
In the design of shear reinforcement for beam, it is normally to use Vd as the design shear force and not Vs. Can you give an explanation for this? What are the requirements q for links when there is compression reinforcement? Answer
4-104
Q6. Q
Assignment No. 4
AQ1. A simply supported beam has an effective span of 8.8m and an effective section as shown in Fig. AQ1 Check for deflection of the beam by using span-effective depth ratio approach for the following cases. (a) The beam is subjected to an ultimate sagging moment t of f 320 kNm. kN (b) The beam is subjected to an ultimate sagging moment of 320 kNm and the tension reinforcement required is 1740 mm2. (c) In addition to (b), (b) two nos. nos T16 bars are located in the compression zone of the beam section.
4-105
Assignment No. 4
325 325
d = 514
2T32 + 1T20
3T32
Figure AQ1
Figure AQ2
d = 514
4-106
580
580
Assignment No. 4
AQ2 A continuous beam has effective spans of 10 m (interior span) and an effective section as shown in Fig. AQ2. Check for deflection of the beam by using span-effective depth ratio approach for the following cases. (a) ( ) The Th beam b i subjected is bj t d to t an ultimate lti t sagging i moment of 370 kNm. (b) The beam is subjected to an ultimate sagging moment of 370 kNm and the tension reinforcement q is 2175 mm2. required (c) In addition to (b), two nos. T25 bars are located in p zone of the beam section. the compression
Assignment No. 4
AQ3 If a continuous beam has effective spans of 11m and is subjected to the conditions as stipulated in AQ2. Check for deflection of the beam by using spaneffective depth ratio approach.
4-108
Assignment No. 4
AQ4 A simply supported flanged beam has an effective span of 8.6m and an effective section as shown in Fig. AQ4 Check AQ4. Ch k for f deflection d fl ti of f the th beam b b using by i span-effective depth ratio approach. Given that:that: (1) The design sagging moment is 390 kNm. (2) The area tension reinforcement required is 2250 mm2. (3) There are 3 nos. T16 bars located in compression zone. Treat the flanged g beam in ( (a) ) as a rectangular g beam of 300 x 550 mm. Check for deflection of the beam by using span-effective depth ratio approach.
4-109
(a)
(b) ( )
Assignment No. 4
bf = 1000 3T16 d = 488 8 h f = 13 30 4 420 3T32 bw= 300
4-110
Figure AQ4
Assignment No. 4
AQ5. The simply supported beam as shown in Fig. AQ5 is subjected to uniformly distributed characteristic dead l d of load f 15 kN/m kN/ and d characteristic h t i ti imposed i d load l d of f 20 2 2 kN/m. Given that fcu = 30 N/mm , fy = 460 N/mm and fyv = 250 N/mm2; nominal cover to reinforcement = 40 mm; the width of the beam is 350 mm. Find:(a) Reaction at the support. (b) Shear force at the face of the support (Vs) (c) Shear force at a distance of 1d from the face of support (Vd). ) (d) Shear resistance of concrete plus minimum links (Vn). ) (e) The spacing and number of links required. (Use R10)
Assignment No. 4
Centreline of pier Centreline Characteristic Imposed p Load = 20 kN/mof pier Characteristic Dead Load = 15 kN/m
3T32
Supporting Pier
Supporting Pier
200 200
8100
200 200
Fig AQ5
600
4-112
Assignment No. 4
AQ6 A simply supported beam has an effective span of 6.5m and is subjected to a characteristic dead load of 13.5 kN/m and a characteristic imposed load of 16.5 kN/m. The clear span of the beam is 6m. Design the main i and d shear h reinforcement i f t for f the th beam. b Ch k for Check f deflection of the beam by using span-effective depth ratio approach. Given that: that:(a) The overall size of the beam is 250 x 400 mm ( p) (deep). (b) The nominal cover = 30 mm. (c) fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2, fyv = 250 N/mm2.
Assignment No. 4
AQ7 A simply supported beam B1 has an effective span of 6m as shown in Fig. AQ7. The overall size of the b beam i 250 x 400. is 400 The Th beam b i required is i d to t support ta 130 mm thick one-way spanning slab as shown. There is a 25mm thick finish on top p of the slab. Design the beam B1 as a flanged beam. Determine the main and shear reinforcement required. Check for deflection of the beam by using span-effective span effective depth ratio approach. (a) The unit weight of the finishes is assumed to be 24 kN/m3. (b) The imposed load on the slab is 5 kN/m2. (c) The nominal cover is 35mm. (d) fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2, fyv = 250 N/mm2
Assignment No. 4
Beam (300 x 400)
B1 1 (250 x 40 00)
(130)
(130)
Beam (300 x 400) 2900 2900
Figure AQ7
4-115
6000

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4.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam

This chapter will discuss the following topics:

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Preliminary Analysis and Member Sizing

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Preliminary Analysis and Member Sizing

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Preliminary Analysis and Member Sizing

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Preliminary Analysis and Member Sizing Overall depth

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Effective Span of Beam

Figure 5.3 - Effective span (l) for different support conditions

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section for fcu 45 MPa ( b 0.9)

0.67 0 67 fcu m = 0.45fcu S/2 Fcc z = la*d

Fig.4.1 Singly reinforced section

Design Procedures for Bending Reinforcement

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Example 4.1 - Design of tension reinforcement for a rectangular section.

Solution: Ex. 4.1

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Solution: Ex. 4.1

100 As 0.13 < < 4.0 bh

steel percentage is within the limits specified by the code. code

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Example 4.2 - Span-Effective Depth Ratio Check

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

380 x10 6 300 x 600

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam for fcu 45 MPa ( b 0.9) 0 9)

0.45fcu Fsc Fcc

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Fig.4.3 Section with compression reinforcemen 4-20

Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam for fcu 45 MPa ( b 0.9)

Area of tension steel,

0.156 f cu bd 2 As = + As ' 0.87 f y z

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Containment of Compression Reinforcement: Link requirements ( Cl. Cl 9.2.1.10 9 2 1 10 )

Link requirements ( 9.2.2 )

Arrangement of Links when there are Compression Steel Bars

Example 4.3 - Design of Tension and Compression Reinforcement, b>0.9

Fig. 4.4 Beam doubly reinforced to resist a hogging moment

Solution: Ex. 4.3 (Area of Compression Reinforcement)

190 x10 6 250 x 340 x 35

( M 0.156 f A ' = Compression steel

0.156 x35 x 250 x340 2 0.87 x 460 x(340 50 )

Solution: Ex. 4.3 (Area of Tension Reinforcement)

0.156 f cu bd 2 As = + As ' 0.87 f y z

0.156 x35 x 250 x340 2 + 278 = 0.87 x 460 x0.775 x340

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Solution: Ex. 4.3 (Check Steel % and Link Requirements)

> 0.2 < 4.0 > 0.13 < 4.0

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Fig. 4.5 - Arrangement of T-Beams and L-Beams

Fig. 4.6 - T-Beam and L-Beam

Fig. 4.6 T-beam and L-beam

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Effective flange width parameter

lpi : Distance between points of zero moment

4.4 T-Beam and L-Beam

bw Equivalent Rectangular Section of Breath b f

Link spacing 12 12min. 1225 25 = 300 mm. min = 12

the allowable l/d ratio = 20 200 0.74 741 1.20 20 = 17.8 17 8