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Ad hoc ..11
Wi-fi..13
Wi-Fi: .14
Wi-Fi ..14
Wi-Fi15
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Wi-Fi...17
Wi-Fi.18
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Wi-Fi ..20
IEEE 802.11 ..21
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Wi-Fi29

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(2003)
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(2004)
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