04/12/13

Security Level:INTERNAL

Digital Microwave Communication Principles

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Huawei Confidential

Foreword

This course is developed to meet the requirement of Huawei Optical Network RTN microwave products.

This course informs engineers of the basics on digital microwave communications, which will pave the way for learning the RTN series microwave products later.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Objectives

After this course, you will be able to explain:

Concept and characteristics of digital microwave communications Functions and principles of each component of digital microwave equipment Common networking modes and application scenarios of digital microwave equipment

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Contents
1.

Digital Microwave Communication Overview Digital Microwave Communication Equipment

2.

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Transmission Methods in Current Communications Networks

Coaxial cable communication Optical fiber communication

Microwave TE

Microwave TE

MUX/DEMUX

Microwave communication

MUX/DEMUX

Satellite communication

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Definition of Microwave

Microwave

Microwave is a kind of electromagnetic wave. In a broad sense, the microwave frequency range is from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. But In microwave communication, the frequency range is generally from 3 GHz to 30 GHz.

According to the characteristics of microwave propagation, microwave can be considered as plane wave.

The plane wave has no electric field and magnetic field longitudinal components along the propagation direction. The electric field and magnetic field components are vertical to the propagation direction. Therefore, it is called transverse electromagnetic wave and TEM wave for short.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Concept of Digital Microwave Communication

Digital microwave communication is a way of transmitting digital information in atmosphere through microwave or radio frequency (RF).

Microwave communication refers to the communication that use microwave as carrier .

Digital microwave communication refers to the microwave communication that adopts the digital modulation.

The baseband signal is modulated to intermediate frequency (IF) first . Then the intermediate frequency is converted into the microwave frequency.

The baseband signal can also be modulated directly to microwave frequency, but only phase shift keying (PSK) modulation method is applicable.

The electromagnetic field theory is the basis on which the microwave communication theory is developed.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Microwave Frequency Band Selection and RF Channel Configuration (1)

Generally-used frequency bands in digital microwave transmission:

7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (defined by ITU-R Recommendations)

1.5 2.5 GHz GHz Regional network 3.3 GHz Long haul 2/8/34 Mbit/s 11 GHz

trunk network

Regional network, local network, and boundary network

2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s

34/140/155 Mbit/s GHz 4 0 5 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

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Digital Microwave Communication Modulation (1)

Digital baseband signal is the unmodulated digital signal. The baseband

signal cannot be directly transmitted over microwave radio channels and must be converted into carrier signal for microwave transmission.

Channel bandwidth

Baseband signal rate

Modulati on

Digital baseband signal

IF signal

Service signal transmitted

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Questions

What is microwave? What is digital microwave communication? What are the frequently used digital microwave frequency bands? What are the frequently used modulation schemes? Which are the most frequently used modulation schemes?

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Contents
1.

Digital Microwave Communication Overview Digital Microwave Communication Equipment Digital Microwave Networking and Application

2.

3.

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Microwave Equipment Category

System MUX/DEMU X Mode PDH Digital microwave SDH Analog microwave

Capacity

Small and medium capacity (216E1, 34M)

Large capacity (STM-0, STM-1, 2xSTM1) (Discontinued)

Trunk radio Structure

Split-mount radio All outdoor radio

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Trunk Microwave Equipment

High cost, large transmission capacity, more stable performance, applicable to long haul and trunk transmission RF, IF, signal processing, and MUX/DEMUX units are all indoor. Only the antenna system is outdoor.
BRU: Branch RF Unit

P M1 M2 SDH microwave equipment

MSTU: Main Signal Transmission Unit (transceiver, modem, SDH electrical interface, hitless switching) SCSU: Supervision, Control and Switching Unit BBIU: Baseband Interface Unit (option) (STM-1 optical interface, C4 PDH interface)

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All Outdoor Microwave Equipment

All the units are outdoor. Installation is easy. The equipment room can be saved.
RF processing unit

IF cable

IF and baseband processing unit

Service and power cable

All outdoor microwave equipment

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Split-Mount Microwave Equipment (1) The RF unit is an outdoor unit

(ODU). The IF, signal processing, and MUX/DEMUX units are integrated in the indoor unit (IDU). The ODU and IDU are connected through an IF cable.

Antenna IF cable ODU (Outdoor Unit) IDU (Indoor Unit)

The ODU can either be directly mounted onto the antenna or connected to the antenna through a short soft waveguide.

Although the capacity is smaller than the trunk, due to the easy installation and maintenance, fast network construction, its the most widely used microwave equipment.

Split-mount microwave equipment

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Split-Mount Microwave Equipment (2)

Unit Functions

Antenna: Focuses the RF signals transmitted by ODUs and increases the signal gain.

ODU: RF processing, conversion of IF/RF signals. IF cable: Transmitting of IF signal, management signal and power supply of ODU.

IDU: Performs access, dispatch, multiplex/demultiplex, and modulation/demodulation for services.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Split-Mount Microwave Equipment Installation

Separate Mount Direct Mount
antenna (direct mount) antenna (separate mount) Soft waveguide OD U IF cable IF cable

ODU

IDU IDU IF port

IF port

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Microwave Antenna (1)

Parabolic antenna

Cassegrainian antenna

Antennas are used to send and receive microwave signals. Parabolic antennas and cassegrainian antennas are two common types of

microwave antennas. Microwave antenna diameters includes: 0.3m, 0.6m, 1.2m, 1.8m,2.0m, 2.4m, 3.0m, 3.2metc.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Microwave Antenna (2)

Different frequency channels in same frequency band can share one antenna.

T x R x T x R x

Chann el 1 1

Chann el 1 1

n n

n n

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Antenna Adjustment (1)

Side lobe Half-power angle Main lobe Side view Tail lobe

Side lobe Half-power angle Main lobe

Top view Tail lobe

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Antenna Adjustment (2)

During antenna adjustment, change the direction vertically or horizontally. Meanwhile, use a multimeter to test the RSSI at the receiving end. Usually, the voltage wave will be displayed as shown in the lower right corner. The peak point of the voltage wave indicates the main lobe position in the vertical or horizontal direction. Large-scope adjustment is unnecessary. Perform fine adjustment on the antenna to the peak voltage point.

When antennas are poorly aligned, a small voltage may be detected in one direction. In this case, perform coarse adjustment on the antennas at both ends, so that the antennas are roughly aligned.

VAGC

AGC Voltage detection point

Angle Side lobe position Main lobe position

The antennas at both ends that are well aligned face a little bit upward. Though 12 dB is lost, reflection interference will be avoided. Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Antenna Adjustment (3)

During antenna adjustment, the

two wrong adjustment cases are show here. One antenna is aligned to another antenna through the side lobe. As a result, the RSSI cannot meet the requirements.

Wrong

Wrong

Correct

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Split-Mount Microwave Equipment ODU (2)

Specifications of Transmitter

Working frequency band

Generally, trunk radios use 6, 7, and 8 GHz frequency bands. 11, 13 GHz and higher frequency bands are used in the access layer (e.g. BTS access).

Output power

The power at the output port of a transmitter. Generally, the output power is 15 to 30 dBm.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Questio ns

What types are microwave equipment classified into? What units do the split-mount microwave equipment have? And what are their functions?? How to adjust antennas?

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Summary

Classification of digital microwave equipment Components of split-mount microwave equipment and their functions

Antenna installation and key specifications of antennas

Functional modules and key performance indexes of ODU

Functional modules of IDU

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Contents
1.

Digital Microwave Communication Overview Digital Microwave Communication Equipment Digital Microwave Networking and Application

2.

3.

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Common Networking Modes of Digital Microwave

Ring network Chain network

Add/Drop network Hub network

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Application of Digital Microwave

Complementary networks to optical networks (access the services from the last 1 km) Special transmission conditions (rivers, lakes, islands, etc.) Microwave application Emergency communications (conventions, activities, danger elimination, disaster relief, etc.)

BTS backhaul transmission

Redundancy backup of important links VIP customer access

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Questio ns

What are the networking modes frequently used for digital microwave?

What are the types of digital microwave stations?

What is the major application of digital microwave?

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Protection Modes of Digital Microwave Equipment (1)

Hybrid coupler

With one hybrid coupler added between two ODUs and the antenna, the 1+1 HSB can be realized in the configuration of one antenna. Moreover, the FD technology can also be adopted.

The 1+1 HSB can also be realized in the configuration of two antennas. In this case, the FD and SD technologies can both be adopted, which improves the system availability.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Protection Modes of Digital Microwave Equipment (2)

N+1 (N3, 7, 11) Protection In the following figure, Mn stands for the active channel and P stands for the standby channel. The active channel and the standby channel have their independent modulation/demodulation unit and signal transmitting /receiving unit.

When the fault or fading occurs in the active channel, the signal is switched to the standby channel. The channel backup is an inter-frequency backup. This protection mode (FD) is mainly used in the all indoor microwave equipment.

Products of different vendors support different specifications.

M1 M2 M3 P M1 M2 M3 P

ch1 ch2 ch3 chP Switching control unit

ch1 ch2 ch3 chP Switching control unit

RFSOH

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Protection Modes of Digital Microwave Equipment (3)

Configurati on 1+0 1+1 1+1 NP FD SD Protection Mode Non-protection Channel protection Interfrequency Remark s Application Terminal of the network Select the proper mode depending on the geographical condition and requirements of the customer

Equipment protection Intraand channel frequency protection Equipment protection Interand channel frequency protection Equipment protection Interand channel frequency protection

1+1

FD+SD

N+1

FD

Large-capacity backbone network

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Questions

What protection modes are available for the microwave?

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Thank you
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