Multiple Division Techniques

Chapter 7
Multiple Division Techniques
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Outline

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Comparison of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Walsh Codes Near-far Problem Types of Interferences Analog and Digital Signals Basic Modulation Techniques Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
2
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Frequency User n User 2 User 1 Single channel per carrier All first generation systems use FDMA Time
Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved. 3
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Frequency
User 1
User 2
User n
Time Multiple channels per carrier Most of second generation systems use TDMA
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Frequency
User n
...
User 2 User 1
Time
Code Users share bandwidth by using code sequences that are orthogonal to each other
Some second generation systems use CDMA Most of third generation systems use CDMA
Types of Channels
Control channel

Forward (Downlink) control channel Reverse (Uplink) control channel Forward traffic (information) channel Reverse traffic (information) channel
Traffic channel

Types of Channels (Contd)

Reverse channel (Uplink)
f f f1
Control channels
fn
f2
f1
MS
Forward channels (Downlink)
f2 fn
Traffic channels
BS
7
FDMA
f1 f2 f1 f2
MS #1 MS #2
MS #n
fn
fn
Reverse channels (Uplink)
BS
FDMA: Channel Structure

Guard Band Wg Sub Band Wc
Frequency
Total Bandwidth W=NWc
f1
f2
fn
f1
f2
fn
Reverse channels Protecting bandwidth
Frequency
Forward channels
TDMA
Frequency f Slot Frequency f
MS #1
#2

#2
t t

#2

#2
#1
#1
MS #2
MS #n
Frame
Frame
Frame
#1
Frame
#n
#n
#n
#n
#1
BS
Reverse channels (Uplink)

10
TDMA: Channel Structure

f Frame
#1 #2 #n #1
Frame
#1 #2 #n
Frame
#2 #n
(a). Forward channel f Frame

#1 #2 #n #1
Frame
#2 #n #1
Frame
#2 #n
(b). Reverse channel

TDMA: Frame Structure (Contd)

Frequency f=f
Frame
#2 #n #1 #2 #n #1
Frame
#1 #n #2 #n
#1
#2
Time Forward channel Reverse channel Forward channel Reverse channel
12
TDMA: Frame Structure (Contd)

Frequency Frame
#1 #2 #n #1
Frame
#1 #2 #n
Frame
#2 #n
Time
Guard time
Head
Data
13
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Frequency f
MS #1 MS #2 C1 C2
Frequency f
C1 C2
MS #n
Cn
Cn
Reverse channels (Uplink) Note:
BS
Ci x Cj = 0, i.e., Ci and Cj are orthogonal codes, Ci x Cj = 0, i.e., Ci and Cj are orthogonal codes
14
Comparisons of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA

(Example)
Operation Allocated Bandwidth Frequency reuse Required channel BW No. of RF channels Channels/cell Control channels/cell Usable channels/cell Calls per RF channel Voice channels/cell Sectors/cell Voice calls/sector FDMA 12.5 MHz 7 0.03 MHz 12.5/0.03=416 416/7=59 2 57 1 57x1=57 3 57/3=19 TDMA 12.5 MHz 7 0.03 MHz 12.5/0.03=416 416/7=59 2 57 4* 57x4=228 3 228/3=76 4 CDMA 12.5 MHz 1 1.25 MHz 12.5/1.25=10 12.5/1.25=10 2 8 40** 8x40=320 3 320 16.8
Capacity vs FDMA 1 * Depends on the number of slots ** Depends on the number of codes
15
Concept of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Transmitter
Spreading
Receiver
De spread Digital signal s(t)
Digital signal s(t) Code c(t)
Spreading signal m(t) Code c(t)
Power
Power
Power
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
16
Concept of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

Transmitter
Spreading
Receiver
Despread
Digital signal
Spreading signal
Digital signal
Hopping Pattern Power Power
Hopping Pattern Power
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
17
An Example of Frequency Hopping Pattern

Frequency
Time
18
Walsh Codes (Orthogonal Codes)

Wal (0, t) Wal (1, t) Wal (2, t) Wal (3, t) Wal (4, t) Wal (5, t) Wal (6, t) Wal (7, t)
t t t t t t t t
19
Near-far Problem
MS2
BS
MS1
Received signal strength
Distance MS2 d2
Distance d1 MS1
20
BS
Types of Interference
Interference baseband signals
Baseband signal
Spreading signal
Despread signal
Interference signals
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Interference in spread spectrum system

Adjacent Channel Interference

MS1 MS2 Power
f1
f2
Frequency
22
Power Control
Controlling transmitted power affects the CIR
1 Pr Pt = 4df c
Pt = Pr = d = f = c = = Transmitted power Received power in free space Distance between receiver and transmitter Frequency of transmission Speed of light Attenuation constant
23
Modulation
Why need modulation?
Small antenna size Antenna size is inversely proportional to frequency e.g., 3 kHz 50 km antenna 3 GHz 5 cm antenna Limit noise and interference, e.g., FM (Frequency Modulation) Multiplexing techniques, e.g., FDM, TDM, CDMA
24
Analog and Digital Signals
Analog Signal (Continuous signal)

Amplitude S(t) 0 Time
Digital Signal (Discrete signal)

Amplitude 1 + 0 _ Bit
1 Time
Hearing, Speech, and Voice-band Channels

Human hearing Human speech
Voice-grade Telephone channel

100 Pass band Guard band Frequency cutoff point 0 200 3,500
..
10,000
Frequency (Hz)
Guard band
4,000
Frequency (Hz)
26
Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Message signal x(t) Time
Carrier signal
Time
AM signal s(t)
Time
Amplitude of carrier signal is varied as the message signal to be transmitted. Frequency of carrier signal is kept constant.
Frequency Modulation (FM)

Message signal x(t) Time
Carrier signal
Time
FM signal s(t)
Time
FM integrates message signal with carrier signal by varying the instantaneous frequency. Amplitude of carrier signal is kept constant.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

1/0 represented by two different frequencies slightly offset from carrier frequency
Carrier signal 1 for binary 1 Carrier signal 2 for binary 0 1 Message signal x(t) FSK signal s(t) 0 1 1 0 1 Time Time
Time
Time
29
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits
Carrier signal Time
sin( 2f c t )
Carrier signal
sin( 2f c t + )
1 Message signal x(t) PSK signal s(t) 0 1 1 0 1
Time
Time Time
30
QPSK Signal Constellation

Q Q
0,1
1,1
0,0
1,0
(a) BPSK
(b) QPSK
31
All Possible State Transitions in /4 QPSK
32
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Combination of AM and PSK
Two carriers out of phase by 90 deg are amplitude modulated
Q
1000
1100
0100
0000
1001
1101
0101
0001
1011
1111
0111
0011
1010
1110
0110
0010
R ectangular constellation of 16Q A M
33

Multiple Division Techniques

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Chapter 7

Multiple Division Techniques

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Types of Channels (Contd)

Forward channels (Downlink)

Reverse channels (Uplink)

FDMA: Channel Structure

Total Bandwidth W=NWc

Reverse channels Protecting bandwidth

Reverse channels (Uplink)

Forward channels (Downlink)

TDMA: Channel Structure

(a). Forward channel f Frame

(b). Reverse channel

TDMA: Frame Structure (Contd)

Time Forward channel Reverse channel Forward channel Reverse channel

TDMA: Frame Structure (Contd)

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Forward channels (Downlink)

Reverse channels (Uplink) Note:

Comparisons of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA

Concept of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Digital signal s(t) Code c(t)

Spreading signal m(t) Code c(t)

Concept of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

Hopping Pattern Power Power

Hopping Pattern Power

An Example of Frequency Hopping Pattern

Walsh Codes (Orthogonal Codes)

Received signal strength

Interference in spread spectrum system

Adjacent Channel Interference

Why need modulation?

Analog and Digital Signals

Analog Signal (Continuous signal)

Digital Signal (Discrete signal)

Hearing, Speech, and Voice-band Channels

Voice-grade Telephone channel

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

QPSK Signal Constellation

All Possible State Transitions in /4 QPSK

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

R ectangular constellation of 16Q A M

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