Advanced Placement Psychology Mid-Term Mrs. Mal ~ January 2013 There are 105 items to complete on this exam.

You have 90 minutes to complete the test. You will be graded on 100 of the questions. Read each question carefully Good Luck 6. The cochlea is a A) fluid-filled tube that provides a sense of upright body position. B) fluid-filled tube that provides a sense of body movement. C) set of three tiny bones that amplify the vibrations of the eardrum. D) specific area of the auditory cortex. E) fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. 7. Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables? A) 0.67 B) 0.00 C) 0.10 D) +0.59 E) +0.10 8. Memory is best defined as A) the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information. B) the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded. C) stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded. D) recalling and retrieving information stored in the cerebral cortex. E) the conscious encoding of information. 9. A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular behavior is called a(n) A) correlational method. B) survey. C) experiment. D) case study. E) naturalistic observation. 10. Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked splitbrain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HEART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked, patients said they saw A) HEART. B) HE. C) EA. D) ART. E) nothing. They were unable to complete the task.

1. Which of the following is the correct order of structures light passes through in the eye? A) pupil, optic nerve, retina, lens, rods B) lens, cornea, pupil, retina, iris C) retina, lens, cornea, rods, cones D) pupil, cornea, retina, lens, optic nerve E) cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina 2. Sir Charles Sherrington observed that impulses took more time to travel a neural pathway than he might have anticipated. His observation provided evidence for the existence of A) hormones. B) synaptic gaps. C) interneurons. D) neural networks. E) endorphins. 3. The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called A) motor neurons. B) hormones. C) sensory neurons. D) neurotransmitters. E) synapses. 4. Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of A) the double-blind procedure. B) replication. C) naturalistic observation. D) the hindsight bias. E) random sampling. 5. Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________. A) CS; US B) US; UR C) UR; CR D) NS; NR E) CS; UR

11. Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of massed practice and spaced practice on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist. A) developmental B) biological C) social D) cognitive E) personality 12. Your friend is taking her first psychology class. She comes to you saying, I don't understand why we are studying the brain; I thought this was a psychology class. Because of your background in psychology, your best response should be A) Phrenologists established the importance of studying the physical brain to understand mental abilities. B) Science has demonstrated that Plato's belief in the heart as the origin of emotion is correct. C) Everything psychological is simultaneously biological. D) Being able to name the parts of the brain helps us understand the basis of behavior. E) It's been known since Aristotle's time that the brain is the center of intelligence and thought. 13. Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited? A) evolutionary B) social-cultural C) psychodynamic D) cognitive E) behavioral 14. Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. A) fixed-interval B) intermittent-interval C) fixed-ratio D) variable-interval E) variable-ratio 15. Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________. A) interpretation; organization B) organization; accommodation C) detection; interpretation D) threshold; transduction E) encoding; detection

16. In Wilhelm Wundt's experiments, participants were asked to press a key as soon as they were consciously aware of perceiving a sound. By asking participants to examine and report their conscious experiences, Wundt was making use of which of the following? A) functionalism B) structuralism C) empiricism D) tabula rasa E) introspection 17. Which region of the brain will a fMRI show as active when a person is looking at a photo? A) occipital lobes B) temporal lobes C) frontal lobes D) association areas E) parietal lobes 18. Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the A) mean test score was lower than the median score. B) students generally performed very well on the test. C) students' scores tended to be very similar to one another. D) test was a poor measure of the students' knowledge. E) test was given to a very small class of students. 19. If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate that A) body weight has no causal influence on the reading abilities of children. B) weight is a causal variable dependent on reading ability. C) low body weight has a negative effect on the reading abilities of children. D) better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children. E) there is very little statistical relationship between weight and reading ability among children. 20. The ability to simultaneously copy different figures with the right and left hand is most characteristic of those whose ________ has been cut. A) reticular formation B) motor cortex C) angular gyrus D) sensory cortex E) corpus callosum

21. After identifying an ethnically mixed face as Asian rather than as Caucasian, Belgian students recalled the face as more closely resembling their ________ of an Asian face. A) fixation B) prototype C) algorithm D) morpheme. E) heuristic 22. Studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the importance of ________ in personality development. A) home environments B) genetic predispositions C) mutation D) adoptive relatives E) natural selection 23. The cortical regions that are not directly involved in sensory or motor functions are known as A) association areas. B) interneurons. C) Broca's area. D) parietal lobes. E) frontal lobes. 24. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n) A) neutral stimulus. B) conditioned stimulus. C) conditioned response. D) unconditioned response. E) unconditioned stimulus. 25. The process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by A) overconfidence. B) operational definitions. C) the hindsight bias. D) the placebo effect. E) illusory correlation. 26. Which of the following is most useful for helping survey researchers avoid false generalizations? A) random sampling B) standard deviations. C) operational definitions D) naturalistic observation E) the case study

27. The brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the A) medulla. B) reticular formation. C) hypothalamus. D) cerebellum. E) amygdala. 28. If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are A) independent variables. B) positively correlated. C) dependent variables. D) negatively correlated. E) causally related. 29. Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the A) occipital lobe. B) optic nerve. C) sensory receptors. D) cerebral cortex. E) feature detectors. 30. How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep? A) During sleep the hypothalamus stimulates the production of free radicals, molecules that are toxic to neurons, which weakens unused connections. B) In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep. C) The action of the hypothalamus suppresses immune cell production that fights off viral infections and cancer. D) Cell clusters in the hypothalamus stimulate the production of relatively slow alpha waves, signaling the transition from deep relaxation to sleep. E) The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland in the endocrine system to produce the hormone thyroxin, which leads you to sleep. 31. To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n) A) MRI. B) brain lesion. C) hemispherectomy. D) fMRI. E) ACh agonist.

32. The auditory hallucinations experienced by people with schizophrenia are most closely linked with the activation of areas in which brain area? A) hypothalamus B) motor cortex C) sensory cortex D) temporal lobes E) amygdala 33. In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of A) hereditary influences. B) learned behaviors. C) evolutionary influences. D) unconscious motives. E) mental processes. 34. If scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are normally distributed, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of scores will fall between 85 and 115? A) 80 B) 68 C) 68 D) 95 E) 47 35. Which of the following best describes the view of the mind held by Plato and Socrates? A) The mind results from biological processes produced by neural transmissions. B) The mind is made up of knowledge that is a result of our experiences. C) The mind should be studied through careful, empirical observations. D) The mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies. E) The mind is an illusion produced by the brain. 36. In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a Bobo doll A) did not demonstrate prosocial behavior even when such behavior was modeled later. B) displayed little interest in the experimental situation. C) imitated the adults actions. D) acted aggressively in the presence of other children. E) behaved aggressively in the presence of their parents.

37. Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Manuel has a lower ________ for skunk odor than his parents have. A) adaptation level B) tolerance level C) olfactory saturation level D) accommodation level E) absolute threshold 38. Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from A) night terrors. B) hypnagogic sleep. C) insomnia. D) paradoxical sleep. E) sleep apnea. 39. If Professor Kosiba lesions the amygdala of a laboratory rat, the rat will most likely become A) sexually aroused. B) aphasic. C) less aggressive D) hungry. E) physically uncoordinated. 40. As you enter the kitchen after school you can smell chocolate chip cookies baking. This scent causes you to salivate. Your salivation is best explained by A) habituation. B) classical conditioning. C) latent learning. D) observational learning. E) operant conditioning. 41. A hypothesis is a(n) A) testable prediction that gives direction to research. B) statement of procedures used to define research variables. C) unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that underlie psychological functioning. D) observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables. E) set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts. 42. Who emphasized that the whole may exceed the sum of its parts? A) Gestalt psychologists B) psychoanalysts C) parapsychologists D) behaviorists E) evolutionary psychologists

43. The emotional tone of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ________ during REM sleep. A) pineal gland B) MDMA area C) sensory cortex D) limbic system E) frontal lobes 44. In an experiment, researchers manipulate one factor to see its effect on another factor, called the A) operational definition. B) control group. C) placebo effect. D) dependent variable. E) confounding variable. 45. Which brain area is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech? A) angular gyrus B) Wernicke's area C) hypothalamus D) association areas E) sensory cortex 46. An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system. A) parasympathetic; sympathetic B) sympathetic; parasympathetic C) autonomic; somatic D) somatic; autonomic E) central; peripheral 47. Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent? A) industrial-organizational psychology B) developmental psychology C) clinical psychology D) cognitive psychology E) social psychology 48. A) B) C) D) E) Hormones are the chemical messengers of the peripheral nervous system. central nervous system. autonomic nervous system. endocrine system. action potential.

49. After a car swerves in front of you on the highway, you notice that your heart is still racing, even though you know you are no longer in danger. Why do the physical symptoms of fear linger even after we cognitively realize the danger has passed? A) Excitatory neurotransmitters travel faster than inhibitory neurotransmitters. B) Dopamine controls fear, and this chemical takes a certain amount of time to break down in your system. C) The adrenal glands tend to act more quickly than the rest of the endocrine system. D) Endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages. E) The parasympathetic nervous system is less effective than the sympathetic nervous system. 50. Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation? A) case study, naturalistic observation, survey B) informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing C) volunteer participants only, no deception, incentives for participation D) effect size, statistical significance, measures of central tendency, variation E) control group, random sampling, random assignment 51. The Ames illusion involving two girls who are perceived as very different in size can best be explained in terms of A) the principle of continuity. B) shape constancy. C) the misperception of distance. D) the visual cliff. E) retinal disparity. 52. The horizon Moon appears to shrink in size if it is viewed through a narrow tube that eliminates the perception of distance cues. This best illustrates the importance of A) the difference threshold. B) relative size. C) context effects. D) stroboscopic movement. E) perceptual adaptation. 53. Olfactory receptor cells are essential for our sense of A) equilibrium. B) hearing. C) smell. D) kinesthesis. E) touch.

54. The medulla is to the control of ________ as the cerebellum is to the control of ________. A) emotion; motivation B) hearing; seeing C) memory; attention D) breathing; walking E) eating; sleeping 55. The ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by A) Aristotle and Socrates. B) Plato and Ren Descartes. C) Plato and Socrates. D) John Locke and Francis Bacon. E) Socrates and Confucius. 56. Which brain area is primarily involved with controlling speech? A) Broca's area B) hypothalamus C) angular gyrus D) association areas E) sensory cortex 57. Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________. A) surveys; experiments B) illusory correlation; control group C) description; prediction D) correlational studies; case studies E) replication; correlation 58. A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the A) agonist. B) refractory period. C) myelin sheath. D) synapse. E) action potential. 59. At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of A) muscle tension. B) Stage 4 sleep. C) hypnagogic sensations. D) dissociation. E) REM sleep.

60. Reuptake refers to the A) inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane. B) reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron. C) the ending of the refractory period. D) movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap. E) release of hormones into the bloodstream. 61. Which cognitive neuroscience term reflects the idea that much of our everyday thinking, feeling, and acting operates outside our conscious awareness? A) reticular formation B) limbic system C) interneurons D) cerebral cortex E) dual processing 62. Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of A) nature and nurture. B) behavior and mental processes. C) introspection versus structuralism. D) biology and cognition. E) conscious and unconscious thoughts. 63. The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during Stage 2 sleep are called A) circadian rhythms. B) amplitude waves. C) delta waves. D) alpha waves. E) sleep spindles. 64. Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? A) Mary Calkins B) Rosalie Rayner C) Jean Piaget D) Margaret Washburn E) Francis Bacon 65. Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter A) serotonin. B) dopamine. C) GABA. D) acetylcholine. E) epinephrine.

66. Which of the following is true for those assigned to the experimental group in an experiment? A) The experimental group receives the experimental treatment B) The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior. C) The experimental group does not receive the experimental treatment D) The operational definition is not applied to their variables. E) The research participants are exposed to all the different hypotheses. 67. What does the effect size of research findings tell you that statistical significance does not? A) the magnitude of the finding B) if the confounding variables influenced the result of the study C) whether or not the result is due to random factors or the experimental treatment D) validity of the results E) if the independent variable had an impact on the dependent variable 68. A) B) C) D) E) 69. A) B) C) D) E) Dendrites are branching extensions of neurons. neurotransmitters. endocrine glands. endorphins. myelin. Who introduced the term behaviorism? John B. Watson Ivan Pavlov Albert Bandura B. F. Skinner John Garcia

71. The process of anticipating that you will be punished for misbehaving takes place within the A) sensory cortex. B) reticular formation. C) association areas. D) sympathetic nervous system. E) limbic system. 72. What do researchers call a difference between the means of experimental and control groups when they know the averages are reliable and the difference between the groups is unlikely due to random chance or extraneous variables? A) experimental group B) normal curve C) standard deviation D) operationally defined E) statistically significant 73. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n) A) neutral stimulus. B) conditioned response. C) unconditioned response. D) unconditioned stimulus. E) conditioned stimulus. 74. We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to A) mirror neurons. B) positive reinforcement. C) spontaneous recovery. D) partial reinforcement. E) cognitive maps. 75. To determine whether the strength of people's self-esteem is related to their income levels, researchers would most likely make use of A) naturalistic observation. B) double-blind. C) case studies. D) correlational research. E) experimentation. 76. In 1953, H.M. underwent surgery to control his seizures. Doctors removed tissue from the hippocampus. As a result H.M.'s memory was severely impaired. Psychologists studied H.M.'s memory function until his death in 2008. Which research method did the psychologists utilize in this situation? A) experimentation B) case study C) naturalistic observation D) correlation E) survey

70. REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because A) we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily. B) it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images. C) our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular. D) our brain and nervous system are less active and our muscles are very active. E) our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

77. Which of the following statements is most correct about the relationship between correlation and causation? A) Both correlations and causations need to be proven with experimental data. B) If one variable is strongly positively correlated with another variable, the relationship is causal. C) Correlations are statistical relationships, causations are logical relationships. D) Correlation indicates the possibility of a causal relationship, but it does not prove causation. E) if one variable is strongly negatively correlated with another variable, the relationship is not causal. 78. What is the primary limitation of the case study research method? A) The case study is not part of the scientific method. B) Correlational findings from case studies cannot be interpreted as causal. C) Individual cases can be misleading and result in false generalizations. D) It is not an empirical method. E) Random sampling must be used to ensure representative findings. 79. A) B) C) D) E) Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to modeling. punishing. generalizing. discriminating. extinguishing.

82. The function of dendrites is to A) control pain through the release of opiate-like chemicals into the brain. B) coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. C) receive incoming signals from other neurons. D) transmit signals to other neurons. E) release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons. 83. In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a couple of extremely high scores? A) standard deviation B) mode C) median D) mean E) range 84. An axon is A) a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons. B) a junction between a sending and receiving neuron. C) the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body. D) a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system. E) an antagonist molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites. 85. Researchers found that 40 percent of people focused on repeating a list of challenging words failed to notice a change in the person speaking. This best illustrates A) the blind spot. B) priming. C) change deafness. D) the difference threshold. E) feature detectors. 86. Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the A) treatment of psychological disorders. B) disruptive effects of unconscious motives. C) inward immediate sensations, feelings, and impulses. D) component elements of sensory experience. E) adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions.

80. What are the molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and mimic that neurotransmitter's effects called? A) endocrines B) agonists C) action potentials D) endorphins E) antagonists 81. After Terry lost a finger in an industrial accident, the area of his sensory cortex devoted to receiving input from that finger gradually became very responsive to sensory input from his adjacent fingers. This best illustrates A) aphasia. B) plasticity. C) tomography. D) hemispherectomy. E) phrenology.

87. What do scientists call an explanation that organizes observations and predicts future behaviors or events? A) theory B) operational definition C) hypothesis D) replication E) critical thinking 88. Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of A) overconfidence. B) illusory correlation. C) the double-blind procedure. D) the hindsight bias. E) random sampling. 89. The part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands is called the A) synapse. B) cell body. C) dendrite. D) association area. E) axon. 90. When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to A) note the range and size of the scale values. B) understand the concept of the overconfidence effect. C) mentally transform the data into a scatterplot. D) remember that correlation facilitates prediction. E) identify the value of the standard deviation. 91. Knowing the difference between an experimental condition and a control condition is most relevant to understanding the nature of A) hindsight bias. B) independent variables. C) random sampling. D) correlations. E) replication. 92. The peripheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to A) the sympathetic nervous system. B) interneurons. C) motor neurons. D) the parasympathetic nervous system. E) neurotransmitters.

92. Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is A) an all-or-none response. B) inhibited by the myelin sheath. C) dependent on neurotransmitter molecules. D) primarily electrical rather than chemical. E) delayed by the refractory period. 93. The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n) A) endocrine gland. B) pituitary gland. C) myelin sheath. D) synaptic vesicle. E) sympathetic nerve. 94. The axon of a resting neuron has gates that do not allow positive sodium ions to pass through the cell membrane. What is this characteristic called? A) threshold B) parasympathetic nervous system C) myelin sheath D) selective permeability E) action potential 95. An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to A) schizophrenia. B) depression. C) euphoria. D) Parkinson's disease. E) Alzheimer's disease. 96. A) B) C) D) E) Alpha waves are associated with relaxed but awake state. Stage 4 sleep. REM sleep. Stage 3 sleep. Stage 2 sleep.

97. The law of effect refers to the tendency to A) enhance conditioning using strict responses. B) learn associations between consecutive stimuli. C) lose intrinsic interest in an over-rewarded activity. D) learn in the absence of reinforcement. E) repeat behaviors that are rewarded. 98. The depolarization of a neural membrane can create a(n) A) interneuron. B) neural network. C) action potential. D) lesion. E) myelin sheath.

99. In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ________, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on ________. A) observable behavior; the way we perceive, process, and remember information B) introspective reports of immediate sensations; empirical research relying on observation and experimentation C) evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings; self-reports of immediate physical sensations D) the study of brain activity linked with mental activity; the examination of the stream of consciousness and emotion E) childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential 100. A) B) C) D) E) The master gland of the endocrine system is the hypothalamus. pituitary gland. pancreas. thyroid gland. adrenal gland.

104. Which theory best explains the occurrence of afterimages? A) frequency B) trichromatic C) opponent-process D) signal-detection E) place 105. Because she had a serious traffic accident on Friday the 13th of last month, Felicia is convinced that all Friday the 13ths will bring bad luck. Felicia's belief best illustrates A) illusory correlation. B) overconfidence. C) random sampling. D) the hindsight bias. E) the illusion of control.

101. In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________. A) mental life; observable behavior B) unconscious motives; conscious thoughts and feelings C) biology; culture D) maladaptive behavior; adaptive behavior E) environmental influences; hereditary influences 102. Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a A) positive punishment. B) negative reinforcement. C) punishing reinforcer. D) negative punishment. E) positive reinforcement. 103. Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule. A) variable-interval B) intermittent-continuous C) variable-ratio D) fixed-interval E) fixed-ratio

What is a conscious thought? How does one measure conscious thought?