Primary Sources"A portrait of Baba and Nyonya at Pinang Peranakan Mansion, Penang." Introduction to Nyonya Food. Photo.

Uploaded July 7th 2009. http://nyonyafood.rasamalaysia.com/introductionnyonya-food/ (January 2013). This picture is on the Short Term Social page to provide contrast from the Straits Chinese to the migrants. Many of the Straits Chinese were wealthy and enjoyed British rule, while most of the migrants were poor and were less partial to colonialism. This explains why relations between the groups weren't as good as many sources portray. Bird, Isabella L. The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither. New York: G.P. Putnam's, 1883. Print. Isabella Bird was a renowned British explorer who lived during the 1800s and early 1900s. She traveled to many places during the course of her lifetime, including southeast Asia. As she visited this area she recorded her experiences and opinions, such as when she went to Malaya. This primary source is a vivid account of the everyday life of locals, as well as the outlook of Europeans. Buckley, Charles Burton [C.B.] An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore [...] Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Fraser & Neave, 1965. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: U of Malaya P, 1969. Charles Buckley goes into detail about the history of Singapore, including colonialism and the trading system. It was here I found my quote by Sir Stamford Raffles, which helped me understand what his reasons for both imperialism and beckoning the Chinese overseas were for. Chinatownology. "Chinatown: Dreams of a Sojourner." Chinatownology. (Accessed 12 February 2013). http://www.chinatownology.com/tour.html This photo of a Chinese migrant working as a rickshaw puller was taken in 1907. It shows the fate of thousands of peasants, and the rickshaw puller's face looks tired and dissapointed. Many like him would never strike it rich. It was used in the Peasant Life page of the website. Chinatownology, "Nanyang Volunteers." Nanyang Volunteers in service. http://www.chinatownology.com/Nanyang_Volunteers.html (accessed February 2, 2013). This website article includes a primary source picture of Nanyang volunteers in front of several cars. Nanyang volunteers were recruited by the China Relief Fund for service in WWII. Many were descendants of Second Wave migrants, and some may have been migrants themselves. It was used in the 1900s page.

"Chinese Language Political Mobilization in Singapore." Dissertation Reviews. Photograph from Nanyang Siang Pao on March 19, 1956. http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/1590 (Jan. 29, 2013). This picture shows a group of Singaporeans either rioting or gathering to settle political issues. By the several Chinese and Malay-language banners in the photo, it's easy to tell the reason for the crowd is politics. I used this photo (as the main picture on my Long Term Political page) to emphasize how from the beginning to the end of the Second Wave, the Chinese struggled to have political power. "Comrade Yuen Saik Leong Leaflet." Psychological Warfare of the Malayan Emergency, 19481960. Digital Picture. 1954. http://www.psywar.org/malaya.php (January 2013). This leaflet is one of many that were dropped over the Communists. Besides being an example of how the Chinese changed the linguistic standard in Malaya, it shows how the Chinese were distrusted by other ethnic groups as well as fellow Chinese. It is on the 1900s page. Devlin, Paul. Singapore: Crossroads of the East. Filmed by Andre De La Varre, "the Screen Traveler."1938. http://www.globalimageworks.com/ results.phpsearch_string=singapore+crossroads&search_type=all (January 2013). In this clip of the 1938 video, the narrator describes the Chinese population and how it increased after Raffles established Singapore as a British colony. It shows some of the the more common jobs, including the coolie trade. This clip helped me understand the crowded environment Second Wave migrants lived in, and the potential they found in their new land. It was used in the Long Term Impact Social page. "Early Chinese hawkers in the 19th century in Malaya." The Involvement of the Chinese in Malaysia's agriculture sector." http://christopherteh.com/blog/2012/01/land-to-till/ (October 2012). This photograph centers around two hawkers, or peddlers, in the 1800s. It is on the Peasant Life page. Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. "Generalissimo Jiang on National Identity." Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook. New York: Free, 1993. 401-06. Print. Patricia Buckley Ebrey, an American historian, has written several books on chinese history. Her book Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook has multiple primary source articles, including one by Chiang Kai-Shek on Chinese attittudes toward Japanese. This book explains the nationalist anti-Japanese ideas of the Overseas Chinese.

"Europeans posing with a trishaw, [1900s]: group photograph." PictureSG: "Ethnic Communities." Photo from the Lee Kip Lin Collection. http://pictures.nl.sg/0e31b13a-3e90-4672-9f08-69297c7da5f5.aspx This is a photo of 3 Europeans psoing with a trishaw. I found it interesting how the Caucasian man and the two ladies are looking at the camera, but the trishaw puller's face is turned away. I included this picture (in my Turning Point page) for viewers to see how colonialism was formatted for the Europeans to get the best of everything and the locals, if they were lucky, to get a glimpse of success. Ho, Seng Huat. Chinese Opera in Hokkien, 1974 : Performing. N.d. Photograph. Singapore. PictureSG. National Library Board Singapore, 2008. Web. (18 Dec. 2013). This 1974 photo of actors for a Chinese opera gives way to the artistic traditions brought over during the Second Wave. It also shows how these traditions dwindled because of European colonialism and the events during and after WWII. It was used on the Long Term Social page to show Chinese art forms popular in Singapore as a result. Hodge, Tom. Singapore , The Lion City. Documentary. Directed by Osman Hj. Shamsudin. Kuala Lumpur, Malaya: Malayan Film Unit,1957. http://www.globalimageworks.com/clip-singapore-1957-archival-travel-4874_001? id=32303&search_string=warriors&search_type=all&startrow=90 (February 2013). Two clips from this video are on the website. One is on the Long Term Social page, and the other on Conclusion. I took clips from this video to show the cultural diversity and entertainment the Chinese brought with them to Malaya. "Hokkien Street." Chinatownology. Photograph. http://www.chinatownology.com/chinatown_singapore.html (January 2013). This 1900 photo depicts Hokkien Street, a street in Singapore where the majority of the population hailed from Fujian, China. It was used in the 1800s page. How Ban, Chow. "Captain of Learning: Remembering Tan Kah Kee," The Star. Photo. http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2008/4/7/lifefocus/20736296 (21 Feb. 2013). This online newspaper article is about the aspirations and background of tycoon Tan Kah Kee. He represented the Chinese community in values, business, an power during the 1900s. The photo used in this article is seen on the website's Context, Short Term, Long Term, and Requirements pages.

"In Search of Civil Society in Singapore." Photo of Lee Kuan Yew (-1965) http://hawaiiindependent.net/metro (January 2013). As the first prime minister of Singapore and survivor of several catostrophic events in Malaya's history, Lee Kuan Yew represents both the Chinese community and the power of economical and political success in Malaya. This photo is on the Long Term Political page. Keay, John. Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialsim to Hong Kong. New York: Scribner, 1997. John Keay, British journalist, describes European imperialism in Asia. I found this secondary source particularly interesting because it explains the colonies formed by Britain and other countries, and local reaction. "Late 1890s, prominent Towkays of Kuala Lumpur with Qing dynasty officials. Front row from right: Loke Chow Kit, Chan Sow Lian, Loke Yew and Yap Kwan Seng." The History of Yap Ah Loy: Yap Ah Loy's Administration. http://yapahloy.tripod.com/yap_ah_loy's_administration.htm (November 2012). This 1800s photo shows Kuala Lumpur's founder, Yap Ah Loy, with several officials. I used this on my Turning Point page. I think it's a good example of transition from all-Malay power to partial-Malay. Lee, Kuan Yew. From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965-2000. New York: HarperCollins, 2000. Lee Kuan Yew writes about the history of Singapore and it's multi-ethnic population, as well as his struggles as a leader. This book gave me insight into the opinions of Chinese in Malaya during the later years of the Second Wave. "Malaysia's May 13, 1969." Malaysia's Dilemma. Photo. http://malaysiasdilemma.wordpress.com/2010/05/24/may-13-1969/ (February 2013). This photo shows a line of Malay Union protesters during May 13, one of the worst riots in Malayan history. Most of the casualties during this riot involved Chinese Malayans. I used this on my Short Term Social page because, while the events were long term, all racial riots in Malaya's history that included the Chinese were results of the Second Wave. Riots during the 1800s were similar, although not as chaotic. "My Great Grand Father Had Nineteen Children." Outbrow. Photograph taken in Penang. http://outbrow.blogspot.com/2012/06/my-great-grand-father-had-nineteen.html (February 2013). I used this picture in my Long Term Economical page. The "great-grandfather" in the picture is of Chew Boon Juan, who opened a tin mine in 1903. This photo is a great example of the transition in the Chinese community from coolies to millionaires.

"The new settlement at Petaling Jaya, 1957."The Malayan Emergency. Slide 6. National Army Museum Photo. http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/malayanemergency (February 2013). This photo (on Short Term Political page) depicts a village of rehoused Chinese squatters. As guerillas would approach the settlers for food, these villages were used as a technique to track the Communists. I used this picture because the British were using techniques to remain the main power in Malayan politics. The Peranakan Association, "Remembering the Ah Sums." The Peranakan Association. August 16,2010. http://www.peranakan.org.sg/2010/08/remembering-the-ah-sums/ (February 2013). This online interview is about majies, or domestic helpers. The photo I found is that of William Gwee as a toddler with his "Ah Sum" from Guangdong in China. It is used on the Long Term Economical page. "Portrait of Mr. Whampoa Hoo Ah Kay, former Unofficial nominated to the Straits Settlements Legislative Council." BookSg. Photo taken from More Old Singapore, page [6-1]. http://sgebooks.nl.sg/image.aspx?id=b35ab3ee-4bc2-41e3-9e83-16ad18b516e9 (February 2013). This picture of Mr. Whampoa was put on my Short Term Social page. I felt that this picture was relevant to my topic, as Whampoa contributed greatly to the Chinese image during the beginning of the Second Wave, and his friendliness with the British represented the mutual feelings of many tycoons during the time. Sijing, Geraldine Chay, and Hooe Wai. Wong, and Marn Heong. Wong. Lotus from the Mud: I Was a Majie's Foster Daughter. Singapore: Asiapac, 2002. Print. Si Jing is a Chinese Singaporean author. She's written several books on her experiences during the 1930's, 1940's, 1950's, and the Japanese Occupation. This primary source is an autobiographical account which talks of major events in Malayan history thorugh Si Jing's perspective and that of her impoverished family, illustrating customs and narratives of Chinese migrants in Singapore. Song, Ong Siang. One Hundred Years' History of the Chinese in Singapore. Singapore: University Malaya, 1967. Print. From the 1800s to the early 1900s, Chinese immigrants settled along the Malay Peninsula and on the island of singapore. Along with the descendents of Chinese who had lived in SE Asia for centuries, the Chinese created a unique branch of culture. This secondary source explains how this branch influenced Malayan culture in the past and in the present.

"Student Interview with Lee Tong Ban, survivor of WWII and son of Chinese activist." Personal Interview. 5 July 2012. Lee Tong Ban was born in 1931 and lived through some important and tumultuous times during Malaya's history, including the Japanese Occupationa dn the Emergency. His father, my great-grandfather, was the leader of a group that funded Mainland Chinese for the war effort. This interview/primary source assisted me in understanding more about Chinese origins and the day-to-day routines of people who lived during the Second Wave. "Student Interview with Lee Wei De, survivor of WWII." Personal Interview. 21 October 2012. Lee Wei de was born in 1926. His knowledge of the Second Wave includes games kids during WWII played, how many families escaped to the jungle, food resources, and other daily activities and tribulations of the Chinese community. He also covered the Malayan Emergency and the part the Chinese played in it not long after the Second Wave. This primary source helped me understand how the Chinese/other ethnic groups lost some of their customs and how they adapted to modernity soon after the war. Talib, Jamaludin. "Fusion of Cultures in Malaya Is Needed." The Straits times [Singapore] 19 May 1954: 6. Print. The Straits Times is a popular Singaporean newspaper, and has been around since 1845. This primary source targets how Chinese during the 50's felt themselves Malayan, but at the same time weren't willing to have a culture shared with other ethnic groups. The article helps point out the opinions of the Chinese after emigrating overseas. "Tentera Jepon Sudah Datang..." Malaysia Design Archive. Picture of Japanese leaflet online. http://www.malaysiadesignarchive.org/?p=619 (February 2013). The leaflet was written during WWII by the Japanese as propaganda to convince Malayans that overthrowing the Allies was a good choice. Translated, some of the words are "We are all of a common ancestry and are Asian brethren. As such, we have a common enemy in the British and Americans." Nevertheless, the Chinese were still treated unfairly for their proMainland views. This picture is on Conclusion. "Tiger Balm King Aw Boon Haw, Sitting with His Patent Medicines." Digital Image. AllPosters.com. http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Tiger-Balm-King-Aw-Boon-Haw-Sittingwith-His-Patent-Medicines-Posters_i8522575_.htm (February 2013). This picture is of Aw Boon Haw, son of Aw Chu Kin. He named his father's brand "Tiger Balm." I used this photo on my Short Term Economical page because Tiger Balm was one of the few brands created during the Second Wave that are still popular today, but which made the most impact around the time it was created.

Tyers, Ray K. "The Chinese Tin mine : General View." STRAITS STEAMSHIP CO., LTD. SINGAPORE. Digital Photograph. 1950s. PictureSG. http://pictures.nl.sg/ba02b96e-b990-4f95-8b66-e5977426cba4.aspx (December 2012). This 1950s photo reveals a part of the Chinese Diaspora that caused it, but at the same time isn't always thought of. Chinese in the tin mining industry paved the way for economic progress in Malaya. This picutre not only shows the importance of tin mining, but also the increase in innovation and modernity. It was used on the Short Term Impact Economical page. "Types of Labourers." The immigrants helped Singapore to grow. Oracle ThinkQuest. Digital Image. http://library.thinkquest.org/10414/grow.html (February 2013). In this drawing, coolies carry loads of cargo, perhaps on their way to a plantation or construction site. Jobs like these were typical during the early and even in the later part of the Second Wave. It is on Conclusion. Walker, J.& C. University of Texas Library, British Territory of Malacca. Pharoah and Co., Madras 1854. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/malacca_1854.jpg (February 2013). This map of Malacca from Malaya's colonial period shows the area right around the time when more Chinese moved there. Along with the Straits Chinese, migrants from China adapted to the environment and integrated their culture with that of others, and vice versa. It was used in the Short Term Impact Political page. "Why Opium Den is an Offensive Name." Janet's Notebook. Cartoon of opium smokers. http://janetsnotebook.com/2012/09/17/why-opium-den-is-an-offensive-name/ (Feb. 1, 2013). I found this picture on an article about opium and it's effect on history. The cartoon looks like it was drawn in colonial times. Although it may have been drawn to show the "negatives" of the Chinese, it helped me understand why Chinese Malayans found it so important to put a stop to Imperialism. "Yap Ah Loy signing an official document." The History of Yap Ah Loy: Yap ah Loy becomes Kapitan Cina of KL. http://yapahloy.tripod.com/yap_ah_loy_becomes_kapitan_cina_of_kl.htm (November 2012). In this picture, Ah Loy is signing a document around the time of his increase in power. It is one the 1800s page.

Secondary Sources"About Tiger Balm" Tiger Balm. http://www.tigerbalm.com/us/pages/about (December 2012). Aw Chu Kin, Chinese herbalist in the Emperor's court, left China for Malaya in the late 1800s. There, he made an ointment and passed the business unto his sons. The product was successful throughout Asia. I gained much insight on the power of Malayan tycoons during the Second Wave through this website. "Chinatown Heritage Centre." Chinatown Heritage Centre. Singapore DUCKtours Pte. Ltd., 2010. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. The Chinatown Heritage Centre in Singapore is located in Singaore's chinatown district. It occupies three shophouses along Pagoda Street, and area decades old. The museum uncovers the lives of the many Chinese who migrated to Malaya in hope of a better future, and provides insight into secret societies coolies. This makes the Chinatown Heriage Centre a nostalgic place to learn about overseas Chinese heritage. Chwee, Cheng Foon. "Secret Societies in Singapore: Survival Strategies, 1930s to 1950s." National University of Singapore, 2003. Web. http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/bitstream/handle/10635/ 14169/Introduction_to_Chapter_2.pdf?sequence=1 (15 Dec. 2012). Secret societies were major elements in overseas Chinese communities, Singapore being no exception. They started out as aid-providing groups for the porrer classes. But by the early 1900s, it was apparent that violence was becoming an element of these triads. This source allows for deep insight into these societies, and how they used practices and rules of a culture thousands of years old to survive in foreign territory. Frost, Mark Ravinder. Transcultural Diaspora: The Straits Chinese in Singapore, 1819-1918. ARI WPS No. 10. Asia Research Institute. National University of Singapore, Aug. 2003. In this secondary source/working paper series, Mark Frost is giving information on the Straits Chinese, Malayan- born chinese already living in SE Asia before the Second Wave. Between 1842 and 1949, the Straits Chinese saw much emphasis thrown on the China-born migrants. This created a sense of both competition and collaboration in economhy during and after the Second Wave. Goh, Daniel P.S. "Chinese Religion and the Challenge of Modernity in Malaysia and Singapore." National University of Singapore, 2009. Web. In this secondary source, Daniel Goh talksa bout the religious impact of the chinese in Nanyang. Many Chinese Singaporeans/Malaysians are either Buddhist, Taoist, or Confucianreligions brought over during the Second Wave and blended in with Islam and Hinduism.

"The Great Chinese Leader Zheng He."Cultural China. http://kaleidoscope.culturalchina.com/en/10Kaleidoscope5179.html (December 2013). I used this painting of General Zheng He on my Home page to commemorate one of the the reasons for Chinese migration to Malaya. If it had not been for Zheng He, China wouldn't have knowledge about Malaya prior to British colonization. Malaya wouldn't have a small but stable Chinese community from the Middle Ages had it not been for Zheng He. Jingwen. "Oral History- Samsui Woman, or Not." Overseas Chinese|Chinese Overseas. Blog.nus, 8 Feb. 2011.Web. http://blog.nus.edu.sg/u0702807/2011/02/08/oral-historysamsui-woman-or-not/ (December 2012). Jingwen is a blogger and an undergraduate in history. This post about Samshui women, also known as "red scarfs" for the trademark red square hats they wore. Many were construction workers and sent money back to China to support their families. Often the eldest female child would go overseas to find work. This secondary source helped me understand the hard lives Samshui women led, and how similar they wre to other Chinese migrants. Kent, Jonathan. "Chinese diaspora: Malaysia." BBC News. March 3, 2005. Online article. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4308241.stm (January 23, 2013). In this online article, Kent addresses the arrival of the first Chinese in Malaya in the 1400s, and how the Chinese population grew quickly after that, specifically during the Second Wave. Kent also writes about the change in how descendents of Second Wave migrants identify themselves, as they no longer consider China the "Motherland." Kuo, Huei-ying. Transnational Business Networks and Sub-ethnic Nationalism. Proc. of Transnational Business Networks and Sub-ethnic Nationalism. Chinese Business and Nationalist Activities in Inter-war Singapore (1919-1941). 2005. 1-15. Print. Huei-ying Kuo is a Ph.D. Candidate at State University of NY at Birmingham. In this conference paper/scholarly article, Kuo describes the nationalist activities and relations in Singapore from 1919 to 1941. This secondary source talks about the business elites, nationalist leaders and enterprise in Colonial Singapore. From rich immigrats to the expense of British colonialism, it gives readers a good picture of what life was like during the Second Wave and war years of Singapore. Laforgue, Eric. "Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion, Penang, Malaysia." Flickriver. http://www.flickriver.com/photos/mytripsmypics/350369270/ (December 2012). Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion was built for Chinese tycoon Cheong Fatt Tze. I used this on my Peasant Life page, because Fatt Tze was a migrant from China who went to Malaya during the Second Wave to seek his fortune.

Lambert, Tim. "History of Singapore: (II) Part 2." Discovery Channel.Video. (26 Jan. 2013). In this secondary source, the narrator talks about Chinese business and the reasons why the Chinese became equal in success to the British. It is used on the Short Term Economical page. Lee, Kam Hing., and Chee Beng. Tan. The Chinese in Malaysia. New York: Oxford UP, 1999. Print. Lee Kam Hing and Tan Chee-Beng took 16 years to complete 14 volumes on the Chinese diaspora in Malaysia. These volumes provide insight into the needs and wants of the Chinese, as well as the social, economic, and political impacts that came about. "Old PostCard Malay Federated States 1916." 711 Collection Store. http://711collectionstore.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html This picture is of an old 1916 postcard during Federated Malay States written in Chinese. This picture shows just how important Chinese migration and the resulting population were during the Second Wave, that Chinese should become a main language less than 100 years after the largest influx of people came. Tillotson, Michael. "Malayan Insurrection Recalled 60 Years On." The Times (UK). 26 Aug. 2008, History sec.: 47. Print. The Times is a national newspaper founded in London. This secondary article talks about the 60 anniversary of the outbreak of the Communist insurrection in Malaya. It was started by a group of Malayan chinese communists. The British, who had colonized Malaya until WWII, came back to find want of independence, and in 1960 ended "the Emergency" as it was called. This secondary article is helpful in learning about how the Chinese community and others used isolation as a key weapon during this time of terror.
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"Tribute to Samsui Women of Singapore." Blog To Express. Digital Photo. 29 November 2010. http://blogtoexpress.blogspot.com/2010/11/tribute-to-samsui-women.html (February 2013). This piece of art is of some Samsui women working at a construction site. Since much of my website revolves around laborers, I used this on the Home page. Watson, Timothy. Rising Sun over Malaya. Documentary. History Channel. 15 February 2012 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLx0V0GK4-A (February 2013). This documentary uses interviews and primary source information to show viewers the suffering of Malayans under Japanese rule, and Chinese presence in nationalistic movements. It is used on the 1900s page.

Winzeler, R.L., 1985. Ethnic Relations in Kelantan: A Study of the Chinese and Thai as Ethnic Minorities in a Malay State. 1st ed. Oxford University Press Pte. Ltd.: Singapore. Robert L. Winzeler is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Nevada. He stayed in Kelantan between 1966 and 1967. Kelantan is a Malaysian province that borders the southern tip of Thailand. As in other Malaysian states, Chinese, Malays, and Indians take up most of the population.This account is of the assimilation of both Thais and Chinese into Kelantan, how cultural divides seperate the ethnic groups, and the author's own experiences with the people of the province. Wong, Lin Ken. "Review Articles: The Chinese in Nineteenth Century Singapore." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 1980 Web. (Accessed 12 Jan. 2013). The Journal of Southeast Asian Studies is an outlet for scholarly articles, and is published on behalf of NUS. This secondary article focuses on the problems Chinese immigrants encountered when trying to assimilate into their new environment, changing the ways they could interact with other people. It helped to understand how colonialism caused a unique adjustment to cultural development and how the Chinese, scarred by racial riots, stood up and eventually dominated Singapore.