Ly Thuyet Dao Dong Dieu Hoa

Trung tm luyn thi Hng c .
Thy Chu Vn Bin

Chng I: Dao ng c hc
Bi 1: Dao ng iu ho
A - L thuyt
1. Dao ng
+ Dao ng l chuyn ng c gii hn trong khng gian, lp i lp li nhiu ln quanh
mt v tr cn bng (v tr cn bng thng l v tr ca vt khi n ng yn).
2. Dao ng tun hon
+ Dao ng tun hon l dao ng m trng thi chuyn ng ca vt c lp li nh c
sau nhng khong thi gian bng nhau.
+ Khong thi gian T ngn nht sau trng thi dao ng (v tr v vn tc) lp li nh
c gi l chu k ca dao ng tun hon.
+ i lng
T
f
1
ch r s ln dao ng (tc l s ln trng thi dao ng lp li nh c)
trong mt n v thi gian c gi l tn s ca dao ng tun hon. n v tn s l
hec (k hiu Hz)
3. Dao ng iu ho
+ Dao ng iu ho l mt dao ng c m t bng mt nh lut dng sin (hoc
cosin) i vi thi gian: ( ) + t sin A x , trong , , A l nhng hng s.
+ Chu k ca dao ng iu ho:
2
T .
+ Tn s ca dao ng iu ho:
2
1

T
f
+ Tn s gc:
T
f

2
2
+ Li ca dao ng: x l lch ca vt khi v tr cn bng.
+ Bin ca dao ng: A l gi tr cc i ca li .
+ Pha ban u ca dao ng: l i lng trung gian
cho php xc nh trng thi dao ng ban u ca
vt (tc l v tr v vn tc ban u ca vt).
+ Pha ca dao ng: (t + ) l i lng trung gian
cho php xc nh trng thi dao ng ca vt ti
thi im t.
4. Mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v
chuyn ng trn u
+ Xt mt im M chuyn ng trn u trn mt
ng trn tm O, bn knh A, vi vn tc gc
(rad/s) (xem hnh).
+ Chn C lm im gc trn ng trn. Ti thi
im ban u 0 t , v tr ca im chuyn
website: www.chuvanbien.com.vn
1
Trung tm luyn thi Hng c . Thy Chu Vn Bin
ng l
0
M , xc nh bi gc . Ti mt thi im bt k, v tr ca im chuyn
ng l
t
M , xc nh bi gc ( ) + t .
+ Hnh chiu ca M xung trc x'x l im P, c to
OP x
.
+Ta c: ( ) + t sin OM OP x
t
, hay ( ) + t sin A x .
+ T phng trnh trn ta thy chuyn ng ca im P trn trc x'x l mt dao ng
iu ho.
+ Vy, mt dao ng iu ho c th coi nh l hnh chiu ca mt im chuyn ng
trn u xung mt trc nm trong mt phng qu o.
5. Vn tc v gia tc trong dao ng iu ho
+ Gi s phng trnh ca dao ng iu ho c dng: ) t ( sin A x + .
+ Vn tc tc thi l o hm ca to theo thi gian: ) t ( cos A ' x v + .
+ Gia tc tc thi l o hm ca vn tc tc thi theo thi gian: ) t sin( A ' v a +
2
.
Ta nhn thy vn tc v gia tc ca vt dao ng iu ho cng bin thin theo thi
gian theo nh lut dng sin (hay cosin).
+ Cng thc lin h:
'

+
x a
A
v
x
2
2
2
2
2
B Bi tp
Dng 1: Xc nh cc i lng
+ Cng thc lin h tn s gc, tn s, chu k:
f
f

2
2
+ Mun xc nh li , vn tc ti thi im t hay ng vi pha cho, ta thay vo cc
cng thc tng ng ca cc i lng :
( )
( )
'
+
+

t cos . A ' x v
t sin A x
+ Khi xc nh c li th c th xc nh gia tc h thc:
x a
2

.
+ y cn ch :
- Khi 0 0 > > a , v : vn tc, gia tc c cng chiu dng (hay hng theo chiu dng).
- Khi 0 0 < < a , v : vn tc, gia tc ngc chiu dng (hay hng theo chiu m).
1. Bi ton mu
Bi 1: Phng trnh ca mt dao ng iu ho c dng: ( ) ( ) cm t sin x + 6 vi t o
bng giy.
1) Xc nh bin , tn s gc, tn s, chu k ca dao ng.
2) Xc nh li v vn tc sau khi n bt u dao ng c 25 5, giy.
3) Xc nh li v vn tc sau khi pha dao ng bng
6
Gii
1) Bin dao ng: ( ) cm A 6 . Tn s gc: ( ) s / rad .
Chu k dao ng: ( ) s T 2
2 2

2
+ Tn s dao ng: ( ) Hz ,
T
f 5 0
1

2) Li v vn tc:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
'
+
+
s / cm t cos . ' x v
cm t sin x

6
6
+ Thay gi tr ( ) s , t 25 6 :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
'
+
+
s / cm , . cos . ' x v
cm , . sin x
2 3 25 5 6
2 3 25 5 6

3) Li v vn tc:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
'
+
+
s / cm t cos . ' x v
cm t sin x

6
6
+ Thay gi tr ( )
6
+ t :
( )
( )
'
,
_

,
_

s / cm cos . ' x v
cm sin x
3 3
6
6
3
6
6
S: 1) ( ) cm A 6 , ( ) s / rad , ( ) s T 2 ; 2) ( ) ( ) s / cm v , cm x 2 3 2 3 ; 3) ( ) cm x 3 ,
( ) s / cm v 3 3
Bi 2: (i hc Thy Li - 2001) Phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt c dng:
( ) cm t sin x 1
6
5 3 +
,
_
a) M t chuyn ng
ca vt .
b) Gc thi gian c tnh
t lc vt u.
c) Trong giy u tin
vt i qua v tr
( ) cm x 1 my ln.
Gii:
a) th c dng hnh
sin, vt dao ng iu
ho trn on t
( ) cm x 2 n ( ) cm x 4 vi bin ( ) cm 3 v tn s gc ( ) s / rad 5 .
b) Gc thi gian 0 t khi vt v tr c to ( ) cm , . sin x 5 0 1
6
0 5 3
0
+
,
_

.
c) Cc thi im vt c to ( ) cm x 1 ta gii phng trnh:
5 30
1
6
5 1 1
6
5 3
0 0
l
t . l t t sin +
,
_
,
_
Cho 4 3, 2, 1, , l l
l
t 0
6
29
6
1
1
5 30
1
0 1 0 + . Vy, trong giy u tin vt
i qua v tr ( ) cm x 1 l 5 (ln).
S: a) V th m t, b) ( ) cm , x 5 0 , c) 5 (ln).
2. Bi ton t luyn
Bi 3: Phng trnh ca mt dao ng iu ho c dng: ( ) cm t cos x 4 4 vi t o bng
giy.
3
1) Xc nh bin , tn s gc, tn s, chu k ca dao ng.
2) Xc nh li v vn tc sau khi n bt u dao ng c 5 giy.
S: 1) ( ) cm A 4 , ( ) s / rad 4 ; 2) ( ) 0 4 v , cm x ;
Bi 4: Phng trnh chuyn ng ca hai vt dc theo trc Ox (vi O l v tr cn bng)
c dng: ( ) , cm t sin x

,
_
+
4
2 2
2
1

( ) cm t cos t sin x 3 4
2
+ . Chng minh cc vt dao
ng iu ho. Xc nh bin ca cc dao ng .
S: ( ) ( ) cm A , cm A 5 1
2 1

Bi 5: Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh ( ) cm t sin A x . Xc nh tn s gc
v bin A. Bit k t lc bt u dao ng vt i t v tr 0 x n v tr
( ) cm
A
x
2
3
theo chiu dng mt mt khong thi gian ( ) s

60
1
. Ti im cch v tr
cn bng ( ) cm 2 vt c vn tc ( ) s / cm 3 40 .
S: ( ) ( ) cm A , s / rad 4 20
Bi 6: Mt ht thc hin dao ng iu ho dc theo trc x xung quanh v tr cn bng
x = 0 vi tn s gc ( ) s rad / 4 . Ti mt thi im no to ca ht l ( ) cm 25 v
vn tc l ( ) s cm/ 100 . Xc nh to v vn tc sau thi im mt khong ( ) s 4 .
S : ( ) ( ) cm cm 81 ; 29
Dng 2: Da vo phng trnh lin h c lp vi thi gian
+ Phng trnh li v phng trnh vn tc c dng:
( )
( )

'
+
+

t A x v
t A x
cos '
sin

'
+
+
+
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
1 2
1
2
2
2
2
A
v
x
A
v
x
A
v
x
'
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
v v
x v x v
A
x x
v v
1. Bi ton mu
Bi 1: Xc nh tn s gc v bin ca mt dao ng iu ho bit khi vt c li
( ) cm 2 th vn tc ca n l ( ) s / cm 1 , v khi vt c li ( ) cm 1 th vn tc ( ) s / cm 4 .
Gii:
+ Da vo cng thc:
'
+
+
+
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
1 2
1
2
2
2
2
A
v
x
A
v
x
A
v
x
( )
( )
'
cm
v v
x v x v
A
s rad
x x
v v
3
13
/ 5
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
S: ( ) s / rad 5 , ( ) cm , A 05 2
2. Bi ton t luyn
Bi 2: Xc nh bin v tn s gc ca dao ng iu ho nu ti cc li
2 1
x , x
th vn tc ln lt l
2 1
v , v .
S:
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
v v
x v x v
A ;
x x
v v

4
Bi 3: Xc nh tn s gc v bin ca mt dao ng iu ho bit khi vt c li
( ) cm 4 th vn tc ca n l ( ) s cm/ 3 12 , v khi vt c li ( ) cm 2 4 th vn tc
( ) s cm/ 2 12 .
S: ( ) s rad / 3 , ( ) cm A 8
Bi 4: Mt dao ng iu ho, khi vt c li ( ) cm 3 th vn tc ca n l ( ) s / cm 8 ,
v khi vt c li ( ) cm 4 th vn tc ( ) s / cm 6 . Ti thi im ban u vt qua v tr
cn bng theo chiu dng.
S:
Dng 3: Vit phng trnh dao ng
+ tm phng trnh ca dao ng iu ho, ta cn tm cc i lng , , A trong
biu thc:
( ) + t sin A x . Phng trnh vn tc: ( ) + t cos A ' x v
+ xc nh , cn c vo cc cng thc c lin quan n trn v mi lin h ca
vi f v T:
T
f

2
2 .
- Nu trong khong thi gian t , vt thc hin c n dao ng th chu k dao ng l:
n
t
T

.
+ xc nh A cn c vo cc cng thc c lin quan n i lng ny nh:
'
2
2
2 2
2
v
x A
A a
A v
max
max
- Nu cho bit chiu di qu o (qung ng dao ng) l l th bin dao ng l:
2
A .
- Nu cho bit qung ng vt i c trong mt chu k l S th bin dao ng l:
4
S
A .
+ xc nh cn da vo cc phng trnh li v vn tc thi im ban u (
0 t ):

'
'
'
A
v
A
x
v A
x A
v v
x x
t
t
t
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
cos
sin
cos
sin
0 . Gi tr ca c chn phi tho
mn ng thi c hai phng trnh ny.
+ Ch :
1) Vt i theo chiu dng th 0 > v , i theo chiu m th 0 < v
2) Nu ti thi im ban u vt c ta
0
x v ang i theo chiu m th

'
<

0
0
cos
A
x
sin
5
3) Nu ti thi im ban u vt c ta m v c vn tc
0
v th
'

<

A
v
cos
sin
0
0
1. Bi ton mu
Bi 1: (H Lm Nghip - 2001) Mt cht im dao ng iu ho theo trc Ox (O l v
tr cn bng) vi chu k ( ) s T 09 , 2 . Lc u cht im c li l ( ) cm 3 + v vn tc
l ( ) s cm/ 3 9 + .
1) Vit phng trnh dao ng ca cht im.
2) Tnh vn tc ca cht im khi i qua v tr cn bng.
Gii
1) Phng trnh li v phng trnh vn tc c dng: ( ) + t sin A x ,
( ) + t cos A ' x v .
+ Tn s gc: ( ) s / rad
, T
3
09 2
2 2

.
+ Bin dao ng:
( )
( ) cm
v
x A 6
3
3 9
3
2
2
2
2
2
0 2
0
+
+
.
+ Pha ban u:
'
'
3 9 18
3 6
0
0
0
0
0
cos
sin
v v
x x
t
t
t

6
2
3
2
1
'

cos
sin
.
2) T cng thc:
2 2
2
2
2 2
x A v
v
x A t +
+ Khi i qua v tr cn bng ( ) 0 x : ( ) s / cm A v 18 t t

S: 1) ( ) cm t x

,
_
+
6
3 sin 6

; 2) ( ) s cm/ 18 t
Bi 2: Mt vt dao ng iu ho theo phng ngang vi chu k ( ) s T 2 . N i qua v
tr c ta ( ) cm 5 vi vn tc ( ) s cm/ 3 5 . Ly
10
2

. Vit phng trnh dao ng
iu ho ca vt, nu chn gc thi gian l lc:
a) Vt i qua v tr cn bng theo chiu dng.
b) Vt i qua v tr cn bng theo chiu m.
c) Vt i qua v tr c ta ( ) cm 5 theo chiu m vi vn tc ( ) s cm/ 3 5 .
Gii:
+ Phng trnh li v phng trnh vn tc:
( )
( )
'
+
+

t A v
t A x
cos
sin
+ Tn s gc dao ng ca vt: ( ) s rad
T
/
2
2 2

+ Bin dao ng xc nh t cng thc:
( )
( ) cm
v
x A 10
3 5
5
2
2
2
2
2
1 2
1
+ +
.
a) Chn gc thi gian l lc vt i qua v tr cn bng theo chiu dng.
6
+ Thay 0 t
0
0 cos
0 sin
0
0

'
>

v A
x A
. Vy phng trnh dao ng l: ( ) cm t x sin 10 .
b) Chn gc thi gian l lc vt i qua v tr cn bng theo chiu m.
+ Thay 0 t

'
<

0 cos
0 sin
0
0
v A
x A
. Vy phng trnh dao ng l
( ) ( ) cm t x + sin 10 .
c) Vt i qua v tr c ta ( ) cm 5 theo chiu m vi vn tc ( ) s cm/ 3 5 .
+ Thay 0 t
6
7
3 5 cos
6
7
6
5 sin
0
0
'
v A
x A
.
Vy phng trnh ( ) m t x

,
_
+
6
7
sin 10

.
S: a) ( ) m t x sin 1 , 0 , b) ( ) ( ) m t x + sin 1 , 0 , c) ( ) m t x

,
_
+
6
7
sin 10

Bi 3: Mt vt dao ng iu ho dc theo trc Ox xung quanh v tr cn bng O vi

tn s gc ( ) s rad / . Hy vit phng trnh dao ng trong cc trng hp sau y:
a) Ti thi im ban u 0 t , vt i qua v tr c to ( ) cm x 3 + theo chiu dng
vi vn tc ( ) s cm/ .
b) Ti thi im ban u 0 t , vt i qua v tr c to ( ) cm x 3 4 theo chiu m
vi vn tc ( ) s cm/ 4 .
Gii:
+ Vt dao ng iu ho vi tn s gc = (rad/s) nn phng trnh li v phng
trnh vn tc c dng:
( )
( )
'
+
+

t A v
t A x
cos
sin
. xc nh A, cn phi da vo iu kin
ban u.
a) Lc t = 0, vt i qua v tr c to ( ) cm x 3 + theo chiu dng vi vn tc
( ) s cm/ , tc l:
( )
( )

'
'
+
+

cos . . A
sin . A
s / cm v cos A
cm x sin A
t
3 3
0
0
0
( )
'
'
cm A
sin
A
tg
2
3
3
3
4
3
3
+Vy: ( ) cm t x

,
_
+
3
sin 2

b) Lc t = 0, vt i qua v tr c to ( ) cm x 3 4 theo chiu m vi vn tc

( ) s cm/ 4 , tc l:
7
( )
( )

'
'

4
3 4
4
3 4
0
0
0
cos . . A
sin . A
s / cm v cos A
cm x sin A
t
( )
'
'
cm A
sin
A
tg
8
3
4
3 4
3
4
3
3
+Vy: ( ) cm t x

,
_
+
3
4
sin 8

S: a) ( ) cm t x

,
_
+
3
sin 2

, b) ( ) cm t x

,
_
+
3
4
sin 8

Bi 4: Mt vt dao ng iu ho theo trc Ox (O l v tr cn bng). Qung ng vt

i c trong mt chu k l ( ) cm S 40 . Quan st cho thy, trong ( ) s 10 vt i qua v tr
nht nh 40 ln. Bit ti thi im ban u, vt c li dng v ang i theo chiu
m vi vn tc ( ) s / cm 20 . Hy vit phng trnh dao ng.
Gii:
+ V vt dao ng iu ho nn phng trnh li v phng trnh vn tc c dng:
( ) + t sin A x , ( ) + t cos A ' x v .
+ V trong ( ) s 10 vt i qua v tr nht nh 40 ln, m trong mt chu k vt qua v tr
2 ln nn chu k dao ng l: ( ) s T 5 , 0
40
20
.
+ Tn s gc dao ng: ( ) s rad
T
/ 4
2

+ Trong mt chu k vt i c qung ng A 4 , do bin dao ng:
( ) cm
S
A 10
4

+ Ti thi im ban u, vt c li dng v ang i theo chiu m vi vn tc
( ) s / cm 20 , tc l:
( )

'

<
'

<

20
0
20
0
0
0
0
cos . A
sin A
s / cm v cos A
x sin A
t
'

<
2
1
0
cos
sin
3
2

+ Vy, phng trnh dao ng: ( ) cm t sin . x

,
_

3
2
4 10

S: ( ) cm t sin . x

,
_

3
2
4 10

Bi 5: Trong ( ) s 10 vt dao ng iu ho dc theo trc x i qua mt v tr nht nh

( ) ln 20 . V sau khi vt bt u dao ng c ( ) s ,5 2 th vt c to ( ) cm 2 5 v i
theo chiu m vi vn tc ( ) s cm/ 2 10 . Chn gc to l v tr cn bng, gc thi
gian l lc bt u dao ng. Vit phng trnh dao ng.
Gii:
8
+ V trong 1 chu k vt i qua mt v tr nht nh 2 ln nn chu k dao ng
( ) s
.
T 1
20
10 2
. Tn s gc ca dao ng: ( ) s / rad
T

2
2
.
+ Phng trnh li v phng trnh vn tc c dng:
( )
( )
'
+
+

t cos A v
t sin A x
2 2
2
+ Thay ( ) s , t 5 2
'
'
+
+
4
10
2 10 5 2 2 2
2 5 5 2 2
cm A
) , . cos( A
) , . sin( A
+ Vy phng trnh dao ng l: ( ) cm t sin x

,
_

4
2 10

S: ( ) cm t sin x

,
_

4
2 10

2. Bi ton t luyn
Bi 6: Mt vt dao ng iu ho dc theo trc x vi chu k 1 (s). Sau khi vt bt u
dao ng c 2,5 (s) th vt c to ( ) cm 2 5 v i theo chiu m vi vn tc
( ) s / cm 2 10 . Chn gc to l v tr cn bng, vit phng trnh dao ng.
S: ( ) cm t sin x

,
_

4
17
2 10

.
Bi 7: Mt ht thc hin dao ng iu ho dc theo trc x xung quanh v tr cn bng
0 x vi tn s gc ( ) s / rad 4 . Ti mt thi im no to ca ht l
( ) cm x 25
0
v vn tc l ( ) s / cm v 100
0
. Xc nh to v vn tc sau thi im
mt khong 2,4 (s).
S : ( ) ( ) s cm v cm x / 81 , 29 .
Bi 8: (H Kinh t quc dn - 99) Mt vt khi lng m dao ng iu ho dc theo trc
x. Li x ca vt c biu thc
,
_
+
4
sin

t A x .
1) Vit biu thc vn tc v gia tc ca vt.
2) V cc ng biu din ( ) ( ) ( ) t a t v t x , , trong mt chu k bin i.
3) Vit biu thc ng nng
d
W ca vt v so snh chu k bin i ng nng vi chu
k dao ng ca vt.
4) Vt i qua im c to
2
0
A
x vo nhng thi im no?
S: 1)
,
_
,
_
+
4 4
2

t sin A a , t cos A v , 3)
,
_
+ +
2
2
4 4
2 2 2 2

t cos
A m A m
W
d
, 4)
( ) ( ) 2... 1, 0, k hoc 2... 1, k + +
2
12
7 2
12
k t k t
Bi 9: Mt cht im dao ng iu ho theo trc Ox (O l v tr cn bng) vi tn s
gc ( ) s / rad 3 . Lc u cht im c li l ( ) cm 2 v ang i theo chiu m vi
vn tc l ( ) s / cm 3 6 .
1) Vit phng trnh dao ng ca cht im.
2) Tnh li , vn tc v gia tc ca cht im thi im ( ) s t
9
.
9
Bi 10: Mt vt dao ng iu ho theo trc Ox (O l v tr cn bng). Qung ng vt
i c trong mt chu k l ( ) cm S 20 . Quan st cho thy, trong ( ) s 20 vt thc hin c
40 dao ng. Bit ti thi im ban u, vt c li dng v ang i theo chiu m
vi vn tc ( ) s / cm 20 .
1) Hy vit phng trnh dao ng.
2) Tnh vn tc, gia tc ca vt v lc tc dng ln vt ti thi im ( ) s , t 5 0 .
Dng 4: Xc nh cc thi im vt c ta
1
x hoc c vn tc
1
v
( )
( )
'
+
+
t cos A v
t sin A x
a) tm cc thi im vt c to
1
x ta gii phng trnh:
1 1
x ) t sin( A +
+ sin
A
x
) t sin(
1
1
+ +
+ +
2
2
1
1
. l t
. k t
( )
( )
0
2
0
2
1 1
1 1
t , Z l l t
t , Z k . k t
+ Thi im gn nht (ln u tin, ln th nht) vt c to
1
x x l 0
1
min t .
b) tm cc thi im vt c vn tc
1
v ta gii phng trnh:
1 1
v ) t cos( A +

+ cos
A
v
) t cos(
1
1
+ +
+ +
2
2
1
1
. l t
. k t
( )
( )
0
2
0
2
1 1
1 1
t , Z l l t
t , Z k . k t
1. Bi ton mu
Bi 4: Mt vt dao ng iu ho m t bi phng trnh: ( ) cm t sin x

,
_

+
4
5 6
1
1) Xc nh cc thi im vt c ta ( ) cm x 3
1
. T , suy ra thi im u tin
vt i qua ta .
2) Xc nh cc thi im vt c vn tc ( ) s / cm v 15
1
. T , suy ra thi im ln
th hai vt c vn tc .
Gii:
( )
( )
'
,
_
,
_

+
s / cm t cos ' x v
cm t sin x
4
5 30
4
5 6
1
1
1) Gi
1
t l cc thi im vt i qua v tr c to ( ) cm x 3
1
th chng l nghim
ca phng trnh:
3
4
5 6
1

,
_

+ t sin
6 2
1
4
5
1

,
_

+ sin t sin
10
+
+
l t
n t
2
6
5
4
5
2
6 4
5
1
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
+
+
60
7
4 0
60
7
60
23
4 0
60
1
1 1
1 1
min t s , . l t
min t s , . n t
3... 2, 1, 0, l 0
3... 2, 1, n 0

+ Suy ra, thi im gn nht vt to ( ) cm x 3
1
l: ( ) s t
min
60
7
1
.
2) Gi
1
t l cc thi im vt c vn tc ( ) s / cm v 15
1
th chng l nghim ca ph-
ng trnh:

,
_

+ 15
4
5 30
1
t cos
3
2
2
1
4
5
1

,
_

+ cos t cos
+
+
l t
n t
2
3
2
4
5
2
3
2
4
5
1
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
+
+
60
11
4 0
60
11
60
1
4 0
60
5
1 1
1 1
min t s , . l t
min t s , . n t
3... 2, 1, 0, l 0
3... 2, 1, n 0

+ Suy ra, thi im ln u tin vt c vn tc l ( ) s
60
1
ln v th hai l ( ) s
60
11
.
S: 1) ( ) s t
min
60
7
1
, 2) ( ) s
60
11
2. Bi ton t luyn
Bi 2: Mt vt dao ng iu ha m t bi phng trnh: ( ) cm t sin x

,
_

2
4
1
1) Xc nh cc thi im vt c ta ( ) cm x 2
1
. T , suy ra thi im u tin
vt i qua ta .
2) Xc nh cc thi im vt c vn tc ( ) s / cm v 2
1
. T , suy ra thi im ln
th hai vt c vn tc .
Dng 5: Thi gian ngn nht v vn tc trung bnh trn on ng dao ng BC
+ Thi gian chuyn ng mt chu k T.
+ Vn tc trung bnh trong mt chu k:
T
A
v
tb
4
Cch 1: Vit li phng trnh dao ng di dng:

,
_

2
sin

t A x
+ Gi
C B
t t , l cc thi im vt i qua v tr c to
C B
x x , th chng l nghim ca
h phng trnh:
'
,
_

,
_
'
,
_

,
_

C
C
C
B
B
B
C C
B B
sin
A
x
t sin
sin
A
x
t sin
x t sin A
x t sin A
2
2
2
2
11
( )
( )
( )
( )
'
,
_
,
_
Z n
Z n
Z n
Z n
C
C
B
B
C
C
C
C
C
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
n .
t
n .
t
n .
t
n .
t
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2

+ Suy ra, cc gi tr dng nh nht:
'
2
2
C
min C
B
min B
t
t
(Do ,
min C min B
t t v ln lt l cc thi
im ln u tin vt i qua cc to
C B
x , x ).
+ Do , thi gian ngn nht i t B n C l:
min min C B
t t t
+ Vn tc trung bnh khi i t B n C l:
min min C B
tb
t t
BC
t
S
v
Cch 2: Da vo tnh cht hnh chiu ca chuyn ng trn u trn mt trc nm

trong mt phng qu o m t mt dao ng iu ho.
1. Bi ton mu
Bi 1: Mt vt dao ng iu ho theo trc Ox (O l v tr cn bng) vi bin
( ) cm A 10 . Quan st cho thy, trong ( ) s 10 vt i qua v tr cn bng 40 ln.
1) Xc nh tn s gc.
2) Tnh thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr ( ) cm x
B
5 n v tr ( ) cm x
C
5 + .
Gii:
1) V trong ( ) s 10 vt i qua v tr cn bng 40 ln, m trong mt chu k vt qua v tr
cn bng 2 ln nn chu k dao ng l ( ) s ,
.
T 5 0
40
10 2
.
+ Tn s gc dao ng: ( ) s rad
T
/ 4
2

2) Chn iu kin ban u thch hp phng trnh dao ng c dng:
( ) cm t x

,
_

2
4 sin 10

12
+ Gi
C B
t t , l cc thi im vt i qua cc v tr ( ) cm x
B
5 , ( ) cm x
C
5 + th chng l
nghim ca h phng trnh:
'
,
_

,
_

5
2
4 10
5
2
4 10
C
B
t sin
t sin
'
,
_
,
_

,
_
6 2
4
6 2
4
sin t sin
sin t sin
C
B
'
,
_

,
_
6 2
4
6 2
4
min C
min B
t
t
( )
( )
'
s t
s t
min
min B
6
1
12
1
2
(Vi
min C min B
t t v ln lt l cc thi im ln u tin vt i qua cc to
C B
x , x )
+ Thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr ( ) cm x
B
5 n v tr ( ) cm x
C
5 + :
( ) s t t t
12
1
min 1 min 2

S: 1) ( ) s rad / 4 ; 2) ( ) s t
12
1

Bi 2: Cht im dao ng iu ho gia hai v tr bin A v A. O l v tr cn bng,
B l trung im ca OA, C thuc OA sao cho
OA OC
2
1
. Xc nh thi gian cht

im i trn cc qung ng OB, BA, AC. Bit chu k dao ng l ( ) s T 3 .
Gii:
+ Tn s gc:
( ) s rad
T
/
3
2 2

+ Chn trc Ox nh hnh v.
Chn gc thi gian thch hp
phng trnh dao ng c dng:
,
_

2 3
2
sin

t A x .
+ Gi
3 2 1
, , t t t l cc thi im vt i qua v tr c to
3
2
,
2
,
A
x
A
x A x
C B A
th
chng l nghim ca h phng trnh:
'
,
_
,
_
,
_
'
,
_
,
_
,
_
4 2 3
2
6 2 3
2
2 2 3
2
2
2 3
2
2 2 3
2
2 3
2
3
2
1
3
2
1
sin t sin A
sin t sin
sin t sin
A
t sin A
A
t sin A
A t sin A
'
,
_
,
_
,
_
4 2 3
2
6 2 3
2
2 2 3
2
3
2
1
sin t
sin t
sin t
min
min
min

+ Suy ra: ( ) ( ) ( ) s t s t s t 125 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 1
min 3 min 2 min 1
.
13
+ Thi gian cht im i trn qung ng BA l: ( ) s t t t
BA
5 , 0
min 2 min 1
.
+ Thi gian cht im i trn qung ng AC l: ( ) s t t t
BC
125 , 0
min 3 min 2
.
s:, ( ) s , t
BA
5 0 , ( ) s , t
BC
125 0
Bi 3: (H Vinh - 2000) Mt vt dao ng iu ho theo trc Ox (O l v tr cn bng),
vn tc ca vt khi i qua v tr cn bng c ln ( ) ( ) s cm s cm / 20 / 8 , 62 v gia tc
cc i ca vt l ( )
2
/ 2 s m . Ly
10
2

.
1) Xc nh bin , chu k v tn s dao ng ca vt.
2) Vit phng trnh dao ng ca cht im. Chn gc thi gian l lc vt c li l
( ) cm x 2 10
0
v ang i theo chiu dng ca trc to .
3) Tnh thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr cn bng n v tr c li ( ) cm x 10
1
+ .
Gii:
1) Ta c:
( )
( )
( )

'
'
+
+
+
2
2
A a
A v
t sin A a
t cos A v
t sin A x
max
CB
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
'
cm
s / rad
s / cm v
A
s / rad
s / cm
s / cm
v
a
CB
CB
max
20
20
20
200
2
+ Tn s dao ng: ( ) Hz f 5 , 0
2 2

+ Chu k dao ng:

( ) s
f
T 2
1

2) Phng trnh li v phng trnh vn tc:
( )
( )
'
+
+

t v
t x
cos 20
sin 20
+ Chn
( )
'
>

0
2 10
0
0
0
v
cm x
t
( )
4
0 20
4
5
4
2 10 20

'
>
cos
cm sin
+ Do , phng trnh dao ng l ( ) cm t x

,
_

4
sin 20

3) Chn iu kin ban u thch hp phng trnh dao ng c dng:

( ) cm t sin x

,
_

2
20 . Gi
2 1
, t t l cc thi im vt i qua v tr cn bng v vt qua
v tr c to ( ) cm x 10
1
+ th chng l nghim ca h phng trnh:
'
,
_

,
_
'
,
_

,
_

6 2
1
2
0 0
2
10
2
20
0
2
20
2
1
2
1
sin t sin
sin t sin
t sin
t sin
'
,
_

,
_
6 2
0
2
2
1
min
min
t
t
( )
( )
'
s t
s t
min
min
3
2
2
1
2
1
(Vi
min min
t t
2 1
v ln lt l cc thi im ln u tin vt i qua cc to
( ) cm x , x 10 0 )
14
+ Thi gian i t v tr cn bng n v tr
1
M l ( ) s t t t
6
1
min 1 min 2

S: 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) s T Hz f cm A 2 , 5 , 0 , 20 , 2) ( ) cm t x

,
_

4
sin 20

, 3) ( ) s t
6
1

Bi 4: Mt con lc l xo gm l xo c khi lng khng ng k v c cng
( ) m N k / 50 , vt M c khi lng ( ) g 200 c th trt khng ma st trn mt phng nm
ngang. Ko M ra khi v tr cn bng mt on ( ) cm a 4 ri bung nh th vt dao
ng iu ho. Chn gc thi gian l lc vt bt u dao ng. Chn trc to Ox,
gc to O l v tr cn bng, chiu dng t O n v tr ban u. Ly
10
2

.
1) Vit phng trnh dao ng.
2) Tnh vn tc trung bnh ca M sau khi n i c qung ng l ( ) cm 2 k t khi bt
u chuyn ng.
Gii:
1) Tn s gc: ( ) s rad
m
k
/ 5
2 , 0
50

+ Phng trnh li v phng trnh vn tc: ( ) ( ) + + t A x v t A x cos ' ; sin
+ Bin v pha ban u c xc nh t iu kin:
'
0
0
0
0
0
v v
x x
t
t
t
( )
( )
'
'
cm A
cos A
cm sin A
4
2
0
4
Phng trnh dao ng: ( ) cm t x

,
_
+
2
5 sin 4

.
2) Gi
1
t l cc thi im vt i qua v tr c to ( ) cm x 2
1
th chng l nghim
ca phng trnh: 2
2
5 sin 4
1

,
_
+

t
6 2
1
2
5
1

,
_

+ sin t sin
+
+
l t
n t
2
6
5
2
5
2
6 2
5
1
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
+
+
3... 2, 1, 0, l 0
3... 2, 1, n 0
1 1
1 1
4 0
15
1
4 0
15
1
t s , . l t
t s , . n t

+ Suy ra, thi im gn nht vt to ( ) cm x 2
1
l: ( ) s t
15
1
min 1
. Do , thi gian
vt i trn qung ng t v tr ban u n v tr c to ( ) cm x 2
1
l:
( ) s t t
15
1
0
min 1
.
+ Vn tc trung bnh trn qung ng l:
( )
( )
( ) s cm
s
cm
t
S
v
tb
/ 30
15
1
2

s: 1) ( ) cm t x

,
_
+
2
5 sin 4

; 2) ( ) s cm v
tb
/ 30
15
Bi 5: ( tuyn sinh HC - 2002) Mt con lc l xo treo thng ng gm vt nh c
khi lng ( ) g m 250 v mt l xo nh c cng ( ) m N k / 100 . Ko vt xung di theo
phng thng ng n v tr l xo gin ( ) cm 5 , 7 ri th nh. Chn gc to ti v tr
cn bng ca vt, trc to thng ng, chiu dng hng ln, chn gc thi gian l lc
th vt. Coi vt dao ng iu ho, v cho ( )
2
/ 10 s m g .
a) Xc nh dn ca l xo khi h trng thi cn bng.
b) Vit phng trnh dao ng.
c) Xc nh cc thi im l xo khng bin dng.
d) Tm thi gian t lc th vt n thi im vt i qua v tr l xo khng bin dng
ln th nht.
Gii:
a) Vt m chu 2 lc tc dng: Trng lc P v lc n hi ca l xo.
+ v tr cn bng (VTCB) l xo dn l , ta c phng trnh:
( ) ( ) cm m .
. ,
k
mg
l l k mg F P
d
25 025 0
100
10 25 0
b) Tn s gc:
( ) s rad
m
k
/ 20
25 , 0
100
.
+ Phng trnh li v vn tc:
( )
( )
'
+
+
t cos A v
t sin A x
20 20
20
+ thi im th vt th l xo dn ( ) cm 5 , 7 tc l cch VTCB mt on l
( ) cm 5 5 , 2 5 , 7 v nm v pha m ca trc to , do thi im 0 t vt c li
( ) cm x
t
5
0

, vn tc: 0
0

t
v
'
0 cos
5 sin
A
A
( ) cm A 5 v
2
.
+ Do phng trnh do ng l ( ) cm t x
,
_

2
20 sin 5

c) Nhng thi im vt i qua v tr l xo khng bin dng (vt c li ( ) cm x 5 , 2 ) l
nghim ca phng trnh 5 2
2
20 5 , t sin
,
_
2
1
2
20
,
_

t sin
( )
( )
.. , m t m t
.. , l t l t
k t
k t
1 0 0
10 15
1 0 0
10 30
2
6
5
2
20
2
6 2
20
1 1
1 1
2 1
1 1
d) Ln u tin vt qua v tr l xo khng dng ng vi t nh nht, tc l ( ) s t
min
30
.
S: ( ) cm t sin x

,
_

2
20 5 , ( ) s t
min
30
2. Bi ton t luyn
Bi 6: (H kin trc tp.HCM - 2001) Mt con lc l xo treo thng ng gm vt nh c
khi lng ( ) g m 100 v mt l xo nh c cng ( ) m N k / 25 . Ko vt xung di theo
phng thng ng xung di v tr cn bng mt on bng ( ) cm 2 ri truyn cho vt
mt vn tc ( ) s cm/ 3 10 theo phng thng ng chiu hng ln. Chn gc to ti v
tr cn bng ca vt, trc to thng ng, chiu dng hng xung, chn gc thi
16
gian l lc truyn vn tc cho vt. Coi vt dao ng iu ho, v cho
( ) 10 , / 10
2 2
s m g .
1) Vit phng trnh dao ng.
2) Xc nh thi im l xo dn ( ) cm 2 ln u tin.
3) Tm lc hi phc thi im ca cu trn.
S: 1) ( ) cm t x

,
_
+
6
5
5 sin 4

; 2) ( ) s t
15
1
0

Bi 7: Mt l xo c treo thng ng, u trn ca l xo c gi c nh, u di treo
vt c khi lng ( ) g m 400 , l xo c cng k.
1) Ko vt ri khi v tr cn bng theo phng thng ng hng xung di mt on
bng ( ) cm 1 ri truyn cho vt mt vn tc ( ) s cm/ 5 theo phng thng ng, chiu hng
xung di. Chn trc to Ox trng vi phng dao ng, gc to O l v tr cn
bng, chiu dng ca trc hng xung. Chn gc thi gian l lc vt bt u dao ng.
Cho ( )
2
/ 10 s m g . Bit nng lng ton phn ca con lc khi dao ng l ( ) mJ 25 . Vit
phng trnh dao ng.
2) Tm nhng thi im ln ca lc n hi tc dng ln vt l cc i.
Hng dn: 1) C nng dao ng ca vt:
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
mv kx
v
x k kA E +
,
_
+
( ) m N
x
mv E
k / 250
01 , 0
25 , 0 . 4 , 0 10 . 25 . 2 2
2
2 3
2
2
, ( ) cm t sin x

,
_

+
4
25 2
2) ( ) 1
4
25
0

,
_

+ + t sin A x max x k F
d
( ) .... , , , k k t 3 2 1 0
25
2
100

Dng 6: Tm qung ng i c t thi im 0 t n thi im
0
t
+ Gi s phng trnh dao ng thuc mt trong cc dng sau y:
( )
( )
( )
t
+
2 / sin
sin
sin

t A x
t A x
t A x
+ Chia khong thi gian
0
t thnh hai phn:
,
_
< +
4 4
0
T
t t
T
. n t
+ Qung ng i c t thi im 0 t n thi im
0
t bng tng qung ng i
c t thi im 0 t n thi im
4
T
. n t v qung ng i c t thi im
4
T
. n t n thi im t
T
. n t +
4
0
, tc l: ( )

,
_
+
4
0
T
n x t x A . n S
1. Bi ton mu
Bi 1: Mt con lc l xo dao ng iu ho dc theo trc Ox (O l v tr cn bng) th
phng trnh: ( ) cm t x
3
2
sin 4

.
1) Xc nh v tr ca vt dao ng ti cc thi im ( ) s t t 25 , 2 0 v .
2) Xc nh qung ng i c k t lc dao ng cho n thi im ( ) s t 25 , 2 .
Gii:
1) Ti thi im 0 t , vt c to : 0 0 .
3
2
sin 4
0

,
_
t
x ( v tr O).
17
+ Ti thi im 25 , 2 t , vt c to : ( ) cm x
t
4 25 , 2 .
3
2
sin 4
25 , 2

,
_
( v tr A).
+ Chu k dao ng: ( ) s T 3
2

( ) s
T
75 , 0
4

2) Ta chia khong thi gian
( )

,
_

4
. 3 75 , 0 . 3 25 , 2
T
s
+ Trong khong thi gian t 0 t
n
4
T
vt i c qung ng l A, do trong khong thi gian t 0 n
( ) s
T
25 , 2
4
. 3
,
_
vt i c qung ng l ( ) cm A S 12 3 .
S: 1) 0
0

t
x ;
( ) cm x
t
4
25 , 2

; 2) ( ) cm S 12
Bi 2: Mt con lc l xo dao
ng iu ho dc theo trc
Ox (O l v tr cn bng) c ph-
ng trnh:
( ) cm t x

,
_

2
sin 12

.
1) Xc nh v tr ca vt dao ng ti cc thi im ( ) s t t 25 , 3 0 v .
2) Xc nh qung ng i c k t lc dao ng cho n thi im ( ) s t 25 , 3 .
Gii
1) Ti thi im 0 t , vt c to : ( ) cm x
t
12
2
sin 12
0

,
_
( v tr A).
+ Ti thi im 25 , 3 t , vt c to : ( ) cm x
t
2 6
2
25 , 3 sin 12
25 , 3
+
,
_
( v tr B).
+ Chu k dao ng: ( ) s T 2
2 2

( ) s
T
5 , 0
4

2) Ta chia khong thi gian ( ) ( ) s
T
s 25 , 0
4
. 6 25 , 0 5 , 0 . 6 25 , 0 3 25 , 3 +
,
_
+ + .
+ Trong khong thi gian t 0 n ( ) s 3 5 , 0 . 6 vt i c qung ng l ( ) cm A 72 6 v
n C.
+ Trong khong thi gian t ( ) s 3 n ( ) s 25 , 3 vt i thm qung ng:
( ) cm x x AB
B C
5 , 3 2 6 12 .
+ Tng qung ng i c k t lc dao ng cho n thi im ( ) s t 25 , 3 l:
( ) cm S 5 , 75 5 , 3 72 + .
S: 1) ( ) cm x
t
12
0

; ( ) cm x
t
2 6
25 , 3
+
; 2) ( ) cm S 5 , 75
Bi 3: Mt vt nh dao ng iu ho dc theo trc Ox (O l v tr cn bng) theo ph-
ng trnh ( ) cm t x sin 10 . Xc nh qung ng m vt i c t thi im ban u
n thi im ( ) s t 9 , 2
0
.
Gii
+ D thy, bin dao ng ( ) cm A 10 v chu k ( ) s T 2 . Lc 0 t th 0 x v lc
4
T
t th A x . Vy trong khong thi gian t 0 t n
4
T
vt i c qung ng l A,
suy ra trong khong thi gian t 0 t n
4
T
n vt i c qung ng l ( ) ,... 2 , 1 n nA .
18
Khong thi gian t 0 t n
0
t gm hai phn:
'
<
+
) ( d phn l v

T/4
t
s t ca n nguy phn l - n
vi
0
4
4
0
T
t t
t
T
n t . Qung ng i c trong khong
thi gian t 0 t n
0
t bng tng hai qung ng: qung ng vt i c trong
khong thi gian t thi im 0 t n thi im
4
T
n t v qung ng vt i c
trong khong thi gian t thi im
4
T
n t n thi im
0
t t . Ta c
( )
0
4
t x
T
n x nA S
,
_
+ . M 5
5 , 0
9 , 2
4 /
0
1
]
1
1
]
1
T
t
n
( ) ( ) cm S 91 , 56 9 , 2 . sin 10
4
2
. 5 . sin 10 5 . 10
,
_
+
S: ( ) cm S 91 , 56
2. Bi ton t luyn
Bi 4: Mt con lc l xo dao ng iu ho dc theo trc Ox (O l v tr cn bng) lm
cho chiu di cc i v cc tiu ca l xo ln lt l ( ) ( ) cm l cm l 50 , 60
min max
. L xo c
cng ( ) m N k / 4 v vt nng c khi lng ( ) g m 900 . Ly
10
2

.
1) Vit phng trnh dao ng. Chn gc thi gian l lc vt qua v tr cn bng theo
chiu m.
2) Xc nh qung ng m vt i c t thi im ban u n thi im
( ) s t 25 , 3
0
.
S: 1) ( ) cm t x

,
_
3
2
sin 5 ; 2) ( ) cm S 5 , 22
Bi 5: Mt vt nh dao ng iu ho dc theo trc Ox (O l v tr cn bng), trn
on AB c chiu di ( ) cm 10 . Thi gian chuyn ng t A n B l ( ) s 1 .
1) Vit phng trnh dao ng. Chn gc thi gian l lc vt qua v tr cn bng theo
chiu dng.
2) Xc nh qung ng m vt i c t thi im ban u n thi im ( ) s t 5 , 9
0

.
S: 1) ( ) cm t x sin 5 , 2) ( ) cm 85
Bi 6: Mt vt nh dao ng iu ho dc theo trc Ox (O l v tr cn bng) theo ph-
ng trnh ( ) ( ) cm t x + 2 sin 2 .
1) Tm li v vn tc ca vt ti thi im ban u.
2) Tm li v vn tc ca vt sau khi i c qung ng ( ) cm 115 k t lc bt u
dao ng.
S: 1) ( ) s cm/ 4 ; 0 ; 2) ( ) ( ) s cm cm / 3 2 ; 1
Bi 7: Mt cht im thc hin dao ng iu ho theo mt ng thng no vi
chu k ( ) s 6 , 0 v bin ( ) cm 10 . Xc nh vn tc trung bnh ca cht im trong
khong thi gian m n i c mt qung ng ( ) cm 5 k t v tr cn bng v t v tr
bin.
19
S: ( ) ( ) s m s m / 1 , 0 ; / 5 , 0
20

Ly Thuyet Dao Dong Dieu Hoa

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Copyright:

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Ly Thuyet Dao Dong Dieu Hoa

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Copyright:

Available Formats

Trung tm luyn thi Hng c .

Thy Chu Vn Bin

theo chiu dng mt mt khong thi gian ( ) s

+ Khi i qua v tr cn bng ( ) 0 x : ( ) s / cm A v 18 t t

Bi 3: Mt vt dao ng iu ho dc theo trc Ox xung quanh v tr cn bng O vi

b) Lc t = 0, vt i qua v tr c to ( ) cm x 3 4 theo chiu m vi vn tc

Bi 4: Mt vt dao ng iu ho theo trc Ox (O l v tr cn bng). Qung ng vt

Bi 5: Trong ( ) s 10 vt dao ng iu ho dc theo trc x i qua mt v tr nht nh

Cch 1: Vit li phng trnh dao ng di dng:

Cch 2: Da vo tnh cht hnh chiu ca chuyn ng trn u trn mt trc nm

. Xc nh thi gian cht

+ Chu k dao ng:

3) Chn iu kin ban u thch hp phng trnh dao ng c dng:

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