literaturis

Teoria
rene ueleki
ostin uoreni
***
pirveli qarTuli gamocema

literaturis Teoria
rene ueleki
ostin uoreni
***

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2010

literaturis Teoria. ganaxlebuli gamocema.

rene ueleki, ostin uoreni
Theory of Literature: New Revised Edition.
Rene Wellek,Austin Warren

kritikis klasika, romelic ikvlevs literaturis bunebas, funq

cias, formasa da Sinaarss. `yvelaze mowesrigebuli, mravlismomcve
li da mizandasaxuli mcdeloba... literaturis Seswavla erTdrou
lad sazriani da Tavisufali gaxados~ (niu iork taimsi)
avtorebma scades daekavSirebinaT poezia (literaturuli Teo
ria) kritikasTan (literaturis Sefaseba), mecnierebasTan (kvleva)
da literaturis TeoriasTan (literaturis TEeoriis dinamika da
Teoriisa da kritikis statistikuroba). avtorTa mcdeloba warmate
biYT dasrulda da wignma moulodneli popularoba moipova, gansa
kuTrebiT, rogorc studentTa saxelmZRvanelom. wigni mravaljer
gamoica da mraval enaze iTargmna.
wigni saintereso iqneba humanitaruli fakultetebis stu
dentebisa da farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis.

wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ga

naTlebis saministros programiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZR
vaneloebis ganviTareba~. wigni momzadda ilias saxelmwifo univer
sitetis mier.

pirveli qarTuli gamocema

ISBN 978-9941-9085-8-3

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

qaquca ColoyaSAvilis 3/5, Tbilisi, 0162, saqarTvelo
Ilia State University Publishing
3/5 K. Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia

Sinaarsi
winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis..................................... 5
winasityvaoba meore gamocemisTvis......................................... 9
winasityvaoba mesame gamocemisTvis......................................... 10

nawili pirveli
ganmartebani da gansxvavebani................................................. 11
1. literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba......................... 13
2. literaturis buneba ................................................................ 22
3. literaturis funqcia.............................................................. 36
4. literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria........................ 51
5.zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli
literaturaTmcodneoba............................................................. 63

nawili meore
mosamzadebeli stadiebi............................................................ 75
6. faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTeba..................................... 77

nawili mesame
literaturis Seswavlis garegani meTodi.......................... 97
Sesavali............................................................................................. 99
7. literatura da biografia......................................................102
8. literatura da fsiqologia...................................................111
9. literatura da sazogadoeba..................................................131
10. literatura da ideebi............................................................157
11. literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi.........................180

nawili meoTxe
literaturis Sinagani Seswavla.............................................199
Sesavali . ..........................................................................................201
12. literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis
wesi......................................................................................................205
3

13. evfonia, ritmi da metri.........................................................228

14. stili da stilistika..............................................................252
15. saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi.............................................270
16. naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi.................309
17. literauruli Janrebi............................................................329
18. Sefaseba.......................................................................................347
19. literaturis istoria............................................................367

SeniSvna.....................................................................393
SeniSvna.............................................................................................395

bibliografia.......................................................453
indeqsi......................................................................511

winasityvaoba
pirveli gamocemisTvis
*
winamdebare naSromisTvis saTauris SerCeva sakmaod
rTuli aRmoCnda. iseTi jerovani `mokle saTauric~ ki,
rogoricaa `literaturis Teoria da literaturaTmcod
neobis meTodologia~, albaT, metismetad tlanqia. Ees wigni
mecxramete saukunemde rom daweriliyo, yvelaferi iolad
mogvardeboda, radgan maSin vrceli, analitikuri saTauri
satitulo furcels daikavebda, wignis yuaze ki, ubralod,
warwera `literatura~ aRmoCndeboda.
Cven davwereT wigni, romelsac, ramdenadac viciT,
uSualo analogi ar moeZebneba. es wigni ar gaxlavT saxelmZ
Rvanelo, romelic axalgazrdebs pirvel bilikebs ukvalavs
literaturis gagebis gzaze, da arc (moricis `miznebisa da
meTodebis~ msgavsad) mecnieruli kvlevis meTodebis mi
moxilvas warmoadgens. SesaZloa, is mainc yvelaze metad
enaTesavebodes `poetikas~ da `ritorikas~ (aristoteledan
moyolebuli, bleris, kempbelisa da keimis CaTvliT), anda
beletristikis Janrebisa da stilistikis sistemur gamokv
levebs, anda iseT wignebs, rogoricaa `literaturuli kri
tikis principebi~. SevecadeT, `poetika~ (anu literaturis
Teoria) da `kritika~ (literaturis Sefaseba) `mecniere
basTan~ (anu `kvlevasTan~) da `literaturis istoriasTan~
(literaturis `dinamika Teoriisa da kritikis `statikuro
bis~ sapirispirod) dagvekavSirebina. Cveni wigni, garkveul
wilad, uaxlovdeba zogierT germanul da rusul naSroms,
magaliTad, valcelis `Gehalt und Gestalt, iulius peterse
nis Die Wissenschaft von der Dichtung~, an tomaSevskis `liter
aturis Teorias~. Tumca, germanelebisagan gansxvavebiT,
moverideT sxvaTa Tvalsazrisebis ubralo reproduqcias
da, miuxedavad imisa, rom viTvaliswinebT sxvaTa xedvasa da
meTodebs, winamdebare naSromi myarad dasabuTebul Tval
5

winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis

sazriss efuZneba. tomaSevskisagan gansxvavebiT, ar vis

wrafviT, warmovadginoT elementaruli ganmarteba iseTi
sakiTxebisa, rogoricaa prosodia. Cven arc germanelebiviT
ekleqtikurebi varT da arc rusebiviT dogmaturni.
SedarebiT adreuli periodis amerikuli mecnierebis
standartebis mixedviT, literaturaTmcodneobiTi kvle
vis amosaval debulebaTa formulirebis yoveli mcdeloba
(amgvari kvlevisas ki uTuod unda gavcdeT `faqtebs~), pre
tenziuli da `aramecnierulic~ kia, xolo am metad special
izebuli gamokvlevebis mimoxilva da Sefaseba, garkveul
wilad, sxva araferia, Tu ara kadniereba. udavoa, rom yovel
specialists rodi daakmayofilebs misi specialobis Cve
neuli Sefaseba. magram amomwurav ganxilvas miznad sulac
ar visaxavdiT: Cven mier moyvanili literaturuli mag
aliTebi yovelTvis mxolod magaliTebs warmoadgens da ara
raimes `dasabuTebas~; bibliografiebic `SerCeviTi~ xasi
aTisaa. arc is gvicdia, Cven mier dasmuli yvela kiTxvisT
vis gagveca pasuxi. migvaCnia, rom CvenTvisac da sxvisTvisac
amosavali iyo is, rom Cvens kvlevebs internacionaluri Ri
rebuleba hqonoda, dagvesva swori kiTxvebi da SegvemuSave
bina meTodTa garkveuli sistema.
am wignis avtorebma, romlebic pirvelad 1939 wels
aiovas universitetSi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, umalve aRmoa
Cines, rom literaturis Teoriisa da meTodologiis sfer
oSi Tanamoazreebi iyvnen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxvagvari aRzrda-gana
Tleba hqondaT miRebuli, orive maTganma ganviTarebis ms
gavsi gza ganvlo, Seiswavla istoriuli gamokvlevebi da
`ideaTa istoria~ da mivida im daskvnamde, rom literatu
ris Seswavla mkacrad literaturuli unda iyos. orive mi
iCnevda, rom `mecnieruloba~ da `kritika~ korelaciuri
cnebebia; orive maTganisTvis miuRebeli iyo `Tanamedrove~
da warsuli drois literaturis gamijvna.
1941 wels maT daweres ori Tavi _ `istoria~ da `kri
tika~ _ saerTo wignisTvis `literaturuli mecniereba~.
misi iniciatori da redaqtori iyo Nnorman forsteri, rom
6

winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis

lis naazrevsa da Tanadgomasac avtorebi didad afaseben.

swored mas uZRvnian avtorebi am wigns (Tumca ar surT, rom
amiT mkiTxvels mcdari STabeWdileba Seeqmnas Tavad for
steris doqtrinis Sesaxeb).
winamdebare wignis Tavebis dawera am sakiTxebisadmi
amJamad arsebulma interesma ganapiroba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom batonma uelekma umTavresad 1-2, 4-7, 9-14 da 19 Tavebze
imuSava, batonma uorenma ki 3, 8 da 15-18 Tavebi dawera, wig
ni or avtoris mWidro TanamSromlobis da TvalsazrisTa
Tanxvedris namdvil magaliTs warmoadgens. imis miuxeda
vad, rom es avtorebi iyeneben sxvadasxvagvar terminolo
giasa da stils, da gansxvavebul sakiTxebs ikvleven, maTi az
riT, ori gansxvavebuli midgomis arsebiTi SeTanxmeba amis
kompensirebas axdens.
Cven isRa dagvrCenia, madloba gadavuxadoT doqtor
stivenss da rokfeleris fondis humanitarul ganyofile
bas, romelTa dauxmareblad am wignis Seqmna SeuZlebeli
iqneboda. madlobas vuxdiT aseve aiovas universitetis
prezidents, dekanebs da departamentis Tavmjdomares dax
marebisa da imisaTvis, rom dro ar daiSures CvenTvis.; r. p.
bleqmursa da j. k. rensoms _ TanadgomisTvis; uoles fou
lis, roman iakobsons, jon makgaliards, jon s. poups da
robert pen uorens, romlebmac zogierTi Tavi waikiTxes;
miss elison uaits, romelmac gansakuTrebuli daxmareba
gagviwia am wignze muSaobis ganmavlobaSi.
avtorebs surT, agreTve, aRniSnon zogierTi redaq
torisa da gamomcemlis gulisxmiereba, romelTac neba
dagvrTes, Cveni adreuli naSromebidan zogierTi monakve
Ti Segvetana winamdebare wignSi: didi madloba luizianas
universitetis gamomcemlobas da klinT bruqss, Southern
Review-s yofil redaqtors (`liter aturuli nawarmoe
bis arsebobis modusis~ am wignSi CarTvis gamo); CrdiloeT
karolinis universitetis gamomcemlobas (imis gamo, rom
winamdebare wignSi CavrTeT mcire nawili `literaturis
istoriisa~ `literaturul mecnierebaSi~, red. forsteri,
1941); kolumbiis universitetis gamomcemlobas (romelmac
7

winasityvaoba pirveli gamocemisTvis

neba dagvrTo am wignSi Segvetana monakveTebi naSromebidan

`periodebi da mimdinareobebi literaturis istoriaSi~
da `paralelebi literaturasa da xelovnebas Soris~, ro
melic gamoqveynda `inglisuri institutis matianeSi 1940
da 1941 wlebSi); filosofiur biblioTekas (romelmac neba
dagvrTo am wignSi Segvetana monakveTebi naSromebidan `am
boxi pozitivizmis winaaRmdeg~ da `literatura da sazoga
doeba~, romelic Tavis droze gamoqveynda `meoce saukunis
inglisurSi~, red. knikerbokeri, 1946).

niu heiveni, 1 maisi, 1948 weli

rene ueleki
ostin uoreni

winasityvaoba
meore gamocemisTvis
*
meore gamocema, arsebiTad, imeorebs pirvels, Tumca
teqstSi mcireodeni Sesworebebi da ganmartebebi SevitaneT.A
amas garda, moviyvaneT ramdenime damatebiTi argumenti da
mivaniSneT im axal mimdinareobebze, romlebic bolo dros
gaCnda literaturis TeoriaSi. amasTan, gadavwyviteT, wig
nidan amogveRo pirveli gamocemis bolo Tavi (`literatu
ris Seswavla aspiranturaSi~), radgan gamocemidan (1946) aTi
wlis Semdeg is ramdenadme moZvelda _ nawilobriv imitom,
rom am TavSi SemoTavazebuli ramdenime reforma bevrgan
ukve ganxorcielda. garda amisa, ganvaaxleT bibliografia
_ naklebad mniSvnelovani da naklebad xelmisawvdomi naS
romebis nacvlad masSi SevitaneT garkveuli raodenoba am
sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili im uamravi gamokvlevisa, romle
bic bolo rva wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynda.

Soba, 1955

rene ueleki
ostin uoreni

winasityvaoba
mesame gamocemisTvis
*
sasixaruloa, rom wignma ukve mesamed ixila dRis sina
Tle amerikasa da inglisSi, agreTve is, rom igi ukve iTargm
na espanurad, italiurad, iaponurad, koreulad, germanu
lad, portugaliurad, ebraulad da gujaraTis enaze. Cven
amjeradac ganvaaxleT bibliografia. teqstSi SevitaneT
mcireodeni SeniSvnebi da Sesworebebi. TumcaRa, mesame ga
mocema, mniSvnelovanwilad, meoris xelaxal gamocemas war
moadgens. zogierT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Sevecade, Cemi
ideebi ganmexila da ganmeviTarebina ielis universitetis
presis mier `kritikis konceptebis~ saxelwodebiT 1963
wels gamocemul gazeTebSi, rac SeniSvnebSia miTiTebuli.
Cemi `Tanamedrove kritikis istoria~ warmoadgens mcdelo
bas, gaamyaros aq Camoyalibebuli Teoriuli pozicia, ro
melic, Tavis mxriv, `literaturis TeoriaSi~ wamoyenebul
kriteriumebsa da Rirebulebebs efuZneba.

niu heiveni, koneqtikuti, seqtemberi, 1962 weli

rene ueleki

10

nawili pirveli

ganmartebani
da gansxvavebani

11

12

Tavi pirveli

literatura da
literaturaTmcodneoba
*
upirveles yovlisa, erTmaneTisagan unda gavmijnoT
literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba. Ees ori sxvadasxva
sferoa: pirveli maTgani SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas ukavSir
deba, meore ki Tu mecnierebas (am sityvis zusti mniSvne
lobiT) ara, Seswavlis an Semecnebis nairsaxeobas mainc
warmoadgens. rasakvirvelia, istoriis manZilze berjer
scades, es gansxvavebebi gaeqarwylebinaT. magaliTad, zogi
erTi mkvlevari amtkicebda, rom SeuZlebelia gaigo liter
atura, Tu Tavad ar qmni mas, rom poups verafers gaugeb, Tu
Tavad ar SegiTxzavs heroikuli ortaepedebi, verc dedo
fali elisabedis droindeli dramas gaigeb, Tuki Tavad ar
Seecdebi drama TeTri leqsiT dawero1*. TumcaRa, miuxeda
vad imisa, rom literaturul SemoqmedebiT procesze dak
virveba mis Semswavlel mecniers sasargeblo gamocdilebas
sZens, sakuTriv am mecnieris amocana mainc sxvagvar aqtivo
bas gulisxmobs.Mman Tavisi literaturuli gamocdileba
inteleqtualuri terminebiT unda gadmosces da Tanamim
devrul sqemaSi moaqcios, romelic aucileblad racio
naluri unda iyos, radgan codna garduvalad ukavSirdeba
racionalurobas. SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom misi Seswavlis
sagani iracionaluria, an iracionalur elementebs Sei
cavs, magram, am TvalsazrisiT, literaturis Semswavleli
mecnieris mdgomareoba didad ar gansxvavdeba mxatvrobis
istorikosis, musikaTmcodnis, TuU gnebavT, sociologis an
anatomiis specialistis mdgomareobisagan.
*SeniSvnebi ix. Ggv. 273-313
13

literaturis Teoria

rasakvirvelia, amgvari urTierTmimarTeba ramdenime

rTul problemas warmoSobs, romelTa gadasaWrelad ara
erTi Tvalsazrisi iqna moxmobili.zogierTi Teoretikosi
ubralod uaryofda, rom literaturaTmcodneoba codnis
dargia da `kvlavSemoqmedebis~ ideas gvTavazobda, Tumca
Tanamedrove Teoretikosebis umravlesoba dRes miiCnevs,
rom amgvarma Tvalsazrisma mniSvnelovani Sedegebi ver
mogvca. magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT `mona li
zas~ peiteriseuli daxasiaTeba, an saimondsis Tu simonsis
maRalfardovani stiliT dawerili pasaJebi. msgavsi `Semo
qmedebiTi kritika~ Cveulebriv gulisxmobs an usargeblo
gameorebas, an xelovnebis erTi nimuSis meore, bevrad ufro
mdare nawarmoebad gardaqmnas. roca Cven vcdilobT erTma
neTisagan gavmijnoT literatura da misi Seswavla, zogi
erT Teoretikoss amis safuZvelze sxvadasxvagvari skep
tikuri daskvnebi gamoaqvs: magaliTad, isini amtkiceben,
rom literaturis `Seswavla~ saerTod SeuZlebelia; rom
Cven mxolod misi wakiTxvis, aRqmisa da misiT tkbobis unari
Segvwevs. sxva danarCen SemTxvevebSi mxolod is SegviZlia,
rom garkveuli informacia SevagrovoT literaturis `Sesa
xeb~. amgvari skepticizmi bevrad ufro metadaa gavrcele
buli, vidre Cven warmogvidgenia. praqtikaSi es gulisxmobs
aqcentis gadatanas mxolod da mxolod im garemos `faqteb
ze~, romelSic literatura arsebobs, da ugulebelyofas
yvela mcdelobisa, gavcdeT am faqtebs. iseTi faqtorebi,
rogorebicaa mkiTxvelis mier nawarmoebis saTanadod aRqma,
gemovneba da gulmodgineba _ individualuri gemovnebis
sferos ganekuTvneba da miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi arseboba
gardauvalia, maT araferi aqvT saerTo mkacr mecnierulo
basTan. miuxedavad amisa, diqotomia _ `mecnieruloba~ da
`aRqma~ _ mTlianad gamoricxavs literaturis WeSmariti,
anu iseTi Seswavlis SesaZleblobas, romelic erTdroulad
iqneba `literaturulic~ da `sistematuric~.
14

literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba

problema isaa, Tu rogor unda ganvixiloT inteleq

tualuri meTodebiT xelovneba, kerZod _ literatura.
saerTod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara es? da Tu SesaZlebelia _
rogor? erT-erTi Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, amis ganxor
cieleba SesaZlebelia maSin, Tuki sabunebismetyvelo mec
nierebaTa mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi dainergeba lite
raturaTmcodneobis sferoSi. ganasxvaveben amgvari ga
datanis ramdenime tips. erT-erTi maTgani emyareba iseT
zogadmecnierul idealebs, rogorebicaa obieqturoba,
miukerZoebloba da sicxade, rac, TavisTavad, neitraluri
faqtebis Segrovebas gulisxmobs.Mmeore Tvalsazrisis
mixedviT, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa mier SemuSave
buli meTodebis imitireba mizezobrivi wanamZRvrebisa da
pirvelwyaroebis Seswavlis gziT aris SesaZlebeli. praq
tikaSi es `genetikuri meTodi~ gamosadegia nebismieri urT
ierTmimarTebis dadgenisas, Tuki es SesaZlebelia qro
nologiuri TvalsazrisiT. Uufro mkacri gagebiT, kauza
lur meTods mimarTaven imisaTvis, rom literaturuli
fenomenebi axsnan ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aq, isev da isev, saqme gvaqvs rao
denobrivi meTodebis SemotanasTan, romelTac aqtiurad
iyenebs zogierTi mecniereba, mag., statistikaSi, agreTve,
cxrilebisa da grafikebis Sedgenis dros. dabolos, lit
eraturis ganviTarebis procesebis Seswavlisas cdiloben
gamoiyenon biologiuri cnebebi.2
dResdReobiT, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, amgvarma mid
gomam ar gaamarTla Tavdapirveli molodini. mTel rig Sem
TxvevebSi mecnieruli meTodebis nayofiereba gamovlinda
mxolod mkacrad SezRudul sferoSi an mxolod garkveuli
meTodis gamoyenebisas. magaliTad, statistikas iyeneben
teqstis kritikis zogierT skolaSi an metrikis Seswavli
sas. magram literaturaTmcodneobaSi amgvari mecnieru
li `SeWris~ momxreTa umravlesoba an marcxs aRiarebs da
15

literaturis Teoria

skeptikurad ganewyoba xolme, an Tavs imiT imSvidebs, rom

amgvari mecnieruli meTodi momavalSi mainc gaamarTlebs.
magaliTad, a. e. riCardsi (I. A. Richards) miiCnevda, rom mo
mavali warmatebebi nevrologiis sferoSi ganapirobebda
literaturuli problemebis gadaWrasac.3
Cven davubrundebiT im problemebis ganxilvas,
romelTac warmoSobs literaturaTmcodneobaSi sabu
nebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodebis danergvis farTod
gavrcelebuli tendencia. aRniSnuli sakiTxi gaazrebas
saWiroebs da, rasakvirvelia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, es ori me
Todologia erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba da kveTs kidec. iseTi
fundamenturi meTodebi, rogorebicaa induqcia da deduq
cia, analizi, sinTezi da Sedareba, saerToa sistematuri
codnis yvela tipisTvis. magram aq angariSi unda gavuwioT
sxva garemoebasac: literaturaTmcodneobas sakuTari
mniSvnelovani meTodebi aqvs, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa,
rom yovelTvis sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebisgan ar aris
nasesxebi, mainc inteleqtualur meTodebs warmoadgens.
WeSmaritebis mxolod ukiduresad SezRuduli gagebisas
SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT humanitarul mecnierebaTa mier
codnis sferoSi Setanili wvlili. Tanamedrove mecnierebis
ganviTarebamdeBbevrad adre filosofiam, istoriam, iuris
prudenciam, Teologiam da TviT filologiam SeimuSaves
Semecnebis nayofieri meTodebi. SesaZloa, am mecnierebaTa
miRwevebi Tanamedrove fizikuri mecnierebebis Teoriulma
da praqtikulma warmatebebma daCrdila, magram, amis miuxe
davad, es meTodebi kvlavac inarCunebs Rirebulebas da ad
vili SesaZlebelia _ mTel rig SemTxvevebSi garkveuli cv
lilebebiT maTi gacocxleba da ganaxleba. magram saWiroa
erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT sabunebismetyvelo da humanita
rul mecnierebaTa meTodebi da miznebi.
am gansxvavebebis gansazRvra rTuli amocanaa. jer
kidev 1883 wels vilhelm dilTaim (Wilhelm Dilthey) erTma
16

literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba

neTisagan gamijna sabunebismetyvelo da istoriul mecni

erebaTa meTodebi da aRniSna, rom maT Soris arsebobs gan
sxvaveba ganmartebisa da gagebis TvalsazrisiT.4 dilTai
amtkicebda, rom mecnieri mizezobrivi pirvelwyaroebis
gaTvaliswinebiT ganmartavs movlenebs, istorikosi ki
cdilobs, gaigos maTi mniSvneloba. gagebis es procesi yo
velTvis individualuri da subieqturic kia. erTi wlis
Semdeg filosofiis cnobili istorikosi, vilhelm vindel
bandi (Wilhelm Windelband) aseve daupirispirda Tvalsazriss,
romlis mixedviTac istoriul mecnierebebSi sabunebism
etyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli.5
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi zogadi kanonebis dadge
nas cdiloben, maSin, roca istorikosebisTvis ufro mniS
vnelovania unikaluri da ganumerebeli faqtis aRmoCena. Ees
Tvalsazrisi Semdgom ganaviTara hainrix rikertma (Heinrich
Rickert), romelmac erTmaneTisagan ganasxvava ara imdenad
ganzogadebisa da individualizaciis meTodebi, ramdenadac
_ sabunebismetyvelo da kulturis Semswavleli mecniere
bebi.6 kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebs, misi mtkicebiT,
kerZo da individualuri faqtebi ainteresebT, individua
luri SemTxvevebi ki SeiZleba aRmoCenili da gagebuli iqnes
mxolod garkveuli Rirebulebebis fonze, rac, isev da isev,
kulturas ukavSirdeba. safrangeTSi a. d. qsenopoli (A. D.
Xenopol) erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebs, romlebic `ganmeorebad faqtebs~ Seiswavlian
da istorias, romelsac `Tanmimdevruli faqtebi~ aintere
sebs. italiaSi benedeto kroCem (Benedetto Croce) mTeli Ta
visi filosofia daafuZna istoriul meTodze, romelic ra
dikalurad gansxvavdeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis
meTodisagan.7
am problemebis srulfasovani ganxilva gulisxmobs is
eTi problemebis gadaWras, romlebic miemarTeba sabunebi
smetyvelo mecnierebebis, istoriis filosofiisa da Seme
17

literaturis Teoria

cnebis Teoriis klasifikaciis sferos.8 Tumca, ramdenime

konkretulma magaliTma SeiZleba cxadyos, rom arsebobs
erTi realuri problema, romelsac literaturis Semswav
leli studenti awydeba. ratom SeviswavliT Seqspirs? xom
aSkaraa, rom Cven ar gvainteresebs is, Tu ra saerTo aqvs mas
mTel kacobriobasTan, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi SegveZlo
nebismieri sxva pirovneba Segveswavla; arc is gvainteresebs,
Tu ra saerTo aqvs mas TiToeul ingliselTan, Tundac rene
sansis epoqis an elisabedis mefobis droindel adamianeb
Tan, yvela poetTan, yvela dramaturgTan, an Tundac elisa
bedis mefobis droindel yvela dramaturgTan, radgan, aseT
SemTxvevaSi, SegveZlo dekeri an heivudi Segveswavla. Cven
ufro imis gageba gvsurs, ra aris Seqspiris unikalurobis
mizezi, ra aqcevs mas Seqspirad, es ki ukve individualuro
bisa da Rirebulebis problemaa. romelime erTi periodis,
moZraobis an erovnul literaturis Seswavlis drosac
ki literaturaTmcodnes ainteresebs is individualuri,
damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi, romliTac es periodi Tu
moZraoba sxva msgavsi movlenebisgan gansxvavdeba.
individualobis sakiTxi kidev erTi argumentiT Sei
Zleba gavamyaroT: literaturaSi zogadi kanonebis aRmoCe
nis mcdelobebs arasodes gamouRia nayofi. luis kazamianis
(Louis Cazamian) e.w. inglisuri literaturis kanoni, romlis
mixedviTac `inglisuri erovnuli gonebis ritmi meryeobs~
or poluss, ganwyobasa da inteleqts Soris (am debulebas
Tan erTad, miTiTebulia, rom msgavsi ryevebis tempi miT
ufro Cqardeba, rac ufro vuaxlovdebiT Tanamedrove epo
qas) an trivialuria, an _ mcdari. viqtorianul periods is
saerTod ver esadageba.9Aam `kanonTa~ umravlesoba warmoad
gens mxolod da mxolod iseTi regularuli fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobebis gamoxatulebas, rogorebicaa moqmedeba
da reaqcia, an tradicia da amboxi, romlebic, maSinac ki,
roca maTi arseboba eWvs ar iwvevs, mniSvnelovans verafers
gveubneba literaturuli procesebis Sesaxeb. maSin, rode
18

literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba

sac fizikaSi zogadi Teoriis umaRles miRwevad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos eleqtrobisa da siTbos, mizidulobisa da sinaT
lis gamosaxva formulebis meSveobiT, literaturaTm
codneobis miznebis misaRwevad ver gamoviyenebT verc erT
zogad kanons: rac ufro zogadi iqneba es kanoni, miT ufro
abstraqtuli da amdenad, uSinaarso aRmoCndeba is; da miT
ufro gagviZneldeba xelovnebis konkretuli nimuSis arsis
wvdoma.
amdenad, Cveni problemis gadasaWrelad ori ukidure
si gamosavali arsebobs. pirveli maTgani, romelmac popu
laroba moipova sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis presti
Jis wyalobiT, aRiarebs samecniero da istoriuli meTodis
igiveobriobas, ris Sedegadac saWiro xdeba an, ubralod,
faqtebis Segroveba, an metismetad ganzogadebuli istori
uli `kanonebis~ dadgena. meores mixedviT, literaturaTm
codneoba saerTod ar aris mecniereba, xolo literaturis
`gageba~ subieqturi xasiaTisaa, TiToeul literaturul
nawarmoebs ki `individualuroba~, ufro metic, `unika
luroba~ axasiaTebs. Mmagram antimecnieruli midgomis am
ukidures gamoxatulebas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT. `in
tuiciam~, SesaZloa, mxolod da mxolod emociur `aRqmamde~,
anu srul subieqturobamde migviyvanos. yoveli nawarmoebis
`individualurobis~ da Tundac `unikalurobis~ sagangebo
xazgasma (romelic sasargebloa imdenad, ramdenadac mimar
Tulia zedapirul ganzogadebaTa winaaRmdeg) niSnavs im
faqtis ugulebelyofas, rom xelovnebis verc erTi nimuSi
ver iqneba mTlianad `unikaluri~, vinaidan, aseT SemTxveva
Si, is mTlianad gaugebari iqneboda CvenTvis. rasakvirvelia,
arsebobs mxolod erTi `hamleti~ da jois kilmeris erTad
erTi xeebi. magram, amave logikiT xom nagvis grovac uni
kalurobiT xasiaTdeba, ramdenadac misi proporciebis, gan
lagebis da qimiuri Semadgenlobis zusti asli samyaroSi ar
moipoveba. ufro metic, yovel literaturul nawarmoebSi
yvela sityva Tavisi arsiT `zogadia~ da ara `kerZoobiTi~.
19

literaturis Teoria

literaturaSi `universalurisa~ da kerZos urTierT

dapirispireba mimdinareobs mas Semdeg, rac aristotelem
Tqva, rom poezia istoriasTan SedarebiT meti universa
lurobiT da, amdenad, filosofiurobiT xasiaTdeba, xolo
istorias mxolod kerZo detalebi ainteresebs, da, agreTve,
mas Semdeg, rac doqtorma jonsonma (R. Johnson) ganacxada,
rom poeti `ar unda iTvlides, Tu ramdeni ZarRvia titas
furcelze~. romantikosebisa da Tanamedrove kritikosTa
umravlesobis mtkicebiT, poezia specifikuri bunebiT,
`faqturiTa~ da konkretulobiT xasiaTdeba.10 magram isic
unda aRiniSnos, rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi
erTdroulad zogadicaa da kerZoc, an, ufro zustad rom
vTqvaT, individualuricaa da zogadic. individualuro
ba SeiZleba gavmijnoT absoluturi kerZoobiTobisagan
da unikalurobisagan.11 rogorc yoveli adamiani, yoveli
literaturuli nawarmoebic individualuri Tavisebure
bebiT gamoirCeva; magram mas aseve aerTianebs xelovnebis
sxva nawarmoebebTan zogadi Taviseburebebi, swored ise,
rogorc yovel calkeul adamians aqvs is Tvisebebi, romle
bic saerToa mTeli kacobriobis, misi sqesis, eris, klasisa
da profesiis warmomadgenlebisTvis. Aamdenad, Cven Segvi
Zlia ganvazogadoT is, rac exeba xelovnebis nawarmoe
bebs, elisabedis mefobis droindel dramas, da, saerTod,
mTel dramaturgias, mTel literaturas, mTel xelovnebas.
literaturis kritika da literaturis istoria cdiloben
daaxasiaTon is individualuri Tvisebebi, romlebic niSan
doblivia mocemuli nawarmoebis, avtoris, periodisa da
erovnuli literaturisTvis, magram es SesaZlebelia mx
olod universaluri terminebis meSveobiT, literaturis
Teoriis safuZvelze. Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneo
bisTvis gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia literaturis Teoria,
rogorc mecnierul meTodTa erToblioba.
rasakvirvelia, es ideali ar akninebs nawarmoebis `sa
kuTari~ gagebisa da aRqmis mniSvnelobas, rac literaturis
20

literatura da literaturaTmcodneoba

Sesaxeb Cveni codnis da misdami Cveni mimarTebis Camoyali

bebis winapirobas warmoadgens. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes,
rom es mxolod da mxolod winapirobaa. imis Tqma, rom lite
raturaTmcodneoba mxolod kiTxvis xelovnebas emsaxure
ba, mcdar warmodgenas Segviqmnis sistematizebuli codnis
idealze, Tumca mas didi mniSvneloba aqvs literaturis
SemswavlelTaTvis. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom `kiTxva~ far
To gagebiT kritikul gagebasa da Semecnebas gulisxmobs,
kiTxvis xelovneba mainc SeiZleba ideals warmoadgendes
mxolod im adamianisTvis, romelsac surs Tavisi unarebis
ganviTareba. es ideali metad popularulia da ganviTarebu
li literaturuli kulturis safuZvels warmoadgens. Tum
caRa, igi ver Caenacvleba `literaturis kvlevas~, rogorc
zogad tradicias, romelic codnis, intuiciiT mignebuli
WeSmaritebebisa da TvalsazrisTa dagrovebas gulisxmobs.

21

Tavi meore

literaturis buneba
*
pirveli problema, romelic Cven winaSe wamoiWreba,
literaturaTmcodneobis sagans ukavSirdeba. ra aris li
teratura? ra ar aris literatura? rogoria literaturis
buneba? Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom es SekiTxvebi erTi SexedviT
SeiZleba martivad JRerdes, maTze pasuxis gacema arc ise
ioli saqmea.
SesaZlebelia, `literatura~ vuwodoT yvelafers,
rasac beWduri saxe aqvs. maSin SevZlebT SeviswavloT ise
Ti nawarmoebebi, rogorebicaa `medicina meToTxmete sau
kuneSi~, `warmodgena planetebis moZraobis Sesaxeb ad
reul Sua saukuneebSi~ an `jadoqroba Zvelsa da axal ing
lisSi~. rogorc edvin grinlou (EEdwin Greenlaw) amtkicebda,
`yvelaferi, rac civilizaciis istorias ukavSirdeba, Cveni
Semecnebis sferoSi Sedis~; `rodesac romelime calkeuli
periodis an civilizaciis arsis wvdomas vcdilobT, Cveni
mcdeloba scildeba beletristikis, an Tundac nabeWdi an
xelnaweri matianeebis sferos~, `Cveni nawarmoebi unda gan
vixiloT im TvalsazrisiT, Tu ra adgili SeiZleba daikavos
man kulturis istoriaSi~1Ggrinlous Teoriisa da bevri sxva
mecnieris naSromebis mixedviT, literaturaTmcodneoba
ara mxolod mWidrod ukavSirdeba civilizaciis istorias,
aramed isini identur movlenebadac ki ki miiCnevian. am
gvari midgoma literaturulia mxolod im azriT, rom mas
saqme aqvs dabeWdil an xelnawer masalasTan, rac, saer
Tod, istoriis umTavres wyaros warmoadgens. rasakvirve
lia, amgvari Tvalsazrisis dacvis mizniT, SeiZleba imisi
mtkiceba, rom istorikosebi, umTavresad, diplomatiuri,
samxedro da ekonomikuri istoriiT arian dainteresebuli
da Cveulebriv, ugulebelyofen xolme am problemebs, amde
22

literaturis buneba

nad, literaturis mkvlevars ufleba aqvs momijnave sfer

oSi SeiWras. bunebrivia, aravis unda aekrZalos nebismieri
sferos kvleva da, rasakvirvelia, mxolod misasalmebelia,
Tuki civilizaciis istorias farTo perspeqtivaSi Seiswav
lian. Tumca, amgvari Seswavla literaturuli veRar iqneba.
imis mtkiceba, TiTqos saqme aq mxolod terminologiur
davasTan gvaqvs, aradamajereblad JRers. civilizaciis
istoriis kompleqsuri Seswavla namdvilad gamoricxavs
mxolod da mxolod literaturul Seswavlas. aq yvelanairi
gansxvaveba qreba; literaturaSi ucxo kriteriumebi Semo
dis, ris gamoc literatura Rirebulad miiCneva mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu is garkveul nayofs gamoiRebs am, an momij
nave disciplinisaTvis. literaturis gaigiveba civiliza
ciis istoriasTan niSnavs literaturaTmcodneobis sfero
sa da meTodebis specifikurobis ugulebelyofas.
zogierTi ganmartebis mixedviT, literatura aris
mxolod da mxolod `diadi~ nawarmoebebi, romlebic, Temis
miuxedavad, gamoirCevian `maTi literaturuli formisa Tu
gamoxatvis saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT~. aA q kriteriumi an
mxolod esTetikuri Rirebulebaa, anda esTetikur Rire
bulebasTan Serwymuli zogadi inteleqtualuri Tvisebebi.
l
L irikul poeziaSi, dramasa da mxatvrul literaturaSi
diad nawarmoebebs esTetikuri kriteriumebis mixedviT ga
moarCeven; sxva SemTxvevaSi wignebs arCeven imis mixedviT, Tu
ra reputaciiT sargebloben isini, an ra inteleqtualuri
TvisebebiT gamoirCevian esTetikur RirebulebasTan (viwro
gagebiT) erTad: aq, upiratesad, gamoarCeven stils, kompozi
cias da, zogadad, gadmocemis maneras. tradiciulad, swored
am kriteriumebis safuZvelze saubroben xolme literatu
ris Taobaze. rodesac romelime literaturis Sesaxeb vam
bobT, rom `es ar aris literatura~, swored amgvari Rirebu
lebebi gvaqvs xolme mxedvelobaSi; msgavs msjelobas miv
marTavT maSinac, rodesac istorikosis, filosofosis, an
romelime bunebismetyvelis wignze vsaubrobT da mas `lite
raturas~ mivakuTvnebT.
23

literaturis Teoria

unda aRiniSnos, rom literaturis istoriis saxelmZ

Rvaneloebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, garkveul adgils uTmoben
filosofosebis, istorikosebis, Teologebis, moraliste
bis, politikosebisa da TviT bunebismetyvelebis rome
lime specialistis Sesaxeb msjelobas. magaliTad, Zneli
warmosadgeni iqneboda meTvramete saukunis inglisis lit
eraturis istoria berklisa (Berkeley) da iumis (Hume), epis
kopos batlerisa (Bishop Butler) da gibonis (Gibbon), burkisa
(Burke) da adam smitis (Adam Smith) naazrevTa ganxilvis ga
reSe. miuxedavad imisa, rom am avtorebs, poetebTan, drama
turgebTan da romanistebTan SedarebiT, Cveulebriv, ufro
naklebi yuradReba eTmoba, maT Sesaxeb msjeloba iSviaTad
daiyvaneba maTive Txzulebebis mxolod esTetikuri Rire
bulebis ganxilvaze. praqtikaSi amgvari msjeloba mxolod
zerele da araprofesiuli mimoxilviT Semoifargleba da
saTanadod ver asaxavs am avtorTa moRvaweobas. DmarTlac,
hiumi unda ganvixiloT mxolod rogorc filosofosi, gibo
ni rogorc istorikosi, episkoposi batleri rogorc
qristianobisa da zneobis damcveli, adam smiti ki - rogorc
moralisti da ekonomisti. magram literaturis istoriis
saxelmZRvaneloebi am avtorebs, tradiciulad, mxolod
fragmentulad da saTanado konteqstis, maTi sagnis isto
riis gareSe ganixilaven. aqedan gamomdinare, ar xorcield
eba filosofiis istoriis, eTikis, istoriografiis da eko
nomikis Teoriis namdvili gageba. Lliteraturis istorikosi
avtomaturad rodi gardaiqmneba am disciplinaTa istor
ikosad. is mxolod da mxolod Tavdajerebuli kompilato
ria, romelic ucxo sferoSi iWreba.
calkeuli `diadi wignebis~ Seswavla, SesaZloa, metad
mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes pedagogiuri miznebisTvis. Cven
yvelani unda SevTanxmdeT imaze, rom studentebi, gansa
kuTrebiT ki damwyebi studentebi, diad (an yovel SemTx
vevaSi, karg) wignebs unda kiTxulobdnen da ara kompila
ciebs Tu uCveulo istoriul movlenaTa aRwerebs.2 Tumca,
saeWvoa, rom es principi gamosadegi iyos sabunebismetyve
lo mecnierebebSi, istoriasa an sxva romelime discipli
24

literaturis buneba

naSi, romelic emyareba faqtebis Segrovebas da cnobilidan

ucnobisken moZraobas. mxatvruli literaturis istoriis
farglebSi mxolod didebuli wignebiT Tu Semovifargle
biT, garTuldeba literaturuli tradiciis Tanmimdev
robis, literaturul JanrTa ganviTarebis da Tavad lite
raturuli procesebis bunebis gageba. amas garda, bundovani
gaxdeba Tanmxlebi socialuri, enobrivi, ideologiuri da
sxva ganmapirobebeli garemoebani. istoriaSi, filosofiasa
da msgavs sagnebSi, am princips, upiratesad, `esTetikuri~
Tvalsazrisi Semoaqvs. rodesac yvela inglisel mecniers
Soris mxolod Tomas haqslis (Thomas Huxley) gamovarCevT da
vityviT, rom misi nawarmoebebis wakiTxva Rirs, rasakvirve
lia, Cvens arCevans mxolod da mxolod naTeli `stili~ da
kompozicia gansazRvravs. Tu ramdenime gamonakliss ar mi
viRebT mxedvelobaSi, es kriteriumi gvaiZulebs, upirate
soba mivaniWoT mecnierul aRmoCenaTa popularizatorebs
da ara mecnierebs, romelTac ganaxorcieles es aRmoCenebi.
aqedan gamomdinare, haqsli ufro mniSvnelovan moRvawed
warmogvidgeba, vidre darvini (Darwin), bergsoni (Bergson) da
kanti (Kant).
termin `literaturis~ arsi yvelaze ukeT maSin gamoi
xateba, rodesac is mxolod mxatvrul sityvierebas, anu mx
atvrul literaturas aRniSnavs. Tumca, terminis amgvari
gamoyenebiT garkveul problemebs vawydebiT; magram ing
lisur enaSi misi iseTi SesaZlo alternativebi, rogori
caa `proza~ da `poezia~, an viwro mniSvnelobisaa, an kidev,
`mxatvruli literaturisa~ da `beletristikis~ msgavsad,
tlanqi da bundovania. isini, vinc ewinaaRmdegebian termins
`literatura~ (romelic momdinareobs sityvidan litera), sa
kuTar mosazrebas asabuTeben imiT, rom es termini mxolod
da mxolod werilobiT an dabeWdil literaturas asaxavs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, nebismieri
Tanmimdevruli koncefcia literaturis Sesaxeb `zepir
sityvierebasac~ unda gulisxmobdes. Aam TvalsazrisiT,
germanuli termini Wortkunst da rusuli slovesnost ukeTe
25

literaturis Teoria

sad gamoxatavs literaturis arss, vidre maTi inglisuri

Sesatyvisi.
es problema yvelaze martivad gadawydeba maSin, Tu
ganvsazRvravT, ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs enas lite
raturaSi. ena literaturis masalaa, iseve, rogorc brin
jao _ skulpturaSi, saRebavebi _ mxatvrobaSi an bgerebi
_ musikaSi. Mmagram saWiroa imis gacnobierebac, rom ena,
qvis msgavsad, mxolod inertuli masala ki ar aris, aramed
adamianis mieraa Seqmnili da, amdenad, romeliRac enobrivi
jgufis kulturuli memkvidreobis matarebelia.
saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT enis litera
turuli, yofiTi da mecnieruli gamoyeneba. miuxedavad imi
sa, rom marTebulad migvaCnia Tomas klark polokis (Thomas
Clark Pollock) mier Aam sakiTxis ganxilva wignSi `literaturis
buneba~ (The Nature of Literature),3 is mainc aradamakmayofile
blad gveCveneba, gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac saubaria lite
raturuli enisa da yofiTi metyvelebis urTierTgansx
vavebulobis Sesaxeb.Ees uaRresad mniSvnelovani problemaa
da misi gadaWra sulac ar aris ioli, radgan literaturas,
xelovnebis sxva dargebisagan gansxvavebiT, komunikaciis
sakuTari saSualebebi ar gaaCnia da udavoa, rom arsebobs
bevri Sereuli da gardamavali forma. literaturuli da
samecniero enis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna Zneli rodia.
Tumca, aq sakmarisi ar aris mxolod `azrsa~ da `emocias~ an
`grZnobas~ Soris arsebuli martivi kontrastis warmoCena.
literaturisTvis ucxo araa azri, meore mxriv ki emoci
uri metyvelebis elementebi mxolod literaturaSi rodi
gvxvdeba: amis sailustraciod sakmarisia warmovidginoT,
rogoria Seyvarebulebis saubari, an Cveulebrivi kamaTi.
magram idealuri samecniero ena wminda `denotaturi~ xasi
aTisaa: misi mizania miaRwios maqsimalurad zust Sesatyvi
sobas niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris. niSani mTlianad pirobiTi
xasiaTisaa da, amdenad, SesaZlebelia misi Canacvleba ekviva
lenturi niSnebiT. amas garda, niSani gamWvirvalea, anu is
uSualod da erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebs referentze.
aqedan gamomdinare, samecniero ena uaxlovdeba niSan
Ta iseT sistemebs, rogorebicaa maTematika an simboluri
26

literaturis buneba

logika. Mmisi idealia characterististica universalis, anu iseTi

universaluri enis Seqmna, romelze muSaobac laibnicma
wamoiwyo jer kidev meCvidmete saukunis miwuruls. samec
niero enasTan SedarebiT, literaturuli ena garkveul
wilad SeiZleba naklovani Candes. masSi didia bundovanebis
wili; bevri istoriuli enis msgavsad, masSi uamravi omoni
mi, pirobiTi niSani an iseTi aralogikuri kategoriaa, ro
goricaa, magaliTad, gramatikuli sqesi; literaturul
enaSi bevri istoriuli movlena, mogoneba da asociaciaa
Semonaxuli. erTi sityviT, literaturuli ena uaRresad
`konotatiuria~. ufro metic, literaturuli ena ar aris
niSanTa martooden referenciuli sistema. mas eqspresi
uli mxarec aqvs da mosaubris an avtoris intonaciasa da
damokidebulebas gadmocems. is, amas garda, ubralod ki ar
ambobs da gamoxatavs saTqmels, aramed miiswrafvis, zegav
lena moaxdinos mkiTxvelis ganwyobaze, mis Sexedulebebze
da, saboloo angariSSi, gardaqmnas is. literaturulsa da
samecniero enas Soris kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
arsebobs: pirvel maTganSi yuradReba TviT niSanze, sityvis
bgeriT simbolizmzea gadatanili. Aam mizniT uamravi iseTi
saSualeba iqna gamogonebuli, rogoricaa, metri, alitera
cia da bgerwera.
literaturuli enis gansxvaveba samecniero enisgan
sxvadasxva xarisxiT vlindeba sxvadasxva tipis literatu
rul nawarmoebebSi: magaliTad, romanebSi bgerweras gaci
lebiT umniSvnelo roli ganekuTvneba, vidre lirikuli
poeziis zogierT qmnilebaSi, romelTa adekvaturi Targm
nac Znelia. eqspresiuli elementi SedarebiT iSviaTad
gvxvdeba `obieqtur romanSi~, sadac SesaZloa SeiniRbos
da sulac ar gamovlindes avtoris damokidebuleba, e.w.
`pirovnul~ lirikaSi ki yvelaferi piriqiT xdeba. prag
matuli elementi, rac `WeSmarit~ poeziaSi odnav Tu Sei
niSneba, romanSi an satirulsa da didaqtikur nawarmoebebSi
farTodaa gavrcelebuli. ufro metic, enis inteleqtua
lizaciis xarisxi sxvadasxvagvaria, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra
tipis nawarmoebTan gvaqvs saqme: arsebobs filosofiuri,
27

literaturis Teoria

didaqtikuri poemebi da problemuri romanebi, romelTa

ena nawilobriv mainc uaxlovdeba mecnierul enas. rogori
Sereuli modusebic unda warmoaCinos romelime calkeuli
literaturuli nawarmoebis Seswavlam, aSkaraa gansxvaveba
enis literaturul da samecniero gamoyenebas Soris: lite
raturuli ena bevrad ufro metad asaxavs enis istoriul
struqturas; is xazs usvams TviT niSnisadmi gacnobierebul
damokidebulebas da sakuTari eqspresiuli da pragmatuli
aspeqtebi gaaCnia, samecniero ena ki gamudmebiT cdilobs am
elementebis minimumamde dayvanas.
ufro rTulia davadginoT, riT gansxvavdeba erTma
neTisagan literaturuli da yofiTi ena. termini `yofiTi
ena~ erTmniSvnelovani cneba rodia: masSi moiazreba enis is
eTi mravalferovani variantebi, rogorebicaa sasaubro ena,
vaWrobisa da komerciis ena, oficialuri ena, religiis ena,
studenturi Jargoni. Mmagram sagulisxmoa, rom is, rac iTqva
literaturuli enis Sesaxeb, yofiTi enis saxesxvaobebis
mimarTac samarTliania; gamonakliss warmoadgens mxolod
samecniero ena. yofiT enasac aqvs eqspresiuli funqcia,
Tumca is, SesaZloa, sxvadasxvagvarad vlindebodes _ daw
yebuli uferuli oficialuri gancxadebis eniT, da dam
Tavrebuli mgznebare mowodebebiT emociuri aRgznebis
momentSi. yofiT enaSi mravlad gvxvdeba istoriuli enis
iracionaluri elementebi da mniSvnelobis konteqsturi
cvlilebebi, Tumca mTel rig SemTxvevebSi is miiswraf
vis mecnieruli sizustisadmi. yofiT metyvelebaSi TviT
niSnebis gacnobiereba iSviaTad xdeba. Tumca, amgvari gac
nobiereba zogjer mainc iCens Tavs, magaliTad, saxelebisa
da moqmedebebis aRmniSvnel sityvaTa bgeriT simbolizmSi
an kalamburebSi. udavoa, rom yofiTi ena yvelaze xSirad
cdilobs miaRwios garkveul Sedegebs, gavlena moaxdinos
garkveul moqmedebebsa da mimarTebebze. miuxedavad amisa,
swori ar iqneboda imis Tqma, TiTqos salaparako ena mxo
lod komunikaciur funqcias asrulebdes. Tu gavixsenebT,
rom bavSvs saaTobiT SeuZlia ilaparakos, roca msmeneli
ar hyavs, srulwlovani adamianebisaTvis ki sulac ar aris
28

literaturis buneba

ucxo TiTqmis uazro `laqlaqi~, cxadi gaxdeba, rom xSirad

enis gamoyeneba wminda komunikaciur mizans ar emsaxureba.
amdenad, literaturuli ena unda gavmijnoT yofiTi
enis saxesxvaobebisgan, upirveles yovlisa, raodenobrivi
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. enis resursebis gamoyeneba bev
rad ufro mizanmimarTulad da sistemurad xdeba. poetis
`pirovneba~ mis qmnilebebSi bevrad ufro Tanamimdevrulad
da srulad warmoCndeba, vidre is pirovnebebi, romelTac
yoveldRiur situaciebSi vxvdebiT. zogierTi tipis poe
ziaSi gamiznulad gamoiyeneba paradoqsi, orazrovneba,
mniSvnelobebis konteqsturi cvlilebebi, TviT gramati
kuli kategoriebis iseT iracionaluri asociaciebic ki,
rogorebicaa sqesi an dro. Ppoeturi ena awesrigebs yofiTi
enis resursebs da zogjer erTgvar Zaladobasac ki axor
cielebs maTze, raTa Cveni cnobiereba da yuradReba mTli
anad nawarmoebisa da saTqmelisaken mimarTos. Mmwerals mra
vali resursi ukve Camoyalibebuli xvdeba misi winamorbedi
Taobebis Cumi da anonimuri muSaobis Sedegad. zogierT me
tad ganviTarebul literaturaSi da, gansakuTrebiT zogi
erT epoqaSi, poeti mxolod da mxolod ukve Camoyalibebul
tradicias misdevs: aseT SemTxvevaSi SemoqmedebiTi aqtivo
ba ufro enis funqciaa, vidre _ TviT xelovanisa. miuxeda
vad amisa, xelovnebis TiToeuli nawarmoebi Taviseburad
axdens masalis mowesrigebas, organizebasa da gamTlianebas.
mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, magaliTad bevr sketCsa da saTav
gadasavlo moTxrobaSi, es arc ise TvalSi sacemia, magram
zogierTi poeturi nawarmoebis struqtura imdenad myaria,
rom erTi romelime sityvis an sityvis adgilis Secvlac ki
daazianebda mTlianobis efeqts.
literaturul enasa da yofiT enas Soris pragmatuli
gansxvavebebis gamokveTa bevrad ufro iolia. yvela nawar
moebs, romelic garegani moqmedebisken gvibiZgebs, Cven an
usargeblo `leqsebad~, an _ cariel ritorikad miviCnevT.
WeSmariti poeziis zemoqmedeba gacilebiT meti sifaqiziT
gamoirCeva. xelovneba garkveul CarCos gvTavazobs, rom
lis farglebSic realuri samyaros ganmsazRvreli niSnebi
aRar moqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare, Cvens semantikur ana
29

literaturis Teoria

lizSi xelaxla unda SemovitanoT zogierTi mniSvnelovani

esTetikuri principi, magaliTad, `ganyenebuli Wvreta~,
`esTetikuri distancia~ da CarCo. miuxedavad amisa, ar
unda dagvaviwydes, rom gansxvaveba xelovnebasa da araxe
lovnebas, literaturasa da araliteraturul enobriv gam
onaTqvams Soris metad aramdgradia da gamudmebiT ganic
dis cvlilebebs. SesaZloa, esTetikuri funqcia hqondes
sxvadasxva tipis enobriv gamonaTqvamebsac. mxolod lite
raturis cnebis viwro mniSvnelobiT gagebisas aris Sesa
Zlebeli misi farglebidan propagandistuli xelovnebis,
an kidev didaqtikuri da satiruli poeziis gamoricxva.
arsebobs iseTi gardamavali formebic, rogoricaa ese, bio
grafia da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ritorikuli literaturis
didi nawili. sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi esTetikuri
funqciis areali xan farTovdeba, xan mcirdeba: erTxans pi
radi werili da qadageba mxatvrul formebad iTvleboda,
dRes ki, rodesac dauSveblad miiCneva JanrTa aRreva, es
Tetikuri funqciis sfero Seviwrovda da xelovnebis si
wmindeze gadaitanes aqcenti, rac, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens
reaqcias mecxramete saukunis dasasruls esTetikisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli panesTetizmis da misi moTxovnebis winaaR
mdeg. albaT, umjobesi iqneba, Tu literaturad miviCnevT
mxolod iseT nawarmoebebs, romlebSic esTetikuri funqcia
warmmarTvelia, Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom iseT sruliad
gansxvavebuli, araesTetikuri daniSnulebis mqone nawar
moebebSic ki, rogorebicaa samecniero Sromebi, filosofi
uri disertaciebi, politikuri pamfletebi da qadagebebi,
SesaZloa monawileobdes esTetikuri elementebi, magali
Tad, stili da kompozicia.
magram literaturis buneba yvelaze ukeT mimarTebi
Ti aspeqtebis fonze ikveTeba. literaturuli xelovnebis
arsi vlindeba iseT tradiciul JanrebSi, rogorebicaa
lirikuli, epikuri da dramatuli nawarmoebebi. yoveli
maTganis wyaros warmoadgens warmosaxva, gamonagoni. ro
manSi, leqsSi an dramatul nawarmoebSi gamoTqmuli azrebi
sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobiT ar unda gavigoT, radgan isini
30

literaturis buneba

ar Seesabameba simarTles _ ar warmoadgens logikur pro

poziciebs. arsebobs Zireuli gansxvaveba im or SemTxvevas
Soris, rodesac romelime faqtobriv movlenas vecnobiT,
erTi mxriv, istoriul nawarmoebSi an balzakis (Balzac) ro
manSi da, meore mxriv, istoriis an sociologiis saxelmZ
RvaneloSi. subieqtur lirikaSic ki poetis `me~ warmosa
xuli, dramatuli `subieqtia~. romanis gmiri gansxvavdeba
istoriuli figurisagan an realuri adamianisgan. romanis
gmiris saxe warmogvidgeba mxolod im winadadebebis meS
veobiT, romlebiTac is xasiaTdeba nawarmoebSi an romleb
sac avtori aTqmevinebs mas. amgvar gmirs arc warsuli aqvs,
arc momavali da zogjer arc misi cxovreba warmogvidgeba
srulad. Ees elementaruli dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom azrs
moklebulia kritikosTa is naSromebi, romlebSic saubaria
vitenbergSi hamletis cxovrebis Sesaxeb, hamletze mamis
zemoqmedebis Taobaze, agrTve _ gamxdari da axalgazrda
falstafis, `Seqspiris gmiri qalTa siymawvilis~ an `ledi
makbetis Svilebis raodenobis Sesaxeb~.4 romanis dro da
sivrce ar emTxveva realuri cxovrebis drosa da sivrces.
TviT yvelaze realisturi romani an naturalisturi nawar
moebic ki, romelic TiTqosda pirdapir cxovrebidanaa
gadmoRebuli, garkveuli mxatvruli tradiciebis mixed
viT aigeba. Soreuli istoriuli perspeqtividan CvenTvis
gansakuTrebiT naTeli xdeba, Tu ramdenad erTgvarovania
naturalisturi romanebi Temebis, personaJTa daxasiaTebis
xerxebis, movlenaTa SerCevisa da dialogTa agebis saSua
lebebis mixedviT. zustad aseve, CvenTvis cxadi xdeba, rom
yvelaze naturalisturi dramis SemTxvevaSic ki pirobiTo
ba Tavs iCens ara mxolod scenuri CarCos gaazrebaSi, aramed
imaSic, Tu rogor aris SerCeuli da gadmocemuli sivrce
da dro, TiTqosda yvelaze realisturi dialogebi da per
sonaJebis gadaadgileba scenaze (rac Seexeba romanis dro
sTan dakavSirebul mosazrebebs, ix. Eedvin muiris (Edwin Muir)
wigni romanis struqtura (The Structure of the Novel), lon
doni, 1928. bolo periodSi (nawilobriv egzistencialuri
filosofiis gavleniT), mniSvnelovani yuradReba eqceva
31

literaturis Teoria

literaturaSi drois problemas. ix. a. a. mendilous (A. A.

Mendilow) wigni `dro da romani (Time and the Novel), londoni,
1952; hans meierhofis (Hans Meyerhoff) dro literaturaSi~
(Time in Literature).5 ra mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebic unda iyos
Seqspiris `qariSxalsa~ (The Tempest) da ibsenis (Ibsen) `To
jinebis saxls~ (A Dolls House) Soris, maT saerTo dramatuli
tradicia akavSirebs.
Tuki `mxatvrulobas~, `gamogonebas~, an `warmosax
vas~ literaturis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebad miviCnevT,
maSin literaturas unda mivakuTvnoT homerosis (Homer),
dantes (Dante), Seqspiris (Shakespeare), balzakis, kitsis (Keats) Semoqmedeba da ara ciceronis (Cicero), montenis (Montaigne), bosiues (Bossuet) an emersonis (Emerson) Txzulebebi.
rasakvirvelia, arsebobs `zRvruli~ SemTxvevebic (maga
liTad, platonis (Plato) `respublika~ (Republic), romlebic
udavod Seicavs (yovel SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saubaria didi
miTebis Sesaxeb) `gamonagonis~ an `mxatvrulobis~ ele
mentebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari nawarmoebebi, uwi
naresad, filosofiuri xasiaTisaa. literaturis Sesaxeb
amgvari Tvalsazrisi aRweriTia da ara Semfasebluri. Tu
romelime mniSvnelovani nawarmoebis Sesaxeb vityviT, rom
igi ritorikuli an filosofiuri xasiaTisaa an politikuri
pamfletis Janrs ganekuTvneba, es sulac ar daakninebs mis
Rirsebebs. Mmeore mxriv, aq SesaZloa wamoiWras esTetiku
ri analizis, stilistikis da kompoziciis problemebi, rac
literaturis mier wamoWrili problemis msgavsi an iden
turia, Tumca am Janrebis safuZvels ar warmoadgens mxat
vrulobis umTavresi Tviseba _ gamonagoni. amdenad, ECveni
koncefciiT, literatura moicavs yvela tipis mxatvrul
nawarmoebebs, maT Soris, yvelaze mdare romanebs, leqsebs
da dramatul qmnilebebs. klasifikaciis xelovneba unda
gaimijnos Sefasebisagan.
aq Tavidan unda aviciloT erTi tradiciuli gau
gebroba. xSir SemTxvevaSi `mxatvruli literatura~ mxat
vrul saxeebs saerTod ar mimarTavs xolme. Ppoeturi ena
mTlianad xatovania, dawyebuli umartivesi poeturi xer
32

literaturis buneba

xebiT da damTavrebuli bleikisa (Blake) da ieitsis (Yeats)

poeziisTvis niSandoblivi monoliTuri da yovlismomcve
li miTologiuri sistemebiT. Tumca, mxatvruli saxeebi
prozis da, amdenad, mTlianad literaturis arsebiTi Tvi
seba ar aris. bevr karg leqsSi erT mxatvrul saxesac ki ver
naxavT; ufro metic, arsebobs e. w. `gancxadebis poeziac~6
amas garda, xatovaneba unda gavmijnoT uSualo, grZno
badi da vizualuri xatqmnisagan. hegelis gavleniT, mecx
ramete saukunis esTetikosebi, magaliTad, fiSeri (Vischer)
da eduard fon hartmani (Edward von Hartmann) amtkicebdnen,
rom nebismieri xelovneba `ideis grZnobad gamovlenas~ war
moadgens, xolo meore skola (fidleri (Fiedler), hildebrandi
(Hildebrand), rili (Riehl)) miiCnevda, rom nebismieri xelovneba
`wminda mWvretelobaa~.7M miuxedavad amisa, didi literatu
ra grZnobad saxeebs ar warmoqmnis aRmqmelis cnobierebaSi
an Tu warmoqmnis, mxolod SemTxveviT, drodadro da gauc
nobiereblad.8 mxatvruli personaJis asaxvisas ki mweralma,
SesaZloa, saerTod ar gamoiyenos vizualuri xatebi. Mmiuxe
davad imisa, rom kargad vicnobT dostoevskis an henri jeim
sis personaJebis sulier mdgomareobas, maT motivebs, Se
fasebebs, damokidebulebebsa da survilebs, gagviWirdeba
maTi warmodgena vizualurad.
mwerali umeteswilad gamoyofs sqematur monaxazs an
erTaderT fizikur niSans amgvar teqnikas xSirad iyeneben
tolstoi (Tolstoy) da Tomas mani (Thomas Mann). is, rom xSirad
ar gvsurs wignSi ilustraciebis xilva, maSinac ki, rodesac
isini kargi mxatvrebis, zogjer ki Tavad avtoris mieraa
Seqmnili (mag., Tekerei (Thackeray), cxadyofs, rom avtori mx
olod sqematur monaxazs gvTavazobs da is bolomde ar unda
iqnes Sevsebuli detalebiT.
poeziaSi gamoyenebuli yvela metaforis vizualizacia
rom mogvexdina, sul agvebneoda Tavgza. arian mkiTxvelebi,
romlebic xSirad mimarTaven vizualizacias da zogierTi
literaturuli pasaJi amas TavisTavad iTxovs, magram es
fsiqologiuri sakiTxia, romelic poetis mier Seqmnil me
33

literaturis Teoria

taforaTa analizis xerxebSi ar unda avurioT. Ees xerxebi

mniSvnelovanwilad im gonebrivi procesebis mowesrigebas
isaxaven miznad, romlebic literaturis farglebs gare
Tac mimdinareobs. amdenad, metafora Cvens yofiT metyve
lebaSi, umeteswilad, faruli saxiT monawileobs, Jargonsa
da xalxur andazebSi ki _ aSkarad iCens Tavs. metaforuli
gadatanis gziT fizikuri urTierTmimarTebebi yvelaze
abstraqtuli cnebebis (Semecneba, gansazRvra, gamoricxva,
arsi, subieqti/sagani, hipoTeza) meSveobiT gamoixateba.
poezia enis am metaforul bunebas ganaaxlebs da xelSesa
xebs xdis CvenTvis. amas garda, poezia iyenebs Cveni civi
lizaciis (misi klasikuri, tevtonuri, kelturi da qris
tianuli periodebis) simboloebsa da miTebs.
yvela is gansxvaveba literaturasa da araliteratu
ras Soris, romelic Cven ganvixileT, _ masalis orga
nizacia, eqspresia, komunikaciis saSualebaTa gacnobiereba
da gamoyeneba, praqtikuli miznis ararseboba da, rasakvirve
lia, gamonagoni, _ semantikuri analizis farglebSi iseTi
uZvelesi esTetikuri terminebis gameorebas warmoadgens,
rogorebicaa `erTianoba simravleSi~, `ganyenebuli Wvre
ta~, `esTetikuri distancia~, `CarCo~ da gamonagoni, war
mosaxva da Semoqmedeba. TiToeuli maTgani literatu
ruli nawarmoebis erT romelime aspeqts, misi semantikuri
struqturis erT romelime maxasiaTebels asaxavs. Aarc erTi
maTgani TavisTavad sakmarisi ar aris. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom literaturuli nawarmoebi aris ara
martivi, aramed rTuli, mravalSreobrivi, maRalorganize
buli obieqti, romelic mravali mniSvnelobiTa da mravali
mimarTebiT xasiaTdeba. tradiciuli termini `nawarmoebis
organizmi~, garkveulwilad, damabnevelia, radgan is xazs
usvams mxolod erT aspeqts, anu `erTianobas simravleSi~,
da mimarTavs usargeblo biologiur paralelebs. damab
nevelia, agreTve, termini `Sinaarsisa da formis erTianoba~
(miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari formulireba xelovnebis
nawarmoebis SigniT arsebul mWidro urTierTkavSirze
miuTiTebs), imdenad, ramdenadac metismetad amartivebs
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literaturis buneba

sakiTxs. is qmnis iluzias, TiTqos nawarmoebis nebismieri

elementis analizi, iqneba es Sinaarsi Tu teqnika, erTnairad
sasargeblo SeiZleba iyos da, amdenad, gvaTavisuflebs imis
aucileblobisagan, rom es nawarmoebi aRviqvaT rogorc
mTlianoba. terminebi `Sinaarsi~ da `forma~ imdenad farTo
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, rom SeuZlebelia maTi ubralo
Sepirispireba nayofieri aRmoCndes. da marTlac, detaluri
ganmartebis Semdegac ki, es terminebi mxolod xelovnebis
nawarmoebis martiv diqotomias asaxaven. xelovnebis nimu
Sis Tanamedrove analizi iseTi rTuli kiTxvebiT unda dai
wyos, rogoricaa misi arsebobis modusi da Sinagani mraval
Sreobrivi sistema.9

35

Tavi mesame

literaturis funqcia
*
literaturis buneba da funqcia nebismier logikurad
gamarTul diskursSi urTierTSesabamisi unda iyos. poeziis
funqcia misi bunebidan gamomdinareobs: nebismieri sagani an
saganTa klasi yvelaze efeqtianad da gonivrulad swored
maSin gamoiyeneba, rodesac gaTvaliswinebulia misi buneba
an ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba. MdamatebiT fun
qcias is mxolod maSin iZens, roca pirvelad funqcias yavli
gasdis: Zveli sarTavi jara xSirad gamoiyeneba dekoratiu
li daniSnulebiT, oTxkuTxa pianino ki, romelmac bgerebis
gamocemis unari dakarga, SeiZleba samuSao magidad iqces.
swored aseve, sagnis bunebac misi daniSnulebis Sesabami
sia: sagani swored isaa, risTvisac is gankuTvnilia. adamia
nis mier Seqmnili raime nivTi iqmneba garkveuli funqciis
realizebisTvis, agreTve _ damatebiTi funqciebisTvis,
rasac TviT masalis SesaZleblobebi da individualuri ge
movneba ganapirobebs. nebismier literaturul nawarmoe
bSi SeiZleba iyos bevri iseTi ram, rac misi literaturuli
funqciisTvis ar aris arsebiTi, Tumca saintereso da sagu
lisxmoa sxva TvalsazrisiT.
Seicvala Tu ara Tvalsazrisi literaturis bunebisa
da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb istoriis ganmavlobaSi? Ees ar gax
lavT martivi SekiTxva. Tuki istorias Tvals mivadevnebT,
am kiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi unda gaeces; SeiZleba gavix
senoT uZvelesi dro, roca literatura, filosofia da
religia ganuyofeli iyo: antikuri epoqidan SeiZleba dava
saxeloT, magaliTad, esqile (Aeschylus) da hesiode (Hesiod).
magram platoni ukve saubrobs poetebsa da filosofosebs
Soris arsebuli uZvelesi ganxeTqilebis Sesaxeb da CvenT
vis dRes ukve gasagebia, risi Tqma surs mas. garda amisa,
36

literaturis funqcia

gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba ar unda mivaniWoT, erTi mxriv,

mecxramete saukuneSi damkvidrebul popularul doqtri
nas, romlis mixedviT, `xelovneba xelovnebisTvisaa~, meore
mxriv ki ufro gviandel, posie pure-is, anu `wminda poeziis~
Tvalsazriss. edgar po didaqtikur eress uwodebda im
Tvalsazriss, rom poezia Segonebis instruments warmoad
gens. es Tvalsazrisi ar unda gavaigivoT tradiciul rene
sansul doqtrinasTan, romlis mixedviTac poezia tkbobisa
da Semecnebis wyaroa, an tkbobis miniWebis gziT codnas
awvdis mkiTxvels.
saerTod, Tu gadavxedavT esTetikis an poetikis is
torias, iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos literaturis
buneba da funqcia, Tu maT sxva adamianur moqmedebebTan
da RirebulebebTan Sedareba-Sepirispirebis mizniT far
To konceptualuri terminebiT gamovxatavT, arsebiTad ar
Secvlila.
esTetikis istoria SeiZleba daviyvanoT dialeqtikur
dapirispirebamde, romelSic Tezissa da antiTeziss war
moadgens horaciusis (Horace) dulce (saamuri) da utile (sasarge
blo): poezia saamuricaa da sasargebloc. uTuod Sevcdeb
iT, Tuki CavTvliT, rom poezia unda iyos mxolod sasarge
blo an mxolod saamuri. iqneb, ufro martivi iyos, dulce et
utile erTmaneTs mivusadagoT poeziis funqciis da ara misi
bunebis Sesabamisad. Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad, poezia
gvaniWebs siamovnebas (romelic ar gansxvavdeba nebismieri
sxvagvari siamovnebisgan), iseve mcdaria, rogorc Tvalsaz
risi, TiTqos poezia raRacas gvaswavlis (riTac is nebismier
saxelmZRvaneloSi arsebul miTiTebebs enaTesaveba).1 mosaz
reba, romlis Tanaxmad, yvelanairi poezia aris an unda iyos
propaganda, analogiuria Tvalsazrisisa, romlis mixed
viT, poezia warmoadgens an unda warmoadgendes mxolod
xatovanebas an bgerweras, anu pirobiT figuras, romelsac
araferi aqvs saerTo adamianur grZnobebTan. am ori sapir
ispiro Tezisis niuansebi yvelaze ukeT albaT iseTi Tval
sazrisebSi vlindeba, romelTa mixedviTac xelovneba, erTi
mxriv `TamaSia~, meore mxriv _ `Sroma~ (mxatvruli Txzvis
37

literaturis Teoria

`xeloba~, xelovnebis nawarmoebi). Acal-calke ganxilvi

sas, am TvalsazrisTagan arc erTi araa misaRebi. roca am
boben, rom poezia `TamaSi~, erTgvari spontanuri garTobaa,
vgrZnobT, rom amiT aknineben xelovanis gulmodginebas,
ostatobasa da Canafiqrs, iseve, rogorc Tavad leqsis Ri
rebulebasa da mniSvnelobas; magram roca gveubnebian, rom
poezia `Sroma~ an `xelobaa~, vgrZnobT, rom ugulebelyofen
poeziis Tvisebas, sixaruli mianiWos mkiTxvels (anu imas,
rasac kantma `umiznoba~ (purposelessness) uwoda). xelovnebis
funqciis gansazRvrisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT rogorc
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli dulce, ise utile.
dasawyisisTvis, SesaZloa, Tavad horaciusis formu
lam gagviwios mniSvnelovani samsaxuri. Tu gavixsenebT, rom
kritikuli terminebis gamoyenebisas sizustis dacva bolo
droindeli tendenciaa, SegviZlia imdenad ganvavrcoT
horaciusis terminebi, rom maT moicvan rogorc romauli,
ise renesansis periodis poetTa SemoqmedebiTi praqtika.
Aar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos xelovnebis rogorc sasargeblo
saqmianobis gageba ewinaaRmdegeba im zneobriv princips,
romelmac, le bosius (Le Bossu) azriT, homeross `iliada~
(Iliad) daawerina, an romelic hegelma (Hegel) Tavis sayvarel
tragediaSi _`antigoneSi~_ aRmoaCina. termini `sasargeb
lo~ miuTiTebs, rom ar xdeba `drois uqmad flangva~, `dros
tareba~, anu aq saubaria iseT rameze, rac seriozul yurad
Rebas imsaxurebs. termini `saamuri~ ki aRniSnavs `aramosaw
yens~, `arasavaldebulos~, imas, rac Tavad warmoadgens sa
kuTari Tavis gamarTlebas.
aq Cndeba Semdegi kiTxva: SegviZlia Tu ara, rom am or
magi kriteriumis safuZvelze ganvsazRvroT literatura,
Tu es ufro metad diadi literaturis kriteriumia? Zveli
drois esTetikur paeqrobebSi gansxvaveba didebul, karg da
`mdare~ literaturas Soris iSviaTad vlindeba. sakamaTo
araa, rom mdare literatura (anu e.w. iaffasiani Jurnalebi)
arc `sasargebloa~ da arc `didaqtikuri~. xSirad miiCneven,
amgvari literatura mxolod da mxolod imisaTvis iqm
neba, rom `mowyvitos~ mkiTxveli arasasurvel sinamdviles
38

literaturis funqcia

an `gaarTos~is. magram es sakiTxi ganxilul unda iqnes ara

`kargi literaturis~, aramed mdare literaturis mkiTxve
lis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare.M mortimer adleris (Mortimer Adler) azriT, TviT yvelaze naklebad inteleqtualuri
romanis mkiTxvels Semecnebis Canasaxobrivi survili mainc
amoZravebs. rac Seexeba `gasarTob literaturas~, kenet
berkma (Kenneth Burke) Segvaxsena, rom amgvari gansazRvra Sei
Zleba sruliad usafuZvlo aRmoCndes. amgvari literatu
ris meSveobiT mkiTxvelma SeiZleba gaicnobieros sakuTari
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba Tavisi garemocvis mimarT.
maSinac ki, roca xelovani mxolod da mxolod mouwodebs
mkiTxvels, gaataros dRe mdinare misisipis napiras, man Sei
Zleba biZgi misces amgvar procesebs.2
albaT yvelaze marTebuli iqneboda gveTqva, rom
nebismieri xelovneba `saamuricaa~ da `sasargebloc~ imaT
Tvis, visac misi saTanadod gamoyeneba SeuZlia. is, rasac
xelovneba gamoxatavs, aRemateba calkeuli mkiTxvelisa Tu
msmenelis fiqrsa da ocnebas; xelovneba xelovanis ostato
bis wyalobiT siamovnebas aniWebs recipients imiT, rom misi
individualuri fiqrisa da ocnebis msgavs realobas asa
xavs, riTac Svebas hgvris mas.
literaturul nawarmoebSi, romelic srulad Seesa
bameba Tavis funqcias, sasiamovno da sasargeblo ubralod
ki ar Tanaarseboben, aramed erTmaneTs erwymian. unda
aRiniSnos, rom literaturiT moniWebuli tkboba gansa
kuTrebul, `maRal tkbobas~ warmoadgens _ misi wyaro
maRali tipis qmedebaa, kerZod, Wvreta, romelic araviTar
materialur sargebels ar ukavSirdeba.D rac Seexeba lite
raturis gamoyenebiT aspeqts seriozulobasa da didaqti
kurobas, aqac iseT `saamur~ seriozulobasTan gvaqvs saqme,
romelic valdebulebaTagan Tavisufalia da esTetikuri
aRqmis seriozulobas efuZneba. xelovnebisadmi relativis
turi midgomis momxres, romelsac rTuli Tanamedrove poe
zia moswons, yovelTvis SeuZlia esTetikuri Tvalsazrisi
arafrad Caagdos da Tavisi pozicia imiT daasabuTos, rom
misi arCevani pirovnuli gemovnebis sakiTxia. ganaTlebis
39

literaturis Teoria

sferoSi moRvawe adamianma SeiZleba araswori daskvna gaake

Tos da CaTvalos, rom romelime didi poema an romani imde
nadaa seriozuli, ramdenadac is mkiTxvels raime Rirebul
istoriul informacias an zneobriv gakveTils awvdis.
aq unda ganvixiloT kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiT
xi: aqvs Tu ara literaturas funqcia, an funqciebi? wignSi
`kritikosTa saxelmZRvanelo~ boesi (Boas) ironiulad
acxadebs, rom arsebobs nairgvari interesebi da, Sesa
bamisad, sxvadasxva tipis kritika; xolo elioti Tavisi naS
romis _ `poeziis daniSnuleba da kritikis daniSnuleba~
_ bolos sevdianad askvnis, rom `poezia mravalgvaria~ da
sxvadasxva epoqaSi poeziis sxvadasxva saxeobebi nairgvar
miznebs emsaxureboda. magram es mxolod gamonaklisi SemTx
vevebia. literaturisadmi seriozuli midgoma gulisxmobs
(yovel SemTxvevaSi tradiciulad mainc) imis aRiarebas, rom
mas garkveuli daniSnuleba aqvs. rac Seexeba arnoldis (Arnold) Tvalsazriss imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom poezia SeiZle
ba religiasa da filosofias Caenacvlos, elioti wers: ...
arc amqveynad da arc im qveynad araferi arafers ar enacv
leba.3 sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, arc erTi kategoriis Ri
rebulebas ar gaaCnia WeSmariti ekvivalenti. Semcvlelebi
ar arsebobs. realurad, SesaZloa, literatura bevr rasme
Seenacvlos magaliTad, kiTxvis dros Cven TiTqos vmogza
urobT da ucxo qveynebs vecnobiT, ganvicdiT imas, rac ar
gangvicdia, aRviqvamT sxva adamianis cxovrebas ise, TiTqos
es Cveni cxovreba iyos. amas garda, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi
istorikosebisTvis literatura socialur dokuments
warmoadgens. magram aqvs Tu ara literaturas sakuTari _
unikaluri _ daniSnuleba, Tu is warmoadgens filosofiis,
istoriis, musikisa da mxatvruli xerxebis naerTs, romelic
Tanamedrove pirobebSi SeiZleba daiSalos Semadgenel
nawilebad? swored es aris mTavari sakiTxi.
literaturis damcvelebi ityvian, rom literatura
yovelTvis aucilebeli iqneba da ar miiCneven mas uZvelesi
drois gadmonaSTad. es Tvalsazrisi misaRebia imaTTvi
sac, vinc arc poetia, arc sityvierebis maswavlebeli. li
40

literaturis funqcia

teraturis unikaluri Rirebulebis aRiareba aucilebelia

yvela im TeoriisTvis, romelic ikvlevs Rirebulebis arss.
msgavsi Teoriebi sul ufro metad iTvaliswineben litera
turis am specifikur mxares.
erT-erTi Tanamedrove Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, poezia
sasargeblo da seriozulia imdenad, ramdenadac is garkve
ul codnas iZleva. poezia codnis formaa. aristotele ra
Rac amgvars amtkicebda Tavisi im cnobili gamonaTqvamiT,
rom poezia ufro filosofiuria, vidre istoria, radganac
istoria `momxdar movlenebs aRwers, poezia ki mogviTxrobs
im movlenebze, romlebic SeiZleboda momxdariyo~, anu _
zogadze da SesaZlebelze. Tumca amJamad, rodesac isto
ria, literaturis msgavsad, warmoadgens Tavisufal disci
plinas, romelSic ver naxavT zust definiciebs da romlis
metoqeebs axla ukve sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi warmoa
dgenen, gamoaSkaravda, rom poezia yuradRebas amaxvilebs
iseT detalebze, romlebic tradiciulad sabunebismetyve
lo mecnierebebisa da filosofiis yuradRebis miRma rCeba
xolme. Tu neoklasicist Teoretikosss, magaliTad, doqtor
jonsons, jer kidev SeeZlo emsjela imis Sesaxeb, rom poezia
`zogadis didebulebas~ warmoadgens, sxvadasxva skolis war
momadgeneli Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi (magaliTad, berg
soni, gilbi (Gilby), rensomi (Ransom) da steisi (Stace), erTx
mad aRniSnaven, rom poezia asaxavs kerZoobiTs. magaliTad,
steisi amtkicebs, rom Seqspiris `oteloSi~(Othello) asaxulia
ara zogadad eWvianoba, aramed otelos eWvianoba, anu iseTi
grZnoba, romelic SeiZleboda gasCenoda mxolod veneciel
qalze daqorwinebul mavrs.4
ra warmoadgens literaturis sagans _ zogadi Tu
kerZoobiTi? literaturis Teoria da misi damcvelebi, ro
gorc wesi, an erT Tvalsazriss emxrobian, an meores. SeiZle
ba iTqvas, rom literatura ufro zogadia, vidre istoria
da biografia, magram ufro kerZoobiTi xasiaTisaa, vidre
fsiqologia an sociologia. magram literaturul Teoriis
cvalebad debulebaTa garda, arsebobs sxva sagulisxmo faq
torebic. literaturul praqtikaSi zogadisa Tu kerZos
41

literaturis Teoria

urTierTmimarTeba ama Tu im nawarmoebSi an istoriul pe

riodSi sxvadasxvagvaria. magaliTad, piligrimi da evrime
ni (Everyman) SeiZleba ganasaxierebdnen mTel kacobriobas.
magram jonsonis `episinis~ (Epicoene) `iumoristi~ morouzi
(Morose) metad uCveulo da Taviseburi adamiania. daxasia
Tebis principi literaturaSi yovelTvis moiTxovda `tipi
uris~ Serwymas `individualurTan~ _ individSi warmoaCen
da tips, tipSi ki _ individs. am principis an mis safuZvelze
warmoSobili kanonebis ganmartebis mcdelobebi unayofo
aRmoCnda. literaturuli tipebis klasifikacia momdi
nareobs horaciusis doqtrinidan `dekorumis~ Sesaxeb da
romauli komediis tipebidan (mag., trabaxa jariskaci, Zunwi
kaci, mflangveli da Seyvarebuli vaJiSvili, sando msaxuri).
meCvidmete saukunis qaraqterologiur wignebsa da molie
ris komediebSi aseve vawydebiT Cveul tipebs. magram SeiZle
ba Tu ara tipTa Teoriis farTod gamoyeneba? Aaris Tu ara
julietas gadia `romeosa da julietaSi~ (Romeo and Juliet)
tipi? da Tu asea, risi tipizacia xdeba am saxeSi? warmoad
gens Tu ara hamleti tips? rogorc Cans asea, doqtori timo
Ti braitis (Dr Timothy Bright) ganmartebiT, dedofali elisa
bedis droindeli mayureblisaTvis, is melanqoliuri tipia.
Mmagram melanqoliis garda, mas sxva Tvisebebic axasiaTebs.
hamletis melanqolia gansakuTrebuli mizezebidan mom
dinareobs da gansakuTrebul pirobebSi viTardeba. garkve
uli TvalsazrisiT, xasiaTi, romelic individualuri da,
imavdroulad, tipuricaa, araerT tips moicavs Tavis TavSi:
hamleti aris mijnuri, an yofili mijnuri, swavluli, dra
mis xelovnebaSi gaTviTcnobierebuli adamiani da kargi mo
farikave. evrimeni sxvadasxvagvar tipebs aerTianebs Tavis
TavSi. Ee.w. saxasiaTo tipebi `erTganzomilebian~ tipebad
miiCneva, iseve, rogorc Cven erTganzomilebian adamia
nebad miiCnevT imaT, visTanac mxolod erTi garkveuli saxis
urTierToba gvakavSirebs; `moculobiT~ xasiaTebs, rom
lebic sxvadasxvagvar Tvalsazrisebsa da urTierTobebs
moicaven, sxva konteqstSi gviCveneben, mag., sazogadoebriv
sa da pirad cxovrebaSi, ucxoeTSi mogzaurobisas.5
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literaturis funqcia

dramasa da romanebs, yvelaferTan erTad, Semecnebi

Ti Rirebulebac aqvT. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Tval
sazrisis mixedviT, `romanistebs meti SeuZliaT aswavlon
adamians adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb, vidre fsiqologebs~.
horni (Horney) miiCnevs, rom dostoevski, Seqspiri, ibseni da
balzaki codnis amouwurav wyaros warmoadgenen. i. m. fors
teri (E. M. Forster) (`romanis aspeqtebi~ Aspects of the Novel)
saubrobs imaze, rom Cven mxolod iSviaTad Tu SegviZlia
CavwvdeT adamianTa Sinagan cxovrebasa da motivaciebs.6
amdenad, misi azriT, swored romanis didi damsaxurebaa is,
rom misi meoxebiT warmoCndeba personaJebis introspeqciu
li cxovreba. SesaZloa, personaJebis Sinagani cxovrebis aR
wera emyareba avtoris fxizel TviTdakvirvebas. SeiZleba
imisi Tqmac, rom didi romanebi fsiqologebisTvis codnis
mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. garda amisa, romanebSi
moTxrobili calkeuli SemTxvevebi Rirebuli daskvnebis
gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. magram aq unda davubrundeT
im faqts, rom fsiqologebi romans mxolod masSi gamokveTi
li ganzogadebuli tipuri Rirebulebis gamo kiTxuloben.
magaliTad, fsiqologi ganixilavs mama gorios (Pre Goriot)
xasiaTs moqmedebis saerTo adgilidan (vokes saxlidan the
Maison Vauquer) da sxva personaJebTan misi damokidebulebe
bidan gamomdinare.
maqs istmeni (Max Eastman), romelic Tavad poeti
(Tumca, arc ise mniSvnelovani) gaxldaT, Tvlida, rom mec
nierebis saukuneSi `literaturul cnobierebas~ veRar
eqneba WeSmaritebis aRmoCenis pretenzia. `literaturuli
cnobiereba~, ubralod, araspecialistis diletanturi
cnobierebaa, romelic winaremecnieruli epoqis dones See
satyviseba, Tavis gadarCenas cdilobs da, amdenad, surs Ta
visi enobrivi unaris wyalobiT Seqmnas iseTi STabeWdileba,
TiTqos friad Rirebul `WeSmaritebebs~ RaRadebdes. WeS
mariteba literaturaSi iseTivea, rogoric WeSmariteba mis
farglebs miRma, anu _ sistematuri da sazogadod damowme
buli codna. romanisti jadoqari araa. mas ar SeuZlia myi
sierad moipovos socialuri mecnierebebis mier dagrove
43

literaturis Teoria

buli codna, romlis meSveobiTac romanistis `samyaros~,

misi warmosaxviTi sinamdvilis realuroba mowmdeba. magram
meore mxriv, istmenis azriT, didi fantaziis mqone mwerali,
gansakuTrebiT ki poeti, arasworad Seafasebs sakuTar Tavs,
Tuki CaTvlis, rom misi umTavresi daniSnulebaa codnis aR
moCena da gadacema. sinamdvileSi misi funqciaa, dagvexma
ros ufro Rrmad aRviqvaT is, rasac vxedavT; warmoidginos
is, rac Cven, konceptualurad an praqtikulad, ukve viciT.7
rTulia, mkveTrad gavmijnoT ori Tvalsazrisi poezi
is Sesaxeb, romelTa mixedviT, poezia an ukve cnobilis xela
xal xorcSesxmas warmoadgens, an `mxatvrul wvdomas~. xelo
vani imas gvaxsenebs, rasac odesRac vxedavdiT da dRes veRar
aRviqvamT, an dagvanaxvebs imas, rac, gamudmebiT Cven Tval
win iyo, magram ver vamCnevdiT. aq uneburad is Sav-TeTri
naxatebi gvaxsendeba, romlebzec gamosaxulia wertilebi
sa da texili xazebisagan agebuli figurebi da saxeebi:
miuxedavad imisa, rom mravaljer gvinaxavs es figurebi da
xazebi, Cven ver aRviqvamdiT maT rogorc mTlianobas, ro
gorc garkveul formebs. nawarmoebSi `ganzraxvani~ (Intentions) uaildi (Wilde) saubrobs imaze, rom uistlerma (Whistler)
nislSi aRmoaCina esTetikuri Rirebuleba, prerafaelitebma
(Pre-Raphaelites) ki silamaze iseTi tipis qalebSi dainaxes, rom
lebic iqamde lamazebad ar iTvlebodnen. aq Cndeba kiTxva, ra
vlindeba msgavs SemTxvevebSi _ `codna~ Tu `WeSmariteba~.
amasTan dakavSirebiT ar arsebobs mkveTrad gamokveTili
Tvalsazrisi. SeiZleba aseT SemTxvevaSi vimsjeloT axali
`aRqmiTi Rirebulebebis~, axali `esTetikuri Tvisebebis~
aRmoCenis Sesaxeb.
gasagebia, ratomaa Zneli esTetikosebisTvis `WeSma
ritebis~, rogorc xelovnebis Tvisebisa da kriteriumis
ugulebelyofa:8 nawilobriv, es sapatio terminia, rom
lis meSveobiTac adamiani Rrma pativiscemas gamoxatavs
xelovnebis mimarT, imas, rom xelovneba erT-erT umaRles
Rirebulebaa. garda amisa, Cven usafuZvlod vSiSobT, rom
Tuki xelovneba `araWeSmaritia~, maSin is, rogorc plato
ni fiqrobda, is `tyuili~ yofila. mxatvruli literatu
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literaturis funqcia

ra aris `gamonagoni~, `cxovrebis mxatvruli, verbaluri

imitaciaa~. gamonagonis sapirispiro cneba ki aris ara `WeS
mariteba~, aramed `faqti~, anu `arseboba drosa da sivrce
Si~. `faqti~ ufro uCveuloa, vidre albaToba, rasac lit
eratura asaxavs.9
xelovnebis sxva dargebs Soris literatura, ker
Zod, pretenzias acxadebs `WeSmaritebaze~ im msoflaRqmis
(Weltanschauung) safuZvelze, romelic Tavs iCens nebismier
mxatvrulad srulyofil nawarmoebSi. filosofosma an
kritikosma SeiZleba zogierTi am SexedulebaTagani ufro
`WeSmaritad~ miiCnios, vidre sxva mosazrebebi (magaliTad,
eliots miaCnia, rom dantes Sexedulebebi ufro WeSmari
tia, vidre Selis (Shelley) an Tundac Seqspirisa); magram
nebismieri filosofiuri Sexeduleba cxovrebis Sesaxeb an
garkveul WeSmaritebas unda Seicavdes, an amis pretenzia
mainc hqondes. Lliteraturis WeSmariteba, Cveni gagebiT,
warmoadgens WeSmaritebas literaturaSi es aris filoso
fia, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom sistematuri koncep
tualuri formiT literaturis farglebs gareT arsebobs,
SesaZloa literaturas miesadagebodes an vlindebodes
masSi. am TvalsazrisiT, WeSmariteba dantes nawarmoebebSi
aris kaTolikuri RvTismetyveleba da sqolastikuri fi
losofia. poeziis eliotiseuli xedva `WeSmaritebasTan~
mimarTebiT, arsebiTad, emTxveva Cvensas. WeSmariteba siste
maturi moazrovneebis sferoa; xelovanebi ki amgvari tipis
moazrovneebi ar arian, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa, maT
scadon, aseTebad iqcnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ver moaxerxeben
maTTvis xelsayreli filosofiuri koncefciebis aRmoCe
nasa da SeTvisebas.10
zogadad rom vTqvaT, mTeli es winaaRmdegoba mniSv
nelovanwilad semantikuri xasiaTisaa. mainc ras vgu
lisxmobT, rodesac vsaubrobT `codnis~, `WeSmaritebis~,
`Semecnebis~, `sibrZnis~ Sesaxeb? Tu nebismieri WeSmariteba
konceptualuri da damtkicebadia, maSin xelovneba, TviT
literaturuli xelovnebac ki, SeuZlebelia WeSmaritebis
formebs warmoadgendes. arsebobs kidev erTi garemoeba:
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literaturis Teoria

Tu iseT martiv pozitivistur ganmartebebs daveyrdno

biT, romelTa mixedviT, WeSmariteba aris is, risi Semowme
bac yovel Cvengans SeuZlia, maSin xelovnebas ver miviCnevT
WeSmaritebis imgvar formad, romelsac eqsperimentuli gziT
moipoveben da amowmeben. problemisadmi sapirispiro midgoma
gulisxmobs `Semecnebis mravalgvari gzebis~ arsebobas da
imis aRiarebas rom WeSmaritebis wvdoma SesaZlebelia ori
an mravali xerxiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, arsebobs
codnis ori ZiriTadi tipi, romelTagan TiToeuli niSanTa
sakuTar enobriv sistemas iyenebs: sabunebismetyvelo mec
nierebani iyeneben `diskursul~ moduss, humanitaruli mec
nierebebi ki _ `reprezentaciuls~.11 aris Tu ara codnis
orive tipi WeSmariteba? pirveli maTgani aris is, romelsac
filosofosebi tradiciulad emyarebodnen, meore ki re
ligiur `miTsa~ da poezias efuZneba. albaT ufro upriani
iqneba, Tu meore tips `WeSmarits~ vuwodebT da ara _ `WeS
maritebas~. zedsarTavi miuTiTebs imas, rom wonasworobis
centri unda gadavanacvloT: xelovneba arsobrivad mSve
nieria da gansazRvrebis mixedviT _ WeSmariti (e. i. ar up
irispirdeba WeSmaritebas). nawarmoebSi `ars poetika~ (Ars
Poetica), makleiSi (MacLeish) cdilobs, erTmaneTs SeuTavsos
literaturuli mSvenierebisa da filosofiis moTxovnebi
formuliT, romlis Tanaxmad, leqsi `WeSmaritebis tolfa
sia da ara WeSmariti~: poezia iseTive seriozuli da mniS
vnelovania, rogorc filosofia (mecniereba, codna, si
brZne), da WeSmaritebis tolfasi Tvisebebi aqvs, anu is WeS
maritebis msgavsia.
qalbatoni langeri (Mrs Langer) gamoyofs xelovnebis
plastikur saxeobebs da kidev ufro metad, musikas, romelT
ac literaturaze maRla ayenebs, rodesac acxadebs, rom
reprezentaciuli simbolizmi codnis formaa. rogorc Cans,
igi miiCnevs, rom literatura, garkveulwilad, `diskursu
li~ da `prezentaciuli~ elementebis nazavs warmoadgens.
magram, qalbatoni langeris TvalsazrisiT, reprezentaci
uli elementi literaturis miTur elements an arqetipul
saxeebs Seesatyviseba.12
46

literaturis funqcia

im or TvalsazrisTan erTad, romelTa mixedviT, xe

lovneba an WeSmaritebis Semecneba an misi wvdomaa, arsebobs
mesame Sexedulebac. am ukanasknelis Tanaxmad, xelovneba,
kerZod ki literatura, propagandas warmoadgens. amgvarad,
mwerali WeSmaritebas ki ar Seimecnebs, aramed cdilobs,
daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom mis mier gadmocemuli azrebi
WeSmaritebas Seesabameba. termini `propaganda~ metismetad
zogadia da ganmartebas saWiroebs. yoveldRiur situacieb
Si `propagandas~ uwodeben yovelive imas, rac sazogadoebi
sTvis zianis momtania da rasac saeWvo adamianebi avrcele
ben. es sityva gulisxmobs angariSianobas, garkveul winaswar
ganzraxvas da, ZiriTadad, konkretul, sakmaod SezRudul
doqtrinebTan da programebTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyeneba.13
ase rom, Tu am sityvis mniSvnelobas davaviwrovebT, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom zogierTi (mdare xarisxis) xelovneba propagan
daa, magram didi xelovneba, an kargi xelovneba, an ubralod
`xelovneba~ ar SeiZleba propaganda iyos. Tumca, Tu am
termins ganvazogadebT da vigulisxmebT, rom esaa `mkiTx
velze gavlenis mosaxdenad gamiznuli gacnobierebuli Tu
gaucnobierebeli mcdeloba, romlis Sedegad mkiTxvelma
unda gaiziaros garkveuli cxovrebiseuli pozicia~, maSin
isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela xelovani aris an unda iyos
propagandisti. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT (Tu mTlianad
ugulebelvyofT zemoTqmuls), yvela gulwrfeli xelova
ni, romelic pasuxismgebelia sakuTari nawarmoebebisTvis,
zneobrivad valdebulia, propagandisti iyos.
montgomeri beljionis (Montgomery Belgion) ganmarte
biT, mwerali `upasuxismgeblo propagandistia~. `yvela mwerali garkveul
cxovrebiseul Sexedulebas an Teorias iTvisebs... nawarmoebs yovelTvis is
daniSnuleba aqvs, rom mkiTxvelmac irwmunos es Sexeduleba Tu Teoria. ma
gram es darwmuneba yovelTvis farulia, anu avtors mkiTxveli yovelTvis
TandaTanobiT mihyavs raRacis aRiarebamde da es procesi hipnozuri xasi
aTisaa reprezentaciis xelovneba acdunebs mkiTxvels...~.

elioti, beljionis am azrebis citirebisas, erT

maneTisagan ganasxvavebs `poetebs, romelTac Zalian Znelia
propagandisti uwodo~, `upasuxismgeblo propagandistebs~,
47

literaturis Teoria

da mesame jgufs, romlebic, lukreciusisa (Lucretius) da

dantes msgavsad, `Segnebul propagandistebs~ warmoadge
nen; eliotis azriT, pasuxismgebloba damokidebulia
rogorc avtoris ganzraxvaze, ise istoriul efeqtze.14
termini `Segnebuli propagandistebi~ bevr Cvengans urTi
erTSeuTavsebeli sityvebis kombinaciad moeCveneba. seri
ozuli xelovneba gulisxmobs iseT cxovrebiseul msofl
xedvas, romelic SeiZleba filosofiuri cnebebiT an sulac
saTave daudos filosofiur sistemebs.15 mxatvrul Tanmim
devrulobasa (romelsac zogjer `mxatvrul logikas~ uwo
deben) da filosofiur Tanamimdevrulobas Soris garkveu
li Sesabamisoba arsebobs. Segnebuli xelovani erTmaneTSi
ar aurevs emociasa da azrs, grZnobierebasa da inteleq
tualur Semecnebas, grZnobaTa siwrfeles, da, meore mxriv,
gamocdilebisa da azrovnebis Sesatyvisobas. msoflmxed
veloba, romelsac amgvari xelovani Tavisi nawarmoebiT
gamoxatavs, iseTi martivi araa, rogorc `propagandad~
miCneuli zogierTi popularuli Sexeduleba. meore mxriv,
cxovrebis rTulma xedvam ar unda gvibiZgos naCqarevi an gu
lubryvilo qmedebisaken.
axla isRa dagvrCenia, literaturis funqciis is kon
cefciebi ganvixiloT, romlebic sityva `kaTarsiss~ ukav
Sirdeba. es termini, romelic aristotelem Semoitana Ta
vis `poetikaSi~, xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. kaTarsisis ar
istoteleseuli gageba jer kidev iwvevs polemikas. magram
amjerad gvainteresebs ara am cnebis aristoteleseuli
gaazreba, aramed is mniSvnelobebi, romlebiTac aRiWur
va kaTarsisis cneba antikuri epoqis Semdgom. zogierTis
azriT, literaturis funqcia aris Cveni _ mwerlebis an
mkiTxvelebis _ gaTavisufleba emociaTa zemoqmedebisgan.
emociebis gamoxatva niSnavs imas, rom gavTavisufldeT am
emociebisagan, iseve, rogorc, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, goeTe
gaTavisuflda Tavisi Weltschmerz-isgan, rodesac `verTeris
vnebani~ (The Sorrows of Werther) dawera. amboben, rom tragediis
mayurebeli an romanis mkiTxvelic aseve ganicdis am gaTavi
suflebasa da Svebas. xdeba misi emociebis zustad gamoxatva
da esTetikuri gancdis Sedegad mayurebelsa da mkiTxvels
`sulieri simSvide~ eufleba.16
48

literaturis funqcia

magram aq unda daisvas kiTxva literatura emociebi

sagan gvaTavisuflebs Tu, piriqiT, emociebs iwvevs CvenSi?
platonis azriT, tragedia da komedia `kvebavs da asazrdoebs
Cvens emociebs, Tumca umjobesi iqneboda maTi CaxSoba~.Mmeore
mxriv, roca literatura emociebisagan gvaTavisuflebs, gana
umiznod ar xdeba maTi gadmoRvra poetur fantaziebSi? wmida
avgustine aRiarebs, rom axalgazrdobaSi is momakvdinebel
codvaSi cxovrobda; miuxedavad amisa, `ar vtirodi amis gamo,
Tumca didonas sikvdilis gamo cremlebs vRvridi...~ SeiZleba
Tu ara iTqvas, rom zogierTi tipis literatura propagandis
tulia da zogi _ kaTarsisuli, Tu ufro mniSvnelovania, erT
maneTisagan gavmijnoT mkiTxvelTa jgufebi da maTi reaqciis
buneba?17 unda iyos Tu ara yvelanairi literatura kaTarsi
suli? am problemebs ufro detalurad ganvixilavT TavebSi
`literatura da fsiqologia~ da `literatura da sazogadoe
ba~; amJamad ki mxolod vasaxelebT maT.
daskvnis saxiT vityviT, rom sakiTxs literaturis fun
qciis Sesaxeb xangrZlivi istoria aqvs dasavlur samyaroSi,
platonidan moyolebuli dRemde. es ar aris SekiTxva, ro
melic poets an poeziis damfasebels SeiZleba uneburad dae
bados; erTxel emersons wamocda: `silamaze sakuTari Tavis
gamarTlebas warmoadgens~. am sakiTxs ufro xSirad wamoW
rian xolme utilitaristebi da moralistebi an saxelmwifo
moxeleebi da filosofosebi, anu adamianebi, romelTaTvisac
ufro faseulia araesTetikuri Rirebulebebi. da maT surT
icodnen, mainc ra aris poeziis daniSnuleba? Aam problemas
arsebiTi socialuri da humanisturi mniSvneloba aqvs. Aaqedan
gamomdinare, poetic da poeziis moyvarulic, rogorc zneo
brivi da Segnebuli moqalaqeebi, iZulebuli arian, sazogadoe
bas kargad dasabuTebuli pasuxi gascen. swored ase iqcevian
isini morigi `poetikis~ romelime pasaJSi. isini icaven an xot
bas asxamen poezias: esaa literaturuli analogia imisa, rasac
TeologiaSi `apologia~ ewodeba.18 dasaxelebuli miznidan ga
momdinare da mkiTxvelis tipis Sesabamisad, isini, bunebrivia,
upiratesad saubroben literaturis `daniSnulebaze~ da ara
am literaturiT `moniWebul tkbobaze~; amdenad, semantikuri
TvalsazrisiT, dResdReobiT iolia literaturis funqciis
49

literaturis Teoria

dayvana mis gareSe funqciebze, Tumca, romantizmidan moyole

buli, am SekiTxvaze poeti iZleoda sxvagvar pasuxs, romelsac
a.s. bredli (A. C. Bradley) uwodebs `poezias poeziisaTvis~;19
Teoretikosebi ki marTebulad aRniSnaven, rom termini `lit
eraturis funqcia~ imdenad farToa, rom aucilebeli aRaraa
veZeboT gamarTleba poeziis arsebobisTvis. amdenad, roca am
termins viyenebT, igulisxmeba, rom poezias bevri SesaZlo fun
qcia aqvs. misi mTavari da umniSvnelovanesi funqcia is aris,
rom ar uRalatos Tavis bunebas.

50

Tavi meoTxe

literaturis
Teoria, kritika da istoria
*
radgan literaturis Seswavlis miznis Sesaxeb ukve
visaubreT, axla ganvixiloT literaturis sistematuri
da integrirebuli Seswavlis SesaZlebloba. inglisuri ena
Sesatyvis termins ar gvTavazobs saamisod. albaT, yvelaze
ukeTesi iqneboda, gamogveyenebina iseTi terminebi, ro
gorebicaa `literaturaTmcodneoba~ da `filologia~.
am terminTagan pirveli sakamaToa mxolod imitom, rom
TiTqos gamoricxavs `kritikas~ da xazs usvams Seswavlis
akademiur bunebas. es termini, rasakvirvelia, misaRebi
gaxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sityvas `mkvlevari~ ise far
Tod ganvixilavT, rogorc es emersonma gaakeTa. mM eore ter
minma _ `filologiam~ _ SesaZloa, ara erTi gaugebroba
gamoiwvios. istoriulad am terminSi moiazreboda ara
mxolod yvela saxis literaturuli da enaTmecnieruli
studiebi, aramed adamianis gonebis mier Seqmnili nebis
mieri produqtis Seswavla. miuxedavad imisa, rom es termini
yvelaze metad iyo modaSi mecxramete saukunis germaniaSi,
is dRes jer kidev gvxvdeba iseTi mimoxilvebis saTaurebSi,
rogorebicaa Modern Philology, Philological Quarterly da Studies
in Philology. Bbexma (Boeckh), romelmac dawera uaRresad mniS
vnelovani naSromi `filologiur mecnierebaTa enciklope
dia da meTodologia~ (Encyclopedie und Methodologie der Philologischen Wissenschaften~) (daiwera 1877 wels, Tumca, nawilobriv,
1809 wels Catarebul leqciebs eyrdnoba),1 filologia
ganmarta, rogorc `cnobilis codna~, romelic, amdenad,
moicavs enisa da literaturebis, religiisa da socialuri
tradiciebis Seswavlas. bexis filologia, faqtobrivad,
grinlous `literaturis istoriis~ (Literary History) iden
51

literaturis Teoria

turia, da, rogorc Cans, iTvaliswinebs saWiroebebs kla

sikuri filologiisa, romlisTvisac gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs istoriisa da arqeologiis daxmarebas.
bexisTvis literaturaTmcodneoba mxolod erTi dargia
filologiisa, romelic gagebulia, rogorc mTliani mec
niereba civilizaciis Sesaxeb, kerZod ki civilizaciis im
aspeqtis Sesaxeb, romelsac man, germaneli romantikosebis
msgavsad, `erovnuli suli~ uwoda. amJamad, nawilobriv am
sityvis etimologiidan gamomdinare da TviT am sferos
specialistTa mecadineobis Sedegad, filologiad xSirad
moiazreben enaTmecnierebas, gansakuTrebiT ki istoriul
gramatikas da enebis ganviTarebis adreuli formebis Ses
wavlas. ramdenadac am termins mravali da sxvadasxvagvari
mniSvnelobebi aqvs, umjobesi iqneba, Tu ar SevudgebiT maT
ganxilvas.
arsebobs literaturaTmcodnis muSaobis kidev er
Ti alternatiuli saxelwodeba `kvleva~. es sityva gansa
kuTrebiT Seusabamoa, radgan TiTqosda xazs usvams mxolod
masalebis winaswari moZiebis mniSvnelobas da umarTebulod
gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba advilad mosaZiebel
da Znelad xelmisawvdom masalebs Soris. magaliTad, roca
adamiani britaneTis muzeumSi midis imisaTvis, rom iSviaTi
wigni waikiTxos, is `kvlevas~ awarmoebs. im SemTxvevaSi ki,
roca adamiani sakuTar saxlSi, savarZelSi mokalaTebuli
kiTxulobs imave wignis asls, mis gonebaSi sul sxva gonebri
vi procesi mimdinareobs. termini `kvleva~ gulisxmobs mxo
lod da mxolod garkveul winaswar operaciebs, romelTa
masStabi da buneba gansxvavebulia imis mixedviT, Tu ra saxis
problemaa gadasaWreli. magram literaturaTmcodneobi
saTvis, rodesac ganixileba iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi,
rogorebicaa ganmarteba, daxasiaTeba da Sefaseba, is ar
aris sakmarisad zusti.
Cveni naSromis farglebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
gamovkveToT gansxvaveba literaturis Teorias, kritikasa
da istorias Soris. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos gan
sxvaveba literaturis orgvar xedvas Soris. pirveli maTga
52

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

nis mixedviT, literatura aris nawarmoebTa erTdroulad

arsebuli erToblioba, meore TvalsazrisiT ki literatu
ra, upiratesad, nawarmoebTa qronologiuri mimdevrobaa
da, amdenad, istoriuli procesis Semadgenel nawils war
moadgens. Aamas garda, aRsaniSnavia, rom, erTi mxriv, SeiZle
ba visaubroT literaturis principebisa da kriteriumebis,
meore mxriv ki calkeuli literaturuli nawarmoebebis Ses
wavlis Taobaze, kerZod _ imis Sesaxeb, izolirebulad mox
deba maTi Seswavla, Tu qronologiurad. umjobesi iqneba,
Tu arsebuli gansxvavebebis ganxilvisas gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom `literaturis Teoria~ literaturis principebis, kat
egoriebis, kriteriumebis da a. S. Seswavlas warmoadgens. amas
garda, xelovnebis calkeuli nawarmoebebis Seswavlas an
`literaturis kritika~ (romelic ZiriTadad statikur
midgomas warmoadgens) unda vuwodoT, an _ `literaturis
istoria~. rasakvirvelia, xSirad, termini `literaturis
kritika~ mTlianad literaturis Teorias moicavs, Tumca am
SemTxvevaSi saTanado yuradReba ar eTmoba erT mniSvnelo
van garemoebas; aristotele Teoretikosi iyo, sent-bevi
(Sainte-Beuve) ki upiratesad _ kritikosi. kenet berki, mniS
vnelovanwilad, literaturuli Teoretikosia, xolo r. p.
bleqmuri (R. P. Blackmur) _ literaturis kritikosi. termi
nma `literaturis Teoria~ Tavisuflad SeiZleba moicvas
(rogorc es am wignSia) `literaturis kritikis Teoria~ da
`literaturis istoriis Teoria~.
es gansxvavebebi aSkaraa da farTodaa miRebuli. ga
cilebiT ufro iSviaTad aRiareben, rom ar SeiZleba lite
raturis kvlevis zemodasaxelebuli meTodebis izo
lirebulad gamoyeneba _ maTi urTierTkavSiri imdenad
mWidroa, rom literaturis Teoria warmoudgenelia kri
tikisa da istoriis gareSe, kritika _ Teoriisa da isto
riis gareSe, xolo istoria _ Teoriisa da kritikis gareSe.
aSkaraa, rom literaturis Teoria ar arsebobs konkretu
li literaturuli nawarmoebebis Seswavlis gareSe. kri
teriumebi, kategoriebi da sqemebi SeuZlebelia miRebul
iqnes in vacuo. meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia arsebobdes kri
53

literaturis Teoria

tika da istoria garkveuli kiTxvebis, cnebaTa sistemis,

mimarTebebisa da ganzogadebebis gareSe. rasakvirvelia, aq
gadauWrel dilemas rodi vawydebiT: kiTxvis dros Cven mu
dam garkveuli principebiT vxelmZRvanelobT da es princi
pebi ganuwyvetliv icvleba da zustdeba axali literatu
ruli nawarmoebebis gacnobisas.Ees dialeqtikuri procesia:
Teoriisa da praqtikis urTierTgamsWvalva.
araerTxel ucdiaT literaturis istoriis gamijvna
Teoriisa da kritikisagan. magaliTad, rogorc f. v. beitso
ni (F.W. Bateson)2 amtkicebda, literaturis istoria mxolod
gviCvenebs, rom `a~ momdinareobs~ `b~-sgan, maSin, rodesac
kritika amtkicebs, `a~ `b~-ze ukeTesiao. pirvel SemTxveva
Si daskvna emyareba iseT faqtebs, romelTa gadamowmebac
SesaZlebelia, meoreSi ki _ subieqtur Sexedulebebsa da
rwmenas efuZneba. magram amgvari gamijvna marTlzomieri
araa. Lliteraturis istoriaSi ubralod ar arsebobs iseTi
monacemebi, romelTac SeiZleba absoluturad neitraluri
`faqtebi~ vuwodoT. Semfasebluri Tvalsazrisebi masalis
SerCevaSic ki monawileobs _ maSin, rodesac erTmaneTi
sagan ganvasxvavebT, ubralod, beletristikasa da, meore
mxriv, literaturas, an rodesac ama TuU im avtors vuT
mobT gverdebis garkveul raodenobas. saTauris an TariRis
ubralo damowmebac ki winaswar gulisxmobs Semfaseblur
midgomas, radgan am dros xdeba erTi romelime wignisa Tu
movlenis gamorCeva milionobiT sxva wignisa da movlenisa
gan. davuSvaT, arsebobs SedarebiT neitraluri faqtebi,
magaliTad, TariRebi, saTaurebi, biografiuli monacemebi,
magram maTi meSveobiT SeiZleba mxolod literaturuli
matianis Sedgena. nebismieri ufro rTuli kiTxva, iseTic
ki, romelic teqstis kritikas, an wyaroebsa da gavlenebs
ukavSirdeba, gamudmebiT moiTxovs garkveul Sefasebas. is
eTi gancxadebebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `poupi draidenis
gavlenas ganicdis~, pirvelad doneze, rasakvirvelia, gu
lisxmobs, rom draidensa da poups gamovarCevT maTi epoqis
uricxvi versifikatorisgan. Semdgom, aucilebeli xdeba
imis garkveva, Tu ra gansakuTrebuli niSnebiT gamoirCeva
54

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

am avtorebis nawarmoebebi. Aamis dasadgenad aucilebelia,

gamudmebiT mimdinareobdes Sedarebisa da SerCevis pro
cesi, rac arsebiTad kritikul saqmianobas warmoadgens.
Tu ganvixilavT TanaavtorebisB _ bomontisa da fletCe
ris sakiTxs, is gadauWreli darCeba, sanam ar gaviTavisebT
erT mniSvnelovan princips, romlis Tanaxmad, garkveuli
stilisturi Tvisebebi (an xerxebi) ukavSirdeba erT-erTs
dasaxelebul mweralTagan, sxva Tvisebebi ki _ meores. Tu
ase ar moviqceviT, maSin mogvixdeba, ubralod, am Tanaav
torebis piesebSi arsebuli stilisturi Seusabamobebis
miTiTeba maTi mizezis ganmartebis gareSe.
miuxedavad amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom xSir SemTxve
vaSi, literaturis istoriis literaturis gancalkeveba
kritikisagan sxva kriteriumebis safuZvelze xdeba. Aaravin
uaryofs, rom literaturis kritikosma da istorikosma
unda gamoitanon TavianTi daskvnebi nawarmoebTa Sesaxeb,
magram xSirad imasac amtkiceben, rom literaturis istor
ikoss aqvs istoriis sakuTari standartebi da kriteriume
bi. am meTodologiis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom literatu
ris istoriis rekonstruqcia moiTxovs warsuli periodebis
msoflaRqmisa da mimarTebebis gaTavisebas, da, amasTan, Ta
namedrove epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli msoflaRqmisa da
mimarTebebis ugulebelyofas. es Tvalsazrisi, romelic
`istorizmis~ saxeliTaa cnobili, germaniaSi mTeli me-19
saukunis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda, Tumca iqac ki gaakri
tikes igi istoriis iseTma gamoCenilma Teoretikosebma,
rogoric iyo Eernst troltSi (Ernst Troeltsch).3 rogorc Cans,
ukanasknel xanebSi am Tvalsazriss, romelmac pirdapir TuU
arapirdapir, SeaRwia inglissa da SeerTebul StatebSi,
bevri Cveni `literaturis istorikosi~ iziarebs. magali
Tad, hardin kreigi (Hardin Craig) ambobda, rom Tanamedrove
mecnierebis uaxlesi da saukeTeso tendencia aris `arais
toriuli azrovnebisagan gaTavisufleba~4. i. i. stoli (E. E.
Stall), romelic dedofali elisabedis droindeli Teatris
tradiciebsa da misi auditoriis gemovnebas swavlobs, amJa
mad muSaobs iseT Teoriaze, romlis mixedviTac, literatu
55

literaturis Teoria

ris istoriis mTavari mizania avtoris Canafiqris rekon

struqcia.5 amgvari Teoria, garkveulwilad, safuZvlad
udevs im uamrav mcdelobas, romelTa mizani iyo elisabedis
droindeli iseTi fsiqologiuri Teoriebis Seswavla, ro
goricaa magaliTad, iumoris doqtrina an poetebis mecni
eruli an fsevdomecnieruli koncefciebi.6 rozmond tuvi
(Rosemond Tuve) cdilobda metafizikuri mxatvruli saxee
bis warmoSoba da mniSvneloba aexsna ramistuli logikis
safuZvelze, romelic donisa da mis TanamedroveTa mier
iyo miRebuli.7
imdenad, ramdenadac amgvari Seswavla SesaZleblobas
gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom gansxvavebul periodebSi sxva
dasxva kritikuli Tvalsazrisi da tradicia moqmedebs, Sei
Zleba iTqvas, rom yoveli epoqa iseT TviTkmar erTianobas
warmoadgens, romelic sakuTari tipis poezias qmnis da es
poezia sxva romelime epoqis poeziis sazRvrebSi ver Tavsde
ba. am Tvalsazriss gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiT uWerda
mxars frederik a. potli (Frederick A. Pottle).8 Tavis wignSi `poe
ziis ena~ is sakuTar Tvalsazriss `kritikul relativizms~
uwodebs da `aRqmis sferoSi momxdar Rrma cvlilebaze~, poe
ziis istoriaSi `uwyvetobis sruli darRvevaze~ saubrobs.
mM isi Tvalsazrisi kidev ufro Rirebuli gaxdeba, Tu gaviT
valiswinebT, rom igi darwmunebulia eTikuri da religiuri
postulatebis uryevobaSi.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, `literaturis istoriis~ es
koncefcia moiTxovs warmosaxvis daZabvas, `empaTias~, war
sulTan da gardasuli epoqis gemovnebasTan siRrmiseul
naTesaobas. iyo ramdenime warmatebuli cda imisa, rom
momxdariyo cxovrebis, sxvadasxvagvari koncefciebis, ada
mianis mamoZravebeli motivebis Sesaxeb im SexedulebaTa
rekonstruqcia, romlebic SemuSavebul iqna civilizaciis
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. Cven bevri ram viciT, ra
damokidebuleba hqondaT berZnebs RmerTebis, monebisa da
qalebis mimarT; SegviZlia detalurad davaxasiaToT Sua
saukuneebis kosmologia; unari Segvwevs, rom aRviqvaT is me
tad gansxvavebuli xedva an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebu
56

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

li mxatvruli tradiciebi da wesebi, romlebic bizantiur

an Cinur mxatvrobaSi iyo gavrcelebuli. germaniaSi ganxor
cielebul iqna uamravi kvleva (maT umravlesobazec Speng
lerma (Spengler) moaxdina gavlena). am naSromebSi saubari iyo
gotikis an barokos epoqis adamianis Sesaxeb, amasTan, es epo
qebi ganixileboda Tanamedroveobisgan mowyvetiT, rogorc
gansakuTrebuli, Caketili samyaro.
rac Seexeba sakuTriv literaturul kvlevebs, aq is
toriuli rekonstruqciis meTodma xeli Seuwyo aqcentis
gadatanas avtoris Canafiqrze, romlis wvdoma, am meTodis
avtorTa TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia literaturuli kri
tikisa da literaturuli gemovnebis istoriis Seswavlis
gziT. Cveulebriv, iTvleba, rom Tu amovicnobT avtoris
Canafiqrs da gamovarkvevT imasac, ramdenad SeZlo man am
ganzraxvis xorcSesxma, amiT kritikis problemac mogvar
deba. Aavtoris mizani gasagebia TanamedroveTaTvis da ar
arsebobs arc imis aucilebloba da arc SesaZlebloba,
rom momavalSi kidev erTxel gavakritikoT misi wigni. am
meTods Sedegad mohyveba iseTi kritikuli standartis aRi
areba, romelsac Tanamedrove mkiTxvelTa mier nawarmoebis
aRiareba ewodeba. amdenad, arsebobs ara mxolod erTi an
ori, aramed asobiT damoukidebeli, mravalferovani da
urTierTgamomricxavi koncefcia literaturis Sesaxeb,
romelTagan TiToeuli Taviseburad `marTebulia~. poeziis
ideali isea danawevrebuli, rom misgan aRaraferi rCeba,
amas ki Sedegad mosdevs zogadi anarqia an yvela Rirebu
lebis gacamtvereba. literaturis istoriisgan calkeuli
da, saboloo angariSiT, gaugebari fragmentebis grovaRa
rCeba. ufro zomieri formulirebiT, arsebobs polaru
lad imdenad gansxvavebuli poeturi idealebi, rom maT So
ris saerTo Tvisebebis aRmoCena SeuZlebelia: klasicizmi
da romantizmi, poupisa da uordsuorTis ideali, aSkarad
gacxadebuli azris poezia da implikaciis poezia.
savaraudod, umarTebuloa Tvalsazrisi, romlis
Tanaxmad, avtoris `Canafiqri~ literaturis istoriis Ses
wavlis sagans warmoadgens. xelovnebis nawarmoebis mniS
57

literaturis Teoria

vneloba avtoris CanafiqriT ar amoiwureba da arc utol

deba mas. nawarmoebi faseulobaTa garkveuli sistemaa da
damoukideblad arsebobs. mTlianobaSi, xelovnebis nawar
moebis Sinaarsi ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros mxolod imiT,
Tu ras niSnavs igi misi avtorisa da TanamedroveTaTvis. es,
ufro metad, nawarmoebis mniSvnelobis gafarToebis, anu
sxvadasxva epoqis mkiTxvelTa mier misi sxvadasxvagvari aR
qmis Sedegia. albaT, usargeblo da SeuZlebelic ki iqneboda
istoriis rekonstruqciis momxreebis msgavsad imisi Tqma,
rom es procesi umniSvneloa da Cven mxolod mis dasawyiss
unda mivubrundeT. maSinac ki, roca warsulis memkvidreo
baze vmsjelobT, Cven meoce saukunis adamianebad vrCebiT
da SeuZlebelia, sxvagvarad iyos: SeuZlebelia daviviwyoT
Cveni sakuTari enis asociaciebi, axleburi Sefasebebi, war
suli saukuneebis gavlena da mniSvneloba. SeuZlebelia,
davemsgavsoT homerosisa da Coseris Tanamedrove mkiTxve
lebs an aTenSi dionises, londonSi ki `globusis~ Teatris
msaxiobebs an mayureblebs. yovelTvis iqneba mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba warmosaxviTi rekonstruqciis aqtsa da rome
lime istoriuli epoqis droindel Tvalsazrisis realur
gaziarebas Soris. SeuZlebelia, dionisesi gvwamdes da
Tan davcinodeT mas, rogorc amas, SesaZloa, evripides
Bacchae-s mayurebeli akeTebda;9 mxolod zogierT Cven
gans SeuZlia uryev WeSmaritebad miiRos dantes jojoxeTis
Sreebi da gansawmendelis mTa. Nnamdvilad rom SegvZleboda
aRgvedgina is Sinaarsi, romelic `hamlets~ hqonda Se
qspiris Tanamedrove mayureblisTvis, Cven mxolod da mx
olod gavaRaribebdiT mas, radganac amiT davakninebdiT im
aranakleb saintereso da angariSgasawev Sinaarsebs, rom
lebic hamletSi momdevno Taobebma aRmoaCines. amiT ki
gamovricxavdiT am nawarmoebis axleburi interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas. es ar gaxlavT TviTneburi mowodeba nawar
moebis subieqturi da aramarTebuli wakiTxvisken: `swori~
da `araswori~ wakiTxvis problema, yvelafris miuxedavad,
kvlav darCeba da yovel calkeulO SemTxvevaSi axleburad
unda gadaiWras. istoriuli periodis mkvlevrisTvis ar
58

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

iqneba sakmarisi, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi mxolod Cveni

drois perspeqtividan ganixilebodes es kritikosis pri
vilegias warmoadgens, radgan am ukanasknelis movaleobaa,
gadaafasos warsuli Tanamedrove stilisa Tu mimdinareo
bis saWiroebebis safuZvelze. misTvis, SesaZloa, sasargeb
lo aRmoCndes xelovnebis nawarmoebis ganxilva e. w. mesame
drois Tvalsawieridan, romelic arc misi da arc mocemuli
avtoris realuri dro ar aris. kritikosisTvis aranakleb
saintereso iqneba Sesaswavli nawarmoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
interpretaciebisa da kritikis srul istoriis gacnoba,
risi meSveobiTac is SeZlebs, srulad Caswvdes mis sazriss.
realurad, rTuli warmosadgenia istoriuli da Ta
namedrove Tvalsazrisebis amgvari urTierTgamijvna. Cven
Tavi unda avaridoT rogorc yalb relativizms, ise yalb ab
solutizms. faseulobaTa damkvidrebas Sefasebis istoriu
li procesi ganapirobebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, aiolebs Cvens aR
qmas. istoriuli relativizmis pasuxi `ucvleli adamianuri
bunebisa~ Tu `xelovnebis universalurobis~ Sesabamisi
doqtrineruli absolutizmi ar gaxlavT. Aamis nacvlad um
jobesia miviRoT iseTi Tvalsazrisi, romelsac miesadageba
termini `perspeqtivizmi~. unda SegveZlos xelovnebis
nawarmoebi misive droisa da Semdgomi epoqebis Rirebu
lebebs mivusadagoT. xelovnebis nawarmoebi, erTi mxriv,
`maradiulia~ (e. i. inarCunebs garkveul TviTmyofobas),
meore mxriv ki _ `istoriuli~(e. i. SesamCnevi ganviTarebis
process gadis). relativizmi akninebs literaturis isto
rias da mas calkeuli, urTierTSeusabamo fragmentebis
nakrebad aqcevs, maSin, rodesac umetes SemTxvevaSi abso
lutizmi an mxolod amJamindel warmaval situacias miesa
dageba, an damokidebulia (axali humanistebis, marqsistebis
da neoTomistebis standartebis SemTxvevaSi) iseT abstraq
tul araliteraturul idealze, romelic literaturis
istoriul mravalferovnebas ar iTvaliswinebs. `perspeq
tivizmi~ gulisxmobs, rom vaRiarebT arsebobas erTiani
poeziis da erTiani literaturisa, romelic yvela sauku
neSi Sedarebas eqvemdebareba, viTardeba, icvleba da uamrav
59

literaturis Teoria

SesaZleblobas moicavs. Lliteratura arc erTmaneTTan dau

kavSirebeli calkeuli nawarmoebebis nakrebia, da arc iseTi
nawarmoebebis wyeba, romlebic romantizmis an klasicizmis,
poupis da uordsvorTis epoqebis droiTi ciklis CarCoSia
moqceuli. literatura, rasakvirvelia, arc igiveobisa da
ucvlelobis samyaroa, rac gviandeli klasicizmis ideals
warmoadgenda. Aabsolutizmica da relativizmic yalbia, ma
gram dResdReobiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi inglissa da amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi, ufro seriozul safrTxes warmoad
gens iseTi relativizmi, romelic RirebulebaTa anarqias
efuZneba da kritikis amocanas Tavdayira ayenebs.
literaturis istoriis Sedgenisas, avtorebi yo
velTvis iTvaliswineben SerCevis, daxarisxebisa da Se
fasebis principebs. literaturis istorikosebi, rom
lebic kritikis mniSvnelobas uaryofen, Tavadac gauc
nobiereblad iqcevian xolme kritikosebad (Cveulebriv,
naklebad angariSgasawev kritikosebad), romlebic mxo
lod da mxolod tradiciul standartebsa da Sexedulebebs
aRiareben. dRes isini, Cveulebriv, dagvianebuli roman
tikosebi arian, romlebic ugulebelyofen yvela sxva ti
pis xelovnebas, gansakuTrebiT ki Tanamedrove literatu
ras. Mmiuxedavad amisa, rogorc marTebulad aRniSna r. g.
kolingvudma (R. G. Collingwood), is, `visac hgonia, rom icis,
Tu ratom aris Seqspiri poeti, gulis siRrmeSi fiqrobs,
rom icis isic, aris Tu ara mis staini (Miss Stein) poeti (da Tu
ara, ratom ar aris)~.10
is, rom bolo periodSi Seqmnili literatura aRar
warmoadgens seriozuli Seswavlis sagans, swored am `mec
nieruli~ damokidebulebis uaryofiTi Sedegia. akademiuri
tipis mkvlevrebi termins `Tanamedrove literatura~ imde
nad farTod ganmartavdnen, rom miltonis Semdeg, faqto
brivad, arc erTi nawarmoebi ar iTvleboda Seswavlis Sesa
feris obieqtad. im droidan moyolebuli, literaturis
istoriaSi meTvramete saukune, Cveulebriv, miiCneoda
yvelaze myari reputaciis mqone periodad da misi kvleva
modadac ki iqca, radganac es saukune TiTqosda ufro dax
60

literaturis Teoria, kritika da istoria

vewili, stabiluri da ierarqiulad mowesrigebulia. roman

tikuli periodi da, mogvianebiT, mecxramete saukune aseve
TandaTanobiT ipyroben mecnierTa yuradRebas, ris Sedega
dac akademiuri orientaciis yvelaze gabedulma mecniereb
ma ganacxades Tanamedrove literaturis mecnieruli Ses
wavlis aucileblobis Sesaxeb da TviTonac mohkides xeli
am saqmes.
erTaderTi angariSgasawevi argumenti Tanamedrove
avtorTa Semoqmedebis Seswavlis winaaRmdeg aris Tval
sazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, Cven ar SegviZlia vimsjeloT
am Semoqmedebis rogorc mTlianobis Sesaxeb, radgan jer
jerobiT ar vicnobT maT mier mogvianebiT Seqmnil nawar
moebebs, romelTa meSveobiT SevZlebdiT ufro adreuli qm
nilebebis faruli arsis wvdomas. Tumca, uxerxuloba, ro
melic mxolod Tanamedrove avtorebis nawarmoebTa mimarT
SeimCneva, umniSvneloa im upiratesobasTan SedarebiT, ro
goricaa avtoris nawarmoebSi asaxuli moqmedebis adgilisa
da drois codna, agreTve _ avtorTan piradi, an mimoweri
Ti nacnoboba, es ki mxolod Tanamedrove mwerlebis SemTx
vevaSia SesaZlebeli. Tuki warsuli periodis bevri meore
xarisxovani an Tundac meaTexarisxovani avtori Seswavlas
imsaxurebs, igive unda iTqvas Cveni drois pirvelxarisxovan
an meorexarisxovan avtorebze. akademiur mkvlevrebs ar
SeuZliaT saTanadod gaiazron Tanamedrove mwerlebis mem
kvidreoba an gaubedaoba uSliT xolme xels mis gaazrebaSi.
isini acxadeben, rom `drois ganaCens~ elodebian da ver ac
nobiereben, rom es swored sxva kritikosTa da mkiTxvel
Ta, maT Soris sxva profesorebis ganaCenia. literaturis
istorikosis tradiciuli uyuradReboba kritikis mimarT
gaumarTlebelia erTi ubralo mizezis gamo: xelovnebis
nebismieri nawarmoebi arsebobs axlandel droSi; igi uSua
lod eqvemdebareba dakvirvebas da warmoadgens garkveuli
mxatvruli problemebis gadawyvetas miuxedavad imisa,
guSin Seiqmna igi Tu aTasi wlis winaT. nawarmoebis analizis,
daxasiaTebis an Sefasebis dros gamudmebiT unda vemyarebo
deT garkveul kritikul principebs. `literaturis isto
61

literaturis Teoria

rikosi kritikosi unda iyos Tundac imisaTvis, rom isto

rikosi iyos~.11
meore mxriv, literaturis istorias aseve uaRresad
didi mniSvneloba aqvs literaturuli kritikisaTvis, Tuki
es ukanaskneli gadalaxavs piradi simpaTiisa da antipaTi
is subieqtur farglebs. kritikosi, romelic kmayofilia
imiT, rom araferi ar icis literaturaSi istoriulad
Camoyalibebuli mimarTebebis Sesaxeb, xSirad gaakeTebs
mcdar daskvnebs. mas gauWirdeba erTmaneTisagan ganasxva
vos Moriginaluri da mimbaZvelobiTi nawarmoebi; imis gamo,
rom ar icnobs istoriul garemoebebs, is ver SeZlebs adek
vaturad Seafasos calkeuli nawarmoebebi. Kkritikosi, ro
melic saerTod ar icnobs istorias, an cudad icnobs mas,
gamudmebiT akeTebs zedapirul daskvnebs an kmayofildeba
`SedevrTa samyaroSi~ sakuTari mogzaurobis aRweriT, cdi
lobs Tavidan aicilos Soreul warsulSi qeqva; warsulis
Seswavlas igi an antikurobiT gatacebul pirs gadaabarebs,
an `filologs~.
sainteresoa, aq mimovixiloT Sua saukuneebis literatu
ra, gansakuTrebiT ki Sua saukuneebis inglisuri literatura,
romelsac, SesaZloa Coseris gamoklebiT, iSviaTad Tu Seis
wavlian romelime esTetikuri an kritikuli Tvalsazrisis
safuZvelze. Tanamedrove esTetikuri standartis safuZvelze
SesaZlebelia anglosaqsur poeziisa da Sua saukuneebis mdi
dari lirikis axleburi Sefaseba; meore mxriv, istoriuli
perspeqtivis kvleva da genetikuri problemebis sistematuri
Seswavla naTels mohfens Tanamedrove literaturas. litera
turis kritikisa da literaturis istoriis tradiciuli gami
jvna orive maTganisaTvis saziano aRmoCnda.

62

Tavi mexuTe

zogadi, SedarebiTi da
erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba
*
literaturaTmcodneobis farglebSi erTmaneTisagan
gavmijneT Teoria, istoria da kritika.A axla ki, dayofis sxva
principis safuZvelze, SegviZlia warmovadginoT Sepiri
spirebiTi, zogadi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneobis
sistematuri gansazRvra. termini `SedarebiTi~ literatu
raTmcodneoba Zalze tlanqia, da, rogorc Cans, swored aman
ganapiroba akademiuri mecnierebis naklebi interesi Sedar
ebiTi kvlevebis mimarT. meTiu arnoldma, romelmac amperis
(Ampere) histoire comparative (SedarebiTi istoria) Targm
na, pirvelad gamoiyena es termini inglisur enaze (1848).
frangebi upiratesobas aniWebdnen vilemenis (Villemain) mier
ufro adre gamoyenebul termins, rodesac igi kiuvies (Cuvier) Anatomie comparee-is (SedarebiTi anatomia) (1800) analo
giiT, Litterature comparee-s (`SedarebiTi literaturaTmcod
neobis~) Taobaze saubrobda (1829). germanelebi vergleichende
Literaturgeschichte-ze msjelobdnen.1 am zedsarTavTagan verc
erTi ver aSuqebs am problemas srulad, radgan Sedareba is
meTodia, romelsac yvela mecniereba da kritikuli Teoria
iyenebs da romelic adekvaturad ver asaxavs literaturaT
mcodneobis Taviseburebebs. sxvadasxva literaturis, Tun
dac literaturuli mimdinareobebis, xerxebisa da nawar
moebebis formaluri Sedareba iSviaTad warmoadgens lite
raturis istoriis centralur sagans. amasTan, iseTi wigne
bi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, f. s. grinis (F. C. Green) `menueti~,2
romelSic Sedarebulia meTvramete saukunis franguli da
inglisuri literaturis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi,
SesaZloa sasargeblo aRmoCndes, radgan masSi gamovleni
lia ara mxolod paralelebi da naTesaoba, aramed gansxvave
bebic sxvadasxva eris literaturebs Soris.
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literaturis Teoria

realurad, termini `SedarebiTi~ literatura yo

velTvis gulisxmobda Seswavlis gansazRvrul sferoebs
da problemaTa jgufebs. pirvel yovlisa, is SesaZloa
moicavdes zepirsityvieri literaturis Seswavlas, gansa
kuTrebiT folklorul Temebs da maT migracias, imas, Tu
rogor da rodis miiCnies es sfero `maRal~, `mxatvrul~
literaturad. folkloris problemebi mxolod nawilob
riv warmoadgens esTetikur problemebs, vinaidan mec
nierebis es mniSvnelovani sfero mxolod nawilobriv aris
dainteresebuli esTetikuri faqtebiT; folklorisaTvis
ufro mniSvnelovania, Seiswavlos romelime `xalxis~ civi
lizacia, misi tradiciuli samosi da tradiciebi, cru
rwmenebi da iaraRebi, iseve, rogorc misi xelovneba. Tumca,
xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom zepirsityvieri literaturis
Seswavla literaturuli mecnierebis ganuyofeli nawilia,
vinaidan ar SeiZleba misi gamijvna werilobiTi literatu
ris Seswavlisagan, radgan yovelTvis arsebobda kavSiri
zepirsityvier da werilobiT literaturebs Soris. sulac
ar aris saWiro, folkloristi hans naumaniviT (Hans Naumann)3 (romelsac miaCnia, rom gviani periodis zepirsityv
ieri literatura xSir SemTxvevaSi gesunkenes Kulturgut-s
warmoadgens) ukiduresobaSi gadavvardeT da vaRiaroT,
Tu raoden didadaa davalebuli werilobiTi maRali lite
ratura zepirsityvieri literaturisagan. meore mxriv,
savaraudoa, rom bevri ZiriTadi literaturuli Janri
da Tema folkloruli warmoSobisaa da, amgvarad, eWvs ar
iwvevs folkloruli literaturis mzardi sazogadoebrivi
roli. Dda mainc, udavoa, rom folklori bevri ramiT dae
sesxa sagmiro-saraindo romansa da trubadurTa lirikas.
es Tvalsazrisi miuRebelia romantikosebisTvis, romelTa
azriT, folklori SemoqmedebiTi bunebisaa da xalxuri
xelovnebis fesvebi antikurobaSi unda veZioT. miuxeda
vad amisa, cnobilia, rom popularuli baladebis, CvenTvis
nacnobi zRaprebisa da legendebis warmoSoba xSirad ukav
Sirdeba ufro gviandel periodsa da sazogadoebis maRal
klass. da mainc, zepirsityvieri literaturis SeswavlisT
64

zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

vis unda zrunavdes literaturis yvela is mkvlevari, vi

sac surs Caswvdes literaturuli ganviTarebis proce
sebs, literaturuli Janrebisa da xerxebis warmoSobasa da
ganviTarebas. samwuxarod, zepirsityvieri literaturis
kvleva dRemde mxolod garkveuli Temebisa da sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi maTi gavrcelebis, e.i. Tanamedrove literaturis
`nedleulis~ SeswavliT Semoifargleboda.4 amasTan, bolo
dros folkloris mkvlevrebi sul ufro xSirad miapyroben
yuradRebas sxvadasxva modelis, formisa da xerxis Seswav
las, literaturuli formebis morfologias, mTxroblis
an naratoris da zRapris msmenlebis funqciebs, ris wyalo
biTac maTi kvleva mWidrod daukavSirda literaturuli
kvlevis zogad koncefcias.5 Tumca, zepirsityvieri lite
raturis Seswavlisas vawydebiT specifikur _ magaliTad,
gadacemisa da socialuri garemos6 _ problemebs, magram
isini, rasakvirvelia, didad ar gansxvavdeba werilobiT
literaturaSi arsebuli problemebisagan; yovelTvis ar
sebobda naTesaoba zepirsityviersa da werilobiT litera
turebs Soris. Tanamedrove evropuli literaturebis mkv
levrebi am sakiTxebs saTanado yuradRebas ar uTmobdnen,
ramac, saboloo angariSiT, maTve Seuqmna problemebi. meore
mxriv, slavur da skandinaviur qveynebSi, sadac folklori
xSir SemTxvevaSi jer kidev cocxalia, literaturis isto
rikosebi ufro mWidro kavSirs inarCuneben am kvlevebTan.
miuxedavad amisa, termini `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcod
neoba~ maincdamainc zustad ver gadmocems zepirsityvieri
literaturis Seswavlis Sinaarss.
`SedarebiTi~ literaturaturaTmcodneobis meore
gageba mxolod or an met literaturas Soris arsebuli
urTierTmimarTebebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba. amgvari
gageba daamkvidra frangi `komparatistebis popularulma
skolam, romelsac aw gardacvlili fernan baldenspergeri
(Fernand Baldensperger) xelmZRvanelobda da romelic Revue
de Littrature compare-is irgvliv iyo Semokrebili.7 am sko
lam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo iseTi sakiTxebis
Seswavlas, rogorebicaa goeTes (Goethe) reputacia da mi
65

literaturis Teoria

si nawarmoebebis gavrceleba, gavlena da popularoba saf

rangeTsa da inglisSi, osianis (Ossian), karlailis (Carlyle)
da Sileris (Schiller) popularoba safrangeTSi. skolam Sei
muSava meTodologia, romelic scildeba nawarmoebis mimo
xilvebis, Targmanebisa da gavlenis Seswavlas, dainteresda
ama Tu im avtoris reputaciiTa da koncefciiT romelime
mocemul periodSi da yuradReba miaqcia nawarmoebis
gavrcelebis iseT faqtorebs, rogorebicaa perioduli ga
mocemebi, mTargmnelebis moRvaweoba, salonebi da mogzaur
Ta Canawerebi; amas garda, gamoikveTa e. w. `aTvisebis faq
toric~, ese igi, gansakuTrebuli garemo da literaturuli
situacia, romelSic ucxoeli avtoris `gadanergva~ xdeba.
sabolood, dagrovda dasavleTevropuli literaturebis
mWidro kavSiris damadasturebeli bevri sabuTi, ris Sede
gadac ganuzomlad meti gavigeT literaturebis `eqspor
tis~ Sesaxeb.
unda vaRiaroT, rom `SedarebiTi literaturaT
mcodneobis~ amgvari gagebac winaaRmdegobrivia, da ro
gorc Cans, mis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia raime dasru
lebuli sistemis Seqmna.8 erTi da imave meTodologiiT
Seiswavlian `Seqspirs safrangeTSi~, `Seqspirs meTvramete
saukunis inglisSi~, pos zegavlenas bodlerze (Baudelaire) da
draidenisas (Dryden) _ poupze. rodesac ar xdeba, mTlianad,
erovnuli literaturebis Sepirispireba, maSin litera
turebs Soris Sedarebebi umeteswilad mxolod iseTi gare
gani problemebiT Semoifargleba, rogoricaa wyaroebisa
da gavlenebis, reputaciisa da popularobis sakiTxebi.
amgvari kvlevebi saSualebas ar gvaZlevs, SeviswavloT da
ganvsajoT romelime calkeuli nawarmoebi an misi warmoSo
bis rTuli sawyisi; amis nacvlad msgavsi naSromebi, ZiriTa
dad, an romelime Sedevris Targmanze, an mibaZvaze (xSirad
meorexarisxovani avtorebis mier) amaxvilebs yuradRebas,
an Sedevris winaistorias, misi Temebisa da formebis moZ
raobasa da gavrcelebas Seiswavlis. amdenad, `SedarebiT
literaturaTmcodneobaSi~ aA qcenti garegan faqtorebzea
gadatanili da misi daknineba bolo aTwleulebSi metyvelebs
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zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

imaze, rom dRes kvleva veRar dakmayofildeba, ubralod,

faqtebis, wyaroebisa da gavlenebis SeswavliT.
Tumca, mesame koncefcia gverds uvlis yvela am kri
tikas da `SedarebiT literaturaTmcodneobas~ aigivebs
mTlianad literaturis, `msoflio literaturis~, `zogadi~
an `universaluri~ literaturis SeswavlasTan,. msgavsi gai
giveba, rasakvirvelia, garkveul sirTuleebs badebs. ter
mini `msoflio literatura~ goeTes Weltliteratur-is Targmans
warmoadgens.9 SesaZloa, es metismetad farTo cnebaa da gu
lisxmobs imas, rom literaturas unda Seiswavlidnen xuTive
kontinentze, axali zelandiidan islandiamde. goeTes, faq
tobrivad, aseTi ram arc ufiqria. terminiT `msoflio lite
ratura~ igi im momaval droze mianiSnebda, roca sxvadasxva
xalxebis literaturebi erT literaturad iqceoda.E es
aris yvela literaturis diadi sinTezis ideali, romelSic
yoveli eri sakuTar wvlils Seitanda. magram Tavad goeTe
xvdeboda, rom es Zalian Soreuli perspeqtivaa, radgan arc
erT ers ar surs uari Tqvas sakuTar TviTmyofobaze. dRes,
amgvari gaerTianebis perspeqtiva albaT kidev ufro Soreu
lia da albaT, seriozulad arc ki movindomebT, rom aR
movfxvraT arsebuli gansxvavebebi erovnul literaturebs
Soris. `msoflio literaturis~ cnebas xSirad mesame mniS
vnelobiTac iyeneben. aE m terminiT, SesaZloa, aRniSnaven
klasikosebs _ homeross, dantes, servantess, Seqspirsa da
goeTes, romelTa reputacia mTel msoflioSi uryevia. amde
nad, es termini iqca `Sedevris~ sinonimad da niSandoblivia
iseTi procesisTvis, romlis Sedegadac xdeba garkveuli
nawarmoebebis gamorCeva garkveuli kritikuli da pedagogi
uri TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, msgavsi seleqcia ver daakmayofi
lebs im mkvlevaris interesebs, romelsac ufro farTo su
raTis danaxva surs, istoriuli procesebsa da cvlilebebs
akvirdeba da, amdenad, mxolod Sedevrebis SeswavliT ver
Semoifargleba.
SesaZloa, ufro misaReb termins _ `zogadi lite
raturaTmcodneoba~ _ sxva uaryofiTi mxareebi hqondes.
Tavdapirvelad masSi igulisxmeboda poetika an literatu
ris Teoria da principebi; ukanasknel aTwleulebSi pol van
67

literaturis Teoria

tigemi (Paul van Tieghem)10 cdilobda is iseTi koncefciisT

vis daepirispirebina, rogoricaa `SedarebiTi literatu
raTmcodneoba~. misi ganmartebiT, `zogadi literaturaT
mcodneoba~ Seiswavlis im mimdinareobebsa da literatu
rul modas, romlebic erovnul sazRvrebs scildeba, maSin,
rodesac `SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneoba~ Seiswavlis
urTierTmimarTebebs or an met literaturas Soris. Mmagram
rogor unda ganvsazRvroT, magaliTad, osianizmi zogadi
literaturaTmcodneobis Seswavlis sagania Tu `Sedare
biTi literaturaTmcodneobisa~? SeuZlebelia, jerovnad
gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan uolter skotis (Walter Scott) gav
lena ucxoeTSi da istoriuli romanis saerTaSoriso popu
laroba. terminebi `SedarebiTi~ da `zogadi~ literatu
raTmcodneoba erTmaneTs gadakveTs. SesaZlebelia, ufro
upriani iyos, vilaparakoT, ubralod, `literaturaTmcod
neobis Sesaxeb~, romelic ganixilavs mTel literaturas.
ra sirTuleebsac unda waawydes universaluri li
teraturis istoriis koncefcia, literatura unda mo
viazroT rogorc mTlianoba da literaturis zrda-gan
viTareba ganvixiloT ise, rom yuradReba ar mivaqcioT
enobriv gansxvavebebs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani argumenti
`SedarebiTi~ an `zogadi~ literaturaTmcodneobis, an ub
ralod `literaturis~ sasargeblod aaSkaravebs im mcdar
azrs, TiTqos arsebobs TviTkmari erovnuli literatura.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, dasavluri literatura erT mTliano
bas warmoadgens. sakamaTo araa, rom literatura uwyvetad
viTardeboda berZnuli da romaul literaturebidan Sua
saukuneebis dasavleTevropuli literaturebisken da, Sem
deg, ZiriTadi Tanamedrove literaturebisken. da Tu saTa
nadod SevafasebT aRmosavluri gavlenis, gansakuTrebiT
ki bibliis, mniSvnelobas, maSin unda aRiniSnos, rom mWidro
kavSiri aerTianebs mTlianad evropis, ruseTis, SeerTe
buli Statebisa da laTinuri amerikis literaturebs. es
ideali literaturis istoriis Semqmnelebma mecxramete
saukunis dasawyisSi Camoayalibes (maT xelT arsebuli Sez
Ruduli SesaZleblobebis miuxedavad): aseTi moRvaweebi
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zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

iyvnen Slegeli (Schlegel), bouterveki (Bouterwek), sismondi

(Sismondi) da halami (Hallam).11 miuxedavad amisa, naciona
lizmis gaZlierebam, rasac specializaciis zrdac daemata,
gamoiwvia erovnuli literaturebis sul ufro viwro pro
vinciuli Seswavlis damkvidreba. Tumca, mecxramete sauku
nis meore naxevris ganmavlobaSi evolucionizmis gavleniT
aRorZinda literaturis universaluri istoriis ideali.
`SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis~ pirveli praq
tikosebi folkloris mkvlevrebi da eTnografebi iyvnen,
romlebic, upiratesad herbert spenseris (Herbert Spencer)
gavleniT, Seiswavlidnen literaturis warmomavlobas,
imas, Tu rogor moxda misi gamravalferovneba zepirsity
vieri literaturuli formebiT da rogor iqca is adreul
epikad, dramad da lirikad.12 Tumca, evolucionizmma mcire
kvali datova axali literaturebis SeswavlaSi da, rogorc
Cans, marcxi ganicada biologiur evoluciasTan literatu
ris ganviTarebis dakavSirebis mcdelobam, iseve, rogorc
universaluri literaturis istoriis idealma. sabedni
erod, bolo wlebSi bevri ram migvaniSnebs imas, rom zogadi
literaturuli istoriografiis ideali kvlav aRmavlobas
ganicdis. ernst robert kurciusi (Ernst Robert Curtius) Tavis
wignSi `evropuli literatura da laTinuri Sua saukunee
bi~ (1948) gasaocari erudiciiT asaxavs dasavluri tradici
isTvis niSandobliv zogad niSan-Tvisebebs. erix auerbaxis
(Erich Auerbach) `mimezisi~ (1946) warmoadgens realizmis is
torias homerosidan moyolebuli _ joisamde da calkeuli
pasaJebis faqiz stilistur analizs efuZneba;13 orive es
naSromi mecnierebis iseT miRwevebs warmoadgens, romle
bic gadalaxavs nacionalizmis CarCoebs da damajerebeli
argumentebiT asaxavs dasavluri civilizaciis erTianobas,
klasikuri antikurobisa da Sua saukuneebis qristianobis
memkvidreobis mniSvnelobas.
xelaxla unda daiweros literaturis istoria ro
gorc sinTezi, literaturis istoria _ zeerovnuli kuT
xiT. Aam TvalsazrisiT, literaturaTa SedarebiTi Seswavla
mkvlevarTagan udides enobriv kompetencias moiTxovs.
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literaturis Teoria

Aamgvari kvlevisTvis saWiroa perspeqtivis gafarToeba,

kuTxuri da provinciuli ganwyobebis daZleva, rac, Ta
visTavad, rTulad misaRwevi amocanaa. miuxedavad amisa,
literatura erT mTlianobas warmoadgens, iseve rogorc
xelovneba da kacobrioba da swored amgvari xedviT ikveTe
ba istoriuli literaturaTmcodneobis momavali.
am uzarmazari sferos farglebSi, rac, faqtobrivad,
mTeli literaturis istorias moicavs, rasakvirvelia,
unda gaviTvaliswinoT enobrivi qvejgufebic. uwinaresad,
arsebobs sami umTavresi evropuli enobrivi ojaxis jgufi
germanuli, romanuli da slavuri literaturebi. roma
nuli literaturebis urTierTkavSirs mkvlevrebi gansa
kuTrebiT xSirad Seiswavlidnen, dawyebuli boutervekiT
vidre leonardo olSkimde (Leonardo Olschki),14 romelic
Seecada daewera Sua saukuneebis periodis yvela am lite
raturis istoria. rac Seexeba germanul literaturebs,
maTi Seswavla xSir SemTxvevaSi ifargleboda adreuli Sua
saukuneebis periodiT, rodesac gansakuTrebuli simZaf
riT aRiqmeboda maTi (saerTo tevtonuri civilizaciiT gan
pirobebuli) naTesaoba.15 miuxedavad poloneli mecnierebis
tradiciuli winaaRmdegobisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sla
vuri enebis naTesaoba im saerTo saxalxo tradiciebis gaT
valiswinebiT, romlebic metrikaSic ki vlindeba, saerTo
slavuri literaturis safuZvels warmoadgens.16
Temebisa da formebis, mxatvruli xerxebisa da Jan
rebis istoria rom saerTaSoriso istorias warmoadgens,
udavoa. marTalia, Cveni Janrebis umravlesoba berZnuli
da romauli literaturisagan momdinareobs, magram Sua
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi maT mniSvnelovani modificireba
ganicades da daixvewnen. Tumca metrikis istoria calkeul
enobriv sistemebTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, magram is
mainc saerTaSoriso fenomens warmoadgens. Uufro metic, Ta
namedrove evropis ara erTi mniSvnelovani literaturuli
mimdinareoba da stili (renesansi, baroko, neoklasicizmi,
romantizmi, realizmi, simbolizmi) mniSvnelovnad scil
deba erTi romelime eris sazRvrebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom
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zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

arsebobs angariSgasawevi erovnuli gansxvavebani am mimdin

areobaTa individualur gamoxatulebebs Soris.17 SeiZleba,
gansxvavdebodes maTi geografiuli gavrcelebis masStabic.
renesansma, magaliTad, poloneTSi SeaRwia, magram ver gavr
celda ruseTsa da bohemiaSi. Bbarokos stili farTod gavr
celda mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi, maT Soris ukrainaSic,
magram ruseTs TiTqmis ar Sexebia. SesaZlebelia, arsebobdes
qronologiuri gansxvavebebi: barokos stili aRmosavleT
evropis e. w. `samiwaTmoqmedo~ civilizaciebSi meTvramete
saukunis bolomde SemorCa, maSin rodesac dasavleTma am pe
riodis ganmavlobaSi ganvlo ganmanaTlebloba da a. S. saer
Tod ki, enobrivi barierebis mniSvneloba mecxramete sauku
nis ganmavlobaSi umarTebulod iyo gazviadebuli.
es imiT aixsneba, rom literaturis Tanamedrove
sistematuri istoria Caisaxa romantikul (ZiriTadad, eno
briv) nacionalizmTan metad mWidro urTierTkavSirSi. amis
Sedegebi dResac SeimCneva iseTi praqtikuli tendenciebis
gavleniT, rogoricaa (gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul Stateb
Si) literaturis Seswavlisa da enis Seswavlis faqtobrivi
gaigiveba. amis Sedegad, SeerTebul StatebSi inglisuri,
germanuli da franguli literaturis SemswavlelTa So
ris TiTqmis ar aris kontaqti. am jgufebs sxvadasxvagvari
Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs da TiToeuli maTgani gansxvave
bul meTodologiebs iyenebs. Aam gansxvavebebis arseboba,
rasakvirvelia, nawilobriv gardauvalia im ubralo mizezis
gamo, rom adamianebis umravlesoba mxolod erT enobriv
garemoSi cxovrobs. magram groteskul Sedegebs iZleva
literaturuli problemebis ganxilva mxolod erT rome
lime enaze arsebul teqstebis an dokumentebis safuZvelze.
Tumca lingvisturi gansxvavebebi evropul literaturebs
Soris Tavs iCens mxatvruli stilis, metris, da TviT Jan
ris zogierT sakiTxis ganxilvisas, magram aSkaraa, rom xSir
SemTxvevaSi ideebis (maT Soris, esTetikuri ideebis) isto
riis araerTi problemis gadaWrisas amgvari gansxvavebani
araarsebiTia; manam, sanam Warb yuradRebas davuTmobT am
gansxvavebebs, Cvens literaturis istoriebSi xelovnu
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literaturis Teoria

rad iqneba gaerTianebuli is movlenebi, romelTa bune

brivad gaerTianeba savsebiT SesaZlebelia, da iZulebulni
viqnebiT SemovifargloT ideologiuri xasiaTis zogier
Ti gamoxmaurebis moxseniebiT, romlebic SemTxveviT iqna
aRniSnuli inglisur, germanul an frangul literaturaSi.
gadaWarbebuli yuradReba romelime calkeuli erovnuli
enis mimarT gansakuTrebiT sazianoa Sua saukuneebis isto
riis Seswavlisas, radgan Sua saukuneebSi laTinuri iyo um
Tavresi saliteraturo ena da evropa mWidro inteleqtua
lur aspeqtSi erT mTlianobas warmoadgenda. Sua saukunee
bis inglisuri literaturis Sesaxeb dawerili istoria, ro
melic xSirad gverds uvlis laTinursa da anglo-normanul
enebze daweril didi raodenobis nawarmoebebs, im periodis
inglisSi arsebuli literaturuli da zogadad, kulturu
li viTarebis mcdar suraTs qmnis.
SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis es principi,
rasakvirvelia, ar gulisxmobs, rom ugulebelyofil un
da iqnes erovnuli literaturebis Seswavla. marTlac,
aq, upirveles yovlisa, saqme gvaqvs swored `erovnulo
bis~ sakiTxTan, imasTan, Tu ra wvlili Seitanes calkeulma
erebma saerTo literaturul procesSi. imis nacvlad rom
momxdariyo misi Teoriuli eqsplikacia, problema bundo
vani gaxda nacionalisturi ganwyobebiTa da rasistuli
Teoriebis wyalobiT. Tuki SevecdebiT, gamovkveToT in
glisuri literaturis zusti wvlili zogad literatu
raSi, rac TavisTavad mniSvnelovan sirTules warmoadgens,
SeiZleba perspeqtivis Secvla mogvixdes da gansxvavebulad
SevafasoT mniSvnelovani mwerlebis wvlilic ki. TiToeu
li erovnuli literaturis farglebSi wamoiWreba msgavsi
problemebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdenadaa warmod
genili regionebi da qalaqebi saerTo literaturis farg
lebSi. iozef nadlerma (Josef Nadler)18 metad gazviadebuli
Teoria wamoayena. is acxadebs, rom unari Seswevs, erTma
neTisagan ganasxvavos TiToeuli germanuli tomisa da re
gionis niSan-Tvisebebi, da gamoavlinos am niSan-TvisebaTa
asaxva literaturaSi.A amgvarma Tvalsazrisma xeli ar unda
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zogadi, SedarebiTi da erovnuli literaturaTmcodneoba

SegviSalos im problemebis ganxilvaSi, romelTac iSviaTad

ikvleven faqtebisa da Tanmimdevruli meTodis gamoyenebiT.
bevri ram daiwera imaze, Tu ra roli Seasrula axalma in
glisma, Sua dasavleTma da samxreTma amerikuli lite
raturis istoriaSi, magram regionalizmis suliskveTebiT
gamsWvaluli amgvari naSromebis umravlesoba, saboloo an
gariSSi, mxolod da mxolod did imedebis, adgilobrivi sia
mayisa da centralizaciis procesiT gamowveuli siZulvi
lis nazavia. Nnebismieri obieqturi analizis dros, saWiroa
avtorTa rasobrivi warmomavlobisa da sociologiuri
sakiTxebi gaimijnos im sakiTxebisagan, romlebic exeba
landSaftis realur gavlenas, agreTve _ literaturuli
tradiciisa da modis problemebs.
`erovnulobis~ problemebi gansakuTrebiT rTuldeba
maSin, rodesac saqme gvaqvs erT enaze Seqmnil sxvadasxva
erovnul literaturasTan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ameri
kuli da Tanamedrove irlandiuri literaturebi. saWiroa
gairkves ratom miekuTvnebian ietsi da joisi irlandiul
literaturas, xolo goldsmiti, sterni da Seridani ki ara.
Aarsebobs Tu ara belgiuri, Sveicariuli, avstiuli Tavisu
fali literatura? Aar aris advili imis gansazRvra Tu ra
tom aRiqmeboda amerikaSi Seqmnili literatura `koloniur
inglisurad~ da rodis gaxda is Tavisufali, erovnuli li
teratura. Aigulisxmeba Tu ara masSi mxolod politikuri
damoukidebloba? Aaris es mxolod erovnuli Tema da xom
ar dakravs mas `iqauri adgilobrivi elferi~? Tu es gansaz
Rvruli erovnuli literaturuli stilis aRmasvlaa?
Mmxolod maSin rodesac es problemebi gadaiWreba,
Cven SevZlebT SevqmnaT da davweroT erovnuli literatu
ris istoria, romelic ar iqneba mxolod geografiuli
da lingvisturi kategoriebiT Semofargluli, maSin Tu
SevZlebT analizs im gzebisa Tu meTodebisa romelTa meS
veobiT TiToeuli erovnuli literatura gaiziarebs
evropul tradiciebs. Uuniversaluri da erovnuli li
teraturebi erTmaneTs gulisxmobs. sayovelTaod gavr
celebeuli evropuli pirobiToba TiToeul qveyanaSi sxva
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literaturis Teoria

dasxva saxiT gvevlineba. Aarsebobs aseve e.w. `gamosxivebis

centrebi~ yvela qveyanaSi anu igulisxmeba eqscentriuli
da gansakuTrebulad didi figurebi romlebic amkvidreben
erovnul tradiciebs sx va tradiciebidan gamomdinare. Dda
imisaTvis rom TiToeulis wvlili ganisazRvros, saWiroa
ganisazRvros risi codnaa aucilebeli mTels literatu
ris istoriaSi.

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nawili meore

mosamzadebeli stadiebi

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76

Tavi meeqvse

faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTeba

*
kvlevis erT-erTi upirvelesi amocanaa masalis Seg
roveba, drois uaryofiTi efeqtebis aRmofxvra, avtorobis,
avTenturobisa da TariRebis sakiTxis gadaWra. am proble
mis mogvareba gansakuTrebul ostatobasa da gulmodgine
bas saWiroebs; amasTan erTad, literaturis Seswavlisas
aucilebelia imis gacnobierebac, rom esaa mxolod sawyisi
etapi kvlevis saboloo miznisaken mimaval gzaze. xSirad
ganuzomlad didia am sawyisi nabijebis mniSvneloba, radgan
maT gareSe metad garTuldeboda kritikuli analizi da
istoriuli perspeqtivis gaazreba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
iseT naxevrad daviwyebul literaturul tradicias, ro
goricaa anglosaqsuri literatura; miuxedavad amisa, ar
Rirs sawyisi samuSaoebis mniSvnelobis gazviadeba Taname
drove literaturis Seswavlisas, romlis mizans warmoad
gens nawarmoebTa sazrisis interpretacia. Aamgvari kvleve
bi, aucilebeli pedantizmis gamo, zogjer dacinvas iwvevs,
xan ki maT ganadideben moCvenebiTi an WeSmariti mecnieruli
sizustis gamo. akuratuloba da gulmodgineba, romelTa
meSveobiTac SeiZleba gadaiWras zogierTi problema, yo
velTvis izidavda iseT moazrovneebs, romelTac xiblavT
Tanmimdevruli kvleva, masalis saguldagulo damuSaveba
da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben imas, Tu sabo
lood rogori saxe SeiZleba miiRos am kvlevebma. msgavsi
kvlevebis gakritikeba SeiZleba mxolod maSin, roca isini
gaumarTleblad ikaveben analizis sxva saxeobaTa adgils
da iqcevian nebismieri literaturaTmcodnisTvis savalde
bulo saqmed. xSirad xdeba literaturuli nawarmoebebis
iseTi detalebis redaqtireba da imgvari pasaJebis Seswore
ba, romlebic sulac ar imsaxurebs ganxilvas literaturu
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literaturis Teoria

li an Tundac istoriuli TvalsazrisiT. xolo rodesac es

detalebi ganxilvas imsaxurebs, mkvlevrebi mxolod mini
malur interess iCenen maT mimarT. adamianis sxva moqmede
baTa msgavsad, es kvlevebic zogjer TviTmiznad gadaiqceva
xolme.
winaswar etapebs Soris unda ganvasxvavoT ori donis
operaciebi, rogoric aris: (1) teqstis Segroveba da momza
deba, agreTve _ (2) qronologiis, avTenturobis, avtoro
bis, TanamSromlobis, reviziisa da sxva msgavsi sakiTxebi,
romelTac xSirad `umaRles kritikad~ miiCneven xolme.
unda aRiniSnos, rom es termini, romelic bibliismcodneo
bis sferodan aris aRebuli, friad arazustia.
aqedan aucileblad ramdenime etapi unda gamovyoT.
uwinaresad, xdeba xelnaweri Tu nabeWdi masalebis erTad
Tavmoyra. inglisuri literaturis istoriaSi es amocana
TiTqmis zedmiwevniT Sesrulda, Tumca Cvens saukuneSi ing
lisuri misticizmisa da inglisuri poeziis Sesaxeb codnas
daemata ramdenime iseTi friad mniSvnelovani wigni, ro
goricaa `marjeri kempis wigni~ (The Book of Margery Kempe), me
duolis (Medwall) Fulgens and Lucrece da kristofer smartis
(Christopher Smart) Rejoice in the Lamb.1 magram, rasakvirvelia,
amas garda aRmoCenil iqna uamravi piradi da iuridiuli
dokumenti, romelTac SesaZloa bevri ram gviTxran lite
raturaze an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ingliseli mwerlebis
cxovrebaze. am mxriv gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsa
xurebs bolo aTwleulebSi lesli hotsonis (Leslie Hotson)
mier aRmoCenili dokumentebi marlos Sesaxeb da bosuelis
(Boswell) dokumentebis aRdgenis faqti.2 sxva erovnul li
teraturebSi SesaZloa aRmoCenebis meti albaToba arse
bobdes, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, romelTac werilobiTi
wyaroebis didi tradicia ar aqvT.
zepirsityvieri literaturis sferoSi masalebis Seg
roveba garkveul problemebs ukavSirdeba. imisaTvis, rom es
literatura jerovnad Sefasdes, unda moiZebnos kompeten
turi momRerali, an mTxrobeli, maT dasayolieblad saWiroa
gansakuTrebuli taqti da simarjve. Ggarda amisa, wakiTxuli
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faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

da namReri unda Caiweros an gramofonze, an fonetikuri

simboloebis gamoyenebiT da a. S. xelnaweri masalebis mopo
vebis dros iseT wminda praqtikul problemebsac vawyde
biT, rogoricaa piradi nacnoboba mwerlis memkvidreebTan,
sakuTari socialuri prestiJi, finansuri SezRudvebi da
xSirad, erTgvari deteqtiuri unaric.3 amgvari Ziebis dros
xSirad specifikuri codnaa saWiro. lesli hotsons, maga
liTad, Tavgza rom ar abneoda uamrav saarqivo dokument
ze muSaobisas, bevri ramis Seswavla dasWirda dedofali
elisabedis droindeli sasamarTlo procedurebis Sesaxeb.
ramdenadac literaturaTmcodneebs wyaroebis moZieba
xSirad biblioTekebSi uxdebaT, maTTvis metad sasargebloa
mniSvnelovani biblioTekebisa da maT katalogebis Sesaxeb
informaciis qona.4
katalogebis Sedgenisa da bibliografiuli aRweris
teqnikuri detalebi biblioTekarebsa da profesional
bibliografebs mivandoT, magram zogjer wminda biblio
grafiul faqtebs SeiZleba literaturuli mniSvneloba
da Rirebuleba hqondes. Ggamocemebis raodenobam da zomam,
SesaZloa, naTeli mofinos mwerlis warmatebasa da reputa
ciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, gamocemebs Soris arse
bulma gansxvavebebma ki saSualeba mogvces, davadginoT av
toris xelaxali Seswavlis etapebi da, amdenad, xelovnebis
nawarmoebis warmoSobasa da evoluciasTan dakavSirebuli
problemebi. iseTi ostaturad redaqtirebuli bibliogra
fia, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `inglisuri literaturis kem
brijis bibliografia~ (Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature) kvlevis farTo areals moicavs; iseTi specializebuli
bibliografiebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gregis (Greg) `ing
lisuri dramis bibliografia~ (Bibliography of English Drama),
jonsonis (Johnson) `spenseris bibliografia~ (Spencer Bibliography), makdonaldis (Macdonald) `draidenis bibliografia~
(Dryden Bibliography), grifitis (Griffith) `poupis bibliogra
fia~ (Pope Bibliography),5 SeiZleba saxelmZRvanelod gamodges
literaturis istoriis araerT problemaze msjelobisas.
Aamgvari bibliografiebis meoxebiT SesaZloa aucilebeli
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literaturis Teoria

gaxdes gamomcemlobebis saqmianobis, wignis gamyidvelebi

sa da gamomcemelTa istoriebis Seswavla; am ukanasknelT
ki sWirdebaT sabeWdi saSualebebisa da akinZvis codna. is
eTi sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, romlebic TariRis, gamo
cemaTa Tanmimdevrobis da sxva TvalsazrisiT, SesaZloa,
mniSvnelovani iyos literaturis istoriisTvis, erTgvari
`literaturuli mecnieruloba~ an didi erudiciaa saWiro.
amdenad, `aRweriiTi~ tipis bibliografia, romelic wig
nis Sida struqturas emyareba, unda ganvasxvavoT `aR
mricxveli ~bibliografiisagan, romlis mizania Sedgenil
iqnes wignebis nusxa, sadac mocemuli iqneba martivi iden
tifikaciisaTvis saWiro aRweriiTi monacemebi.6
rogorc ki masalis mogrovebisa da katalogebis Sed
genis pirveladi etapi dasruldeba, iwyeba redaqtirebis
procesi. redaqtireba xSirad metad rTul samuSaos gu
lisxmobs, romelic moicavs ganmartebasac da istoriul kv
levasac. Aarsebobs gamocemebi, romelTa Sesavali da SeniS
vnebi ukve mniSvnelovan kritikis Semcvelia. redaqtirebam
umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula literaturaTmcodneo
bis istoriaSi: bolodroindeli magaliTi rom gavixsenoT,
f. n. robinsonis (F. N. Robinson) mier Coseris nawarmoebTa
redaqcia mniSvnelovan codnas iZleva am avtoris Sesaxeb.
Mmagram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom redaqtirebis mTa
vari mizani nawarmoebis teqstis dadgenaa, am procesis
dros garkveuli problemebi Cndeba, romelTa Soris gan
sakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia `teqstis kritika~, ramdenadac am
ukanasknels daxvewili meTodebi da xangrZlivi istoria
aqvs, gansakuTrebiT _ klasikur da bibliur kvlevebSi.7
erTmaneTisagan mkacrad unda gavmijnoT klasiku
ri an Sua saukuneebis xelnawerebis redaqtirebisas wamoW
rili problemebi da nabeWdi masala. xelnaweri masalebi,
pirvel yovlisa, paleografiis, anu im mecnierebis codnas
moiTxovs, romelmac metad frTxili kriteriumebi daad
gina xelnawerTa daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT da abre
viaturebis gaSifrvas mniSvnelovani saxelmZRvaneloebi
miuZRvna.8 bevri ram gakeTda imisaTvis, rom dadgeniliyo,
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faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

zustad romel periodSi Seiqmna xelnaweri da romel mo

nasterSi. Aaq SeiZleba wamoiWras metad rTuli sakiTxi imas
Tan dakavSirebiT, Tu kerZod ra mimarTebebi arsebobs am
xelnawerebs Soris. kvlevis Sedegad unda miviRoT xelna
werTa warmomavlobis klasifikacia grafikis saxiT.9 bolo
aTwleulebSi dom henri quentinma (Dom Henri Quentin) da u.
u. gregma10 SeimuSaves detaluri teqnika, romelsac, maTi
azriT, mecnieruli sizuste axasiaTebs, Tumca, sxva mec
nierebi, magaliTad bedie (Bedier) da Separdi (Shepard)11 amt
kiceben, rom klasifikaciebis SemuSavebis absoluturad
obieqturi meTodi ar arsebobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni
wignis farglebSi msgavsi sakiTxebi ver gadawydeba, ufro
meore Tvalsazrisisaken vixrebiT. migvaCnia, rom umetes
SemTxvevebSi upriania, moxdes im xelnaweris redaqtireba,
romelic yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba avtoris nawarmoebs
da aRar vecadoT, rom aRvadginoT hipoTezuri `origi
nali~. redaqtireba, rasakvirvelia, Sejerebis Sedegebs
daemyareba da Tavad xelnaweris arCeva xelnawerTa mTeli
tradiciis Seswavlis Sedegad moxdeba. Piers Plowman-is Cve
namde moRweuli samoci xelnawerisa da `kenterberiuli
moTxrobebis~ (Canterbury Tales)12 oTxmocdasami xelnaweris
arseboba gvafiqrebinebs, rom, samwuxarod, albaT ar arse
bobda is avtorizebuli varianti an arqetipi, romelic Ta
namedrove nawarmoebis saboloo redaqciis analogi SeiZle
boda yofiliyo.
nawarmoebis xelaxla gadaxedva, anu nawarmoebis war
momavlobis an wyaros aRdgena unda ganvasxvavoT teqstis
kritikisa da Sesworebisagan, romelic, rasakvirvelia, am
klasifikaciebs gaiTvaliswinebs, magram, imavdroulad,
mxedvelobaSi miiRebs im Tvalsazrisebsa da kriteriumeb
sac, romlebic xelnawerTa tradicias ar ukavSirdeba.13
teqstis Sesworeba SesaZloa `avTenturobis~ kriteriums
daeyrdnos, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom romelime calkeuli
sityva an pasaJi yvelaze Zveli da saukeTeso (anu avto
ritetuli) xelnaweridan aRvadginoT, magram am SemTxvevaSi
aucilebeli gaxdeba `sizustis~ iseTi sazomebis gamoyeneba,
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literaturis Teoria

rogoricaa lingvisturi kriteriumebi, istoriuli krite

riumebi da, bolos, aucilebeli fsiqologiuri kriteriume
bi. sxva SemTxvevaSi metad gaZneldeboda iseTi `meqanikuri~
Secdomebis aRmofxvra, rogorebicaa araswori wakiTxva,
asociaciebi da Tavad gadamwerTa mier gaucnobiereblad
Setanili cvlilebebi. Bbolos da bolos, bevri ram unda mi
vandoT kritikosis varauds, mis gemovnebasa da enobriv in
tuicias. Tanamedrove redaqtorebi, Cveni azriT, sul ufro
eridebian amgvari savaraudo prognozis gakeTebas, magram
roca saqme diplomatiur teqsts exeba, imisi Tqmac ki Sei
Zleba, rom redaqtori axdens TiToeuli Semoklebis, gad
amweris mier daSvebuli Secdomisa da Tavdapirveli punq
tuaciis srul rekonstruqcias. SesaZloa, zogierTi redaq
toris an enaTmecnierisaTvis amas garkveuli mniSvneloba
hqondes, magram literaturis mkvlevrisTvis es mxolod da
mxolod arafris momtani dabrkolebaa. Cven viTxovT ara
modernizebul, aramed iseT teqstebs, romelTa wakiTxva
SesaZlebelia. es saSualebas mogvcems, Tavidan aviridoT
usargeblo marCieloba da cvlilebebi, agreTve, dagvex
mareba imaSi, rom minimumamde daviyvanoT teqstis is ele
mentebi, romlebic mxolod gadamwerTa midrekilebebisa da
Cvevebis Sedegia.
Cveulebriv, dabeWdili masalis redaqtirebisas
nakleb problemebs vawydebiT, vidre xelnawerTa redaq
tirebisas. arsebobs erTi gansxvaveba, romelsac winaT
xSirad ver amCnevdnen xolme. klasikur xelnawerTa Soris
TiTqmis yovelTvis gvxvdeba sxvadasxva drosa da adgilas
Seqmnili dokumentebi, romelTa Seqmnis Semdeg saukunee
bia gasuli. amitom SegviZlia Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT am
xelnawerTa umravlesoba, romelTagan TiToeuli, Sesa
Zloa, romelime uZveles wyaros emyareba. Tumca, wignebis
SemTxvevaSi, Cveulebriv, mxolod erTi an ori gamocema
sargeblobs xolme romelime damoukidebeli avtoritetiT.
Cveni arCevani ZiriTad gamocemaze unda SeCerdes, romelic
an pirveli gamocema iqneba, an avtoris meTvalyureobiT
Sedgenili bolo gamocema. zogjer, magaliTad, uitmenis
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faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

(Whitman) `balaxis foTlebis~ SemTxvevaSi (Leaves of Grass),

romelic araerTxel iqna gamocemuli da Sesworebuli, an
poupis Dunciad-is kritikuli gamocemisas, romlis sul
mcire, ori, erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli
versia arsebobs, SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes, orive maTga
nis an yvela versiis dabeWdva.14 mTlianobaSi, Tanamedrove
redaqtorebs xSirad ar surT, gamoscen ekleqtikuri te
qstebi, Tumca saWiroa imis gacnobiereba, rom, magaliTad,
`hamletis~ TiTqmis yvela gamocema meore kvartosa da fo
lios nazavs warmoadgens. dedofali elisabedis droin
deli piesebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mivideT daskvnamde, rom
zogjer ar arsebobda is saboloo versia, romlis aRdgenac
unda moxdes. igive SeiZleba iTqvas zepirsityvier poeziaze
(mag. baladebSi), sadac erTi arqetipis Zieba unayofo Sro
maa. baladebis redaqtorebi mxolod gvianRa mixvdnen amas.
persi (Percy) da skoti (Scott) Tavisuflad `amaxinjebdnen~
sxvadasxva versiebs (zogjer gadawerdnen kidevac), xolo
pirveli mecnieruli gamomcemlebi, rogoric iyo, magali
Tad, mazerueli (Motherwell), erT versias irCevdnen, rogorc
sxvebze upiratessa da originalurs. sabolood Caildma
(Child) gadawyvita daebeWda yvela versia.15
rac Seexeba dedofali elisabedis droindel piesebs,
garkveulwilad unikalur teqstobriv problemebs vawy
debiT: xSirad, es piesebi ufro metad aris Secvlili, vidre
Tanamedrove wignebis umravlesoba. es xdeboda nawilobriv
imis gamo, rom piesebs didi yuradRebis Rirsad ar miiCnevd
nen da nawilobriv imitom, rom is xelnawerebi, romelTa
mixedviTac es piesebi ibeWdeboda, xSirad avtoris an av
torebis `Savi piris~ metismetad gadamuSavebul variants
an zogjer sakarnaxo egzemplars warmoadgenda, romelSic
Sesuli iyo aseve Teatrebis mier Setanili SeniSvnebi da
Sesworebebi. amas garda, arsebobda cud `kvartoTa~ gansa
kuTrebuli tipic, romelic, rogorc Cans, ibeWdeboda an
mexsierebaSi aRdgenis gziT an msaxiobTa rolebis frag
mentebis da, SesaZloa, primitiuli stenografiuli ver
siis mixedviT. bolo aTwleulebSi didi yuradReba eTmoba
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literaturis Teoria

am problemebs da polardisa (Pollard) da gregis aRmoCenebis

Semdeg, Seqspiris kvartoebis reklasificireba moxda.16 ase
Ti wminda `sagamomcemlo~codnis safuZvelze, polardma
warmoaCina, rom Seqspiris piesebis zogierTi kvarto, Tumca
realurad 1619 wels daibeWda da savaraudod mogvianebiT
avtoris krebulSi unda Sesuliyo, ganzrax iqna ufro ad
reuli periodiT daTariRebuli.
dedofali elisabedis droindeli xelweris Seswav
las, romelic nawilobriv im varaudze iyo dafuZnebuli,
rom piesis `ser Tomas moris~ (Sir Thomas More) gadarCenili
xelnaweris sami gverdi Tavad Seqspiris xelweriTaa Ses
rulebuli,17 mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mohyva teqstis kri
tikis sferoSi, risi meoxebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda elisa
bedis droindeli asoTamwyobis mier daSvebuli SesaZlo
Secdomebis daxarisxeba, maSin, rodesac stambaTa saqmiano
bis Seswavlis Sedegad gamovlinda, Tu ra tipis Secdomebia
mosalodneli. magram zogierTi redaqtori teqstis Ses
worebis dros jer kidev garkveuli TavisuflebiT sarge
blobs, rac cxadyofs, rom dRemde aravis aRmouCenia te
qstis kritikis `obieqturi~ meTodi. rasakvirvelia, dover
uilsonis (Dover Wilson) mier kembrijis gamocemaSi Setanili
bevri Sesworeba iseTsave ucnaur da usafuZvlo varauds
warmoadgens, rogorc meTvramete saukunis redaqtorebis
marCieloba. Mmiuxedavad amisa, sainteresoa, rom Teobaldis
(Theobald) brwyinvale migneba (romlis mixedviT, falstafis
sikvdilis misis quiqliseul (Quickly) aRweraSi A ''a table of green
fields''-s Caenacvla a babbled of green fields) emyareba elisabe
dis droindeli xelwerisa da marTlweris Seswavlas: a babbled Tavisuflad SeiZleboda moCvenebodaT a table-ad.
damajerebelma argumentebma imasTan dakavSirebiT,
rom kvartoebi (ramdenime mdare gamonaklisis garda), sa
varaudod, an avtoris xelnaweridan iyo dabeWdili, an su
flioris komentarebidan, meti avtoritetuloba SesZina
adreul gamocemebs da ramdenadme gaanela is pativiscema,
romelsac doqtori jonsonis periodidan moyolebuli,
folios (Folio) miakuTvnebdnen. teqstis ingliseli mkvlev
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faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

rebi, romlebic SecdomiT miiCneven sakuTar Tavs `bib

liografebad~ (McKerrow, Greg, Pollard, Dover Wilson da sxvebi),
cdilobdnen, yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi daedasturebi
naT, romeli xelnaweri SeiZleboda miCneuliyo avtorite
tulad TiToeuli kvartosaTvis. maT is Teoriebi gamoiye
nes, romlebic bibliografiuli kvlevis Sedegad nawilob
riv iqna SemuSavebuli imisaTvis, raTa hipoTezebi gamoeTq
vaT Seqspiris piesebis warmoSobasTan, gadadamuSavebasTan,
cvlilebebTan da sxva avtorebis mier Setanil wvlilTan
dakavSirebiT. maT mxolod nawilobriv ainteresebT teqs
tis kritika; douver uilsonis nawarmoebi, SeiZleba iTqvas,
marTebulad miekuTvneba `maRal kritikas~.
uilsoni did imedebs amyarebs am meTodze: `SegviZlia
zogjer `SevZvreT asoTamwyobis kanSi~ da misi TvaliT da
vinaxoT, rom Seqspiris saxelosnos kari Riaa.~18 eWvs ar
iwvevs is, rom bibliografebma, garkveulwilad, naTeli
mohfines elisabedis droindeli piesebis kompozicias. maT
sajarod ganacxades da, SesaZloa, daamtkices kidec, rom xe
laxali Seswavla da cvlilebebis warmoSoba Cveuli ambavi
iyo. magram douver uilsonis uamrav hipoTezas TiTqosda
fantaziasTan ufro meti aqvs saerTo, vidre realobasTan,
radgan am hipoTezebis dasamtkiceblad argumentebi an Zal
ze mcirea, an saerTod ar arsebobs. amdenad, douver uil
sonma moaxdina `qariSxlis~ (The Tempest) warmoSobis rekon
struqcia. is amtkicebs, rom eqspoziciis xangrZlivi scena
metyvelebs adreuli versiis arsebobaze, romelSic fabu
lis wina istoria, The Winters Tale-is msgavsad, Tavisufali
stiliT dawerili dramis formiT aris gadmocemuli. magram
strofikis mcire Seusabamobebic ki ver amarTlebs egzom
ararealistur da fuW fantazias.19
dedofali elisabedis droindeli piesebis SemTxve
vaSi teqstis kritika metad warmatebuli iyo, magram, imav
droulad, bundovanic; magram is aseve aucilebelia im
wignebisTvis, romlebSic avtoroba ukeTaa dadasturebuli.
Ppaskalma (Pascal) da goeTem, jein ostinma (Jane Austen) da Ta
vad trolopmac (Trollope) ki, didad isargebles Tanamedrove
redaqtorebis detalebisadmi erTgulebiT,20 miuxedavad
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literaturis Teoria

imisa, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi es naSromebi mxolod da mx

olod imis CamonaTvals warmoadgens, Tu kerZod ra saqmi
anobas ewevian stambebi da asoTamwyobni.
gamocemis momzadebis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia misi
daniSnuleba da SesaZlo mkiTxveli. teqstis mkvlevarTa au
ditoriisTvis redaqtirebis sxva standarti iqneba saWiro,
radgan mkvlevrebi, ZiriTadad, dainteresebuli arian imiT,
rom sxvadasxva versiebis umciresi detalebic ki Seadaron.
rac Seexeba mkiTxvelTa farTo wreebs, maTTvis ki saWiro
iqneba gansxvavebuli standarti imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
zemoxsenebuli sakiTxebiT farTo mkiTxveli naklebadaa
dainteresebuli.
redaqtirebisas vawydebiT ufro rTul problemebs,
vidre swori teqstis dadgenaa.21Tavs iCens nawarmoebTa kre
bulSi teqstSi Setanisa da teqstidan amoRebis, ganlagebis,
anotaciisa Tu sxva sakiTxebi, romlebic SemTxvevidan Sem
Txvevamde SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes. Sesa
Zloa, mkvlevrisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamocema iyos
sruli gamocema, romelic mkacrad icavs qronologiur prin
cips, magram amgvari idealis miRweva an rTulia, an saerTod
SeuZlebeli. qronologiuri ganlageba SesaZloa an mxolod
varauds emyarebodes, an gaauqmos leqsebis mxatvruli Tval
sazrisiT ganlageba erTi krebulis farglebSi. literatu
ris mkiTxvels ar moewoneba didebulisa da trivialuris
Sezaveba, Tu erTmaneTis gverdiT davbeWdavT kitsis odas
da Tanamedrove werilSi CarTul saxumaro leqss. SesaZloa,
CvenTvis misaRebi iyos bodleris `borotebis yvavilebis~
(Fleurs du mal) an konrad ferdinand meieris (Conrad Ferdinand
Meyer) `leqsebis~ (Gedichte) mxatvruli ganlageba, magram sxva
sakiTxia, Rirs Tu ara SevinarCunoT uordsuorTis (Wordsworth) msatvruli klasifikaciebi. Mmeore mxriv, Tuki da
varRvevT uordsuorTis leqsebis avtoriseul ganlagebas
da qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT davbeWdavT maT, gagvi
Wirdeba imisi gansazRvra, kerZod romeli versia unda dagve
beWda. SesaZloa, ufro swori iyos arCevanis SeCereba pirvel
versiaze, radgan gviani, Sesworebuli versia rom adrindeli
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faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

TariRiT dagvebeWda, uordsuorTis mxatvruli ganviTarebis

damaxinjebul suraTs miviRebdiT; miuxedavad amisa, albaT
marTebuli ar iqneboda, rom mTlianad uargveyo poetis sur
vili da yuradReba aRar migveqcia gviandeli versiebisTvis,
romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi pirvelis gaumjobesebul vari
ants warmoadgens. amdenad, ernest de selinkurma (Ernest de
Selincourt) gadawyvita, uordsuorTis sruli poemebis gamo
cemaSi SeenarCunebina tradiciuli Tanamimdevroba. araerTi
sruli gamocema (magaliTad, Selis nawarmoebebis krebuli)
yuradRebas ar aqcevs arsebul mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas xe
lovnebis dasrulebul nawarmoebsa da ama Tu im avtoris mier
Sesrulebul mcire fragments Soris, romelic xSirad mxo
lod fragmentadve rCeba. bevri poetis literaturul repu
tacias SesaZloa Crdilic ki miadges, Tu romelime Tanamed
rove gamocemaSi warmodgenili iqneba maTi nawarmoebebis
sruli krebuli, sadac dasrulebul nawarmoebebTan erTad
yvelaze umniSvnelo, SemTxveviTi leqsebic ki Seva.
komentirebis sakiTxic gamocemis mizans unda daeqvem
debaros:22 Seqspiris yvelaze srul gamocemaSi komentari,
SesaZloa, mniSvnelovnad aRematebodes teqsts moculobis
TvalsazrisiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki komentarSi Seva yvela
im adamianis mosazreba, visac ki odesme dauweria raime Seqs
piris Sesaxeb. Ees mkvlevars sagrZnoblad gauiolebs saqmes,
radgan mas aRar mouwevs misTvis saWiro informaciis Zebna
uamrav gamoqveynebul masalas Soris. Cveulebriv mkiTxvels
bevrad naklebi dasWirdeba: misTvis sakmarisia mxolod is in
formacia, romelic mas nawarmoebis aRqmaSi daexmareba. ra
sakvirvelia, mosazrebebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris
saWiro, SesaZloa didad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan:
zogierTi gamomcemeli mkiTxvels eubneba, rom dedofali
elisabedi protestanti iyo, uxsnis, Tu vin iyo devid gariki
(David Garrick) da amiT Tavidan icilebs SesaZlo gaugebrobebs.
rTulia, vimsjeloT imis Taobaze, vrceli unda iyos Tu ara
komentari, Tuki gamomcemeli bolomde ar gaerkveva, kerZod
ra tipis mkiTxvelisTvisaa gaTvlili gamocema da ra mizans
emsaxureba is.
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literaturis Teoria

komentari, am sityvis mkacri gagebiT, romelic te

qstis ganmartebas warmoadgens (iqneba es lingvisturi,
istoriuli Tu a. S. komentari), unda gavmijnoT zogadi ko
mentarisagan, romelmac, SesaZloa, ubralod Tavi mouyaros
masalas literaturis an enis istoriisTvis (mag., miuTiTos
wyaroebi, paralelebi, sxva mweralTa mibaZvis faqtebi) da
aseve im komentarisagan, romelic, SesaZloa, esTetikuri
bunebisa iyos, Seicavdes mcire zomis statiebs garkveuli
pasaJebis Sesaxeb da amdenad, asrulebdes anTologiis funq
cias. SesaZloa, yovelTvis ioli ar iyos, am sferoebis urT
ierTgamijvna, Tumca teqstis kritikis, literaturis isto
riis (wyaroTSeswavlis sferoSi), enobrivi da istoriuli
ganmartebis da esTetikuri komentaris nazavi bevr gamo
cemaSi saeWvo xasiaTis literaturul kvlevas ufro hgavs,
romlis ZiriTadi Rirseba mxolod isaa, rom erT wignSi Tav
moyrilia yvelanairi informacia.
werilebis redaqtirebisas gansakuTrebuli proble
mebis winaSe vdgebiT. unda moxdes Tu ara maTi sruli saxiT
redaqtireba maSinac ki, Tu es werilebi mxolod banaluri
xasiaTis saqmian mimoweras warmoadgens? iseTi mwerlebis
reputacias, rogorebicaa stivensoni (Stevenson), merediti
(Meredith), arnoldi da svinborni (Swinbourne), mniSvnelova
ni araferi Sematebia maTi werilebis gamoqveynebiT, radgan
am werilebs literaturuli Rirebuleba arasodes hqonda.
Usxva sakiTxia, unda daibeWdos Tu ara pasuxebic, romelTa
gareSec, xSir SemTxvevaSi, warmoudgenelia korespon
dencia. amgvarad, ama Tu im avtoris nawarmoebebSi bevri
araerTgvarovani masalaa CarTuli. es praqtikuli sakiTxe
bia, romelTa gadaWrac gonivrul midgomas, garkveul Tana
mimdevrulobas, gulmodginebas da mTel rig SemTxvevebSi,
iRbalsac saWiroebs.
teqstis dadgenis garda, winaswari kvlevis dros, didi
mniSvneloba aqvs iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWras, rogoricaa
qronologia, avTenturoba, avtoroba da nawarmoebis xe
laxali Seswavla. xSir SemTxvevaSi qronologiis dadgena
xdeba wignis satitulo furcelze TariRis gamoqveynebiT
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faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

an publikaciis Tanamedrove dasabuTebiT. magram es wya

roebi (magaliTad, dedofali elisabedis droindeli pie
sebi da Sua saukuneebis xelnawerebi) xSirad xelmisawvdomi
ar aris. SesaZloa, elisabedis droindeli piesa daibeWdos
misi pirveli Teatraluri warmodgenidan didi xnis gav
lis Semdeg; Sua saukuneebis xelnaweri, xSirad warmoad
gens asls, romelic nawarmoebis Seqmnidan mniSvnelovani
drois gasvlis Semdeg Seiqmna. maSasadame, garegani faqtebi
Canacvlebul unda iqnes Tavad teqstidan aRebuli iseTi
faqtebiT, rogoricaa miniSneba Tanamedrove movlenebze da
sxva iseTi wyaroebi, romelTa daTariRebac SesaZlebelia.
Ees Sinagani faqtebi, romlebic gareSe movlenaze miuTiTebs,
mxolod im amosaval TariRze mianiSnebs, romlis Semdgomac
daiwera wignis es nawili.
aviRoT, magaliTad, Sinagani `mtkicebuleba~, ro
melic SeiZleba metruli statistikis Seswavlis Sede
gad gamoCndes saimisod, rom dadgindes Seqspiris piese
bis Tanamimdevroba. Aamgvari mtkicebulebiT mxolod far
dobiTi qronologiis dadgena SeiZleba.23 Tumca SeiZleba
davuSvaT, rom Seqspiris piesebSi riTmebis raodenoba
mcirdeba Loves Labour Lost-idan (sadac maTi raodenoba
yvelaze metia) The Winters Tale-mde (sadac riTmebi saer
Tod ar aris), magram dabejiTebiT ver vityviT, rom The Winters Tale maincadamainc `qariSxlis~ (The Tempest) (sadac sul
ori riTmaa) Semdeg daiwera. radganac iseTi kriteriumebi,
rogorebicaa riTmebis raodenoba, mdedrobiTi daboloe
bebi da a. S. yovelTvis erTsa da imave Sedegebs ar iZleva,
amitom rTulia dadgindes myari da calsaxa mimarTeba qro
nologiasa da metrul cxrilebs Soris. sxva tipis mtkice
bulebisagan gansxvavebiT, es cxrilebi sxvagvarad SeiZleba
iyos ganmartebuli. meTvramete saukunis kritikosi jeims
hardisi (James Hurdis), 24 magaliTad, miiCnevda, rom Seq
spirma The Winters Tale-is arasimetriuli leqsidan the
Comedy of Errors-is simetriul leqsze gadainacvla. miuxe
davad amisa, yvela am tipis mtkicebulebis (garegani, Sidagaregani da Sida) frTxili kombinaciis Sedegad miviReT
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Seqspiris piesebis met-naklebad argumentirebuli qrono

logia. statistikuri meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
ZiriTadad ikvleven imas, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba teqst
Si esa Tu is sityva, luis kempbelma (Lewis Campbell) da, gansa
kuTrebiT, vinsenti lutoslavskim (Wincenty Lutoslawski) (igi
sakuTar meTods `stilometrias~ uwodebs) gamoiyenes pla
tonis dialogebis miaxloebiTi qronologiis dasadgenad.25
Tu dauTariRebeli xelnawerebi unda ganvixiloT,
SesaZloa ufro met, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi gadauWrel
qronologiur sirTuleebs wavawydeT. SeiZleba avtoris
xelweris ganviTarebis Seswavla mogvixdes. zogjer au
cilebeli xdeba markebisa da werilebis Seswavlac, agreTve
- kalendarze dakvirveba imisaTvis, rom dadgindes avtoris
moZraobis marSruti, rac nawarmoebTa zusti daTariRebisas
mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba. qronologiuri sakiTxebi
xSirad Zalze mniSvnelovania literaturis istorikosi
saTvis: sanam es sakiTxebi ar gadaiWreba, istorikosi ver
moaxerxebs, daadginos Seqspiris an Coseris mxatvruli gan
viTarebis gza. mecxramete saukunis bolos malouni (Malone)
da tirviti (Tyrwhitt) pionerebi iyvnen, magram mas Semdeg de
talebTan dakavSirebuli dava ar Sewyvetila.
avTenturobisa da atribuciis sakiTxebi SesaZloa
ufro mniSvnelovanic ki iyos da maT gadasaWrelad saWiro
gaxdes rTuli stilisturi da istoriuli kvlevebis war
moeba.26 Cven zustad gvaqvs dadgenili zogierTi nawarmoe
bis avtorobis sakiTxi Tanamedrove literaturaSi. Tumca,
arsebobs agreTve didi raodenobiT fsevdonimuri da anoni
muri literatura, romelTa avtorebis gamxela zogjer
mainc xdeba xolme, maSinac ki, Tu es saidumlo sxva arafe
ria, Tu ar mxolod arafrismTqmeli saxeli.
xSirad warmoiWreba avtoris nawarmoebTa avTentu
robis sakiTxi meTvramete saukuneSi aRmoCnda, rom didi
nawili imisa, rac Coseris nawarmoebebis beWdur gamocemeb
Si iyo CarTuli (rogoricaa, mag., The Testament of Creseid da The
Flower and the Leaf), SeuZlebelia, namdvilad Coseris nawar
moebebi iyos. dResac ki Seqspiris nawarmoebebis avTen
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faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

turobis sakiTxi jer kidev gadauWreli rCeba. rogorc

Cans, isari meore ukiduresobisaken gadaixara im droidan
moyolebuli, rodesac avgust vilhelm Slegelma (August
Wilhelm Schlegel) Tavdajerebulad ganacxada, rom yvela
apokrifi namdvilad Seqspiris nawarmoebs warmoadgens.27
bolo dros j. m. robertsoni (J. M. Robertson) TavgamodebiT
uWerda mxars `Seqspiris dezintegracias~, anu im Tvalsaz
riss, romlis Sedegadac Seqspirs lamisaa yvelaze popu
laruli piesebis avtorobac ki CamoarTves. am Sexedulebis
mixedviT, `iulius keisari~(Julius Caesar) da `venecieli vaWar
ic~ ki (The Merchant of Venice) TiTqosda mxolod marlos, gri
nis (Greene), pilis (Peele), kidis (Kyd) da am epoqis sxva ramde
nime dramaturgis nawarmoebTa pasaJebis Sekowiwebis Sede
gad Seiqmna.28 robertsonis meTodi, ZiriTadad, arsebuli
Seusabamobebisa da literaturuli paralelebis aRmoCenas
cdilobs. es meTodi metad bundovani da subieqturia. is
mcdar Tvalsazriss efuZneba da mankieri wreSi ketavs mkvl
evars: Tanamedrove kvlevebis meoxebiT, Cven viciT, romelia
Seqspiris nawarmoebebi (is, rac folioSi da im droindeli
saavtoro uflebebis damcveli organizaciis CanawerebSia
moxseniebuli); magram robertsoni, TviTneburi esTetikuri
msjelobis safuZvelze, mxolod maRalfardovani stiliT
dawerili zogierTi pasaJis avtorobas miawers Seqspirs da
amtkicebs, rom Seqspiri mxolod am maRali standartiT wer
da da, amdenad, mas ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT ufro dabali
donis nawarmoebebi an iseTi piesebi, romelic enaTesaveba
Seqspiris Tanamedrove dramaturgTa nawarmoebebs. Tumca,
safuZveli ar gvaqvs, vamtkicoT, TiTqos Seqspirs ar SeeZ
lo daewera susti an naklebad Rrma nawarmoebi, an sakuTari
TanamedroveebisaTvis miebaZa da sxvadasxva stilis aRreva
moexdina. meore mxriv, sarwmuno araa Zveli Tvalsazrisic,
TiTqos folioSi yoveli sityva Seqspirs ekuTvnis.
am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT rTulia saboloo pasuxis
migneba, radgan dedofali elisabedis droindeli drama
mniSvnelovanwilad koleqtiuri xelovneba iyo da mWidro
TanamSromloba gavrcelebuli praqtika gaxldaT. xSirad
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metad rTuli iyo stilis mixedviT erTi avtoris meorisagan

garCeva. SeiZleba Tavad avtorebsac gaZnelebodaT nawar
moebSi sakuTari wvlilis odenobis zustad gansazRvra.29 Ta
naavtorobis Seswavla literaturis mkvlevrisTvis zogjer
Zalze Znelia. bomontisa da fletCeris SemTxvevebSic,
rodesac zustad viciT, rom saqme gvaqvs nawarmoebTan, ro
melic fletCerma bomontis sikvdilis Semdeg dawera, maTi
individualuri wvlilis sakiTxi jer kidev azrTa sxvadasx
vaobas iwvevs. saqme kidev ufro garTulebulia The Revengers
Tragedy-is SemTxvevaSi, romelic xan vebsters (Webster) mia
werdnen, xan turners (Tourneur), xan midltonsa (Middleton) da
xan marstons (Marston). 30
msgavsi sirTuleebi wamoiWreba maSin, roca vcdilobT
davamtkicoT avtorobis sakiTxi iq, sadac gareSe monace
mebis uqonlobis pirobebSi gansazRvruli tradiciuli
manera da erTferovani stili ganuzomlad arTulebs
nawarmoebTa erTmaneTisagan gamijnvis process. amisi mag
aliTebi uamravia trubadurebTan an meTvramete saukunis
pamfletistebTan (Znelia damtkicdes defos nawarmoebTa
avTenturobis sakiTxi)31, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT periodu
li gamocemebis anonim avtorebze, Tumca, xSir SemTxveva
Si, SesaZloa, am mxriv garkveul warmatebebsac mivaRwioT.
gamomcemlobebis Canawerebis an perioduli gamocemebis
damuSavebuli aslebis Seswavlam SeiZleba gamoaaSkaravos
axali gareSe faqtebi; amas garda, Tu saguldagulod Se
viswavliT imas, rogoraa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ama
Tu im avtoris statiebi (iseTi avtorebi, rogoricaa, mag
aliTad, goldsmiti, xSirad axdenen sakuTari Tavis citire
bas), SesaZloa friad Rirebuli daskvnebi gavakeToT.32 g.
adni uilma (G. Udny Yule), romelic statistikosi gaxldaT,
metad rTuli maTematikuri meTodebi gamoiyena iseTi mwer
lebis sityvaTa maragis Sesaswavlad, rogoricaa YToma kem
pieli (Thomas a Kempis). mas surda daedgina, rom ramdenime
xelnaweri erTi da imave avtoris mier iyo Sesrulebuli.33
stilisturi meTodebis Tanmimdevruli gamoyenebis Sem
TxvevaSi SesaZlebelia iseTi faqtebis moZieba, romlebic,
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faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

miuxedavad garkveuli naklovanebisa, gazrdis identifika

ciis albaTobas.
literaturis istoriaSi avTenturobis da gayalbebis
sakiTxma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula da mniSvnelovnad
ganapiroba Semdgomi kvlevebis warmoeba.A amdenad, makfer
sonis (Macpherson) `osianTan~ dakavSirebulma azrTa sxva
dasxvaobam xeli Seuwyo Sotlandiuri xalxuri poeziis Ses
wavlas, CetertonTan (Chatterton) dakavSirebulma azrTa sx
vadasxvaobam gamoiwvia Sua saukuneebis inglisis istoriisa
da literaturis ufro siRrmiseuli Seswavla, Seqspiris
piesebisa da dokumentebis gayalbebas ki mohyva diskusiebi
Seqspirze da elisabedis droindeli Teatris istoriaze.34
Cetertonis, Tomas uartonis (Thomas Warton), Tomas tirvi
tis da Eedmund malounis nawarmoebTa ganxilvam wina planze
wamowia istoriuli da literaturuli argumentebi imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom roulis (Rowley) leqsebi mxolod da
mxolod Tanamedrove TaRliTobaa. ori Taobis Semdeg u. u.
skitma (W. W. Skeat sistematurad Seiswavla Sua periodis in
glisuri gramatika da yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom dar
Rveuli iyo elementaruli gramatikuli tradiciebi, rac
misi azriT, swored gayalbebis maniSnebeli unda yofiliyo.
edmund malounma mkacrad gaakritika axalgazrda irland
ieli avtorebis uxeiro mcdeloba, sxvaTaTvis miebaZaT,
Tumca, isinic ki, Cetertonisa da osianis msgavsad, im pirTa
(magaliTad, cnobili mecnieris, Calmersis (Chalmers), mniS
vnelovani mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen, romlebsac myari
reputacia hqondaT Seqspiris kvlevis istoriaSi.
rodesac gaCnda gayalbebis saSiSroeba, mkvlevrebi
iZulebuli gaxdnen, daezustebinaT tradiciuli daTa
riRebisa da ama Tu im avtorisTvis mikuTvnebis argumen
tebi, ramac nayofieri polemika gamoiwvia: sagulisxmoa,
magaliTad, hrosvitas SemTxveva: meaTe saukunis germaneli
monazvnis nawarmoebebi, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, meTxuTmete
saukunis germanelma humanistma, konrad celtesma (Conrad
Celtes) gaayalba, rusul ` ~-s tradici
ulad meTormete saukuniT aTariRebdnen, magram, rogorc
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aRmoCnda, nawarmoebi meTvramete saukunis damlevs iqna

gayalbebuli.35 CexeTSi ori (savaraudod Sua saukuneebis
droindeli) xelnaweris _ Zelen hora da Kralove dvur_ gay
albebis sakiTxi mwvave politikuri debatebis sakiTxi iyo
1880-ian wlebamde; da tomaS masarikma (Thomas Masaryk), ro
melic mogvianebiT Cexoslovakiis prezidenti gaxda, far
To popularoba nawilobriv im dapirispirebebisa da davis
dros moipova, romelic lingvisturi sakiTxebiT daiwyo da
imdenad gafarTovda, rom erTmaneTs daupirispira mecni
eruli sizuste da romantikuli TviTmotyueba.36
zogjer avTenturobisa da avtorobis sakiTxSi Car
Tulia `mtkicebulebis~ rTuli problemebi, romlebic iseT
gansxvavebul sferoebs SeiZleba moicavdes, rogorebicaa
paleografia, bibliografia, lingvistika da istoria. zo
gierT bolodroindel aRmoCenebs Soris aRsaniSnavia bib
liofil t. j. uaizis (T. J. Wise) saqme mecxramete saukunis
86 pamfletis gayalbebasTan dakavSirebiT: karterisa da
polardis37 mier Catarebuli deteqtiuri kvlevebi iseT
aspeqtebs Seexo, rogoricaa wylis niSnebi, melnis xarisxi,
calkeuli asoebis moxazuloba SriftebSi da a.S. (Tumca,
es sakiTxebi mxolod mcired aris dakavSirebuli pirdapir
literaturasTan).
ar unda dagvaviwydes is, rom maSinac ki, rodesac avto
ris nawarmoebis TariRis Secvla xdeba, kritikuli ganxilva
Tavis aqtualurobas ar kargavs. Cetertonis leqsebs arc
araferi akldeba da arc emateba imiT, rom isini meTvramete
saukuneSi daiwera. am garemoebas xSirad ar iTvaliswine
ben aRSfoTebuli literaturaTmcodneebi, romlebic
uaryofiTad ganewyobian xolme nawarmoebis mimarT, Tuki
damtkicdeba, rom misi warmoSobac ufro gviandel periods
ukavSirdeba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom morizis (Morize), rudleris (Rudler)
da sandersis (Sanders)38 meToduri saxelmZRvaneloebi praq
tikulad mxolod am TavSi ganxilul sakiTxebs exeba. amas
garda, es is meTodebia, romelTac aswavlian amerikis SeerTe
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faqtebis organizeba da dasabuTEeba

buli Statebis kolejebSi. miuxedavad maTi mniSvnelobisa,

unda vaRiaroT, rom kvlevis es tipebi mxolod analizis, in
terpretaciisa da literaturis mizezobrivi axsnis sawyis
etaps warmoadgens. imas, Tu ramdenad gamarTlebuli iqneba
amgvari kvlevebi, Sedegebi gviCvenebs.

95

96

nawili mesame

literaturis Seswavlis garegani

meTodi

97

98

Sesavali
*
literaturaTmcodneobis yvelaze ufro gavrce
lebuli da warmatebuli meTodebi mTavar yuradRebas
amaxvilebs imaze, Tu sad da rodis xdeba moqmedeba, ra
garemoSi da viTarebaSi daiwera nawarmoebi, anu imaze, ra
sac SeiZleba garegani mizezebi vuwodoT. garegani meTo
debi marto warsulis SeswavliT ar Semoifargleba. maT Ta
namedrove literaturis Sesaswavladac iyeneben. ase rom,
sworad moviqceviT, Tu termins `istoriuli gamoviyenebT
literaturis imgvari Seswavlis mimarT, romelic, pirvel
yovlisa, ganixilavs literaturis cvlilebas droSi, anu,
ZiriTadad, Seiswavlis istoriul ganviTarebas. kvlevis
,,gareganma meTodma SeiZleba miznad daisaxos literatu
ris interpretacia mxolod misive socialuri konteqstisa
da misive warsulis TvalsazrisiT, magram umetes SemTx
vevaSi is mimarTavs kauzalur (mizezobriv) ganmartebebs,
cdilobs naTeli mohfinos yvela literaturul sakiTxs,
axsnas isini da, sabolood, daiyvanos literatura mis
pirvelwyaroebamde (`genetikuri cdomileba~). aravin uar
yofs im faqts, rom literaturis Seswavlas exmareba imis
codna, Tu ra viTarebaSi Seiqmna esa Tu is mxatvruli teqs
ti. udavoa, rom literaturis amgvar Seswavlas bevri ramis
axsna SeuZlia. da mainc, isic aSkaraa, rom Tu mxatvruli
nawarmoebis Seswavlas mxolod kauzaluri kuTxiT mivudge
biT, verasodes SevZlebT nawarmoebis analizis, aRwerisa da
Sefasebis sakiTxTa gadaWras. mizezi da Sedegi araTanazo
mieria, maT erTnairi sazomebiT ver ganvixilavT, radgan am
garegani mizezebis konkretuli Sedegi _ Cvens SemTxvevaSi
xelovnebis nimuSi _ yovelTvis araprognozirebadia.
istoria, garegani faqtorebi, ra Tqma unda, moqmedebs
xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmnaze. es sadavo ar aris. magram namdvi
li Tavsatexi maSin iwyeba, roca nawarmoebis ganmsazRvreli
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damoukidebeli faqtorebis Sefasebas, Sedarebasa da gamo

yofas vaxdenT. mkvlevarTa umetesoba cdilobs calke ga
nixilos SemoqmedTa sulieri moRvaweoba da mxolod mas mia
weros gadamwyveti gavlena literaturis nimuSze. amdenad,
mkvlevarTa erTi jgufi Tvlis, rom literatura ZiriTa
dad individualuri Semoqmedis naRvawia da, aqedan gamomdi
nare, askvnis, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebi unda SeviswavloT
avtoris biografiisa da fsiqologiis safuZvelze. meore
jgufi literaturuli Semoqmedebis ganmsazRvrel faq
torebs adamianis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSiekonomikur,
socialur da politikur garemoebebSi _ eZiebs. arian ise
Ti mkvlevrebic, romlebic cdiloben literaturis mize
zobriv axsnas adgili gamouZebnon imgvar koleqtiur moR
vaweobaSi, rogoricaa ideaTa, Teologiis an xelovnebis
sxva dargTa istoriebi. bolos, CvenTvis sainteresoa kidev
erTi jgufi, romelic literaturis interpretacias axdens
Zeitgeists (germ. epoqis suli) enaze, anu Seiswavlis ama Tu
im periodisTvis damaxasiaTebel suliskveTebas, mocemuli
periodis azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel garkveul in
teleqtualur atmosferos, `klimats~, erTgvar erTian Za
las, romliTac literatura didad gamoirCeva xelovnebis
sxva dargTa damaxasiaTebeli niSnebisgan.
garegan meTodTa momxreebi metnaklebad gansxvav
debian erTmaneTisagan imiT, Tu ramdenad zedmiwevniT da
mkacrad iyeneben literaturis kvlevisas kauzalur deter
ministul meTodebs da imiTac, Tu ramdenad damajereblad
gvarwmuneben TavianTi konkretuli meTodis warmatebu
lobaSi. maTgan yvelaze deterministulad isini arian gan
wyobilni, visac sjera, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis axsna
da Seswavla socialur mizezTa Seswavlis safuZvelze unda
moxdes. amgvari radikalizmi imiT SeiZleba avxsnaT, rom
isini TavianTi filosofiuri mrwamsiT Tavs me-19 s-is pozi
tivizmisa da mecnierebis mimdevrebad moiazreben; Tum
ca arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom Geistesgeschichte-s (germ.
humanitaruli sferos istoria) idealisti mxardamWerebi,
romlebic TavianTi filosofiuri SexedulebebiT axlos
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Sesavali

arian hegelianizmTan Tu romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

azrovnebis sxva formebTan, aseve gvevelinebian ukidures
deterministebad da fatalistebadac ki.
im mkvlevarTa Soris, vinc zemoT naxseneb meTodebs
iyenebs, iseTebic mravlad arian, romelnic ufro mokrZa
lebul ganacxads sjerdebian. maT isic daakmayofilebT,
mxolod garkveul kavSirs Tu gamonaxaven mxatvrul nawar
moebsa da misi Seqmnis gare viTarebasa Tu wina pirobas So
ris. isini imasac daeTanxmebian, rom aseT kvlevas SeuZlia
garkveuli sinaTle mohfinos kvlevis sagans, Tumca isic
SesaZlebelia, rom am urTierTdamokidebulebaTa kvlevam
ise gaitacos isini, rom nawarmoebTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani
da arsebiTi niSani SeumCneveli darCeT. es SedarebiT TavSe
kavebuli mecnierebi ufro gonivrulad iqcevian, radgan
mxatvruli teqstis mizezobrivi interpretaciis roli,
cota ar iyos, gazviadebulia literaturaTmcodneobaSi.
isic aSkaraa, rom am meTodiT ver gadaiWreba nawarmoebis
analizisa da Sefasebis problemebi. yvela im gansxvave
bul meTodTa Soris, romlebic literaturuli kvlevisas
mizezTa Seswavlas aniWeben prioritets, albaT, upirate
soba ekuTvnis im meTods, romelic mxatvrul nawarmoebs
ikvlevs imdroindeli yofisa da garemos farTomasStabiani
Seswavlis safuZvelze. sxvagvarad, aSkarad SeuZlebelia
literaturuli kvlevis dayvana mxolod erTi, romelime
calkeuli mizeziT gamowveuli Sedegis kvlevaze. Cven mx
ars ar viziarebT germanuli Geistesgeschichte-s konkretul
koncefciebs, magram vaRiarebT, rom teqstis imgvari inter
pretacia, romelic gulisxmobs mxatvruli teqstis Seqm
nis yvela mizezis kvlevas, daculia kritikisgan, romelsac
imsaxurebs danarCeni meTodebi. Semdeg TavebSi SevecadeT
agvewon-dagvewona am gansxvavebul faqtorTa mniSvneloba
da aseve mTeli rigi meTodebis Sefaseba; aris Tu ara mizan
Sewonili maTi gamoyeneba iseTi kvlevisaTvis, romelsac
SeiZleba wminda literaturuli an `egocentruli~ ewodos.

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literatura da biografia
*
mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seqmnis upirvelesi mizezi
TviTon misi Semqmneli avtoria. Aaqedan gamomdinare, li
teraturuli kvlevis uZvelesi da yvelaze kargad dam
kvidrebuli meTodi swored mwerlis pirovnebisa da misi
cxovrebis Seswavlazea dafuZnebuli.
biografia CvenTvis im kuTxiTaa saintereso, Tu ramde
nad mohfens is naTels mwerlis naRvaws da gagviadvilebs
mis gagebas. Mbiografiis gareSe namdvilad gagviWirdeboda,
kvaldakval mivyolodiT gamorCeuli, genialuri niWis
mqone pirovnebis moraluri, inteleqtualuri da emociuri
ganviTarebis gzas.D bolos, biografia SeiZleba iqces damx
mare masalad poetisa da poeturi SemoqmedebiTi procesis
fsiqologiis Sesaswavlad.
Ees sami Tvalsazrisi kargad unda gavmijnoT erT
maneTisagan. `literaturuli kvlevis~ Cveneul koncefcias
mxolod pirveli Tezisi upasuxebs. kerZod is, rom biogra
fia naTels hfens da gviadvilebs mwerlis Semoqmedebis
gagebas. meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, yuradRebis centr
Si TviT mwerlis pirovneba eqceva. xolo mesame Sexedulebas
Tu davujerebT, maSin gamodis, rom biografia mecnierebis
Tvis mxolod damxmare masala yofila, Tanac ufro momava
li mecnierebisaTvis, rogoricaa mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
fsiqologia.
biografia uZvelesi literaturuli Janria. qrono
logiisa da logikis kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, igi, upirveles
yovlisa, istoriografiis Semadgeneli nawilia. biografiul
kvlevaSi aranairi meTodologiuri gansxvaveba ar arsebobs
imisa, Tu vin aris kvlevis obieqti _ saxelmwifo moRvawe,
generali, arqiteqtori, veqili Tu sazogadoebrivi saqmi
anobisgan Sors mdgomi adamiani. amis Taobaze sayuradReboa
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kolrijis azri. igi ambobs, rom arafriT gamorCeuli adamia

nis cxovrebis istoriac ki saintereso gaxdeba mkiTxvelisT
vis, Tu is kargad da damajereblad iqneba moTxrobili (ix. s.
t. kolrijis werili Tomas pulisadmi; S. T. Coleridge, Letters,
London, 1895).1 biografisTvis poeti rigiTi adamiania, romlis
moraluri Tu inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis gza, sazogadoe
brivi garemocva Tu emociebi SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnes qcevis
garkveuli eTikuri sistemis Tu kodeqsis safuZvelze. misi
Semoqmedeba Sedgeba nawarmoebebis publikaciebisgan, iseve,
rogorc romelime sazogado moRvawis cxovreba Sedgeba sx
vadasxvagvari movlenebisgan. Tu sakiTxs amgvarad davsvamT,
biografis samuSao istorikosisas uTanabrdeba. man unda
Seiswavlos da axsnas dokumentebi, werilebi, TviTmxilvelTa
monaTxrobi, mogonebebi da avtobiografiuli gancxadebebi;
gadawyvitos, ramdenad sandoa es wyaroebi, ramdenad Seeef
ereba isini sinamdviles. TviT biografiis weris procesSi av
toris winaSe ukve sxva amocana dgas _ rogor ganalagos mov
lenebi qronologiurad, romeli maTgani imsaxurebs ufro met
yuradRebas an ramdenad gulaxdili Tu TavSekavebuli unda
iyos movlenaTa gadmocemisas. es sakiTxebi ar miekuTvneba
specifikur literaturul problemebs, magram maT gadawyve
tas mieZRvna mravali naSromi, romlebSic ganixileba bio
grafia, rogorc erT-erTi literaturuli Janri.2
CvenTvis literaturuli biografiis kvlevis sferoSi
ori sakiTxia gadamwyveti: gamarTlebulia Yara biografis
moqmedeba, rodesac Tavisi debulebebis dasadastureblad
is iyenebs mwerlis nawarmoebebs? gvexmareba Tu ara lite
raturuli biografiis daskvnebi Tavad nawarmoebis ukeT
gagebaSi? rogorc wesi, orive SekiTxvas dadebiTad upa
suxeben. swored ase upasuxebs pirvel SekiTxvas TiTqmis
yvela biografi, romelTac gansakuTrebiT poetTa cxovreba
izidavT. poetebi xom maT zRva masalas sTavazoben TavianTi
piradi cxovrebis aRsawerad, rasac ver vityviT SedarebiT
ufro gavlenian mraval istoriul pirovnebaze, romelTa
Sesaxebac mwiri informacia gvaqvs an, saerTod, aranairi sa
buTi ar mogvepoveba. magram gamarTlebulia ki biografTa
amgvari optimizmi?
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kacobriobis istoriul ganviTarebaSi gamoiyofa ori

epoqa da aqedan gamomdinare, problemis gadaWris ori Sesa
Zlo gza. adreuli literaturis Sesaxeb TiTqmis ar gag
vaCnia kerZo xasiaTis Canawerebi, romlebiTac biografebi
isargeblebdnen. Cven xelT aris mxolod sazogadoebrivi
daniSnulebis dokumentacia, dabadebisa da qorwinebis mow
mobebi, iuridiuli Canawerebi da msgavsi sabuTebi. da kidev,
ra Tqma unda, TviTon nawarmoebebi. magaliTad, Seqspiris
kvals Tu gavyvebiT, bevrs verafers aRmovaCenT, Tumca,
arsebobs garkveuli informacia misi finansuri mdgomare
obis Sesaxeb. amasTan, xelT ar gvaqvs Seqspiris werilebi,
dRiurebi Tu mogonebebi, garda saeWvo warmomavlobis ram
denime saxumaro istoriisa. literaturis sasargeblod mx
olod ramdenime faqti mogvepoveba im marTlacda uzarmaz
ari Sromis Sedegad, romelic Seqspiris cxovrebis Seswav
lisTvis gaweula. is, rac viciT, metwilad misi cxovrebis
qronologiuri faqtebia da, agreTve, misi socialuri sta
tusi da profesiuli kavSirebis CamonacnobTa wre. aqedan
gamomdinare, SegviZlia or jgufad davyoT isini, visac ki
odesme ucdia Seqspiris realisturi biografia daewera,
misi eTikuri da emociuri ganviTarebis gza eCvenebina.
pirvel jgufSi Sevlen isini, vinc saqmes mecnierulad miud
ga da, kerolain sperjenis (Caroline Spurgeon) msgavsad, poetis
mxatvruli saxeebi, saxismetyveleba Seiswavla. am Sromis
Sedegia movlenebis ubralo, arafrismTqmeli CamonaTvali.
meore jgufis mkvlevrebma, romlebic Seqspiris piesebsa da
sonetebSi `Caeflnen~, romantikuli biografiebi SeTxzes.
am jgufs miekuTvnebian georg brandesi da frenk harisi.3
yvela es mcdeloba emyareba mcdar princips (mas
safuZveli Cauyares hezlitma da hegelma, xolo pirvelad
_ sakmaod frTxilad _ is daudenma Camoayaliba). marTe
buli ar aris, SeTxzuli nawarmoebidan, miT ufro piesebidan
raime safuZvliani da myari ganacxadi gavakeToT avtoris
realuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. Zalze saeWvoa is aRiarebuli
Sexedulebac, rom TiTqosda Seqspirma gadaitana depresiis
periodi, romlis drosac Seqmna tragediebi da tragikome
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diebi, xolo garkveul simSvides `qariSxlis~ weris dros

miaRwia. kategoriulad ver vityviT, rom tragediebis Se
saqmnelad mwerals tragikuli ganwyoba esaWiroeba, an rom
mxolod cxovrebisagan kmayofili iwyebs komediebis weras.
ar arsebobs aranairi damamtkicebeli sabuTi imisa, rom
garkveul periodSi Seqspirs sevda daeufla4 poets pasuxs
ver movTxovT misi personaJebis azrebisaTvis. unda gavmi
jnoT Seqspirisa da misi personaJebis, mag. timonisa da mak
betis Sexedulebebi cxovrebaze; aseve, ver vityviT, rom
Seqspiri eTanxmeba iagos an dol terSitis (,,henri meoTxis
personaJi, --mTargmnelis SeniSvna) azrebs. an ra safuZveli
gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom prospero avtoris msgavsad msje
lobs? mwerlebs ar unda mivaweroT maT mier gamogonili
gmirebis ideebi, grZnobebi, Sexedulebebi, Rirsebebi Tu
mankierebebi. es Tanabrad exeba rogorc dramisa da romanis
personaJebs, aseve _ lirikuli leqsis gmirsac, romelic
lirikuli `me-s~ miRma moiazreba. kavSirs pirad cxovrebasa
da Semoqmedebas Soris ver davarqmevT ubralo mizezSede
gobriv urTierTobas.
Tumca, biografiuli meTodis mxardamWerebi mainc
Seedavebian am Cvens mtkicebulebebs. ityvian, rom bevri
ram Seicvala Seqspiris epoqis Semdeg. uxvad dagrovda bio
grafiuli masala mravali poetis Sesaxeb. poetebma (mag.,
miltonma, poupma, goeTem, uordsvorTma Tu baironma)
igrZnes pasuxismgebloba STamomavlobis winaSe. maT ar akl
daT TanamedroveTa yuradReba da TviTonac mravali av
tobiografiuli Canaweri datoves. biografiuli midgoma
gamartivda, radgan SegviZlia cxovreba da moRvaweoba erT
maneTs SevadaroT da SevupirispiroT. unda iTqvas, rom Tvi
Ton poetis mxridanac igrZnoba amgvari midgomis survili
da moTxovna. es, gansakuTrebiT, romantikos poetebs exe
baT, romlebic ar eridebian sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb weras da
gulis siRrmeSic gvaxedeben, an baironis Tqmisa ar iyos, Ta
vianT `sisxlmdinare guls mTels evropas Semoatareben. es
poetebi TavianT Tavze marto kerZo werilebSi, dRiurebsa
da avtobiografiebSi ki ar gviamboben, aramed _ yvelaze
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oficialur da formalur gancxadebebSic. uordsuor

Tis `preludia~ aris poeturi manifestis saxiT moTxro
bili avtobiografia. Znelia ar endo da ar daujero amgvar
gancxadebebs, romlebic zogjer ara Tu SinaarsiT, toniTac
ki ar gansxvavdeba avtorTa kerZo mimoweridan. Cvenc meti
ra dagvrCenia, garda imisa, rom poeziis interepretacia
TviTon poetisave TvaliT ganvaxorcieloT. gavixsenoT
goeTes cnobili naTqvami, romelSic is sakuTar Semoqmede
bas `didi aRsarebis fragmentebad aRiqvams.
arsebobs ori saxis _ obieqturi da subieqturi _
poetebi. pirvel jgufs ekuTvnian, mag., kitsi da T. s. eli
oti, romlebic xazs usvamen poetis `TviTuaryofas~,
e.i. mis Riaobas samyarosadmi da sakuTari individualo
bis ugulebelyofas. meore tipis poeti, piriqiT, Tavisi
pirovnebis gamomzeurebas cdilobs, avtoportretis Seq
mna swadia da amgvarad cdilobs gamoxatos sakuTari Tavi
da guli gadagviSalos5 literaturis istoriaSi didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi gvxvdeboda mxolod pirveli saxis poe
tebi. maT nawarmoebebSi TiTqmis miCqmalulia subieqturi
azri, miuxedavad imisa, rom esTetikurad maT nawerebs
SeiZleba udidesi Rirebuleba hqondeT. magaliTisTvis
SeiZleba moviyvanoT italiuri novela, saraindo romanebi,
aRorZinebis epoqis sonetebi, elisabedis xanis drama, natu
ralisturi romanebi, TiTqmis mTeli xalxuri poezia.
magram subieqturi poetis SemTxvevaSic ki gansxvave
ba avtobiografiuli bunebis pirad ganacxadsa da igive mo
tivis xelovnebis nimuSSi gamoyenebas Soris ar unda da ar
SeiZleba waiSalos. xelovnebis nimuSi mTlianobas warmoad
gens sul sxva doneze, sul sxva kavSirSi realobasTan, vid
re memuarebis wigni, dRiuri an werili. mxolod biografi
uli meTodebis damaxinjebiT SeiZleba avtoris cxovrebis
yvelaze intimuri da xSirad SemTxveviTi dokumentebi gax
des mTavari Seswavlis sagani, maSin, roca namdvili poemebi
ganxiluli iqneboda dokumentebad da ganlagebuli iqne
boda poemebis kritikuli Sefasebisgan gamoyofili an sru
liad sapirispiro skaliT. amgvarad, brande makbet-s miiC
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nevs uinteresod, radgan is yvelaze naklebad ukavSirdeba

Seqspiris pirovnebis Sesaxeb mis warmodgenas; amgvarad,
kingsmili ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams arnoldis Sohrab and
Rustam-Tan dakavSirebiT.6
maSinac ki, roca xelovnebis nimuSi moicavs aSkara
biografiul elementebs, isini namuSevarSi iseTi saxiT iq
neba Secvlili, rom dakargavs specifikur pirad mniSvne
lobas da iqceva ubralod adamianur masalad, namuSevris
ganuyrel nawilad. ramon fernandesi amas damajereblad
asabuTebs stendalTad kavSirSi. meierma aCvena ramdenad
gansxvavdeba aSkarad avtobiografiuli preludia vords
vorTis realuri cxovrebisgan im procesis dros, romelsac
poema aRwers.7
Sexeduleba, rom xelovneba wminda TviTgamoxatvaa,
piradi grZnobebis da gamocdilebis asli, aSkarad mcdaria.
Tundac axlo kavSiri iyos xelovnebis nimuSsa da avtoris
cxovrebas Soris, es ar unda niSnavdes, rom xelovnebis ni
muSi ubralod cxovrebis aslia. biografiul midgomas avi
wydeba, rom xelovnebis nimuSi ubralod gamocdilebis gan
sxeuleba ar aris. is yvelaze boloa namuSevarTa seriaSi;
es aris drama, romani, poema gansazRvruli literaturu
li tradiciebiTa da CveulebebiT. sinamdvileSi biblio
grafiuli midgoma bundovans xdis literaturuli proce
sis saTanado gagebas. is arRvevs literaturuli tradi
ciis wesrigs, raTa Caanacvlos pirovnebis sasicocxlo
cikli. bibliografiuli midgoma, aseve, ignorirebas uke
Tebs martiv fsiqologiur faqtebs. xelovnebis nimuSi an
sxeulebs ufro avtoris ocnebas, vidre misi cxovrebis
stils, an warmoadgens niRabs, anti-me-s, romlis ukanac
misi namdvili pirovneba imaleba, an im cxovrebis suraTia,
romelsac unda gaeqces. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom
xelovans SeuZlia cxovreba ganicados sxvadasxva saxiT
misi xelovnebidan gamomdinare: realuri gamocdilebebi
danaxulia maTi literaturisadmi gamosadegobis mxridan.8
unda davaskvnaT, rom bibliografiuli interpreta
cia da xelovnebis nimuSebis gamoyeneba saWiroebs yuradRe
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biT Seswavlas TiToeulASemTxvevaSi, radgan xelovnebis

nimuSi ar warmoadgens biografiul dokuments. Cven eWvis
qveS unda davayenoT gledis i. ueldis trahernis cxovre
ba, romelic misi poemis ganacxadebs biografiul simar
Tled aRiqvams, an bronteebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb mravali
wigni, romlebSic pirdapir gadmotanilia nawyvetebi jein
eari-dan an vileti-dan. arsebobs, aseve, virjinia muris
emili brontes sicocxle da mowadinebuli sikvdili, ro
melic Tvlis, rom emilim hitklifis vnebebi ganicada; sx
vebi asabuTeben, rom qals ar SeeZlo daewera qariSxliani
uReltexili da rom namdvili avtori Zma, patriki unda
yofiliyo.9 am tipis arguments moyva Semdegi mosazrebebi:
Seqspiri albaT italiaSi iyo namyofi, albaT advokati iyo,
jariskaci, maswavlebeli, fermeri. am yvelafers elen terim
gamanadgurebeli pasuxi gasca da ganacxada, rom igive kri
teriumiT Seqspiri qali unda yofiliyo.
Tumca, unda aRvniSnoT, rom maSinac ki, roca Seswavlis
sagani subieqturi poetis Semoqmedebaa, aucileblad unda
gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan avtobiografiuli xasiaTis ker
Zo ganacxadi da zustad igive motivis gamoyeneba mxatvrul
nawarmoebSi. mxatvruli nawarmoebi sul sxva mimarTeba
Sia realobasTan da sul sxvagvar mxatvrul mTlianobas
qmnis, mogonebaTa wignis, dRiurisa Tu werilisagan `mil
tonuri~ an `kitsianuri~ magram es niSan-Tvisebebi gani
sazRvreba mxolod da mxolod maT nawarmoebebze da ara
biografiul faqtebze dayrdnobiT. Cven viciT, ras niSnavs
`virgiliusianuri~ an `Seqspiruli~, miuxedavad imisa, rom
am ori udidesi poetis Sesaxeb, faqtobrivad, sarwmuno bio
grafiuli cnobebi ar mogvepoveba.
da mainc, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, poetis cxovre
basa da mis qmnilebaTa Soris mainc arsebobs SemakavSirebe
li xazebi, paralelizmebi, faruli msgavsebebi Tu mrude
sarkeebi. poetis Semoqmedeba SeiZleba hgavdes erTgvar ni
Rabs, dramatul pirobiTobaze agebul warmodgenas, magram
ar unda gamogvrCes, rom Zalian xSirad es swored misi saku
Tari gamocdilebisa da saerTod cxovrebis ganzogadebaa. Tu
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amgvarad ganvixilavT movlenebs, maSin mwerlis Semoqmedebis

Seswavlas garkveuli azri eZleva. pirvel yovlisa, ra Tqma
unda, amas ganmartebiTi Rirebuleba aqvs: biografiis dax
marebiT SeiZleba uamravi aluzia da sityva gasagebi gaxdes
CvenTvis. biografiuli midgoma gviadvilebs literaturis
istoriis anu avtoris SesaZleblobebis zrdis, momwifebis
da aseve savaraudo dakninebis Seswavlas. biografia liter
aturul kvlevas saWiro masaliTac uzrunvelyofs, romlis
safuZvelze pasuxi gaecema Semdeg sakiTxebs: ras kiTxulob
da, ramdenad nakiTxi iyo poeti, ramdenad icnobda Tavisi
drois sxva mwerlebsa Tu literatorebs, sad umogzauria, ra
adgilebi unaxavs da sad ucxovria. pasuxebi am kiTxvebze Sei
Zleba Zalze sasargeblo iyos literaturis istoriisTvis,
mag., imis dasadgenad, Tu romel literaturul mimdinareo
bas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT esa Tu is mwerali, ram moaxdina
zegavlena misi, rogorc Semoqmedis Camoyalibebaze, ra saxis
masaliT sargeblobda an ra warmoadgenda misi Semoqmedebis
wyaros.
rogorc vnaxeT, zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis ga
dasaWrelad biografiis Seswavlas SeiZleba marTlac mniS
vneloba hqondes. da mainc, rac unda didi iyos es mniSv
neloba, ar unda mivaweroT mas is roli, romelic kritikul
gansjas akisria. kvlevis procesSi, xSirad, uadgilod gam
oyenebuli `gulwrfelobis~ kriteriumi Tavidan bolomde
mcdaria, Tu is cdilobs nawarmoebebi ganixilos biografi
is utyuarobis niSniT, an sarwmu nod miiCnios yvela arse
buli sabuTi Tu mogoneba avtoris gancdebisa Tu grZno
bebis Sesaxeb. amgvar `gulwrfelobasa~ da nawarmoebis mxat
vrul faseulobas Soris aranairi kavSiri ar arsebobs. amis
kargi sabuTia mozardebis mier TiTqos erTi amosunTqviT
dawerili sasiyvarulo poezia da aseve uRimRamo (Tundac
mgznebared gancdili) religiuri poezia, romliTac savsea
biblioTekebi. baironis leqsi `gemSvidobebi~-s (Fare Thee Well)
Rirsebas arc arafers matebs da arc aklebs is, rom masSi
asaxulia poetis realuri urTierToba colTan. verc pol
elmer mors (Paul Elmer More) daveTanxmebiT, TiTqos `sam
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wuxaro~ iyos is faqti, rom poetis xelnawers ar etyoba im

cremlTa kvali, romlebic (Tu Tomas muris `Canawerebs~
vendobiT) zed unda dascemoda.10 mTavaria, rom arsebobs
leqsi. cremlebi _ Tundac marTla daRvrili _ gamqralia.
gamqralia poetis gancdebic. maT veRar gavacocxlebT da es
arc aris saWiro.

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Tavi merve

literatura da fsiqologia
*
rodesac `literaturis fsiqologiaze~ viwyebT saubars,
mxedvelobaSi SeiZleba gvqondes Semdegi: mwerlis, rogorc
fsiqologiuri tipisa da individis analizi; SemoqmedebiTi
procesis Seswavla; nawarmoebSi warmodgenili fsiqologi
uri tipebisa da kanonzomierebis ganxilva, da bolos, lit
eraturis zegavlena mkiTxvelze (mkiTxvelTa fsiqologia).
am ukanasknels ganvixilavT naSromis momdevno TavSi `lit
eratura da sazogadoeba~. pirveli sami sakiTxis Sesaxeb ki
aqve vimsjelebT. amaTgan literaturaTmcodneobasTan
yvelaze axlos mesame moiazreba, pirveli ori ki xelovnebis
fsiqologiis ganStoebas warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom
maTi roli, rogorc pedagogiuri meTodebisa, SeiZleba lite
raturaTmcodneobisaTvis zogjer metad momgebianic iyos,
mainc erTxel da samudamod uari unda vTqvaT literaturuli
nawarmoebebis Sefasebaze maTi warmoSobisa da Seqmnis Tval
sazrisiT (vgulisxmobT genetikur cdomilebas _ genetic
fallacy).
genialur mweralTa niWierebis arsi yovelTvis iwvevda
interess. jer kidev Zveli berZnebi mas erTgvar `SeSlilo
bas~ uwodebdnen (iqidan moyolebuli, es Sefaseba meryeobs
nevrozsa da fsiqozs Soris). poeti `Sepyrobili~ arsebaa: is
sxvebs ar hgavs, igi erTdroulad aRemateba kidec maT da maT
ze naklebic aris; misi aracnobieri aRiqmeba, rogorc udab
lesi da, imavdroulad, umaRlesi donis cnobiereba.
meore _ odindeli da myari _ Sexedulebis Tanax
mad, poets `niWi~ raime naklisa Tu xinjis dasafaravad
eZleva. mag. `odiseas~ mixedviT, muzam marTalia demo
dokoss TvalisCini waarTva, magram, samagierod, `simRe
ris didebuli niWi uboZa~; dabrmavebulma tiresiasmac wi
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naswarmetyvelebis unari SeiZina. magram, nakli da RvTiv bo

Zebuli niWi yovelTvis aseT mimarTebaSi ar aris; sneuleba
Tu xinji SeiZleba fsiqologiuri an socialuri bunebisa
iyos da ara fizikuri. poupi (Pope) kuziani da juja kaci iyo;
baironi (Byron) _ koWli; naxevrad ebraeli prusti (Proust)
astmuri nevroziT itanjeboda. kitsi Zalze dabali yofila,
tomas vulfi (Thomas Wolfe) ki, piriqiT _ metad maRali. am
Teoriis nakli misive TvalSisacemi simartivea. anu, `roca
uremi gadabrundeba~, maSin Zalian advilia avxsnaT nebi
smieri warmateba misive gamawonasworebeli motivaciiT,
radgan yvela adamians aqvs susti wertili, rac xelovanisT
vis, saboloo angariSiT SeiZleba stimulad da biZgad
iqces. rasakvirvelia, saeWvoa is farTod gavrcelebuli
Sexedulebac, romlis Tanaxmad, nevrozi da misi erTgvari
`kompensacia~ xelovanT ganasxvavebs mecnierTagan da sxva
`mWvretelTagan~. gansxvaveba is aris, rom mwerlebi TavianT
problemebze xSirad weren da sakuTar sneulebas TavianTi
nawerebis Temad aqceven xolme.1
mTavari kiTxva ki Semdegia: Tu mwerals nevrozi tanjavs,
es sneuleba misi Semoqmedebis Temad iqceva Tu mxolod misi
Semoqmedebis mizezad? Tu is mizezia, maSin mwerali ar unda
gamovarCioT sxva mWvretelTagan. axla aseTi kiTxva davsvaT:
Tu mwerlis nevrozi namdvilad ganapirobebs nawarmoebTa
Temebis SerCevas (amis udavo magaliTia kafka), maSin rogor
xdeba, rom misi Semoqmedeba mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebia? mwe
rals imaze metis gakeTeba evaleba, vidre, ubralod, uCveulo
ambis Caweraa. is am problemas an arqetipuli modelis kuTxiT
unda udgebodes (rogorc amas akeTebs, mag., dostoevski ro
manSi `Zmebi karamazovebi~) an unda irCevdes Cvens droSi far
Tod gavrcelebul `nevrozuli pirovnebis~ sqemas.
froidis (Freud) Sexeduleba mweralis Sesaxeb mTlad
erTgvarovani ar aris. mravali Tavisi evropeli kolegis,
kerZod, iungis (Jung) da rankis (Rank) msgavsad, froidic did
kulturas naziarebi adamiani gaxldaT. rogorc es ganaTle
bul avstriels Seefereba, isic did pativs scemda klasikur
xelovnebasa da germanul klasikur literaturas. froidi
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mraval Rrma azrs Caswvda ufroGgviandel literaturaSic,

rogoricaa: dostoevskis `Zmebi karamazovebi~, Seqspiris
`hamleti~, didros `ramos Zmiswuli~, goeTes nawarmoebebi,
ramac SemdgomSi misi sakuTari mignebebis Camoyalibebasa
da ganmtkicebas Seuwyo xeli. Tumca, amasTanave, igi mwe
rals miiCnevda nevroziT Sepyrobil adamianad, romelic
sakuTari Semoqmedebis wyalobiT Tavs aRwevda pirovnul
ganadgurebas, magram saSualebasac ar aZlevda Tavis Tavs,
srulad gankurnebuliyo.
xelovani, ambobs froidi, aris adamiani, romelic zurgs
aqcevs realobas, radgan ver urigdeba imas, rom iZulebulia
uari Tqvas Tavisi instinqtebis myisier dakmayofilebaze, Sem
deg ki Tavis warmosaxvasa Tu fantaziebSi srul Tavisufle
bas aZlevs sakuTar erotikul da gabedul survilebs. magram
is mainc poulobs gzas am fantaziebis samyarodan realobaSi
dasabruneblad; gansakuTrebuli niWis wyalobiT is Tavis fan
taziebs sruliad axleburi realobis yalibSi aTavsebs; adamia
nebi ki Tanaxma arian, maTSi realuri cxovrebis metad Rire
buli da mniSvnelovani asaxva povon. amgvarad, garkveuli gzis
gavliT mwerali iqceva imad, razec ocnebobda _ igi xdeba namd
vili gmiri, mefe, Semoqmedi, mijnuri. mas aRar sWirdeba grZeli,
SemovliTi gza, raTa Seqmnas gare, obieqturi samyaros Secvli
li realuri saxe.

gamodis, rom poeti meocnebea, romlis arseboba sanq

cionirebulia sazogadoebis mier. imis nacvlad, rom Tavisi
buneba Secvalos, igi Tavis fantaziebs ukvdavyofs da aqvey
nebs kidec.2
amgvari ganmarteba gulisxmobs, rom xelovans araferi
scxia filosofosisa da `wminda wylis mecnierisa~. mWvre
teloba pozitivisturad `daiyvaneba~ ubralo dakvirvebaze
da saganTa saxeldebaze. aq gaTvaliswinebuli araa misi iri
bad moqmedi efeqti _ `gare, obieqturi samyaros Secvla~,
rasac ganaxorcieleben romanebisa da filosofiuri Tx
zulebebis mkiTxvelebi. amave dros, ar xdeba mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis, rogorc obieqturi samyaroSi SromiTi saqmi
anobis garkveuli saxeobis aRiareba; rodesac meocnebe
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kmayofildeba imiT, rom wers Tavisi ocnebebis Sesaxeb, WeS

mariti Semoqmedi miiswrafvis garegnuli TviTgamovline
bisadmi da cdilobs moergos sazogadoebas.
mweralTa umetesobisTvis miuRebelia orTodoq
suli froidizmi da Tumca bevrma maTganma daiwyo fsiqo
analitikuri mkurnaloba, magram ar daasrula mkurnalobis
kursi. maTU umetesobas ar surs `gankurneba~ an `sazogadoe
basTan morgeba~, radgan SiSoben, rom amis Sedegad weras Sew
yveten an Segueba mouwevT filisterul Tu burJuaziuli
(maTi TqmiT) `normalur~ yofasTan. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
odenma (Auden) ganacxada, rom xelovanma imden nevrozs unda
gauZlos, ramdensac aitanso. bevri ki daeTanxma hornis,
fromis da kardineris (froidizmis revizionisti fsiqolo
gebis) Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom froidistuli Sexe
dulebebi nevrozisa Tu normaluri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb,
romlebicmarTebuli iyo venisTvis X1X-XX saukuneTa mi
jnaze, unda gadaixedos da Seswordes marqsizmisa da anTro
pologiur moZRvrebaTa mixedviT.3
Teoria xelovnebis rogorc nevrozis Sesaxeb wamoWris
warmosaxvisa da rwmenis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs. Sesa
Zloa, romanistSi unda davinaxoT mxolod romantikuli
yrma, romelic `ambebs mogviTxrobs~, anu rogorc moe
surveba ise acocxlebs da warmosaxavs sakuTar Tavga
dasavals. meore mxriv, SeiZleba is aris haluciiinaciebiT
datanjuli adamiani, romelic ver ganarCevs realobas sa
kuTari imedebisa da SiSebis fantasmagoriuli samyarosgan.
zog romanists (maT Soris, dikenss) usaubria imis Sesaxeb,
rom cxadad xedavda da usmenda Tavisi gmirebs, romlebic
xSirad TviTon warmarTavdnen Txrobas iseTi dasasru
lisken, romelic avtors arc ki mosvlia azrad. fsiqolo
gebis mier moyvanil verc erT magaliTs halucinaciurs ver
vuwodebT; ubralod, zogierT romanists aqvs bavSvebisaT
vis damaxasiaTebeli fotografiuli mexsierebis unari, ro
melic mozrdilebSi Zalian iSviaTia (is aRqmiTi, sensoruli
xasiaTisaa). erih iaenSis (Jaensch) azriT, es unari migvaniS
nebs xelovanis gamorCeul Tvisebaze, gaaerTianos percef
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ciuli (aRqmiTi) da koncefciuri (gaazrebiTi). xelovani ara

marto inarCunebs, aramed aviTarebs kidec am arqaul niSans:
is grZnobs da xedavs kidec Tavis fiqrebs.4
kidev erTi unari, rasac mwerals, ufro konkretulad
ki poets miaweren, aris sinesTezi, anu grZnobaTa ori meti
organos sensoruli aRqmis dakavSireba. es umetesad exeba
mxedvelobiTsa da smeniT SegrZnebebs (mag., `feris xma~_
audition coloree, rodesac sayviris xma aRiqmeba, rogorc alis
feri). rogorc fsiqologiuri Tviseba, es aSkarad hgavs wi
Teli da mwvane ferebis ganusxvaveblobis unars, rac adrin
deli, SedarebiT ganuviTarebeli aRqmis gadmonaSTia. Tumca,
unda iTqvas, rom ufro xSirad sinesTezia literaturuli
xerxia, metaforuli azrovnebis erTgvari forma, romelic
cxovrebis mimarT metafizikur-esTetikuri damokidebule
bas stilizebulad gadmogvcems. istorias Tu gadavxedavT,
amgvari damokidebuleba da stili barokos da romantizmis
periodebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da Sesabamisad, ufro
racionalistur periodebSi mas metad amreziT uyurebdnen,
radgan maSin ufro mniSvnelovani iyo `aSkara, gamokveTil~
formaTa Zieba, vidre `Sesabamisobebis~, analogiebis da saer
To niSnebis gamonaxvis mcdeloba.5
jer kidev Tavis adreul kritikul nawerebSi t. s. eli
oti (T. S. Eliot) xazgasmiT migvaniSnebda poetis krebsiT sa
xeze, romelic ajamebs an ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, xelux
leblad inaxavs Tavis kuTvnil adgils kacobriobis isto
riaSi, igi ar wyvets Ria kavSirs sakuTar da aseve poeziis
sawyisebTan da amave dros axerxebs momavalsac miawvdinos
Tvali: `xelovani,~ werda elioti 1918 wels, `Tavis Taname
droveebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro primitiulic aris
da aseve ufro civilizebulic...~. 1932 wels is ubrundeba am
koncefcias, kerZod, `smeniTi warmosaxvis~ sakiTxs da ara
marto mas. is msjelobs poetis vizualur xatTa samyaros
da gansakuTrebiT im mxatvrul saxeebis Sesaxeb, romelTac
poeti kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba. maT `SeiZleba aqvT kidec
simboluri Rirebuleba, magram Cven amas ver mivxvdebiT,
radganac Cvens winaSe isini grZnobaTa miuwvdomeli siR
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rmeebidan warmodgebian~. Sejamebisas, elioti mowonebiT

imowmebs kaies (Cailliet) da bedes (Bd) naSromebs, romlebic
ikvleven simbolisturi mimdinareobis mimarTebas primi
tiuli sulis (psyche) mimarT: `civilizebul adamianSi wi
narelogikuri mentaliteti kidev arsebobs, magram mxo
lod poetisTvis an poetis meSveobiT xdeba is gasagebi da
misawvdomi~.6
Zneli ar aris, am naTqvamSi SevniSnoT karl iungis gav
lena da, aseve, iungiseuli Tezisis parafrazac imasTan da
kavSirebiT, rom individualuri `aracnobieris~ anu Cveni
warsulis _ gansakuTrebiT, yrmobisa da bavSvobis _ miRma
arsebobs `koleqtiuri aracnobieri~, Cveni warsulis(Cveni
pirvelyofili warsulisac ki) avtonomiuri mexsiereba.
iungis sakmaod rTuli fsiqologiuri tipologiis mi
xedviT, `eqstraverti` da `introverti~ oTx arsebul
tips (imis mixedviT gamorCeuls, Tu ra sWarbobs maTSi:
azrovneba, grZnoba, intuicia Tu mgrZnobeloba) kidev
ufro akonkretebs. swori araa, rom iungi yvela mwerals
intuiciuri introvertis kategoriaSi miakuTvnebs. igi ki
dev ufro rTulad warmogvidgens suraTs, roca aRniSnavs,
rom zogi mwerali Tavisi SemoqmedebiT amJRavnebs imas, Tu
romel tips miekuTvneba, zogi ki, piriqiT, SemoqmedebaSi
warmoaCens Tavis antitips, anu imas, rac TviTon aklia, rac
Tavad ar aris.7
unda vaRiaroT, rom Homo scriptor anu `mwerali adami
ani~ ar aris erTgvarovani tipi. Tu romantikosi mwerlis
xats SevqmniT kolrijis, Selis, bodleris da pos (Poe) sax
eebidan, aqve ar unda daviviwyoT rasini (Racine), miltoni
(Milton), goeTe, an jein ostini da entoni trolopi. SeiZle
ba lirikuli da romantikosi poetebis gamorCevac a dra
matuli da epikuri poetebisgan da maTTan axlos mdgomi
romanistebisgan. erT-erTi germaneli tipologi kreCmeri
(Kretschmer) gamohyofs poetebs (leptosomaturebs _ susti, gamx
dari agebulebis mqoneT, romlebic midrekilni arian Sizo
freniisadmi) romanistebisgan (dabali tanis, Cafskvnili
aRnagobis, maniakalur-depresiuli temperamentis anu cva
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lebadi guneba-ganwyobilebiani mqoneT _`cikloidebs~).

ueWvelia, rom arsebobs erTgvari tipologiuri wyvili:
`Sepyrobili~ e.i. avtomaturad moqmedi, poeti- winaswarm
etyveli da `xelovani~ _ mwerali, romelic uwinaresad gan
swavluli profesionalia. aseT klasifikacias nawilobriv
istoriuli fesvebi aqvs: `Sepyrobilebs~ uwodeben primiti
ul poetebs, Samanebs (SemdgomSi _ romantikosebs, eqspre
sionistebs, siurealistebs). profesionali-`xelovanni~
arian irlandieli da islandieli mgosnebi, aRorZinebisa
da neoklasicizmis xanis poetebi. Tumca, poetTa es urTi
erTsapirispiro tipebi rodi gamoricxaven erTmaneTs.
didi mwerlebi, magaliTad, miltoni, po, jeimsi, elio
ti, Seqspiri da dostoevski iTavseben `xelovansac~ da
`Sepyrobilsac~. maT axasiaTebT akviatebuli Sexeduleba
cxovrebaze da, aseve, sruliad gaazrebuli zrunva imis
Tvis, Tu rogor unda iqnes es Sexeduleba warmodgenili.8
albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac am polarul da
pirispirebaze dawerila, aris apolonisa da dionises nic
Seseuli dapirispireba mis `tragediis dabadebaSi~. ber
Znuli panTeonis es RmerTebi ganasaxiereben xelovnebis
sxvadasxva dargebs (qandakebasa da musikas) da, Sesabamis
ad, sxvadasxvagvar SemoqmedebiT principebs _ ocnebas da
eqstazur Trobas. maT Soris TiTqmis iseTive mimarTebaa,
rogorc klasikur `xelovansa~ da romantikul ,,Sepyrob
ils~, `STagonebuls, anu poeta vates-s Soris (laT. poeti, ro
melic RmerTebma winaswarmetyvelebis niWiT daajildoves
_ mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
frangi fsiqologi ribo (Ribot) davalebuli unda iyos
nicSesagan, Tumca TviTon amas mainc ar aRiarebs. es aSkaraa,
Tu ganvixilavT mwerlebis miseul dayofas warmosaxvis
unaris ori mTavari tipis mixedviT. pirveli maTgani, e.w.
`plastikuri~, damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri warmosaxvis mqone
SemoqmedisTvis, romlisTvisac weris upirveles stimuls
warmoadgens gare samyaroze dakvirveba, misi grZnobadi
aRqma. xolo e. w. `uformo~(smeniTi da simboluri) warmo
saxva damaxasiaTebelia simbolisti poetis an romantikosi
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mwerlisTvis (tiki, hofmani, po), romelic asaxavs Tavis ga

mocdilebas da grZnobebs, ritmiTa da xatebiT Seavsebs
maT da aerTianebs sakuTari ganwyobilebiT (Stimmung).eWvs
gareSea, rom eliotma, dantes `vizualuri warmosaxvisa
`da miltonis ,,smeniTi warmosaxvis Sepirispirebisas, gai
Tvaliswina ribos Sexedulebebi
Tanamedrove rumineli mkvlevari l. rusu (Rusu) ga
nasxvavebs xelovanis sam ZiriTad tips: pirveli _ ,, type sympathique ,,simpaTiuri tipi _ moiazreba, rogorc mxiaruli,
spontanuri, laRi Tavis SemoqmedebaSi; meore _ ,,type demoniaque anarchique _ demonuri, anarqiuli tipi da mesame _
,,type demoniaque equilibredemonuri, gawonasworebuli. ru
sus zogjer Seusabamo magaliTebi mohyavs, Tumca ZiriTadi
azri nayofieria: Tezisis da antiTezisis, simpaTiuri da an
arqiuli tipebis urTierTqmedebas agvirgvinebs Semoqmedis
uzenaesi tipis sinTezi, rodesac demonTan brZola trium
fiT mTavrdeba, xolo daZabulobas wonasworoba enacvleba.
rusus am tipis magaliTad goeTe mohyavs. Tumca es Tviseba
ar unda davukargoT sxva did mwerlebsac _ dantes, Seqs
pirs, balzaks, dikenss, tolstoisa da dostoevskis.9
`SemoqmedebiTi procesSi~ unda igulisxmebodes li
teraturuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis mTeli procesi, dawyebuli
aracnobieri impulsebiT da damTavrebuli ukanaskneli Ses
worebebiT, romlebic zogi mwerlisTvis muSaobis yvelaze
SemoqmedebiTi nawilia.
aucilebelia, gavavloT gamyofi xazi poetis menta
lur wyobasa da leqsis agebulebas Soris, STabeWdilebasa
da gamoxatvas Soris. kroCem (Croce) ver moipova verc mwe
ralTa da verc kritikosTa mxardaWera, rodesac orive
maTgani esTetikur intuiciamde daiyvana; k. s. luisi (Clive
Staples Lewis) ki, piriqiT, damajereblad amtkicebs TiTqmis
sruliad sapirispiros. magram ,,gancdilis~, `gadatanilis
(Erlebnis) da ,,mogonilis (Dichtung) Sepirispirebis nebismieri
mcdeloba (dilTais (Dilthey) modelis msgavsad), damakmayo
filebel Sedegs ar iZleva. mxatvari xedavs ise, rogorc es
mxatvars Seefereba; naxati misi xedvis TvalsaCino Sedegia.
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poeti qmnis leqsebs, romelTa Sinaarsic mis mier aRqmuli

gaazrebuli cxovrebaa. nebismier xelovans yvelanairi
STabeWdilebis formas sakuTari xelovneba karnaxobs; is
misTvis ucxo, gaurkveveeli gancdebis madevari ar aris.10
`STagoneba~ _ tradiciulad ase vuwodebT Semoq
medebiTi procesis aracnobier stimuls. antikuri droi
danve is dakavSirebulia muzebTan, zevsisa da mexsierebis
qalRmerTs qaliSvilebTan _ muzebTan, xolo qristianul
samyaroSi _ suliwmidasTan. rogorc saxeli gviCvenebs, ST
agonebuli mdgomareoba Samanis, winaswarmetyvelisa Tu poe
tisa gansxvavdeba misi Cveulebrivi mdgomareobisgan. primi
tiul sazogadoebaSi Samans SeeZlo sakuTari surviliT Tavi
transSi Caegdo an kidev piriqiT, Tavisda uneburad qceuli
yo `Sepyrobilad~ romelime memkvidreobiT gadmosuli Tu
totemuri spirituli Zalis mier. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, ST
agonebis mTavari niSnebia ucabedoba, moulodneloba (ro
gorc erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvla) da avtoris
saxis miCqmalva: igrZnoba, rom nawarmoebi dawerilia STa
gonebiT da sul erTia vis mier.11
SeiZleba Tu ara, rom STagoneba xelovnurad gamo
viwvioT, movixmoT? ver uarvyofT, rom STagonebis `mox
mobaSi~ didi mniSvneloba aqvs mweralTa weris Cvevebs, ase
ve _ stimulatorebs da ritualebs. alkoholi, opiumi da
sxva saSualebebi aduneben gonebis cnobier nawils, am me
tad kritikul cenzors da swored maSin iwyebs aracnobieri
Tavisuflad moqmedebas. kolrijma da de quinsim (De Qiuncey)
kidev ufro STambeWdavi da pretenziuli ganacxadi gaakeTes
_ TiTqos, opiumis wyalobiT, literaturuli Semoqmedebi
sTvis STabeWdilebebisa da gancdebis mTeli axali samyaro
iSleba. magram Tanamedrove samedicino gamokvlevebi gvarw
munebs, rom uCveulo, araordinaruli fragmentebi aseT po
etTa SemoqmedebaSi gamowveulia maTi nevroziT datanjuli
sulieri mdgomareobiT da ara ama Tu im wamlis moqmedebis
Sedegad. elizabeT Snaideri de quinsis Sesaxeb werda, rom
,,misi ,opiumis zmanebani, ramac Zalze didi gavlena moaxdina
Semdgom mwerlobaze, sinamdvileSi cotaTi Tu gansxvavdeba
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1803 wlis misive dRiuris Canawerebisgan, sanam is opiumis

miRebas daiwyebda, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom weris stili
ufro CaxlarTuli, RvlarWnili xdeba...~ 12
ZvelTaganve garkveuli meTodebi arsebobda STa
gonebis misaRwevad. primitiul sazogadoebaSi winaswar
metyveluri niWiT dajildoebul poetebs aswavlidnen, Tu
rogor unda mieyvanaT Tavi transis mdgomareobamde. aR
mosavleTis sulieri disciplinis kanonebis mixedviT, re
ligiur poetebs urCeven, rom locvisaTvis erTi da igive
dro da adgili gamonaxon, da aseve SearCion specialuri
`SeZaxilebi~ Tu mantra (sanskr. sityvebi an marcvlebi,
romelTac iyeneben koncentraciisaTvis religiuri ritu
alis Sesrulebisas). ufro gviandeli xanis mwerlebi ki swav
loben an hgoniaT, rom swavloben ritualebs SemoqmedebiTi
ganwyobis misaRwevad. mag., Sileri dampal vaSlebs awyobda
Tavis samuSao magidaze, balzaki ki beris mosasxamSi gax
veuli werda. etyoba, bevri mwerali `horizontalur mdgo
mareobaSi~ ufro kargad azrovnebs da sawolSic ki wers, maT
Soris erTmaneTisagan iseTi gansxvavebulnic ki, rogorebic
arian prusti da mark tveni. zog mwerals siCume da ganmar
toeba sWirdeba; zogsac ojaxur garemoSi an kafeSi nacno
bebs Soris urCevnia wera. aris ucnauri SemTxvevebic: zogi
mwerali dRisiT iZinebs da RamiT muSaobs. albaT es erT
guleba Ramisadmi _ roca dgeba Jami fiqrisa, ocnebisa da
qvecnobierisa _ romantikosi poetebis mier danatovari
mTavari tradiciaa; Tumca, arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom ar
sebobda kidev erTi sapirispiro romantikuli tradicia _
uordsuorTiseuli, romelic Sehxaris da Tayvans scems ad
reul dilas, bavSvobis simbolos. zogi avtori gvarwmunebs,
rom wera mxolod weliwadis garkveul dros SeuZlia. mag.,
miltoni amtkicebda, rom misi poeturi ZarRvi mxolod zam
Tris buniobidan zafxulis buniobamde Cqefda sixaruliT.
dr-i jonsoni yvela aseT Teorias amreziT uyurebda da sje
roda, rom adamians nebismier dros SeeZlo wera, Tu sakuTar
Tavs amas jiutad mosTxovda. Tavad mas, rogorc aRiarebda,
materialuri gaWirveba aiZulebda weras. Tumca, SeiZleba
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vivaraudoT, rom zemoT CamoTvlil axirebul ritualebs

aqvs raRac saerTo, rac _ Tu CvevaSi gadaizarda da aso
ciaciurma kavSirmac imoqmeda _ xelis Semwyobi aRmoCndeba
xelovanTa uwyveti SemoqmedebiTi nayofierebisaTvis.13
axla vikiTxoT: aqvs Tu ara naazrevis furcelze ga
datanis maneras raime TvalsaCino gavlena mwerlis lite
raturul stilze? aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba imas, pirveli
(Savi) piri kalmiT iwereba Tu pirdapir sabeWd manqanaze
ibeWdeba? hemingueis azriT, mwerals sabeWd manqanis beWd
visas `qaRaldze gadaaqvs ukve sabolood gamzadebuli fra
za~. aqedan gamomdinare, teqstis gadakeTeba rTuldeba,
arada, es weris procesis metad mniSvnelovani nawilia. sx
vebi varaudoben, rom sabeWdi manqanis wyalobiT, mweralTa
stili Zalze sityvamravali, an Tu gnebavT, Jurnalisturic
ki gaxda. am sakiTxis Taobaze aranairi empiriuli gamokv
leva ar Catarebula. rac Seexeba karnaxiT weras, mraval
mwerals gamouyenebia es meTodi. ukve gonebaSi SeTxzuli
`dakarguli samoTxe~ miltonma Tavis mdivans ukarnaxa Ca
sawerad. Tumca, gacilebiT sainteresoa skotis, goeTes da
henri jeimsis (James) gviandeli Semoqmedeba. nawarmoebis
struqtura winaswar ganisazRvreboda, xolo sityvieri
masala karnaxisas SeirCeoda xolme. jeimsis SemTxvevaSi,
mainc SesaZlebeli Cans, rom mizezobrivi kavSiri vipovoT
karnaxsa da mis e.w. `gviandel maneras~ (later manner) Soris,
romelic, Tavisi sakmaod rTuli mWevrmetyvelebiT, zepiri,
sasaubro enis STabeWdilebasac ki tovebs.14
literaturis TeoriaSi arc ise bevri zogadi daskv
na mogvepoveba SemoqmedebiTi procesis Sesaxeb. CvenTvis
cnobilia ramdenime avtoris gamonaTqvamebi, magram es
SedarebiT gviandeli avtorebia, romlebic bevr dros uT
mobdnen TavianT xelovnebaze fiqrsa da analizs (vgulisx
mobT goeTes da Silers, flobers (Flaubert), jeimss, eliotsa
da valeris (Valry). garda amisa, arsebobs fsiqologTa Zalze
zogadi daskvnebi originalobis, gamomgoneblobis, warmo
saxvis Sesaxeb, mecnieruli, filosofiuri da esTetikuri
Semoqmedebis `gaerTmniSvnelianebis~ mcdelbebi.
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SemoqmedebiTi procesis nebismieri Tanamedrove gamo

kvleva mTavar yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu ra wvli
li Seaqvs am procesSi aracnobiersa da cnobiers. advilia
literaturuli periodebis urTierdapirispirebac: ro
mantikuli da eqspresionistuli periodebis _ (romlebic
ganadideben aracnobiers) gamijvna klasikuri da realis
turi periodebisagan (rodesac mTavari aqcenti keTdeba
gonivrul moqmedebaze, saqmis guldasmiT gadasinjvaze,
urTierTgagebis damyarebaze). am dapirispirebis gamwvave
bac Zalian advilad SeiZleba: klasicizmisa da romantizmis
Teoriebi ufro metad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, vidre
maTi saukeTeso warmomadgenlebis qmnilebebi.
avtorebi, romelnic did dros uTmoben TavianTi xe
lovnebis gansjas, bunebrivia, ufro didi mondomebiT ga
nixilaven weris procesis gacnobierebul da teqnikur
momentebs, vidre `garedan~ Tavsmoxveul, SeZenil gamo
cdilebas, rac maTTvis masalas, sarkesa Tu prizmas war
moadgens. Zneli ar aris imis gageba, Tu ratom msjelobs xe
lovani (romelsac sinamdvileSi sakuTari literaturuli
mowodebisa swams) sakuTari Semoqmedebis upirovnobis
Sesaxeb; TiTqosda, redaqtoris davalebam an nayofierma
esTetikurma problemam ganapiroba nawarmoebis Temis Ser
Ceva. am sakiTxze dawerili yvelaze cnobili naSromi _ pos
`kompoziciis filosofia~ (Philosophy of Composition) _
cdilobs ganmartos, romeli meTodologiuri strategiis
Sedegad an romeli pirveladi esTetikuri aqsiomidan ga
momdinare daiwera misi `yorani~. rodesac misi `saSinele
baTa novelebi~ araoriginalur nawarmoebebad gamoacxades,
Seuracxyofilma pom upasuxa, rom am saSinelebebis wyaro
germanuli Tqmulebebi ki ara, adamianis suli iyo; Tumca,
imis aRiareba, rom saSinelebebi missave sulSi budobda, man
ver SeZlo. po acxadebda, literaturuli inJineri var, ro
melic sxvaTa sulebis manipulirebaSi aris daostatebulio.
posTan Semzaravi srulyofilebiT aris mocemuli ufsk
ruli aracnobiersa da cnobierebas Soris. aracnobieridan
modis bodvis, wamebisa da sikvdilis motivebi, xolo cno
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biereba mxatvrulad aviTarebs da gadmogvcems am Temebs.15

Cvens mizans rom warmoadgendes testebis Sedgena li
teraturuli talantis gamosavlenad, isini ori saxisa iqne
boda: 1. Tanamedrove poetebisTvis _ sityvebi da maTi kom
binaciebi, xati da metafora, semantikuri da fonetikuri
kavSirebi (e.i. riTma, asonansi, aliteracia); 2. mwerlebisT
vis (romanistebisa da dramaturgebisTvis) ZiriTadi amo
cana iqneboda personaJebis saxeTa Seqmna da siuJetis ageba.
literatoris specialobas warmoadgens asociaciuri
(`sazrianoba~) da disociaciuri (`gansja~) azrovneba, aseve
_ rekombinacia (axali mTlianobis Seqmna im elementebisgan,
romlebic gamocdilebaSi cal-calkea mocemuli). sityvebi
mwerlisTvis gamoxatvis saSualebaa. igi SeiZleba bavSvobi
danve agrovebdes sityvebs ise, rogorc misi Tanatolebi _
Tojinebs, markebs an patara Sinaur cxovelebs. poetisaTvis
sityva, upirvelesad, `niSani~ ki ar aris, aramed _ `simbo
lo~, romelic TavisTavadac Rirebulia, garda imisa, rom
SeuZlia raime cneba warmoadginos. sityva SeiZleba iyos
`obieqti~ an `sagani~, romelic JReradobis anda garegnuli
niSnis mixedviTaa SemoqmedisTvis Zvirfasi. zogi mwerali
sityvebs iyenebs rogorc niSnebs (skoti), kuperi (Cooper),
draizeri (Dreiser); aseT SemTxvevaSi isini SeiZleba sxva enaze
iolad iTargmnon, an dagvamaxsovrdnen, rogorc miTuri
struqturebi. poetebi ki sityvebs umetesad `simbolurad~
iyeneben.16
tradiciuli gamoTqma `ideaTa asociacia~ sizustiT ar
gamoirCeva. sityvaTa asociaciuri kavSiri (rac zogierT po
etTan SeiniSneba) gulisxmobs im saganTa asociacias, romleb
sac Cveni gonebis `ideebi~ miemarTeba. amgvari asociaciebis
mTavari kategoriebia droisa da sivrcis uwyvetoba da, aseve,
msgavsebebi an gansxvavebebi. romanisti albaT pirveli rigis
kategoriebiT azrovnebs, poeti ki _ meore rigis kategoriebiT
(msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis kategoriebi SeiZleba metaforas
gavuTanabroT). isic ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom kontrasti Za
lian ar unda gavaRrmavoT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme
Tanamedrove literaturas exeba.
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jon l. louisi Tavis naSromSi `gza qsanadusaken~. brw

yinvale deteqtivisaTvis Sesaferisi gamWriaxobiT aRadgens
im asociaciaTa jaWvs, romelTac uaRresad nakiTxi, farTo
ganaTlebis mqone kolriji erTi literaturuli aluziidan
meorisaken mihyavda. rac Seexeba Teorias, aq avtori male kmay
ofildeba: TiTo-orola wminda wylis stilisturi terminiT
aRwers SemoqmedebiT process; gvesaubreba `urTierTSeWide
buli atomebis~, anu (jeimsis frazas rom davesesxoT) im xatebi
sa da ideebis Sesaxeb, romlebic droebiT iZirebian `aracnob
ieri azrovnebis Rrma WaSi~, raTa iqidan, mkvlevarTa sayvareli
gamoTqmisa ar iyos, `cvlilebebis zRvaSi amovlebulni~ isev
amovidnen zedapirze. rodesac kolrijis igavmiuwvdomel na
kiTxobas kvlav vubrundebiT, Sedegad zogjer `xeze inkrus
tacias~ an `mozaikas~ viRebT, zogjer ki _ `saswauls~. louisi
formalurad mainc aRiarebs, rom `SemoqmedebiTi energia Ta
visi siZlieris zenitSi cnobieric aris da aracnobieric... igi
cnobier doneze akontrolebs mozRvavebuli xatebis nakads,
romelTac wyalsacavSi (aracnobieris `WaSi~) aracnobieri
metamorfoza ganicades.~
magram avtori ar uTmobs sakmaris yuradRebas imis
gansazRvras, Tu ra aris SemoqmedebiTi procesis realuri
miznobrioba da konstruqciuloba.17
roca saqme gvaqvs prozaikosTan, upirvelesad gvain
teresebs, rogor gamoZerwa man personaJebi da ra istorie
bi `gamoigona~. romantikuli periodidan moyolebuli, es
orive aspeqti metismetad martivad iyo gagebuli: es unda
yofiliyo an `originaluri~ naazrevi, an realuri adamian
ebis asaxva (es Sexeduleba ufro adrindel literaturazec
vrceldeba), an kidev _ plagiati. da mainc, dikensis msgavs
uaRresad `originalur~ avtorTanac ki vnaxavT, rom per
sonaJTa tipebi da Txrobis teqnika ZiriTadad tradiciu
lia da momdinareobs profesiuli, aRiarebuli literatu
ruli masalidan.18
personaJTa Seqmnis procesSi avtori met-naklebi do
zebiT asaxavs tradiciul literaturul tipebsac, realur
pirovnebebsac da sakuTar Tavsac. Tu realist mweralze
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vityviT, rom igi ZiriTadad adamianTa qcevas akvirdeba an

`maT adgilas warmoidgens Tavs, raTa gaugos da TanaugrZ
nos maT~, romantikosi mwerali yvelafers sakuTar TavSi
`gamoatarebs~. mainc, Zneli saTqmelia, rom ubralo dak
virvebis Sedegad SeiZleba damajerebeli, cxovrebiseuli
saxe Seiqmnas. erTi fsiqologis TqmiT, goeTes personaJebi:
fausti, mefistofeli, verTeri da vilhelm maisteri `av
toris bunebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis proecirebas, gadata
nas axdenen nawarmoebebSi~. romanistis sakuTari bunebis
potenciuri mravalsaxeobidan _ aq igulisxmeba yvelaze
uaryofiTi Tvisebebic _ ibadebian misi momavali person
aJebi. `erTi adamianis ganwyoba meoris xasiaTia~. dostoevs
kis sulieri Tvisebebi aisaxa oTxive Zmis (`Zmeb karamazoveb
Si)~ xasiaTSi. arc is iqneba swori, Tu vivaraudebT, rom ma
makaci romanisti raimeTi SezRudulia qali personaJebis
Seqmnisas. `qalbatoni bovari me var~, acxadebs floberi.
avtoris mxolod is Tvisebebi ,,gacocxldeba~ mis gmirebSi,
romlebic potenciurad sicocxlisunarianni arian.19
ra saxis urTierToba arsebobs am `gacocxlebul~ per
sonaJebsa da mwerlis namdvil bunebas Soris? rac ufro mra
valricxovani da erTmaneTisagan gamorCeulia personaJebi,
TiTqos ufro naklebad gansazRvruli unda iyos Tavad av
toris `pirovneba~. Seqspiris pirovneba uCinardeba mis pie
sebSi. verc maTi da verc anekdotebis saSualebiT ver war
movidgenT poetis ise mkveTrad daxatul, damaxasiaTebel
suraTs, rogoric Seqmna ben jonsonma. rodesac poetis xa
siaTze msjelobda, kitsma erTxel dawera, poets sakuTari
buneba ar gaaCniao: ,,mas aqvs yvelaferi da araferi... iagos
saxis SeqmnaSic imdenive siamovneba miiRo, ramdenic imo
jenisa (Seqspiris piesis ,,cimbelinis~ (Cymbeline) personaJi)...
poeti yvelaze arapoeturi arsebaa imaTgan, vinc odesme ar
sebula, radgan mas sakuTari `me~ ar gaaCnia is, sxvaTa sxe
ulebSi mokalaTebuli, maradJam sxvebze mogviTxrobs~.20
Cven mier ganxiluli yvela Teoria mwerlis fsiqolo
gias ganekuTvneba. fsiqologebs SeuZliaT TavianTi mud
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mivad maZiebeli cnobismoyvareoba avtoris SemoqmedebiTi

procesis SeswavliT daikmayofilon. am uflebas maT veravin
waarTmevs. maT SeuZliaT moaxdinon poetebis klasifikacia
fsiqologiuri tipebis mixedviT; SeuZliaT aRweron maTi
sulieri aSlilobani da maTi qvecnobieri gonebac ki gamoi
kvlion. fsiqologisTvis sakvlev masalas SeiZleba aral
iteraturuli, aramxatvruli wyaroebi warmoadgendes anda
SeiZleba man TviT nawarmoebebiT isargeblos. ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia maTi obieqturi interprtacia
dokumentur masalasTan Sejerebis gziT.
sxva sakiTxia, SeiZleba Tu ara fsiqologiis gamoyeneba
mxatvruli nawarmoebebis gasaanalizeblad da Sesafase
blad? eWvsgareSea, rom fsiqologias SeuZlia naTeli mohfi
nos SemoqmedebiT process. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, yuradReba
iqna gamaxvilebuli kompoziciis sxvadasxva meTodze, imaze,
Tu ra SemoqmedebiTi Cvevebi axasiaTebT mwerlebs, rogor
amuSaveben da saboloo saxes aZleven TavianTi nawerebs.
SevexeT nawarmoebebis Seqmnis etapebsac, kerZod, ganvixi
leT pirveli stadia, pirveli monaxazebi, dawunebuli ma
sala. da mainc, imis Tqma, rom am informaciis did nawils _
gansakuTrebiT, mraval anekdots mweralTa Cvevebis Sesaxeb
_ mniSvneloba aqvs literaturuli kritikisaTvis, namd
vilad gadaWarbebuli iqneba. literaturisaTvis SeiZleba
ufro sasargeblo gamodges nawarmoebebis Sesworebuli,
gadamuSavebuli variantebis yuradRebiT Seswavla, radgan
maTi daxmarebiT SevamCnevT literaturuli kritikisaTvis
gamosadeg raime zads, Seusabamobebs, sxva mimarTulebiT
Sebrunebas da zogadad, siujetis damaxinjebas mxatvrul
nawarmoebebSi. prustis romanebis ciklis kompoziciis
analizisas, foiera naTels hfens bolo romanebs da Cvenc
saSualeba gveZleva teqstSi ramdenime Sre ganvasxvavoT.
nawarmoebis ramdenime variantis SeswavliT, SesaZlebloba
gvaqvs, mwerlis saxelosnoSi SevixedoT.21
da mainc, Tu kidev ufro meti yuradRebiT SeviswavliT
nawarmoebTa Zvel Tu axal variantebs, uaryofil versiebsa
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Tu fragmentebs, im daskvnamde mivalT, rom saboloo an

gariSiT, maT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar aqvT dasrule
buli nawarmoebis gasagebad da mis Sesafaseblad Tu gasaa
nalizeblad. isini SeiZleba mxolod SesaZlo alternatiul
versiebad ganvixiloT; anu maT SeiZleba saboloo varian
tis Camoyalibebis procesi dagvanaxvon. Tumca imave mizans
SeiZleba Cveni warmosaxviTac mivaRwioT, warmovidginoT
SesaZlo variantebi, rac SeiZleba Tavad avtorsac mosv
loda gonebaSi. kitsis leqsis _oda bulbuls (Ode to a
Nightingale) _ gagebasa da aRqmas iqneb waadges imis codna
, rom kitsi `zRvebisTvis~ sxva epiTetebsac fiqrobda,
mag. Semdegs: `umowyalo~, an `gemebisgan dacarielebuli~.
magram SemTxveviT SemorCenili es ori varianti arsebiTad
ar gansxvavdeba im zedsarTavebisgan, rogoric aris, vTq
vaT: ,,saSiSi, ukacrieli, udaburi, sastiki~ da kidev mravali
sxva, rac SeiZleba kritikosma Tavad moifiqros. es sityvebi
nawarmoebSi ar Sevidnen, samudamod mis gareT darCnen (po
eti xmarobs zedsarTavs `faTerakebiani~, Perilous seas). mag
ram aseTi msjeloba ar gamogvadgeba ama Tu im nawarmoebis
Sesafaseblad.22
Tavad `fsiqologiis~ Tema kvlav aqtualuria nawar
moebisTvis. piesebi iqneba, Tu romanebi, maTi personaJebi
imiT arian saintereso, fsiqologiurad ramdenad dama
jereblad gamoiyurebian. am kuTxiT xdeba siuJetisa da
Sinaarsis Sefasebac. zogjer isec xdeba, rom romelime
fsiqologiuri Teoria, romelsac cnobierad Tu gaucno
biereblad mihyveba avtori, TiTqosda ergeba personaJsa Tu
situacias. lili kempbeli (Lily Campbell) hamlets miiCnevda
`melanqoliiT Sepyrobili sangviniki adamianis~ tipad, ro
melic im drois fsiqologiuri Teoriebidan gamomdinare,
kargad iyo cnobili elisabedis xanis mayureblisTvis.
aseve, oskar kempbeli cdilobs dagvarwmunos, rom Jaki pie
sidan `rogorc geneboT~(As You Like It) `arabunebrivi melan
qoliiT itanjeba, rac flegmis mozRvavebas gamouwvevia~.
imisi damtkicebac SeiZleba, rom uolter Sendi (lorens
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sternis romanis `jentlmen tristram Sendis cxovreba da

Sexedulebani~ (The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman) personaJi, mTargmnelis SeniSvna) daavadebulia lokis
mier aRwerili lingvisturi asociaciurobiT. stendalis
personaJs Julien sorels destiu de trasis (Destutt de Tracy)
fsiqologiuri Teoriis mixedviT xsnian. isic aSkaraa, rom
romanSi aRwerili gansxvavebuli sasiyvarulo urTierTo
bebi Tavad stendalisave wignis _ `siyvarulis Sesaxeb~ (De
lamour) qargazea gamoWrili. rodion raskolnikovis moti
vacia da gancdebi isea gaanalizebuli, rom kargad Cans av
toris ganswavluloba klinikur fsiqologiaSi. prusts,
ueWvelia, SemuSavebuli aqvs mTeli fsiqologiuri Teoria
mexsierebis Sesaxeb, romelic mniSvnelovania nawarmoebis
organizaciisTvisac ki. froidiseul fsiqoanalizs sru
liad Segnebulad mimarTaven romanistebi, magaliTad, kon
rad aikeni Tu uoldo frenki.23
SeiZleba vikiTxoT: warmatebiT axerxebs Tu ara roma
nisti fsiqologiis gamoyenebas sakuTari gmirebisa da maTi
urTierTobebis asaRwerad? fsiqologiuri Teoriebis
Sesaxeb ubralo ganacxadebi aq ar CaiTvleba. isini Seas
ruleben mxolod `masalis~ rols, rogorc nebismieri sxva
saxis informacia, romelsac literaturaSi vxvdebiT, iqne
ba es faqtebi istoriis, astronomiisa Tu navigaciis Sesaxeb.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, nawarmoebis Tanamedrove Qfsiqologi
uri Teoriebis damowmeba SeiZleba saeWvoc iyos da sasurve
lia, isini minimumamde Semcirdes. ar aris gamarTlebuli
Hhamletis an Jakis morgeba elisabedis droindeli romelime
fsiqologiuri CarCosTvis, radgan maSindeli moZRvre
bani winaaRmdegobrivi, damabneveli da gaurkveveli iyo.
xolo orive personaJi imaze bevrad metia, vidre ubralod
fsiqologiuri tipebi. marTalia raskolnikovi da soreli
garkveul fsiqologiur Teoriebs ergebian kidec, magram
amas Zalian arasrulyofili da wyvetili xasiaTi aqvs. sore
lis saqcieli zogjer metad melodramatulia. raskolniko
vis Tavdapirvel danaSauls sakmarisi motivacia aklia. ar
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unda dagvaviwydes, rom es wignebi fsiqologiuri dakvirve

bebi an Teoriebis eqspozicia ki ar aris, aramed _ drama
tuli an melodramatuli nawarmoebebi, sadac efeqturi
siuJeti ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre realisturi fsiqolo
giuri motivacia. Tu SeviswavliT `cnobierebis nakadis~
literaturas, maleve aRmovaCenT, rom maTSi gadmocemuli
araa subieqtis gonebaSi mimdinare `realuri~ procesebi,
cnobierebis nakadi ki ufro dramatul xerxia, romlis sa
SualebiT mkiTxveli xvdeba, konkretulad ras warmoadgens
benji, gonebasusti personaJi folkneris romanidan `xmauri
da mZvinvareba~ (The Sound and the Fury) an q-ni blumi (jeims joi
sis romanis `ulise~ (Ulysses) personaJi; mTargmnelis SeniS
vna). Tumca, am xerxs ver vuwodebT `mecnieruls~ an Tundac
`realisturs~.24
davuSvaT, mwerali warmatebiT Zerwavs `fsiqolo
giurad damajerebel~ personaJebs. am SemTxvevaSic ki
saeWvoa, aqvs Tu ara am `damajereblobas~ mxatvruli Ri
rebuleba. WeSmaritad didi xelovnebis mravali nimuSi ve
rasdros ver Tavsdeba fsiqologiis Tanamedrove Tu gvi
andel standartebSi. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia daujere
beli situaciebisa da fantastikuri motivebis ganviTareba.
fsiqologiuri damajereblobis moTxovna (iseve, rogorc
socialuri realizmis moTxovna) naturalisturi standar
tia, romelic sayovelTaod misaRebi ver iqneba. rasakvirve
lia, zog SemTxvevaSi fsiqologiuri intuicia aZlierebs
nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirebulebas. am dros igi ganamt
kicebs nawarmoebis iseT mniSvnelovan mxatvrul Tvise
bebs, rogoricaa sirTule da Tanamimdevruloba. magram
aseT Rrma wvdomas SeiZleba fsiqologiis Teoriuli cod
nis gareSec mivaRwioT. fsiqologia, rogorc cnobieri da
sistemuri mecniereba gonebisa da misi muSaobis Sesaxeb, xe
lovnebisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris da TavisTavad mxatvru
li Rirebulebac ar gaaCnia.25
zogierT xelovans, romlebic gaazrebul (da ara qvec
nobier) Semoqmedebas eweva, fsiqologiam SeiZleba realobis
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literaturis Teoria

SegrZneba ufro gaumZafros, dakvirvebis unari gaumaxvilos

da SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis gamouenebis axali sferoebi aR
moaCeninos. Tumca, fsiqologia, TavisTavad, mxolod mosamza
debeli etapia SemoqmedebiT procesSi. rac Seexeba mxatvrul
nawarmoebSi mis rols, fsiqologiuri simarTle mxolod maSin
CaiTvleba mxatvrul Rirebulebad, Tu is aZlierebs Tanamim
devrulobasa da sirTules, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu
is Tavadac xelovnebas warmoadgens.

130

Tavi mecxre

literatura da sazogadoeba
*
literatura socialuri movlenaa, romelSic gamo
saxvis saSualebaa ena _ aseve socialuri fenomeni. Ta
vianTi bunebiT socialuria agreTve iseTi tradiciuli
literaturuli aRniSvnebi, rogoricaa simbolika da leq
sis sazomi. isini iseT pirobiTobasa da normebs ganekuT
vnebian, romlebic mxolod sazogadoebaSi SeiZleboda
warmoSobiliyo. ufro metic, literatura `asaxavs, war
mogvidgens~`cxovrebas~; `cxovreba~ ki farTo masStabiT
aRebuli socialuri realobaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom bune
ba da adamianis Sinagani anu subieqturi samyaroc lite
raturuli `imitaciis~ obieqtebia. poeti Tavadac sazoga
doebis wevria da konkretuli socialuri statusi aqvs:
sazogadoebisgan aRiarebasa da jildos iRebs; misi Semoq
medeba, Tundac warmosaxviTi, mainc sazogadoebisTvisaa
gamiznuli. literatura xom yovelTvis axlo kavSirSia
garkveul socialur fenebTan; primitiul sazogadoebaSi
ki SeiZleba verc gavmijnoT poezia ritualisgan, magiisgan,
Sromisagan Tu TamaSisgan. literaturas socialuri funq
ciac akisria, anu `sargebloba~ moaqvs, romelic mTlianad
individualuri ver iqneba. ase rom, SekiTxvebis didi umrav
lesoba, romelsac svams literaturaTmcodneoba, saboloo
angariSiT Tu sanaxevrod, mainc socialuri xasiaTisaa. isi
ni exeba tradiciasa da pirobiTobas, normebsa da Janrebs,
simboloebsa da miTebs. SeiZleba daveTanxmoT tomarss,
romlis azriT, esTetikuri movlenebi ar aris dafuZnebuli
socialur movlenebze, maTi Semadgeneli nawilic ki ar aris:
isini socialuri movlenebis erT saxeobas warmoadgenen da
sxva danarCenTanac Zalian axlo, Zireuli kavSiri aqvT.1
Cveulebriv, sakiTxs `literatura da sazogadoeba~
ufro mcire masStabiT da garedan Seiswavlian. ZiriTadad
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literaturis Teoria

ainteresebT, Tu ra saxis kavSiria literaturasa da mo

cemul socialur situacias _ ekonomikur, socialur da
politikur sistemebs _ Soris. aseve cdiloben aRweron da
gansazRvron sazogadoebis gavlena literaturaze da aseve
aRweron da ganixilon literaturis statusi sazogadoebaSi.
literaturisadmi amgvar socialur midgomas gansakuTrebiT
emxrobian isini, vinc Tavs garkveuli socialuri filosofiis
mimdevrad Tvlis. marqsisti kritikosebi ara mxolod Seiswav
lian literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierTobas,
aramedaqvTsakuTarimkveTradgamoxatulidagansazRvruli
koncefcia imis Taobaze, Tu rogori unda iyos es urTierToba
Cvens axlandel da aseve momavlis `uklaso~ sazogadoebaSic.
maTi Semfasebluri, ,,miukerZoebeli~ kritika emyareba ara
literaturul,aramedpolitikurdazneobrivkriteriumebs.
isinigvamcnobenaramartoimas,Turogoriiyodaarisavtoris
naweris socialuri kavSirebi da Sefaruli miniSnebebi, ar
amed imasac, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo an unda iyos is amJamad.
2
isini marto literaturas da sazogadoebas ki ar Seiswavlian,
aramed momavlis winaswarmetyvelebasac cdiloben, monito
rings da propagandasac ewevian, da uWirT kidec am ori funq
ciis gamijvna.
rodesac literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris urTi
erTobas ganixilaven, saubars Cveulebriv de bonaldis (De
Bonald) naTqvamiT iwyeben: literatura sazogadoebis gamo
xatulebaao. ki magram, ras niSnavs es aqsioma? is, rom lit
eratura nebismier mocemul droSi sarkesaviT `uSecdomod~
aireklavs imdroindel viTarebas, mcdari debulebaa. metad
banaluri, dromoWmuli da gaurkvevelic iqneba, Tu vityviT,
rom literatura asaxavs socialuri realobis zog aspeqts.3
kidev ufro damabnevelia imis Tqma, rom literatura sarkesa
viT asaxavs da gadmogvcems cxovrebas. mwerali, ra Tqma unda,
gverds ver auvlis sakuTari gamocdilebisa da aseve cxovre
baze mTeli Tavisi Sexedulebis gadmocemas; magram namdvilad
araswori iqneba, Tu vityviT imas, rom igi cxovrebas mTlianad
gamoxatavs, an imas, rom srulad da amomwuravad gadmogvcems
erTi konkretuli periodis cxovrebas. Tu vityviT, rom av
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literatura da sazogadoeba

torma Tavisi drois cxovreba srulad unda gadmosces, rom is

Tavisi epoqisa da sazogadoebis `warmomadgeneli~ unda iyos,
es naTqvami Sefasebis konkretul kriteriumad unda miviRoT.
Tanac, terminebs `srulad~ da `warmomadgeneli~ safuZvliani
axsna sWirdeba: socialur kritikas Tu gadavxedavT, Zalze
xSirad am terminebis miRma igulisxmeba, rom avtors unda es
modes konkretuli socialuri garemoebebi da grZnobdes maT
(mag., proletariatis mZime xvedri). garda amisa, avtors unda
hqondes kritikosis Sesaferisi konkretuli Sexedulebani da
ideologia.
hegelisa Tu tenis moZRvrebaTa mixedviT, istoriuli
Tu socialuri sidiade utoldeba mxatvrul sidiades. Tavisi
xelovnebis wyalobiT, xelovans Cvenamde moaqvs WeSmariteba
da ra Tqma unda, is aseve gvaziarebs istoriul da socialur
WeSmaritebas. xelovnebis qmnilebebi warmoadgens ,,doku
mentebs, radgan maT aqvs maradiuli Rirebuleba~.4 harmoniis
arseboba geniossa da epoqas Soris garkveul postulatsac
warmoadgens. `warmomadgenloba~, `socialuri WeSmariteba~
ki aris Sedegic da mizezic mxatvruli faseulobisa. saSualo
donis, arafriT gamorCeuli xelovnebis nimuSebi, romlebic
Tanamedrove sociologebs iqneb ukeTes sabuTebadac ki miaC
niaT, tenis azriT, ar aris bevris momcemi da gamomxatveli,
da, amdenad, warmomadgenlobiTic. literatura namdvilad ar
aris socialuri procesis asaxva, igi mTeli istoriis arsis
asaxva, mTeli istoriis Semoklebuli da Sejamebuli saxiT
gadmocemaa.
jerjerobiT ki, sjobs, cota xniT gadavdoT Sefase
biTi kritikis problemebze saubari, sanam gavarkvevdeT
literaturasa da sazogadoebas Soris sinamdvileSi ra
damokidebuleba arsebobs. am TvalsaCino (normatiulisgan
gansxvavebiT) mimarTebebis klasifikacia sakmaod iolia.
pirvel yovlisa, unda SeviswavloT mwerlis socio
logia, aseve literaturis arsi da instituti. Semdeg,
literaturuli produqciis ekonomikuri safuZvlis sa
kiTxi mTlianad, agreTve mwerlis socialuri warmoSoba
da statusi, misi socialuri ideologia, romelic SeiZleba
133

literaturis Teoria

aisaxos samwerlo moRvaweobis garda, sxva saqmianobasa Tu

ganacxadebSi. amas mohyveba socialuri Sinaarsis problema,
kerZod, ras warmoadgens Tavad literaturuli teqstebis
faruli azri da maTi socialuri mizani. garda amisa, Sesas
wavlia iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa mkiTxveli sazogadoe
ba da literaturis realuri socialuri zegavlena. imas,
Tu ramdenad aris literatura damokidebuli arsebul so
cialur viTarebaze, socialur cvlilebebsa da movlenebze,
ganvixilavT ZiriTadi sakiTxis samive aspeqtis analizisas.
es aspeqtebia: mwerlis sociologia, Tavad nawarmoebTa so
cialuri konteqsti da literaturis gavlena sazogadoe
baze. bolos, ganvixilavT kulturuli integraciis prob
lemas da, saxeldobr, imas, Tu rogor aris integrirebuli
Cveni sakuTari kultura.
yoveli mwerali sazogadoebis wevria. ase rom, igi unda
SeviswavloT, rogorc socialuri piri. mTavari wyaro kv
levisaTvis misi biografiaa, magram aseve Zalian dagvexmareba,
mTeli im garemos, sazogadoebis Seswavla, romelmac igi war
moSva da sadac cxovrobda. am gziT SesaZlebeli iqneba sakma
risi masalis Sekreba avtorTa socialuri warmoSobis, ojaxi
sa da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. aseve SegviZlia da
vadginoT, ramdeni mweralia aristokratiuli, burJuaziuli
Tu proletaruli ojaxidan. amerikuli literaturis maga
liTiT SegviZlia vaCvenoT, rom amerikuli literatura,
ZiriTadad, Seqmna ganaTlebuli da, aseve, saqmosanTa fene
bidan gamosulma Taobam.5 statistikasac Tu moviSveliebT,
vnaxavT, rom Tanamedrove evropaSi literaturiT ZiriTadad
dakavebulni iyvnen saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi, radgan
aristokratia mTlianad didebisa da garTobis ZiebaSi iyo,
xolo ufro dabali fenis ojaxis Svilebs ganaTlebis miRebis
naklebi SesaZlebloba hqondaT. amgvari ganzogadeba ingli
sisaTvis mTlianad ar gamogvadgeba, radgan bevri gamonak
lisis gaTvaliswineba mogviwevs. ufro adreul inglisur
literaturaSi iSviaTad gvxvdebian glexis an muSis ojaxidan
gamosuli mwerlebi. bernsisa (Burns) da karlailis (Carlyle)
SemTxvevebi gamonaklisia da demokratiuli Sotlandiuri
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literatura da sazogadoeba

saskolo sistemiT aixsneba. aristokratiis roli inglisur

literaturaSi uCveulod didi iyo. nawilobriv es mowmobs
imas, rom sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT (sadac saerTod ar
iyo tradicia imisa, rom mSoblebis qonebaze ufleba mxolod
ufros vaJiSvils hqonoda), inglisis aristokratia naklebad
iyo mowyvetili ganaTlebul fenebs. rac Seexeba ruseTs, ram
denime gamonaklisis garda, yvela Tanamedrove rusi mwerali
vidre gonCarovamde da Cexovamde, aristokratTa fenas ekuT
vnodnen. sabuTebis mixedviT, dostoevskic keTilSobilTa
klass miekuTvneboda, Tumca mamamisma, moskovelma eqimma,
romelic RatakTaTvis daarsebul saavadmyofoSi muSaobda,
miwa da ymebi mxolod gvianRa SeiZina.
aseTi informaciis Sekreba advilia, magram Znelia
Semdgom maTi axsna. ganapirobebs Tu ara socialuri war
momavloba socialur ideologiasa da romelime moZRv
rebisadmi loialurobas? Selis, karlailisa da tolstois
cxovrebas Tu gadavxedavT, xelSi SegvrCeba aSkara maga
liTebi imisa, Tu rogor `uRalates~ maT sakuTar klass. sxva
qveynebSi, ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, komunisti mwerlebis
umetesoba warmoSobiT proletarebi ar arian. sabWoTa da
sxva marqsistma kritikosebma metad mniSvnelovani gamokv
levebi Caatares, raTa daezustebinaT rus mweralTa so
cialuri warmomavloba da is, Tu romeli socialuri fenis
mimarT iCenen isini loialurobasa da erTgulebas. ase rom,
p. n. sakulini bolodroindeli rusuli literaturis kvle
vas iwyebs imiT, rom ganasxvavebs literaturas klasebisa da
sazogadoebrivi fenebis mixedviT, iqneba es glexTa, wvrili
burJuaziis, demokratiuli inteligenciis, deklasirebuli
inteligenciis, burJuaziis, aristokratiisa Tu revolu
ciuri proletariatis literatura.6 ufro adrindeli li
teraturis Seswavlisas, rusi mecnierebi cdiloben, Zalian
mkveTrad gamokveTon sxvaoba rusuli aristokratiis mra
val jgufsa da dajgufebas Soris, romlebsac memkvidreo
biT miRebuli qonebis wyalobiTa Tu adrindeli kavSirebiT,
SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT puSkini da gogoli, turgenevi Tu
tolstoi.7 Tumca, imis mtkicebac Znelia, TiTqos puSkini
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literaturis Teoria

gaRatakebuli memamuleebis interesTa damcveli iyo, xolo

gogoli _ ukraineli wvrili miwaTmflobelebisa; amgvar
daskvnas Zala ekargeba maTi nawerebis zogadi ideologiis
da im didi gavlenis gaTvaliswinebiTac, riTac isini gascd
nen TavianTi jgufis, klasisa Tu drois sazRvrebs.8
mwerlis socialuri statusis, socialuri loialu
robisa da ideologiis Seswavlisas, mwerlis socialuri
fesvebis sakiTxs mcire yuradReba eTmoba. xom cnobilia,
rom mwerlebs xSirad umsaxuriaT sxva klasTa interesebis
gamosaxatavad da dasacavad. sakaro poetebis umetesoba
ufro dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, vidre maTi
feodali patronebi, visi ideologiac da gemovnebac poe
tebma SeiTvises da miiRes.
mwerlis Sexedulebebi, ideologia da is, Tu romeli
socialuri moZRvrebis mimdevrad Tvlis Tavs, SeiZleba
SevityoT ara marto misi nawerebiT, aramed xSir SemTxveva
Si biografiuli cnobebidanac. mweralic xom erTi rigiTi
moqalaqea, romelic gamoTqvams Tavis Sexedulebebs po
litikur Tu socialur sakiTxebze da monawileobas iRebs
mimdinare movlenebSi.
konkretuli mwerlebis politikuri Tu socialuri
Sexedulebebis Sesaswavlad bevri Sromaa gaweuli; bolo
dros ki gansakuTrebiT didi yuradRebiT Seiswavlian am
Sexedulebebis ekonomikur aspeqtebsac. magaliTad, l. s.
naiTsi (Knights) amtkicebs, rom ben jonsonis ekonomikuri
Sexedulebani Zirfesvianad Sua saukuneebis droindeli iyo,
gviCvenebs, Tu rogori satiriT umaspinZldeba igi zogierTi
Tavisi Tanamedrove dramaturgis msgavsad mevaxSeebis, mo
nopolistebis, gadamyidvelebisa da `mewarmeebis~ axalaR
zevebul klass.9 bevri mxatvruli nawarmoebi, mag. Seqspiris
`istoriuli qronikebi~ da sviftis `guliveris mogzauroba~ (Gullivers Travels) gadasinjuli iqna imdroindeli politi
kuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.10 mweralTa oficialuri
gancxadebebi, gadawyvetilebebi da moRvaweoba arasodes
ar unda avurioT maTi nawerebis realur socialur mniSv
nelobaSi. balzaki TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor
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literatura da sazogadoeba

SeiZleba moxdes amgvari gamijvna; Tumca misi garegnuli

simpaTiebi Zveli politikuri wesrigis, aristokratiisa da
eklesiis mxares iyo, mis SemoqmedebiT instinqtsa da warmo
saxvas ufro metad momxveWeli tipi, gadamyidveli, burJua
ziis axali Zlieri adamiani ainteresebda. ase rom, SeiZleba
arsebobdes mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba Teoriasa da praqti
kas, rwmenis aRiarebasa da SemoqmedebiT unars Soris.
Tu sistemurad ganvixilavT socialuri warmoSobis,
romelime moZRvrebisadmi erTgulebisa Tu ideologiis
sakiTxebs, es yvelaferi migviyvans mwerlis, rogorc kon
kretul drosa da sivrceSi arsebuli tipis sociologiamde.
mwerlebi SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT imisda mixedviT, Tu ram
denad arian socialur procesSi integrirebulni. po
pularul literaturaSi es gansxvaveba umniSvneloa, magram
SeiZleba `socialuri distanciis~ ukidures zRvars miaR
wios bohemis warmomadgenlebTan, roca saqme gvaqvs e.w pote
maudit Tan (frang. `dawyevlili poeti~) da Tavisufal Semo
qmedebiT geniasTan. mTlianobaSi, Tanamedrove dasavleTSi
mweralTa Soris klasobrivi gansxvaveba Semcirda. gaCnda
`inteligencia~ _ profesionalTa SedarebiT damoukide
beli Sualeduri klasi. literaturis sociologiam unda
gansazRvros am klasis zusti socialuri statusi, Tu ram
denad aris igi damokidebuli mmarTvel klasze, saidan mo
dis misi mxardaWeris zusti ekonomikuri saTave, da, aseve,
mwerlis prestiJi TiToeul sazogadoebaSi.
am istoriis zogadi konturebi ukve kargad aris ga
mokveTili. xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi SesaZlebelia mom
Rerlis an saxalxo mTqmelis rolis Seswavla, romlis be
dic mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia msmenelis keTil
ganwyobaze; sul erTia, es antikuri samyaros aedosi iqneba,
skopi uZveles tevtonur xanaSi, Tu profesionali mezRap
re ruseTsa da aRmosavleTSi. tragikosebi da pindares
msgavs mexotbeebi Tu himnebis mTxzvelebi Zveli saberZne
Tis qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi qurumebs utoldebodnen. Tu
evripides SevadarebT esqiles, gamovlindeba am profesiis
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literaturis Teoria

TandaTanobiTi sekularizacia. romis imperiis sakaro po

etebi _ virgiliusi (Virgil), horaciusi Tu ovidiusi (Ovid) _
damokidebulni iyvnen avgustusisa da mecenatis keTilgan
wyobasa da xelgaSlilobaze.
sxva suraTia Sua saukuneebSi. beri Tavis sakanSia,
trubaduri da minezingeri _ mefis karsa Tu Bbaronis cixekoSkSi, moxetiale swavlulebi ki sxvadasxva gzebze mimofan
tulan. imdroindeli mwerali an saeklesio piria, an swavlu
li, an momRerali _ saxalxo gamrTobi, menestreli. Tundac
moyvarulebi, magram mainc poetebi, ukve mefeTa Sorisac
gvxvdebian. mag., CexeTis mefe vaclav meore an Sotlandiis
mefe jeims pirveli. germanul `ostatis simReraSi~ (Meistersang) xelosnebi gaerTianebuli arian poetur gildiebad. es
arian biurgerebi, romlebic ise misdeven poezias, rogorc
xelobas. aRorZinebis epoqaSi gamoCnda mweralTa SedarebiT
damoukidebeli jgufi _ humanistebi, romlebic moxetiale
cxovrebas eweodnen, zogjer sxva qveynebSic, da TavianT
samsaxurs sxvadasxva patrons sTavazobdnen. petrarka (Petrarch) aris pirveli Tanamedrove poeti laureati (poeta laureatus), romelic TiTqmis Sepyrobilia Tavisi poeturi misiis
sidiadiT, aretino (Aretino) ki prototipia im literaturu
li Jurnalistisa, romelic SantaJiT cxovrobs; misi ufro
eSiniaT, vidre afaseben da pativs miageben.
ufro mogvianebiT mwerlebis patronaJi iTaves ukve
Tavad gamomcemlebma, romelnic icnobdnen mkiTxvelTa ge
movnebas. Tumca, unda aristokratiuli mfarvelobis siste
ma yvela sferos ar moicavda. eklesia da sul male Teatric
literaturis gansazRvrul JanrTa mxardamWerebad mogvev
lina. inglisSi patronaJis sistemis aSkara daRmavloba me18 s-is dasawyisSi SeimCneva. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi
literaturas Semoecalnen Zveli keTilismyofelebi. eko
nomiurad mas cudi dRe daudga, radgan jer kidev ar Sesw
evda unari, mTlianad mkiTxvelTa xarjze earseba. dr. sam
uel jonsonis adreuli cxovreba grab stritze (Grub Street,
cnobili quCa londonSi, sadac ZiriTadad Raribi mwerlebi
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literatura da sazogadoeba

cxovrobdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, am saxels mdare nawar

moebis aRsaniSnavadac xmaroben. es quCa amJamad miltonis
saxels atarebs. mTargmnelis SeniSvna) da mis mier lord
Cesterfildis gamowveva am cvlilebebs simbolurad gamo
xatavs. TumcaRa, erTi TaobiT adre poupma moaxerxa didi
qonebis dagroveba _ keTilSobili didgvarovnebi da gana
Tlebuli adamianebi fuls ar iSurebda homerosis miseuli
Targmanis SesaZenad.
namdvili finansuri warmateba mwerlebma mxolod me19 saukuneSi igemes. skotma da baironma uzarmazari gavlena
moaxdines mkiTxveli sazogadoebis gemovnebasa da Sexed
ulebebze. volteris da goeTes damsaxureba iyo, rom kon
tinentze uCveulod gaizarda mwerlis prestiJi da misi da
moukideblobis xarisxi. mkiTxvelTa ricxvma imata, daarsda
iseTi mniSvnelovani perioduli mimomxilveli gamoce
mebi, rogorebicaa `edinburgi~ (Edinburgh) da `quorTerli~
(Quarterly), ris Sedegadac literaturam TiTqmis sruli da
moukidebloba moipova. Tumca, prosper de baranti (Prosper
de Barante) 1822 wels werda, aseTi viTareba ukve me-18 sauku
neSi arsebobdao.11
rogorc eSli Tordnaiki (Ashley Thordnike) amtkicebda,
me-19 s-Si gamosuli beWdviTi produqciis yvelaze TvalsaCino
niSania ara vulgaruloba da uferuleba, aramed _ specia
lizacia. beWduri produqcia amieridan aRar aris gamiznuli
erTgvarovani mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis. is ukve izidavs
sxvadasxva tipis mkiTxvelebs da, Sesabamisad, interesis mra
val sferos, sakiTxsa da mizans akmayofilebs.12
analogiur Tvalsazriss aviTarebs q. d. livisi Tavis
gamokvlevaSi `mwerloba da mkiTxveli sazogadoeba~:13 me-18
s-is glexs, romelmac kiTxva iswavla, ukve imis wakiTxva See
Zlo, rasac Tavadaznauroba da ganaTlebuli sazogadoeba
kiTxulobda; meore mxriv, me-19 s-is mkiTxvel sazogadoebas
ukve damsaxurebulad uwodebden ara `mkiTxvel sazogadoe
bas~ aramed `mkiTxvel sazogadoebebs~. Cvens droSi saga
momcemlo anotaciebSi da Jurnalebis ydebze gamudmebiT
vkiTxulobT: `9-10 wlis bavSvebisaTvis~, `ufrosklaseli
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literaturis Teoria

vaJebisaTvis~, `martoxela adamianebisTvis~; gamodis dar

gobrivi Jurnalebi, calkeul firmaTa sakuTari perioduli
gamocemebi, sakvirao skolis yovelkvireulebi, vesternebi,
saTavgadasavlo romanebi. ase rom, specializacia mimdi
nareobs yvela doneze; es exeba gamomcemlobebsac, Jurna
listebsac da mwerlebsac.
amrigad, literaturis ekonomikuri bazisisa da mwer
lis socialuri statusis Seswavla ganuyofelia mkiTxveli
sazogadoebis Seswavlisgan. swored maT mimarTavs mwerali
Tavisi nawerebiT da maTzea damokidebuli misi finansuri
warmateba (ix. Alfred A. Harbage, Shakespeares Audience, New York
1941).14 aristokrati mfarvelic ki mkiTxveli sazogadoebis
nawilia da, xSirad, metismetad momTxovnic. mwerlisagan igi
ara marto misadmi qedmodrekas moiTxovs, aramed konformi
zmsac misi klasis pirobiTobebis mimarT. kidev ufro adrin
del sazogadoebaSi, xalxuri poeziis epoqaSi, avtori mTli
anad damokidebuli iyo mkiTxvelisgan: misi Semoqmedeba ver
damkvidrdeboda, ver gavrceldeboda, Tu is auditoriisT
vis Tavidanve maamebluri ar iqneba. aseTive sagrZnobia au
ditoriis roli TeatrSi. ramdenime gamokvlevac ki Catarda
imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad imoqmeda Seqspiris Semoq
medebiTi periodebisa da stilis cvlilebebma mayurebel
Ta Soris cvlilebaze; mayurebelic ar iyo erTgvarovani:
`globusSi~, Ria cis qveS, TiTqmis yvela fenis warmomad
geneli dadioda, xolo `bleqfraiers~-is daxurul darbazs
ufro maRali wreebis warmomadgenlebi stumrobdnen. rac
ufro izrdeba mkiTxvelTa raodenoba, rac ufro araerT
gvarovani xdeba igi, avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris urT
ierTobis gamokvleva Zneldeba. amave dros izrdeba maT
SuamavalTa ricxvi. SesaZlebelia imis gaanalizeba, Tu ra
socialuri datvirTva da roli hqondaT literaturul
salons, kafes, klubs, akademiasa Tu universitets. aseve
SesaZlebelia, Tvali mivadevnoT kritikuli gamocemebisa
da Jurnalebis, gamomcemlobebis istorias. kritikosi xde
ba angariSgasawevi Suamavali; literaturis moyvarulebi,
bibliofilebi Tu koleqcionerebi SeiZleba literaturis
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garkveuli Janrebis mfarvelebadac moviazroT. mkiTxvelTa

kidev erT gansakuTrebul fenas qmnis TviT literatorTa
sazogadoebebic, romelTa wevrebic isev momavali Tu xel
mocaruli mwerlebi arian. veblenis (Veblen) TqmiT, amerikaSi
mandilosnebi asruleben gansakuTrebiT aqtiur rols li
teraturuli gemovnebis gansazRvra-damkvidrebaSi.
da mainc, jer kidev moqmedebs literaturis gavrcele
bis Zveli meTodebi. met-naklebad yvela Tanamedrove mTav
roba mxars uWers da mfarvelobs literaturas. mfarvelo
baSi, rasakvirvelia kontroli da zedamxedveloba igulisx
meba.15 namdvilad gagviWirdeboda bolo aTwleulebis to
talitaruli saxelmwifos gaazrebuli gavlenis gadaWarbe
biT Sefaseba. amas uaryofiTi Sedegic hqonda da dadebiTic.
cudi is iyo, rom mwerals devnidnen, aiZulebdnen araferi
ewera, uwvavdnen wignebs, cenzura gasaqans ar aZlevda. kargi
is iyo, rom sabWoTa `socialistur realizms~, agreTve _ e.w.
,,sisxlis da miwis regionalizms mxardaWera hqonda. saxelm
wifom ver SeZlo misi ideologiuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisi
literaturis Seqmna, romelic didi xelovnebad darCeboda,
magram is mainc axerxebs literaturis marTvas, rodesac
mwerlebi sakuTari nebiT Tu iZulebiT emorCilebian ofi
cialur direqtivebs. ase rom, sabWoTa ruseTSi, Teoriulad
mainc, literatura kvlav iqca sazogadoebriv xelovnebad,
xolo xelovani kvlav sazogadoebaSi iqna integrirebuli.
wignis warmatebis amsaxveli diagrama, maCvenebeli imi
sa, Tu ramdenad sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda wigni, an xom
ar SeiZina man `meore sococxle~ gamoqveynebidan garkveuli
periodis gavlis Semdeg, socialuri movlenaa iseve, ro
gorc mwerlis mier moxveWili saxeli da dideba. nawilo
briv, is rasakvirvelia ekuTvnis literaturis `istoria
sac~, radgan saxeli da dideba izomeba imiT, Tu ra arsebiT
gavlenas axdens erTi mwerali meoreze, aseve _ imiT, Tu
ramdenad Seswevs Zala konkretul mwerals, literaturuli
tradicia Secvalos da mas Tavisi kvali daaCnios. mwerlis
saxeli, misi reputacia nawilobriv kritikosTa gamoxmau
rebis Sedegia: dRemde ise xdeboda, rom mas ZiriTadad ad
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literaturis Teoria

gendnen ama Tu im periodis e. w. `saSualo mkiTxvelis~ metnaklebad oficialuri gancxadebebis safuZvelze. aqedan
gamomdinare, maSin, roca `gemovnebaTa karuselis~sakiTxi
`socialuria~, mas SeiZleba gamovunaxoT ufro TvalsaCino
sociologiuri safuZveli: saguldagulo muSaobis Sedegad
SeiZleba gamovikvlioT, Tu ra realuri Sesabamisoba arse
bobs, erTi mxriv, nawarmoebsa da, meore mxriv, mkiTxvels
Soris, romelzec damokidebulia wignis warmateba. gamokv
levaSi dagvexmareba gayidul calTa raodenoba, aseve _ ga
mocemaTa ricxvi.
ramdeni fenac arsebobs TiToeul sazogadoebaSi, im
denive fenad SeiZleba daiyos am sazogadoebis gemovnebac.
maRali klasi, miuxedavad Tavisi aRmatebulebisa, zogjer
dabali klasis xelovnebiTac interesdeba. amis nimuSia in
teresi folklorisa da primitiuli xelovnebis mimarT.
politikuri da socialuri winsvla yovelTvis ar gulisx
mobs esTetikur winsvlasac: burJuaziam manamde igdo xel
Si literaturuli asparezi, sanam politikaSi warmatebas
miaRwevda. sazogadoebis fenebad dayofas SeiZleba xeli
SeuSalos an sulac ugulebelyos gemovnebis sakiTxze ka
maTma, roca saqme gvaqvs gansxvavebuli asakis an sqesis
jgufTan, an garkveul jgufebTan Tu asociaciebTan. modac
angariSgasawevi faqtoria Tanamedrove literaturaSi,
radgan mudmivad cvalebad, konkurentunarian sazogadoe
baSi Zalian swrafad xdeba maRali sazogadoebis normebis
mibaZva da amitom maT mudmivad `axali sisxli~ sWirdebaT.
cxadia, rom Cvens droSi gemovnebis amgvari swrafi cvlile
bebi bolo aTwleulebis swrafi socialuri cvlilebebis da
aseve, zogadad, xelovansa da sazogadoebas Soris aramyari
urTierTobis anarekli unda iyos.
sociologiur Seswavlas moiTxovs Tanamedrove mwer
lis sazogadoebisagan izolaciis problema. rus socialist
giorgi plexanovs swamda, rom doqtrina `xelovneba xe
lovnebisaTvis~ yalibdeba maSin, roca mwerlebi grZnoben
`gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas Tavis miznebsa da im sazoga
doebis miznebs Soris, romelsac isini ekuTvnian. mwerlebi
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am dros metad mtrulad arian ganwyobilni sazogadoebis

mimarT da misi Secvlis imedi ara aqvT~.16
levin l. Sukingma (Levin L. Schcking) Tavis `lite
raturuli gemovnebis sociologiaSi~ gamokveTa ramdenime
amgvari problema; sxva gamokvlevebSi mas Zalian dawvrile
biT aqvs Seswavlili ojaxisa da qalis, rogorc mkiTxveli
sazogadoebis roli me-18 s-Si.17
Tumca bevri masala iqna moZiebuli da Segrovebuli,
magram kargad dasabuTebuli daskvnebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu zus
tad ra damokidebuleba arsebobs literaturis Seqmnasa da
mis ekonomikur safuZvlebs Soris, an raSi vlindeba sazoga
doebis zegavlena mweralze, mainc iSviaTad gvxvdeba. cxa
dia, es araa pirdapiri damokidebuleba da arc mfarvelisa
Tu mkiTxveli sazogadoebis mier dadgenili direqtivebi
sadmi pasiuri morCileba. mwerlebma SeiZleba moaxerxon da
Seqmnan TavianTi gansakuTrebuli mkiTxvelTa wre, es icoda
kolrijmac: yovelma axalma mweralma unda Camoayalibos ge
movneba, romelsac igi Tavad daakmayofilebs.
ara marto sazogadoeba axdens gavlenas mweralze, ara
med sapirispiro procesic SeiniSneba; xelovneba ubralod
ki ar asaxavs cxovrebas, aramed ayalibebs, formas aZlevs
mas. adamianebma SeiZleba sakuTari cxovreba warmarTon
nawarmoebTa gmirebis msgavsad _ sasiyvarulo Tavgadasav
lebi iqneba es Tu borotmoqmedebebi. TviTmkvlelobac ki
CaudeniaT wignSi aRwerilis msgavsad. nimuSad SegviZlia
movixmoT diumas romanebi muSketerebze an goeTes `axal
gazrda verTeris vnebani~. magram nuTu SesaZlebelia zus
tad ganvsazRvroT wignis gavlena mkiTxvelze? SevZlebT
ki odesme satiris gavlenis dadgenas? marTlac SeZlo adi
sonma (Addison) Tavisi sazogadoebis qcevis Secvla? an moax
dina Tu ara dikensma raime gavlena mevaleTa cixeebis, vaJTa
skolebisa Tu RatakTa TavSesafrebis reformebze?18 marT
la iyo hariet biCer stou (Harriet Beecher Stowe) is `patara
qali, romelmac didi omi wamoiwyo~? Secvala Tu ara roman
ma `qarwaRebulni~ (Gone with the Wind) CrdiloeTis Statebis
mkiTxvelis damokidebuleba q-n stous omis mimarT? ro
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literaturis Teoria

gori zemoqmedeba moaxdines hemingueim da folknerma Tavi

anT mkiTxvelze? ramdenad didi iyo literaturis gavlena
Tanamedrove nacionalizmis aRzevebaze? ueWvelia, rom
TavianTi romanebiT uolter skotma SotlandiaSi, henrik
senkeviCma (Henryk Sienkiewicz) poloneTSi, alois irasekma (Alois Jirsek) CexoslovakiaSi didi wvlili Seitanes erovnuli
siamayis grZnobis gaZlierebasa da istoriuli movlenebis
saerTo mexsierebis ganviTarebaSi.
savaraudoa, rom axalgazrda mkiTxvelze literatu
ra gacilebiT ufro uSualo da Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens,
vidre _ xandazmulze. udavoa isic, rom gamoucdeli mkiTx
veli literaturas SedarebiT gulubryvilod aRiqvams;
wignebi maTTvis ufro cxovrebis aRweraaa, vidre misi inter
pretacia. garda amisa, naklebad nakiTxi adamianebi wignebs
gacilebiT ufro seriozulad aRiqvamen, vidre kargad na
kiTxi, profesionali mkiTxvelebi. SegviZlia am varaudebs
gavcdeT da gza gavagrZeloT? SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom
dasaxmareblad mivmarToT kiTxvarebs an sxva saxis socio
logiur gamokiTxvebs? da maSinac ki ver miviRebT zust,
obieqtur suraTs, radganac aseTi gamokvlevebi emyareba
gamokiTxulTa mexsierebasa da analitikuri azrovnebis
unars, xolo gamokiTxulTa pasuxebis Seswavlisas da Se
fasebisas gamoricxuli ar aris Secdomis daSveba. magram
Cveni SekiTxva, Tu ramdenad axdens literatura zegavle
nas mkiTxvelze, empiriulia, romelsac pasuxi mxolod eqs
perimentis Semdeg gaecema; Cven ki, radganac literaturas
da sazogadoebas yvelaze farTo gagebiT aRviqvamT, unda
daveyrdnoT ara marto specialistisa Tu profesionalis,
aramed mTeli kacobriobis gamocdilebas. aseTi sakiTxebis
Seswavla ki Cven jer TiTqmis arc dagviwyia.19
literaturisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis da
sadgenad yvelaze miRebuli meTodi aris is, rom lite
raturul nawarmoebebs miviCnevT sazogadoebriv doku
mentebad, rogorc socialuri realobis damadasturebul
suraTebs; ueWvelia, rom literaturidan SegviZlia mivi
RoT garkveuli warmodgena socialuri sinamdvilis Sesa
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xeb ama Tu im periodSi. uZvelesi droidan swored am mizniT

iyenebdnen mkvlevrebi literaturul teqstebs. tomas uor
tonma, romelic samarTlianad iTvleba inglisuri poeziis
pirvel namdvil istorikosad, daamtkica, rom literaturas
aqvs `ama Tu im epoqis erTguli mematianea, romelic xato
vnad, cocxlad warmogvidgens adamianTa manerebs, maT qce
vas.~20 misTvis da siZveleebiT dainteresebuli momdevno
TaobebisTvis, literatura, upirveles yovlisa, warmoad
genda kostiumebisa da tradiciebis sacavs, civilizaciis
istoriis, gansakuTrebiT, raindobis epoqisa da misi dasas
rulis erTgvar JamTaaRmwerels. rac Seexeba Tanamedrove
mkiTxvels, bevri maTgani ucxo qveynebis mosaxleobas
swored mxatvruli nawarmoebebis meSveobiT ecnoba, sin
kler liuisis (Sinclair Lewis) romani iqneba es, golzuorTis,
balzakisa Tu turgenevis Txzulebebi.
rogorc socialuri dokumenti, literatura sasar
geblo unda gavxadoT socialuri istoriis Tvalsazrisi
Tac. Coseri (Chaucer) da lenglendi (Langland) me-14 s-is
orgvar suraTs gvTavazoben. adreul wlebSi miiCneoda, rom
`kenterberiuli moTxrobebis~ (Canterbury Tales) prologi
imdroindeli socialuri tipebis srulyofil galereas
gvTavazobda. Seqspiri Tavisi `uinZoreli mxiaruli qale
biT~ (Merry Wives of Windsor), ben jonsoni (Ben Jonson) ramdenime
piesiTa da tomas deloni (Thomas Deloney) warmodgenas gviqm
nian elisabedis xanis sazogadoebriobis saSualo fenaze.
adisoni, fildingi (Fielding) da smoleti (Smollett) me-18 s-is
axal burJuazias aRweren; jein ostini umetesad me-19 s-is
soflis Tavadaznaurobis da samRvdeloebis cxovrebiT in
teresdeba; xolo trolopi, Tekerei (Thackeray) da dikensi
_ viqtorianuli xaniT. XIX_XX saukuneebis mijnaze gol
zuorTi (Galsworthy) gvacnobs inglisis saSualo fenis maRal
sazogadoebas, xolo uelsi (Wells)imave sazogadoebis da
bal fenas; beneti (Bennett) ki provinciis patara qalaqebze
mogviTxrobs.
msgavsi suraTebi SeiZleba moviZioT amerikuli cxov
rebis Sesaxebac, dawyebuli hariet biCer stous (Harriet Beecher Stowe) da houelsis (Howells) romanebiT, vidre farelamde
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(Farrell) da steinbekamde (Steinbeck). restavraciis Semdgomi

parizi da safrangeTi samudamod Semogvinaxa balzakis `adamianuri komediis~ asobiT personaJma. prustma ki, SeiZleba
iTqvas, amomwuravad warmogvidgina dakninebis gzaze dam
dgari franguli aristokratiis socialuri fenebi. tur
genevisa da tolstois romanebSi aRwerilia me-19 s-is rusi
memamuleebis cxovreba. Cexovis moTxrobebisa da piesebis
wyalobiT maSindel vaWarTa da inteleqtualTa fenebs vec
nobiT, Soloxovi ki koleqtiur meurneobaSi Sesul gle
xebze gviambobs.
magaliTebi SeiZleba usasrulod moviyvanoT. Sesa
Zlebelia Tavi movuyaroT da vaCvenoT sxvadasxva `samyaro~,
isic, Tu ra adgili ukavia iq siyvarulsa da qorwinebas, biz
ness, ama Tu im xelobasa Tu profesias, sasuliero wodebis
dadebiT Tu uaryofiT aRweras; SesaZlebelia, calke jgu
fad gamovyoT da SeviswavloT jein ostinis is gmirebi,
romlebic sazRvao samsaxurSi imyofebian, aseve prustis arrivistes (`fr. `axalbedebi~, mTargmnelis SeniSvna), gaTxo
vili qalebi houelsis romanebSi. amgvari saxis dayofebiT
SeiZleba Semdegi monografiebi SegvrCes xelSi: `memam
ulesa da moijares Soris urTierToba me-19 s-is amerikul
prozaSi~, `mezRvauris saxe inglisur prozasa da dramaSi~,
`irlandiel-amerikelTa saxeebi me-20 s-is mwerlobaSi~.
magram amgvar gamokvlevebs ara aqvT didi mniSvnelo
ba, radgan maT Tu davujerebT, literatura, ubralod,
cxovrebis sarkea, cxovrebis asli da, amdenad, ra Tqma unda,
socialuri dokumentia. aseT gamokvlevebs mxolod maSin
aqvT fasi, Tu viciT Sesaswavli mwerlis mxatvruli meTo
di da SegviZlia ara zogadad, aramed konkretulad gan
vacxadoT, ramdenad Seesabameba wignSi aRwerili suraTi so
cialur realobas. aqvs Tu ara ganzraxuli mwerals realis
turi suraTis Seqmna? mimarTavs Tu ara is xandaxan satiras,
karikaturas an romantikul idealizacias? kon-bramsteti
(Kohn-Bramstedt) Tavis kargad gaazrebul monografiaSi
`aristokratia da saSualo klasebi germaniaSi~ samar
Tlianad gvafrTxilebs: `mxolod imas, visac sazogadoe
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bis struqtura ara wignebidan, aramed sxva wyaroebidan

Seuswavlia, SeuZlia daadginos, aris Tu ara gadmocemuli
nawarmoebSi konkretuli tipebi an maTi saqcieli... unda ga
varkvioT, sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba avtoris warmosaxva,
realisturi dakvirvebani an subieqturi fiqrebi da sur
vilebi nawarmoebSi.~ 21
igive mkvlevari emyareba maqs veberis koncefcias ide
aluri `socialuri tipebis~ Sesaxeb, rodesac Seiswavlis
iseT socialur gamovlinebebs, rogoricaa klasobrivi si
Zulvili, axlad aRzevebuli pirovnebis qceva, snobizmi,
ebraelTa mimarT damokidebuleba. igi amtkicebs, rom ms
gavsi gamovlinebebi imdenad obieqturi faqtebi da qcevis
wesebi ki ar aris, ramdenadac _ araerTgvarovani pozicie
bi da Sexedulebebi da isini yvelaze TvalsaCinod swored
prozaSia warmodgenili. literaturuli masala Zalian
gamoadgeba imaT, visac gadawyvetili aqvs socialuri Sexe
dulebebisa da miswrafebebis Seswavla, ra Tqma unda, Tu
maT teqstis swori interpretacia SeuZliaT. ufro ad
reuli periodebis Sesaswavlad, faqtobrivad, sxva gza arc
aqvT: romelime epoqis damaxasiaTebeli saWiro informa
ciis mosapoveblad maT mouwevT mxatvruli nawarmoebebis
gamoyeneba an naxevrad mxatvrulisa mainc.
mxatvruli nawarmoebebis gmirebi _ aramzadebi da
TavgadasavalTa maZiebelni, qalebic da mamakacebic, sa
intereso miniSnebebs gvTavazoben amgvar socialur urT
ierTmimarTebebze.22 msgavs gamokvlevebs yovelTvis miv
yavarT eTikuri da religiuri ideebis istoriisken. Cve
nTvis cnobilia, rogori damokidebuleba iyo moRalatis
mimarT Sua saukuneebSi, aseve _ mevaxSeobis mimarTac, ra
mac aRorZinebis epoqamdec gastana da mogvca Seilokis saxe
(Seqspiris `venecieli vaWris~ personaJi, mTargmnelis
SeniSvna), mogvianebiT ki molieris `Zunwi~ (L Avare). gva
interesebs sxva sakiTxebic: ZiriTadad, ra iTvleba aramza
da personaJis `momakvdinebel codvad~ Semdegi saukuneeb
Si? ra TvalsazrisiT xdeba misi aramzadobis Sefaseba, indi
vidualuri Tu sazogadoebrivi moralis gaTvaliswinebiT?
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am mxriv klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens restavraci

is periodis inglisuri komedia. romel avtors davujeroT?
lems (Lamb), romelic Tvlida, rom es iyo ubralod colqmruli Ralatisa da fiqciuri qorwinebebis zRapruli qve
yana, sadac meuRleebi mudmivad Ralatoben erTmaneTs, Tu
rogorc makolei (Macaulay) gvarwmunebs, es gaxldaT suraTi
imisa, Tu rogori dacemuli, fuqsavati da daundobeli iyo
imdroindeli aristokratia?23 iqneb gvmarTebs orive Tval
sazrisi uarvyoT da is veZioT, Tu konkretulad romelma
socialurma jgufma Seqmna es xelovneba da romeli sazoga
doebisaTvis iyo is gamiznuli? aseve saWiroa davadginoT,
naturalistur xelovnebasTan gvaqvs saqme Tu stilizeb
ulTan. mxedvelobidan arc satira da ironia, avtoironia da
fantazia unda gamogvrCes. rogorc saerTod literatura,
ise es piesebic ar aris ubralod imdroindeli dokumentebi;
Cvens winaSea piesebi TavianTi tradiciuli personaJebiT,
tradiciuli situaciebiT, gaTamaSebuli qorwinebebiTa da
saqorwino garigebebis pirobebiT. e. e. stoli amgvarad aja
mebs Tavis msjelobas am sakiTxebze: `aSkaraa, rom es ar aris
`realuri sazogadoeba~, da arc `feSenebeluri cxovrebis~
obieqturi asaxva; aSkaraa, rom inglisic _ Tundac sti
uartebis mefobis droindeli _ ar aris moqmedebis ad
gili, es ar aris revoluciamdeli an didi ajanyebiswina da
arc Semdgomi periodi.~ 24
misasalmebelia, rom stoli Tavis nawerebSi xazs us
vams pirobiTobasa da tradicias, magram es mTlianad mainc
ver wyvets literaturisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis
sakiTxs. TviT yvelaze Znelad misaxvedr alegorias, yvelaze
ararealur pastorals Tu yvelaze aRmaSfoTebel farssac
ki _ Tu mas Sesaferisad SeviswavliT _ SeuZlia garkveuli
informacia mogvawodos imdroindel sazogadoebaze.
literatura sazogadoebis gareSe ver iarsebebs; is
saerTo kulturis nawilia da adamianur garemoSi iqmne
ba. tenis (Taine) cnobilma triadam _ rasa, garemo da dro
(momenti) _ imis aucilebloba Seqmna, rom literaturuli
garemo yvela kuTxiT Segveswavla. rasa, rogorc aseTi,
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literatura da sazogadoeba

ucnobi ucvleli integralia, romelsac teni metad Tavi

suflad iyenebs. xSirad is SeiZleba inglisur `erovnul
xasiaTs~ an frangul `suls~ gulisxmobdes. dro SeiZleba
garemos cnebasTan erTianobaSi ganvixiloT. gansxvavebuli
dro ubralod gansxvavebul fons, garemocvas niSnavs. Tum
ca, namdvili analizis aucilebloba maSin iCens Tavs, Tu
termin `garemo~-s danawevrebas gadavwyvetT. maSin mogvix
deba imis aRiareba, rom literaturuli nawarmoebis up
irvelesi foni misi lingvisturi da literaturuli tradi
ciaa, xolo am tradicias, Tavis mxriv, saerTo kulturuli
`klimati~ moicavs. rac Seexeba konkretul ekonomikur,
politikur da socialur viTarebas, literaturas SeiZleba
masTan mxolod gacilebiT naklebi kavSiri hqondes. rasak
virvelia, unda gaviTvaliswinoT urTierTdamokidebuleba
adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferos Soris. bolos, Segvi
Zlia davadginoT garkveuli kavSiri warmoebis pirobebsa
da literaturas Soris, radganac ekonomikur sistemas Ta
visTavad aqvs Zalauflebis sistema da man erTgvarad unda
gaakontrolos ojaxuri cxovrebis formebic. ojaxi ki Ta
vis mxriv mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ganaTlebis sfero
Si; umetes SemTxvevaSi ojaxSi iRebs mozardi pirvelad in
formacias siyvarulisa da seqsualuri sferos Sesaxeb, imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor icvleboda an viTardeboda adamianuri
grZnobebi istoriis ganmavlobaSi. amgvarad, SesaZlebeli
xdeba, aRmovaCinoT kavSiri, erTi mxriv, lirikuli poeziasa
da, meore mxriv, siyvarulis tradiciul gagebas, religiur
crurwmenebsa da bunebis aRqmas Soris. magram es mimarTebe
bi SeiZleba damabneveli da arapirdapiri aRmoCndes.
miuxedavad amisa, Znelia daveTanxmoT azrs, TiTqos
adamianis romelime konkretuli saqmianoba yvela sxva da
narCenis pirvelmizezi iyos: magaliTad, teni, adamianis
Semoqmedebas klimaturi, biologiuri da socialuri faq
torebis erTobliobiT xsnis; hegelis da misi mimdevrebis
azriT, `suli~ erTaderTi mamoZravebeli Zalaa istoriaSi;
verc marqsistebs daveTanxmebiT, romlebic yvelafers
warmoebis wesebis sazomiT sazRvraven. mravali saukunis
149

literaturis Teoria

manZilze, dawyebuli adreuli Sua saukuneebidan vidre

kapitalizmis ganviTarebamde, aranairi radikaluri teq
nologiuri cvlileba ar momxdara, im dros, rodesac kul
turulma cxovrebam da, kerZod, literaturam metad Rrma
cvlilebebi ganicada. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom epoqis te
qnologiur Zvrebs yovelTvis arc literatura ireklavs,
miT umetes _ maSinve. industriulma revoluciam inglisur
romanSi mxolod me-19 s-is 40-ian wlebSi SeaRwia elisabed
gaskelis (Elizabeth Gaskell), kingslisa (Kingsley) da Sarlota
brontes (Charlotte Bronte) romanebis saSualebiT, Tumca man
didi xniT adre daaCnia aSkara kvali ekonomistTa da socio
logTa naazrevs.
unda vaRiaroT, rom socialuri situacia ganapiro
bebs garkveuli esTetikuri faseulobebis realizaciis
SesaZleblobas, magram ara Tavad faseulobebis arsebobas.
zogadad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT mocemul sazoga
doebaSi xelovnebis romel formebs SeuZliaT arseboba da
romels ara, magram namdvilad ver viwinaswarmetyvelebT,
realurad gaCndeba Tu ara xelovnebis es formebi konkre
tul sazogadoebaSi. mravali marqsisti da ara mxolod mar
qsisti, cdilobs, bevrad ufro zereled da naCqarevad gada
vides ekonomikidan literaturaze. magaliTad, jon meinard
keinsma (Keynes) romlisTvisac literatura namdvilad
araa ucxo xili _ Seqspiris arseboba miawera im faqts, rom:
`Cven zustad iseTi materialuri mdgomareoba gvqon
da im dros, rom Tavisuflad SegveZlo Seqspiri gvyoloda.
didi poetebi ibadebodnen sicocxlisunarian, mxiarul,
ekonomikuri SeWirvebisagan Tavisufal atmosferoSi, rac
esmoda mmarTvel klassac~.25
Tumca, sxvagan didi poetebi ar dabadebulan. gavix
senoT, mag., 20-iani wlebis samrewvelo bumi aSS-Si, da arc
Seqspiris optimizmiT savse xatia mainc maincdamainc da
majerebeli. miuxedavad amisa, mainc ver daveTanxmebiT am
mosazrebis sawinaaRmdego versias, romelsac erT-erTi
rusi marqsisti gvTavazobs: `Seqspiris tragikuli Sexed
uleba samyaroze gamomdinareobda iqidan, rom igi Tavad
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literatura da sazogadoeba

gaxldaT dramatuli simbolo feodaluri aristokratiisa,

romelsac elisabedis xanaSi adrindeli gabatonebuli md
gomareoba ukve dakarguli hqonda.~26
bundovani kategoriebi _ optimizmi da pesimizmin _
da maTTan dakavSirebuli urTierTgamomricxavi mosazre
bebi konkretulad bevrs verafers gvauwyebs Seqspiris pie
sebis jer socialur Sinaarsze, didi dramaturgis politi
kur Sexedulebebze (romlebic aSkarad vlindeba mis isto
riul piesebSi) da misi, rogorc mwerlis statusze.
amasTan, msgavsi citatebi Zirs sulac ar urRvevs li
teraturisadmi Seswavlisadmi ekonomikur midgomas. Tavad
marqssac, miuxedavad imisa, rom drodadro metad ucnauri
msjeloba sCveoda, zogadad Zalze kargad esmoda, rom li
teraturasa da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli damokidebu
leba arapirdapiri xasiaTisaa. `politikuri ekonomiis kri
tikis~ (The Critique of Political Economy) SesavalSi is aRiarebs:
`xelovnebis ganviTarebis umaRlesi safexurebi zogierT
periodSi aranair kavSirSi ar aris sazogadoebis zogad gan
viTarebasTan, materialur bazisTan da sazogadoebis Sina
gan struqturasTan. amas adasturebs berZnebis magaliTic,
Tu maT Tanamedrove erebs an Tundac Seqspirs SevadarebT.~27
marqss, aseve, kargad esmoda, rom Sromis Tanamedrove
ganawilebas mivyavarT sam faqtors (anu `momentebs~, Tu
Cvenc, mis msgavsad, hegelis terminologias moviSveliebT)
Soris arsebul garkveul winaaRmdegobamde. esenia: `sawar
moo Zalebi~, `socialuri urTierTobebi~ da `cnobiereba~.
is moeloda (da mis molodins aSkarad utopiuri elferi
dahkravs), rom momavlis uklaso sazogadoebaSi Sromis
amgvari ganawileba kvlav gaqreboda da rom xelovani kvlav
integrirebuli gaxdeboda sazogadoebaSi. marqsi fiqrob
da, rom yvelas SeeZlo yofiliyo brwyinvale, TviTmyofadi
mxatvari. `komunistur sazogadoebaSi ubralod mxatvrebi
ki ar iqnebian, aramed, umetesad, iseTi adamianebi, romel
Tac sxva unarebis garda, xatvis unaric eqnebaT~.28
`vulgaruli marqsistebis~ azriT, burJuad CaiTvleba
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literaturis Teoria

is mwerali, romelmac gaaJRera reaqciuli an progresuli

ideebi eklesiisa Tu saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. sakvirveli da
pirispireba SeimCneva am aRiarebul determinizmsa (rom
lis Tanaxmad, `yofiereba~ gansazRvravs `cnobierebas~ da,
maSasadame, `burJuas ubralod ar ZaluZs ar iyos burJua~)
da Cveulebriv eTikur msjelobas Soris (romelic bur
Juas misi ideebis gamo amxels da kicxavs). ruseTSi Semdegi
tendencia SeiniSneboda _ burJuaziuli warmoSobis mwer
lebs, romlebic proletariatis rigebSi erTiandebodnen,
mudmivad eWvis TvaliT da undoblad uyurebdnen, ar sje
rodaT maTi gulwrfelobis da maT nebismier SemoqmedebiT
Tu sazogadoebriv marcxs maTsave klasobriv warmoSobas
ukavSirebdnen. da mainc, Tu marqsistebs davujerebT da
virwmunebT, rom progress feodalizmidan burJuaziuli
kapitalizmis gavliT pirdapir `proletariatis diqtatu
risken~ mivyavarT, maSin nebismieri marqsistis logikuri da
Tanamimdevruli saqcieli unda yofiliyo xotbis Sesxma am
gzis progresuli etapebisTvis. ase rom, wesiT, man qeba ar
unda daiSuros im BburJuasTvis, romelic kapitalizmis ad
reul periodSi feodalizmis naSTebs ebrZoda. Tumca, xSi
rad isec xdeba, rom marqsistebi mwerlebs XX s-is Tvalsawi
eridan akritikeben an kidev (smirnovisa da gribis msgavsad,
romlebic `vulgaruli sociologiis~ mimarT Zalze kri
tikulad arian ganwyobilni) indoben burJuaziul mwerals,
radgan masac kacobriobis nawilad aRiareben. amgvarad,
smirnovi midis im daskvnamde, rom Seqspiri yofila `burJua
ziis humanisti ideologi, am klasis ideebisa da programis
gamomxatveli im dros, roca kacobriobam humanizmis sa
xeliT pirvelad Seitana eWvi feodalur wyobaSi.~29 magram
xelovnebis humanizmis, misi universalurobis koncefcia
eqvemdebareba marqsizmis centralur doqtrinas, romelic
Tavisi arsiT relativisturi xasiaTisaa.
marqsistuli kritika saukeTesod avlens sakuTar
arss, roca is aaSkaravebs nawarmoebSi Cadebul, xSirad Se
farul miniSnebebs. am kuTxiT Tu mivudgebiT, davinaxavT,
rom es gaxlavT teqstis interpretaciis teqnika, romelic
152

literatura da sazogadoeba

analogiuria im meTodisa, romelic eyrdnoba froidis, nic

Sesa Tu paretos (Pareto) mignebebs, an Seler-manhaimis (SchelerMannheim) `codnis sociologias~. yvela zemoT naxsenebi in
teleqtuali undoblad ekideba inteleqts, mkafiod Camoya
libebul doqtrinas, arsebiT azrs. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba maT
Soris is aris, rom nicSe da froidi fsiqologiuri meTo
debiT sargebloben, xolo paretoseuli `narCenebisa~ da
`warmonaqmnebis~, agreTve _ Seler-manhaimis `ideologiis~
analizis teqnika sociologiuri xasiaTisaa.
`codnis sociologia~, Tu davimowmebT maqs Seleris,
maqs veberisa da karl manhaimis nawerebs, detalurad iq na
SemuSavebuli da Tavis konkurentebTan SedarebiT gar
kveuli upiratesoba aqvs.30 is mkiTxvelis yuradRebas amax
vilebs ara marto konkretuli ideologiuri Tvalsazrisis
winapirobebsa da miniSnebebze, aramed xazs usvams Tavad
mkvlevris farul varaudebsa da mikerZoebul msjelobas,
imdenad, rom misi TviTkritika da TviTkontroli TiTqmis
arajansaR iers iZens. garda amisa, `codnis sociologiaSi~,
marqsizmTan da fsiqoanalizTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT
naklebad gvxvdeba tendencia imisa, rom cvlilebaTa gan
mapirobeblad erTi romelime faqtori miviCnioT. maqs ve
beris gamokvlevis udavo xarvezi is aris, rom igi am rols
religiur faqtors miawers, magram misi naSromi religiis
sociologiaSi mainc metad Rirebulia, radgan avtori cdi
lobs asaxos ideologiuri faqtorebis gavlena ekonomi
kur qcevasa da sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebze; arada,
manamde mTeli yuradReba mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom
SeeswavlaT, ra gavlenas axdenda ekonomika ideologiaze.31
metad drouli da misasalmebeli iqneboda msgavsi gamokv
levis Catareba imis dasadgenad, Tu rogoria literaturis
gavlena socialur cvlilebebze, Tumca iqac analogiur
sirTuleebs wavawydebodiT. literaturuli faqtoris ga
moyofa iseTive rTuli saqmea, rogorc religiurisa, da
Zalze Znelia pasuxis gacema SekiTxvaze: aris Tu ara es gav
lena gamowveuli TviTon am konkretuli faqtoriT, Tu am
procesSi sxva Zalebic arian CarTuli da Tavad es faqtori
mxolod `arxis~ anu SemakavSireblis rols asrulebs?32
153

literaturis Teoria

`codnis sociologias~ Zalze azaralebs misi gada

metebuli istorizmi; im Tezisis miuxedavad, rom `obi
eqturobas~ SeiZleba sinTezirebis gziT mivaRwioT da,
amdenad, movaxdinoT konfliqturi Sexedulebebis neit
ralizaciac, mainc saqme gvaqvs ukiduresad skeptikur
daskvnebTan. `codnis sociologia~ aseve zaraldeba li
teraturasTan mimarTebiT, radganac ver axerxebs `Si
naarsis~ dakavSirebas `formasTan~. marqsizmis msgavsad,
romelic saWiroze met yuradRebas uTmobs iracionalur
axsna-ganmartebebs, `codnis sociologiac~ ver gvTavazobs
racionalur safuZvels esTetikisaTvis da aqedan ga
momdinare, verc kritikisa da SefasebisaTvis. cxadia, es
Seexeba literaturis Seswavlis yvela garegan meTods. Tu
literaturul nawarmoebs kauzaluri (mizezobrivi) kuT
xiT SeviswavliT, jerovnad ver movaxdenT teqstis analizs,
aRwerasa da Sefasebas.
Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom sakiTxi `literatura da
sazogadoeba~ SeiZleba sxvagvaradac ganvixiloT, maT Soris
_ simboluri, mravalmniSvnelovani terminebis meSveobiT.
mag.: Tanmimdevruloba, harmonia, simwyobre, Sesabamisoba,
struqturuli identuroba, stilisturi analogia an sxva
romelime termini, riTac gvinda aRvniSnoT kulturisa da
adamianis sxvadasxva moRvaweobas Soris damokidebulebis
integracia. sorokinma (Sorokin) gaaanaliza SesaZlo varian
tebi da mivida im daskvnamde, rom integraciis xarisxi sx
vadasxvagvaria sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoriaSi.33
marqsizmis moZRvrebaSi ver vipoviT pasuxs kiT
xvaze, Tu ramdenad aris damokidebuli literatura sazo
gadoebisgan. ase rom, mravali umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxis
Seswavla jer dawyebulic ar aris. xandaxan SeiZleba mog
veCvenos, rom Janrebi socialuradaa ganpirobebuli, mag.,
rodesac saubaria romanis burJuaziuli warmomavlobis
Sesaxeb, an kidev _ Janrebis formebisa da maTi urTi
erTdamokidebulebis Taobaze. amis nimuSia e. b. bergamis
(Burgum) arcTu damajerebeli Sexeduleba, TiTqos tra
gikomedia`im gavlenis Sedegia, romelic saSualo klasis
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literatura da sazogadoeba

seriozulobam moaxdina aristokratiis fuqsavatobaze.~

(ix. Edwin Berry Burgum, Literary Form: Social Forces and Innovations, The Novel and the Worlds Dilemma, New York 1947).34 arse
bobs ki konkretuli socialuri winapirobebi iseTi farTo
literaturuli stilisa, rogoric romantizmia? Tumca
igi burJuaziasTan asocirdeboda, magram Tavidanve anti
burJuaziuli iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, germaniaSi mainc.35
aSkaraa, rom literaturuli ideologiebi da Temebi gar
kveuli saxiT damokidebulia socialur garemoebebze,
magram ver vityviT, rom jerovnad iyos dadgenili li
teraturul nawarmoebTa formebisa da stilis, Janrebisa
da realur literaturul normaTa socialuri sawyisebi.
amgvari kvlevis mcdelobis yvelaze konkretuli Se
degi literaturis socialuri sawyisebis Seswavlam mogvca.
nimuSad SeiZleba moviyvanoT biuheris (Bcher) calmxrivi
Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, poezia warmoiSva Sromis simRere
bidan, aseve, anTropologebis mravali gamokvleva adreuli
xelovnebis magiuri rolis Sesaxeb; jorj tomsonis (George
Thomson) metad akademiuri mcdeloba, gamoenaxa konkre
tuli kavSiri, erTi mxriv, berZnul tragediasa da, meore
mxriv, kultsa da ritualebsa da demokratiul socialur
revolucias Soris esqiles epoqaSi; sakmaod gulubryviloa
qristofer koduelis (Christopher Caudwell) mcdeloba, poe
ziis sawyisebi daeZebna pirvelyofili Temis emociebsa da
burJuaziis indnvidualuri Tavisuflebis `iluziaSi~.36
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu udavod damtkicdeba liter
aturuli normebis ganpirobebuloba socialuri faqtore
biT, SevZlebT davsvaT kiTxva: SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom
socialuri damokidebulebebi iqces xelovnebis nawarmoe
bis `Semadgenel nawilad~ da keTilismyofeli roli Seasru
los misi mxatvruli faseulobis ganmtkicebaSic? SeiZleba
Semogvedavon da imis mtkiceba daiwyon, rom, marTalia, `so
cialuri WeSmariteba~, rogorc aseTi, ar warmoadgens mx
atvrul Rirebulebas, magram mainc ganamtkicebs iseT mxat
vrul Rirebulebebs, rogorebicaa sirTule da simwyobre.
magram es namdvilad ar aris saWiro. arsebobs marTlac dide
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literaturis Teoria

buli literatura, romelsac aqvs umniSvnelo socialuri

datvirTva an saerTod araviTari socialuri datvirTva ara
aqvs. socialuri literatura literaturis mxolod erTerTi nairsaxeobaa da arc literaturis TeoriaSi ukavia gad
amwyveti adgili, Tu, ra Tqma unda, ar gaviziarebT im Tval
sazriss, rom literatura, upirveles yovlisa cxovrebis,
kerZod ki, socialuri cxovrebis `imitaciaa~ (rogorc aris
kidec sinamdvileSi). magram literaturiT xom verc socio
logias CavanacvlebT da verc politikas. mas sakuTari daniS
nuleba da mizani aqvs.

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Tavi meaTe

literatura da ideebi
*
literaturisa da ideebis urTierTmimarTebas Sei
Zleba ramdenime mkveTrad gansxvavebuli axsna moeZebnos.
xSirad literaturas miiCneven filosofiis erT-erT for
mad, anu formaSi `SefuTul~ ideebad da misi analizis miza
nia `mowinave ideebis~ gamovlena. literaturaTmcodneebic
swored amgvarad ganazogadeben da ajameben nawarmoebebs.
es meTodi absurdul ukiduresobamde miiyvana mkvle
varTa gacilebiT adreulma skolam. amis kargi magaliTia
Seqspiris germaneli mkvlevari ulrici (Ulrici), romelmac
`venecieli vaWris~ (The Merchant of Venice) centraluri idea
Semdeg gamonaTqvamamde daiyvana: summum jus summa injuria1
(laT. upirobod aRsrulebuli samarTali (zogjer) udide
si usamarTlobis tolfasia, mTargmnelis SeniSvna);
miuxedavad imisa, rom umetesoba Cveni Tanamedrove
mkvlevarebisa sifrTxiliT ekideba amgvar metismet in
teleqtualizacias, mainc SemorCa tradicia, romlis mixed
viTac literaturuli nawarmoebi filosofiur traqtatad
unda miviCnioT.
amis sapirispiro Sexeduleba literaturas aTa
visuflebs yovelgvari filosofiuri datvirTvisagan. Ta
vis moxsenebaSi `filosofia da poezia~, jorj boasi pirda
pir acxadebs:
`poeziaSi gamoxatuli ideebi, Cveulebisamebr, mo
Zvelebulia da arcTu iSviaTad _ mcdaric. 16 wels ga
dacilebuli arc erTi adamiani ar daxarjavs dros mxolod
imis gasagebad, Tu ra azria masSi Cadebuli.~2
Tu davujerebT t. s. eliots, `Seqspiri da dante didi
moazrovneebi rodi gaxldnen.~3 SeiZleba daveTanxmoT
boessac, romlis azriT, TiTqmis mTeli poeziis inteleq
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literaturis Teoria

tualuri Sinaarsi (boesi ki ZiriTadad lirikul poezias

gulisxmobs), rogorc wesi, Zalze gazviadebulia. Tu ga
vaanalizebT bevr cnobil leqss, romlebsac swored Tavi
anTi Rrma filosofiuri azrisTvis aqeben, xSirad xelSi
SegvrCeba adamianis cxovrebis warmavlobaze an bedisweris
Temaze Seqmnili Cveulebrivi, arafriT gamorCeuli nawar
moebebi. Tu yuradRebiT wavikiTxavT viqtorianuli epoqis
lamis misnad Seracxuli poetis, brauningis gamonaTqvamebs,
xSir SemTxvevaSi vnaxavT, rom isini sxva araferia, Tu ara
moarul WeSmaritebaTa gamartivebuli versiebi.4 maSinac ki,
Tu mogvwons iseTi zogadi debuleba, rogoricaa kitsis `si
lamazea WeSmariteba, WeSmariteba ki _ silamaze~ (fragmen
ti kitsis leqsidan `oda berZnul urnas~, Ode to a Grecian Urn,
mTargmnelis SeniSvna), mainc mogviwevs bevri fiqri imaze,
Tu rogor unda gavigoT es urTierTSeqcevadi debulebe
bi, sanam ar gaviazrebT maT, rogorc leqsis Semajamebel
frazas xelovnebis maradiulobisa, bunebis silamazisa
da adamianuri gancdebisa da warmavlobis Sesaxeb. rode
sac mxatvruli nawarmoebi dagvyavs ubralo dogmatur ga
nacxadamde, an izolirebulad ganvixilavT nawarmoebis
nawyvetebs, amiT ispoba nawarmoebis unikalurobas, irRveva
misi struqtura da SefasebisTvis gamoiyeneba sruliad Seu
sabamo kriteriumebi.
ueWvelia, rom literatura erTgvar sabuTs warmo
adgens ideebisa da filosofiis istoriaSi, radgan li
teraturuli istoria inteleqtualuri istoriis pa
ralelurad mimdinareobs da ireklavs kidec mas. poetis
mier gakeTebuli pirdapiri ganacxadebebi Tu miniSnebebi
xSirad imis maCvenebelia, rom is iziarebda, kargad icnob
da, an zogadi warmodgena hqonda ama Tu im konkretuli fi
losofiuri skolis Sexedulebebze.
bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi amerikeli swav
lulebis mTelma jgufma am sakiTxebis Seswavlas Tav
dauzogavi Sroma Sealia. TavianT meTods maT uwodes `ideaTa
istoria~, cota ar iyos damabneveli termini iseTi konkre
tuli da gansazRvruli meTodisaTvis, romelic ganaviTara
a. o. lavjoim (A. O. Lovejoy) da xelic Seuwyo mis gavrcele
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bas.5 man brwyinvaled warmoaCina am meTodis efeqtianoba Ta

vis wignSi `yofierebis diadi jaWvi~ (The Great Chain of Being).
lavjoi Seiswavlis bunebis gradaciis ideas platonidan
Selingamde (Schelling) da ganixilavs mas azrovnebis yvela
sistemaSi, rogoricaa filosofia yvelaze zusti gagebiT,
samecniero swavleba, Teologia da Tavad literatura. es
meTodi filosofiis istoriisgan ori aspeqtiT gansxvavde
ba. lavjoi filosofiis istoriis Seswavlisas didi moaz
rovneebiT ifargleba da sakuTar `ideaTa istoriaSi~ aer
Tianebs ufro mcire masStabis moazrovneT, maT Soris _ po
etebsac, romlebic, misi SexedulebiT, moazrovneTa klasi
dan warmosdgebian. lavjoi kidev ufro xazgasmiT aRniSnavs
gansxvavebas, rodesac acxadebs, rom filosofiis istoria
did sistemebs Seiswavlis, ideaTa istoria ki calkeul idee
bs, anu igi anawevrebs filosofiur sistemebs da Seiswavlis
individualur motivebs.
lavjois mier SemoTavazebuli sazRvrebi, miuxeda
vad imisa, rom sruliad Sesaferisi safuZvelia iseTi kerZo
gamokvlevisaTvis, rogoricaa `yofierebis diadi jaWvi~,
ganzogadebuli saxiT damajereblad ar gamoiyureba. fi
losofiur cnebaTa istoria samarTlianad ekuTvnis fi
losofiis istorias da didi xnis winaT hegelic da vin
delbandic mas ase moiazrebdnen. ra Tqma unda, calmxrivi
iqneboda erTeuli ideebis Seswavla da sistemebis gamor
icxva. es igivea, rom literaturis Seswavlisas mxolod ver
sifikaciis, diqciisa Tu saxismetyvelebis istoriiT Semov
ifargloT, uari vTqvaT mxatvruli nawarmoebebis mTliano
baSi Seswavlaze da ar vcnoT maTi mTlianoba. `ideaTa is
toria~ azrovnebis zogadi istoriis Seswavlis mxolod
erTi konkretuli meTodia, romelic literaturas iyenebs
mxolod rogorc sabuTsa da ganmartebas. es Tvalsazrisi
naTlad Cans, rodesac lavjoi seriozul, Rrmaazrovan
literaturaSi gaSlil ideaTa umravlesobas moixseniebs,
rogorc `filosofiur ideebs ganzavebul mdgomareobaSi~.6
miuxedavad amisa, `ideaTa istorias~ mainc keTil
mosurned unda moekidon literaturis mkvlevarni, da ara
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marto imitom, rom filosofiis istoriis ukeT gaazreba

literaturas mxolod da mxolod gamoadgeba. lavjois
meTodi mimarTulia azrovnebis istoriis mkvlevarTa um
ravlesobis Warbi inteleqtualizaciis winaaRmdeg. igi
aRiarebs im faqts, rom azrovneba an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
azrovnebis sistemebs Soris gakeTebuli arCevani xSirad
ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva SexedulebebiT da varaudebiT,
met-naklebad gaucnobierebeli mentaluri CvevebiTa Tu
qceviT. es meTodi aseve eTanxmeba im azrs, rom, rodesac ada
mianebi raime ideis mimdevarni xdebian, amaSi did rols as
rulebs maTi midrekileba metafizikuri paTosis sxvadasxva
formebis mimarT da isic, rom ideebi, xSirad, gansakuTre
buli datvirTvis mqone sityvebi, xelSeuxebeli frazebia,
romlebic semantikurad aris Seswavlili. leo Spicerma (Leo
Spitzer), romelmac lavjois `ideaTa istorias~ mravali nakli
gamounaxa, Tavad SemogvTavaza saucxooo magaliTebi imisa,
Tu rogor unda SevuxamoT erTmaneTs inteleqtualuri da
semantikuri istoria iseTi sityvebis kvlevisas, rogore
bicaa milieu(garemo), ambience(garemocva) da Stimmung
(germ. ganwyoba, atmosfero), enis istoriaSi maTi yvela aso
ciaciisa da cvlilebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.7 bolos, lavjois
sqemas aqvs erTi metad mimzidveli Tviseba. igi aSkarad ar
eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom literaturuli da istoriuli
kvlevebi daiyos erovnebisa da enebis mixedviT.
poeturi teqstis interpretaciisaTvis filosofiisa
da zogadad, azrovnebis istoriis codna namdvilad ar aris
zedmeti. amas rom Tavi davaneboT, literaturis istorias
mudmivad uxdeba azrovnebis istoriis problemebis gan
xilva, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme gvaqvs iseT mwer
lebTan, rogoric aris paskali, emersoni, nicSe. marTlac,
kritikis istoria, ubralod, erT-erTi nawilia esTetikuri
azrovnebis istoriisa, yovel SemTxvevaSi Tu mas calke, gan
yenebulad ganvixilavT da ara mis Tanamedrove mxatvrul
nimuSebTan erTad.
eWvi aravis Seepareba imaSi, rom Tavisuflad SegviZ
lia vaCvenoT, Tu rogor aisaxa inglisur literaturaSi
filosofia. elisabedis xanis poezia gamsWvalulia aRor
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Zinebis droindeli platonizmis ideebiT: spenserma (Spenser)

dawera oTxi himni, romlebSic aRwerilia aRmasvla mate
riidan RvTiur silamazemde neoplatonizmis moZRvrebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. xolo Tavis `feriaTa dedofalSi (Faerie
Queene) poeti cvalebadobasa da bunebas Soris kamaTs mara
diuli, ucvleli wesrigis sasargeblod wyvets. marlosTan
imdroindeli italiuri aTeizmisa da skepticizmis gamo
Zaxils vxvdebiT. renesansuli platonizmis mraval niSans
SeqspirTanac ki wavawydebiT. mag., `troilusSi (Troilus),
ulises cnobil sityvaSi, sadac montenis azrebis eqoc ismis
da stoikosTa gacveTili frazebic. donis (Donne) poeziaSi
Cans, rom mas Seswavlili hqonda wminda mamaTa da sqolas
tikosTa nawerebi, da rom masze gavlena moaxdina axalma
mecnierebam. miltonma Tavad Seqmna metad damoukidebeli
sakuTari Teologia da kosmogonia, romelic, erTi inter
pretaciis mixedviT, Tavis TavSi aerTianebs materialis
tur da platonistur elementebs da, amasTan erTad, kavSiri
aqvs rogorc aRmosavlur azrovnebasTan, ise maSindel seq
tebTan, mag., mortalistebTan.
draidenma dagvitova filosofiuri poezia, romelic
imdroindel Teologiur da politikur winaaRmdegobebs
gadmogvcems da gvidasturebs, rom avtori icnobda fide
izms, Tanamedrove mecnierebas, skepticizmsa da deizms. rac
Seexeba tomsons (Thomson), man aRwera sistema, romelSic
gaerTianebulia niutonianizmi da Saftsberis (Shaftesbury)
ideebi. poupis `ese adamianze~ savsea eqoebiT mravali fi
losofiuri Teoriidan; rac Seexeba greis, man laTinuri heg
zametrebiT warmogvidgina lokis Teoriebi. lorens ster
nic lokis mxurvale Tayvanismcemeli gaxldaT da misi idee
bi asociaciebisa da xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb, uxvad gamoiyena
(xSirad komikuri efeqtisaTvis) `tristram SendiSi~.
did romantikos poetebs Tu gadavxedavT, kolriji
(Coleridge) Tavad gaxldaT sakmao gaqanebis da reputaciis
mqone naswavli filosofosi. man dawvrilebiT Seiswavla
kanti da Selingi da gadmogvca maTi Sexedulebebi, Tumca
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literaturis Teoria

ver vityviT, rom yovelTvis kritikulad. kolrijis poe

zia, cota ar iyos, daazarala misma mudmivma CaZirvam fi
losofiaSi, magram, swored misi wyalobiT SeaRwia inglisur
poeziaSi mravalma germanulma, ufro zogadad ki neopla
tonurma filosofiurma ideam. zogi maTgani manamdec ar
sebobda inglisuri poeziis tradiciaSi, magram kolrijma
ufro aqtualuri gaxada. kantis kvali atyvia uordsuor
Tis poezias. isic Tqmula, rom igi Zalian kargad icnobda
hartlis (Hartley) fsiqologiur Teoriebs. Tavdapirvelad
Selim me-18 s-is frangi filosofosebisa da, aseve, maTi in
gliseli mowafis, godvinis didi gavlena ganicada; Tumca,
mogvianebiT igi ufro metad spinozas, berklisa da plato
nis mimdevari gaxda.
viqtorianuli xanis winaaRmdegoba mecnierebasa da re
ligias Soris kargad aisaxa tenisonisa (Tennyson) da braunin
gis (Browning) poeziaSi. suinberni (Swinburne) da hardi (Hardy)
asaxaven TavianTi drois pesimistur aTeizms. hofkinsi (Hop
kins) ki gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina masze dans skotu
sis (Duns Scotus) ideebma. jorj eliotma (George Eliot) Targmna
foierbaxi (Feuerbach) da Strausi (Strauss), Sou (Shaw) ki kar
gad icnobda semuel batlerisa (Samuel Butler) da nicSes naS
romebs. Tanamedrove poetebis umetesobas wakiTxuli aqvT
froidis Sromebi an masze dawerili wignebi da gamokvlevebi.
joisi (Joyce) kargad iyo ganswavluli ara marto froidisa
da iungis moZRvrebebSi, aramed aseve kargad icnobda vikos
(Vico), jordano brunosa (Giordano Bruno) da, ra Tqma unda,
Toma aqvinelis (Thomas Aquinas) naazrevs; ieitsi Rrmad gaita
ca Teosofiam, misticizmma da berklimac ki.
sxva qveynebis literaturasac Tu mimovixilavT,
amgvar magaliTebs kidev ufro uxvad vnaxavT. arsebobs
dantes Teologiis uricxvi interpretacia. safrangeTSi e.
Jilsonma (Gilson) Tavisi ganswavluloba Sua saukuneebis fi
losofiaSi gamoiyena rablesa (Rabelais) da paskalis (Pascal)
teqstebis gasarCevad.8 pol azarma (Paul Hazard) didi profe
sionalizmiT dawera `evropuli azrovnebis krizisi~ me-17
s.-is bolosken (Crise de la conscience europeenne), sadac is aR
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wers ganmanaTleblobis ideebis gavrcelebas da ufro gvi

andel naSromSi _ am ideaTa damkvidrebas mTels evropaSi.9
germaniaSi arsebobs uamravi gamokvleva, romlebic Seiswav
lian Silers, rogorc kantis ideebis mimdevars, goeTes kav
Sirs plotinTan da spinozasTan, klaistisas _ kantTan, he
belisas _ hegelTan da msgavs sakiTxebs. germaniaSi, filo
sofosebsa da poetebs, xSirad, marTlac uaRresad mWidro
TanamSromloba akavSirebdaT, gansakuTrebiT _ romantiz
mis periodSi, rodesac fixte, Selingi da hegeli poetebTan
cxovrobdnen da maSin, roca holderlinisTana wminda wylis
poetic ki Tavs erTgvarad movaled Tvlida, rom sistematu
rad efiqra gnoseologiisa da metafizikis sakiTxebze. Tu
ruseTs gadavxedavT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom dostoevskis
da tolstois Zalze xSirad ise moixsenieben, rogorc mx
olod filosofosebsa da religiur moazrovneebs; puSkin
Tanac ki eZeben raRac, cota ar iyos, Znelad mosaxelTebel
sibrZnes.10 simbolisturi moZraobis periodSi, ruseTSi
asparezze `metafizikuri kritikosebis~ mTeli skola ga
moCnda, romlebic literaturas TavianTi sakuTari fi
losofiuri mrwamsis mixedviT aanalizebdnen. isini yvelani
_ rozanovi, mereJkovski, Sestovi, berdiaevi da viaCeslav
ivanovi _ werdnen dostoevskize da dostoevskis Sesaxeb.11
zogjer mas iyenebdnen rogorc ubralod teqsts, raTa eqa
dagaT sakuTari doqtrinebi. xdeboda, rosdesac mwerals
raRac filosofiur sistemis CarCoebSi aqcevdnen da mxo
lod Zalian iSviaTad axsendebodaT, rom masSi tragikosi
romanisti daenaxaT.
amgvari Sromebis bolos, an umjobesia Tavidanve, unda
davsvaT ramdenime kiTxva, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, yo
velTvis gasagebad ar upasuxeben. ramdenad SesaZlebelia,
rom filosofosTa naazrevis ubralo gamoZaxilma poetis
SemoqmedebaSi gansazRvros avtoris msoflmxedveloba,
gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi dramatuli avtorisa, rogoric
Seqspiria? iyvnen ki poetebi da saerTod mwerlebi aSkarad
gamoxatuli da sistematuri mimdevrebi ama Tu im filoso
fiuri moZRvrebisa? gana dRes gamarTlebulia imis mtkice
ba, rom gasul saukuneebSi mwerals unda hqonoda sakuTari
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filosofia, amis moTxovnilebac ki unda egrZno an iseTi

xalxis garemocvaSi unda ecxovra, romelnic ubiZgebdnen
damoukidebeli azrovnebis sistemis Seqmnisaken, an gnebavT,
dainteresebuli iqnebodnen amiT? gana xSirad metismetad
gadaWarbebulad ar warmogvidgenen literaturis isto
rikosebi mweralTa (es Tanamedrove avtorebsac exebaT) fi
losofiuri mrwamsis erTianobas, sicxadesa Tu masStabs?
maSinac ki, Tu saubaria ganviTarebuli TviTcno
bierebis mqone mwerlebze, zogjer ki _ filosofosebze,
romlebsac mWvretelobisadmi midrekileba axasiaTebT da
TviTonac qmnian `filosofiur~ poezias, mainc mogviwevs
Semdegi kiTxvebis dasma: aris Tu ara poezia miT ukeTesi,
rac ufro filosofiuria igi? SegviZlia Tu ara poezia Se
vafasoT im filosofiis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
romelic masSia gadmocemuli an imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad
kargad da Rrmad aris gagebuli im filosofiuri moZRvre
bis arsi, romelsac is poeturad gamoxatavs? an iqneb im
kuTxiT unda SevafasoT poezia, Tu ramdenad axali, origi
naluri saxiT gvawvdis tradiciul, ukve arsebul naazrevs?
cnobilia, rom t. s. elioti dantes Seqspirze maRla ayeneb
da, radgan dantes filosofia ufro jansaRad da logiku
rad miaCnda. germaneli filosofosi herman glokneri (Hermann Glockner) amtkicebs, rom poezia da filosofia arasodes
ise daSorebuli ar yofila erTmaneTisagan, rogorc dantes
SemoqmedebaSi, radganac misi azriT, dantem ukve arsebuli,
dasrulebuli filosofiuri sistema Caibara da axali ara
miumata ra.12 ideaTa namdvili urTierTgaziareba filoso
fiasa da poezias Soris moxda moazrovne poetTa xanaSi.
aseTebi iyvnen _ empedokle (Empedocles) sokratemdel sa
berZneTSi, aRorZinebis epoqaSi fiCino (Ficino) da jordano
bruno, romlebic poeziasac qmnidnen da filosofiasac,
anu poetur filosofias da filosofiur poezias. mogvi
anebiT iyo goeTe germaniaSi, romelic poetic gaxldaT da
TviTmyofi filosofosic.
sakiTxavi isaa, SevafasebT ki amgvari filosofiuri
standartebiT literaturul nawarmoebebs? imis gamo xom
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ar unda daviwunoT poupis `ese adamianze~, rom poetma mra

vali gansxvavebuli wyaro gamoiyena da, mTlianobaSi, teq
stis erTianoba darRveulia? Selim Tavisi cxovrebis erT
etapze zurgi aqcia godvinis Camouyalibebel materializms
da platonis idealizms miapyro Tvali. es TavisTavad prog
resuli nabiji Selis kargi poetobis maCvenebelia Tu cu
dis? ramdenad aqvs amas kavSiri Selis poeziasTan? Taname
drove mkiTxvelTa TaobaSi arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom Selis
poezia bundovani, monotonuri da mosawyenia. SesaZlebelia
Tu ara, uarvyoT es azri, Tu davamtkicebT, rom Selis fi
losofias Tavis droze garkveuli Rirebuleba hqonda da
esa Tu is adgili mis nawarmoebebSi bundovani da uazro ki
araa, aramed imdroindel mecnierul Tu fsevdomecnierul
ideebze migvaniSnebs.13 yvela es kriteriumi ueWvelad da
fuZnebulia inteleqtualistur gaugebrobaze, radganac
filosofiisa da xelovnebis funqciebi arasworad aris
gagebuli. isic arasworad aris gagebuli, Tu rogor SeaR
wevs sinamdvileSi ideebi literaturaSi.
literaturis filosofiuri kuTxiT Seswavlas, ro
gorc aRvniSneT, gadametebuli inteleqtualizmi axa
siaTebs. am faqtis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
gamovlinda zogierT meTodSi, romlebic sxvadasxva qve
yanaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki germaniaSi SeimuSaves. rudolf
ungerma (Unger) _ dilTais ideebis daxmarebiT _ mtkiced
dauWira mxari im meTods, romelsac didi xnis istoria ki
hqonda, magram sistematurad ar gamoiyeneboda.14 is samar
Tlianad acxadebs, rom literatura ar aris leqsTwyobiTa
da mxatvruli saxeebiT gadmocemuli filosofiuri ideebi,
aramed gamoxatavs cxovrebisadmi zogad damokidebulebas;
poetebi Cveulebisamebr pasuxs uZebnian, iqneb arasiste
muradac, im SekiTxvebs, romlebic SinaarsiT SeiZleba fi
losofiuric iyos, magram maTi poeturi reaqcia amgvari
SekiTxvebze sxvadasxvagvaria droisa da viTarebis cvaleba
dobis mixedviT. ungeri am `sakiTxebis~, cota ar iyos, TviT
nebur klasifikacias gvTavazobs, esenia: bedisweris sakiTxi,
romlis miRmac igi Tavisuflebisa da garduvalobis, sulisa
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da bunebis urTierTobas gulisxmobs; religiuri `sakiTxi~,

romelic moicavs qristes saxis interpretacias, aseve damo
kidebulebas codvisa da xsnis, gadarCenis mimarT; bunebis
sakiTxi, romelic ara marto bunebisadmi damokidebulebaa,
aramed moicavs miTosisa da magiis sakiTxebs. problemaTa
sxva jgufs ungeri adamianis problemebs uwodebs: ra aris
adamiani? rogoria misi damokidebuleba sikvdilis mimarT?
rogor esmis siyvaruli? bolo jgufSi ki Sedis sazogadoe
bis, ojaxisa da saxelmwifos problemebi. ungeris mixedviT,
mweralTa Sexedulebebi unda Seswavlil iqnes am sakiTxeb
Tan kavSirSi. iseTi SemTxvevebic iyo, rom gamovida wignebi,
romlebic cdiloben am problemaTa istoriis Seswavlas maT
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT midgo
modnen. valter remma (Walther Rehm) dawera mozrdili wigni,
romelic germanul poeziaSi sikvdilis problemas ikvlevs.
paul klukhonma (Paul Kluckhohn) ki gamoikvlia, Tu rogor
aisaxa siyvarulis Tema me-18 s.-isa da romantizmis epoqaSi.15
msgavsi Sromebi sxva enebzec Seiqmna. mario pracis (Mario Praz) `romantikul agonias~ (Romantic Agony) SeiZleba vu
wodoT gamokvleva seqsisa da sikvdilis Temaze, rogorc amas
misi italiuri saxelwodebac migvaniSnebs: `sxeuli, sikvdili
da eSmaki romantikul literaturaSi~16 k. s. luisis `siyvar
ulis alegoria~ (Alegory of Love), garda imisa, rom alegoriis
Janris istorias warmoadgens, aseve bevrs mogviTxrobs, Tu
rogor Seicvala da icvleba Ddamokidebulebebi siyvaruli
sa da qorwinebis mimarT. Teodor spensers (Theodore Spencer)
ekuTvnis wigni `sikvdilis Tema elisabedis xanis tragedi
aSi (Death and Elizabethan Tragedy), romelic Sesaval nawilSi
erTmaneTs upirispirebs sikvdilisadmi damokidebulebas
Sua saukuneebsa da aRorZinebis epoqaSi.17 moviyvanT erT
magaliTs: Sua saukuneebSi adamians yvelaze metad uecari
sikvdilisa eSinoda, radgan es xels SeuSlida erTgvar
momzadebasa da codvaTa monaniebaSi. monteni ki fiqrobs,
rom uecari sikvdili yvelaze advilia. mas ukve aRar sjera
im qristianuli Sexedulebisa, romlis mixedviT, sicocxle
sikvdilisaTvis mzadebaa. h. n. fearCaildma gamoikvlia re
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literatura da ideebi

ligiuri Temebi me-18-19 ss. inglisur poeziaSi da mwerlebi

daajgufa maTi religiuri gancdebis sicxovelis mixedviT18
safrangeTSi gamocemuli abat bremonis (Abb Bremond) didi
moculobis `franguli religiuri grZnobis istoria me-17
saukuneSi~ (History of French Religious Sentiment in the Seventeenth
Century) metwilad mxatvrul literaturas emyareba; mon
glonma (Monglond) da trarma (Trahard) dagvitoves mSvenieri
gamokvlevebi, romlebic exeba sentimentalizms, romantiz
mis epoqamdel damokidebulebas bunebis mimarT da, aseve,
frangi revolucionerebis mier gamomJRavnebul uCveulo
mgrZnobiarobas.19
ungeris siaSi CamoTvlili zogi problema wminda fi
losofiuri, ideologiuri xasiaTisaa da Tu sidnis (Sidney) citatas moviSveliebT, poeti maT mimarT mxolod da
mxolod `ubralod, popularuli filosofosis~ rols as
rulebda. danarCeni problemebi ufro mgrZnobiarobisa da
grZnobis istorias ganekuTvnebian, vidre azrovnebis isto
riisas. xandaxan isec xdeba, rom sazRvari ideologiursa
da emociur problemas Soris Znelad gasavlebia. adamianis
damokidebulebas bunebis mimarT Zalian Rrma kvals aCnevs
kosmologiuri da religiuri mosazrebebi, magram masze,
aseve, uSualo zegavlenas axdens esTetikuri Sexedule
bebi, literaturuli pirobiTobebi da, SesaZloa, iseTi
fiziologiuri momentic, rogoricaa misi mxedvelobis una
ris cvlileba, mag., mxedvelobis daqveiTeba.20 imas, Tu ro
gor SevigrZnobT peizaJs, garkveulwilad gansazRvraven
ara marto mogzaurebi, mxatvrebi da baRis dizainerebi, ara
med iseTi poetebi da mwerlebi, rogorebic arian miltoni,
tomsoni, Satobriani (Chateaubriand) da reskini (Ruskin).
grZnobis istoriis kvleva garkveul siZneleebs ukav
Sirdeba: grZnoba warmavalia, mouxelTebeli da imavdrou
lad mudmivi, ucvleli. ra Tqma unda, germanelma mkvleva
rebma gazviadebuli formiT warmogvidgines is cvlilebani,
romlebic adamianTa Sexedulebebma ganicada da sqematura
dac warmogvidgines maTi ganviTarebis stadiebi, romelTa
mowesrigebuloba, cota ar iyos, eWvs iwvevs. da mainc, sada
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vo aRar unda iyos is faqti, rom grZnobebi icvleba; yovel

SemTxvevaSi, Seicvala maTi gamoxatvis xerxebi da formebi.
balzaki xumrobanarevi kiloTi aRniSnavs, Tu rogor gansx
vavdeba siyvarulis mimarT b-ni iulos (Hulot) me-18 saukuni
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli fuqsavaturi damokidebuleba q-ni
marnefis damokidebulebisagan, romelic restavraciis pe
riodis tipur sust qals _ `mowyalebis das~ warmoadgens.21
literaturis istoriisTvis uCveulo ar aris crem
lis niaRvrebi, raSic erTmaneTs tols ar udebdnen XVIII
s-is mkiTxvelica da mweralic. gelertma (Gellert), inteleq
tualurma da maRali socialuri mdgomareobis mqone ger
manelma poetma, imdeni itira grandisonisa da klementinas
ganSorebis scenis kiTxvisas (igulisxmeba samuel riCardsonis (Samuel Richardson) romani `ser Carlz grandisonis
istoria~ The History of Sir Charles Grandison; mTargmnelis
SeniSvna), sanam Tavisi cxvirsaxoci, wigni, magida da TviT
iatakic ki cremliT ar daasvela. am faqtiT is Tavsac ki
iwonebda erT-erT werilSi;22 dr-i jonsonic ki, romelic
maincdamainc ar iyo cnobili Tavisi gulCvilobiT, Tavs
uflebas aZlevda, gacilebiT ufro daurideblad efrqvia
cremlebica da emociebic, gansxvavebiT Cveni Tanamedrovee
bisgan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, imaTgan vinc inteleqtualTa So
ris moiazreba.23
ungeris Tvalsazriss, romelic ar gamoirCeva maRali
inteleqtualuri doniT, upiratesoba aqvs konkretuli
mwerlis kvlevis drosac, radganac is cdilobs arcTu ise
gasagebad da naTlad Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebisa da
ideebis gansazRvras. amdenad, imis saSiSroebac naklebia,
rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis Semadgeneli nawilebi izoli
rebulad ganvixiloT da ubralo prozauli ganacxadis Tu
formulis mniSvneloba vakmaroT.
am Sexedulebebis Seswavlam zogierTi germaneli fi
losofosi miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom SesaZlebeli iyo maTi
dayvana ramdenime saxis msoflmxedvelobamde (Weltanschauung). es termini farTod gamoiyeneba da moicavs rogorc
filosofiur ideebs, ise damokidebulebebs, romlebic emo
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ciur sferos ganekuTvneba. yvelaze metad cnobilia mcd

eloba dilTaisa, romelic Tavis naSromebSi, rogorc li
teraturis istorikosi, yovelTvis xazs usvamda gansxvave
bas ideasa da gancdas (Erlebnis) Soris. azrovnebis istoriaSi
avtori sam ZiriTad tips gamohyofs:24 pirvelia pozitivizmi,
romlis warmoSobac dakavSirebulia demokrites da lukre
ciusis saxelebTan da aerTianebs hobss, frang enciklope
distebs, Tanamedrove materialistebsa da pozitivistebs;
Semdeg _ obieqturi idealizmi, romelic, dilTais azriT,
moicavs heraklites, spinozas, laibnics, Selingsa da he
gels, da, bolos dualisturi idealizmi anu `Tavisuflebis
idealizmi, romelsac miekuTvnebian platoni, qristiani
Teologebi, kanti da fixte. pirveli jgufis moazrovneni
sulier samyaros fizikuri samyaroTi xsnian; meoreni rea
lobas aRiqvamen rogorc Sinagani realobis gamoxatule
bas da Tvlian, rom ar arsebobs konfliqti yofierebasa da
sargeblianobas Soris; mesameni ki amtkiceben, rom suli
bunebisgan damoukideblad arsebobso. Semdeg dilTai
konkretul avtorebs azrovnebis am sam tipTan akavSirebs.
mag., balzaki da stendali pirvel jgufSi Sehyavs, goeTe _
meoreSi, Sileri _ mesameSi. es klasifikacia ar emyareba,
ubralod, mweralTa mier gakeTebul ganacxadebs, anu imas,
Tu romeli filosofiuri moZRvrebaa maTTvis yvelaze
metad misaRebi. igulisxmeba, rom is SeiZleba iyo TviT
yvelaze arainteleqtualuri xelovnebis analizis Sedegi.
xsenebuli sami ZiriTadi tipi, aseve, asocirdeba zogad
fsiqologiur midrekilebebTan: magaliTad, realizmSi War
bobs inteleqti, obieqtur realizmSi _ grZnoba, xolo du
alisturi idealizmis mTavari niSania neba, nebisyofa.
herman noli (Herman Nohl) Seecada eCvenebina msgavsi kav
Siri mxatvrobasa da musikasTan mimarTebaSic.25 rembranti da
rubensi man miakuTvna obieqtur idealistebs, panTeistebs;
velaskesi da halsi _ realistebs; miqelanjelo ki _ subi
eqtur idealistad miiCnia. rac Seexeba musikosebs, berliozi
moazrovneTa pirvel tips miekuTvneba, Suberti _ meores,
beThoveni _ mesames. mxatvrobasTan da musikasTan dakavSire
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literaturis Teoria

buli es argumenti Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan igulisx

meba, rom am tipebis arseboba SesaZlebelia literaturaSic,
Tundac mas mkveTrad gamoxatuli inteleqtualuri Sinaarsi
arc gaaCndes. ungerma imis damtkicebac scada, rom gansxvave
bebi azrovnebis am sam tips Soris eCvenebina mcire moculobis
nawarmoebebSic ki. mag., morikes (Mrike), s. f. maieris, lilien
kronis leqsebSi;26 man da nolma imis Cvenebac scades, rom av
toris msoflmxedveloba (Weltanschauung) SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT
nawarmoebis stilSic an romanis iseT scenebSic, romelTac
aranairi pirdapiri inteleqtualuri datvirTva ar gaaCniaT.
aq ukve es Teoria gadadis umniSvnelovanes mxatvrul stil
Ta TeoriaSi. valceli (Walzel) Seecada es ukanaskneli Teoria
daekavSirebina volflinis `xelovnebis istoriis principeb
Tan~ da aseve msgavs tipologiebTan.27
aseTi varaudebi did interess iwvevs. germaniaSi Cven
mier ganxiluli Teoriis mravali variacia Seiqmna. isini
literaturis istoriis Sesaswavladac gamoiyeneba. mag.
valcelma me-19 s-is germanul da saerTod evropul lit
eraturaSi SeamCnia Zalian mkafio evolucia, romelic
azrovnebis meore tipidan (goeTesa da romantikosTa
obieqturi idealizmi) pirvel tipis (realizmi) gavliT
_ romelic Tavis mxriv impresionizmis saSualebiT Tan
daTanobiT acnobierebs samyaros fenomenalurobas _ gada
izrdeba mesame tipSi, romelic warmodgenilia eqspresio
nizmiT gamoxatuli subieqturi, dualisturi idealizmiT.
valcelis sqema ubralod imas ki ar acxadebs, rom aseT cv
lileba marTlac xdeboda, aramed imasac, rom es cvlileba
ramdenadme erTi meorisgan gamomdinarea da logikuri.
ganviTarebis garkveul etapze panTeizmi gadadis natura
lizmSi, naturalizmi ki, Tavis mxriv, impresionizmSi, xolo
impresionizmis subieqtiuroba sabolood erwymeba axal
idealizms. es sqema dialeqturia da saboloo angariSiT _
hegelianuri.
fxizel Tvals am sqemebis mowesrigebuloba da si
zuste eWvis safuZvels gauCens. aradamajereblad moe
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Cveneba mesame tipis xelSeuxebloba Tu gamorCeuloba. un

geri TviTonac obieqturi realizmis or tips ganasxvavebs:
harmoniuls, romlis warmomadgenladac goeTes miiCnevs
da dialeqtikurs _ boemes (Boehme), Selingisa da hegelis
saxiT; kritikas imsaxurebs `pozitivizmic, romlebic,
TiTqosda, mraval (umetes SemTxvevaSi Zalian gansxvavebul)
Sexedulebas moicavs. Tumca, am klasifikaciis detalebis
dawunebaze ufro mniSvnelovnad gveCveneba imis garkveva,
Tu ra igulisxmeba mTeli am msjelobis miRma.
amgvar tipologiis Sedegia mTeli literaturis Zal
ze miaxloebiTi daxarisxeba sam (an ara umetes xuT-eqvs)
dajgufebad. Tu am gzas gavyvebiT, poetTa gamokveTili indi
vidualoba minimumamde iqneba Semcirebuli an sulac uaryo
fili. literaturis kuTxiT Tu mivudgebiT, bevrs verafers
mivaRwevT, Tu iseT gansxvavebul poetebs, rogorebic blei
ki, uordsuorTi da Seli arian, erT jgufSi movaqcevT da
`obieqtur idealistebs~ vuwodebT. arc isaa mizanSewonili,
Tu poeziis istorias msoflmxedvelobis (Weltanschauung)
sami an meti tipis modifikaciiT SemovfarglavT. da, bo
los, amgvari damokidebuleba gulisxmobs radikalur da
gadaWarbebul relativizms. amiT iseTi STabeWdileba unda
Seiqmnas, rom am samive tips Tanaswori Rirebuleba aqvT da
poets isRa darCenia, amoirCios erTi maTgani, romelic
yvelaze metad Seefereba mis temperaments an raime Rrmad
iracionalur, winaswar mocemul damokidebulebas samyaros
mimarT. igulisxmeba, rom arsebobs tipebis mxolod gansaz
Rvruli raodenoba da yoveli poeti erTi romelime maTganis
gamomxatvelia. ra Tqma unda, mTeli es Teoria damyarebu
lia istoriis zogad filosofiaze, romlis mixedviTac fi
losofiasa da xelovnebas Soris arsebobs Zalze mWidro da
aucilebeli urTierTdamokidebuleba ara mxolod individ
ualur doneze, aramed aseve garkveul periodSi da zogadad,
istoriaSi. msgavs msjelobas humanitaruli sferos isto
riis (Geistesgeschichte) hipoTezebis ganxilvisken mivyavarT.
Geistesgeschichte SeiZleba Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT, ro
gorc alternatiuli termini inteleqtualuri istoriis,
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literaturis Teoria

ideaTa istoriis aRsaniSnavad, ise, rogorc es lavjois esmo

da; mas is upiratesobac aqvs, rom germanul enaze, inglisur
Tan SedarebiT, naklebad inteleqtualurad JRers. Geist _
(`suli~) bevris momcveli terminia, romelic moicavs grZnobis
istoriis problemebs. Geist-s arcTu sasurveli asociaciebi
aqvs `obieqturi sulis cnebasTan. Tumca, germaniaSi Geistesgeschichte, rogorc wesi, kidev ufro specifikur mniSvnelobas
iZens, romlis mixedviTac yovel periods Tavisi `epoqis suli,
suliskveTeba aqvs da misi mizania, aRadginos epoqis suli am
ukanasknelis sxvadasxvagvari obieqtivaciebis safuZvelze,
dawyebuli religiiT da damTavrebuli imdroindeli samo
siT. Cven veZiebT simrTeles, mTlianobas calkeuli sagnebis
miRma da yvela faqtis axsnas epoqis suliT, suliskveTebiT
vcdilobT.28
zemoxsenebuli termini gulisxmobs adamianis saq
mianobis yvela (kulturuli an, saerTod, nebismieri)
sferos metad mWidro urTierTSeTanxmebulobas, anu xe
lovnebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebis srul paralelizms.
es meTodi kvlav gvabrunebs Slegelebis mier SemoTavaze
bul varaudebTan. mis yvelaze saukeTeso da, aseve, yvelaze
ucnaur mimdevrad ki Spengleri gvevlineba. Tumca am meTods
akademiuri mimdevrebic hyavs literaturis istorikosebis
saxiT, romlebic am meTods aqtiurad iyenebdnen litera
turuli kvlevebis dros. mas iyeneben iseTi sakmaod zomieri
dialeqtikosebi, rogoric aris korfi (Korff), (romelmac
Seiswavla 1750-1830 wlebis germanuli literaturis isto
ria da aCvena literaturis dialeqtikuri gadasvla racio
nalurobidan iracionalurobamde, Semdeg ki sinTezamde,
hegelianuri gagebiT), agreTve cisarJi (Cysarz), doiCbaini
(Deutschbein), Stefanski (Stefansky) da maisneri (Meissner) Tavi
anT fantastikur, sityvaTa TamaSze agebul, fsevdomisti
kur nawerebSi.29 es meTodi mniSvnelovanwilad warmoadgens
analogiis meTods, rogoric aris negatiuri analogia, ram
denadac, rogorc wesi, is xazs usvams gansxvavebebs romeli
me konkretul epoqaSi da ugulebelyofs msgavsebebs, da
aseve pozitiuri analogia, ramdenadac, aqac, rogorc wesi,
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is xazs usvams konkretuli periodSi momxdari movlenebis

Tu Seqmnili nawarmoebebis msgavsebas da iviwyebs sxvao
bebs. romantizmisa da barokos periodebi gansakuTrebiT
xelsayreli niadagi aRmoCnda ideaTa gamomgoneblobaSi
savarjiSod.
amis mSvenier magaliTs warmoadgens maisneris naSromi
`inglisuri barokos periodis literaturis humanitaruli
safuZvlebi~ (Die geisteswissenschaftlichen Grundlagen des englischen
Literaturbarocks) (1934), romelic erTmaneTisadmi sruliad
dapirispirebul tendenciebs Soris konfliqts epoqis su
lad naTlavs da Seupovrad, daucxromlad ganixilavs am
formulas adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi _ teqno
logia iqneba es Tu gamokvlevebi, mogzauroba Tu religia.
mTeli masala Zalian mowesrigebulad da saguldagulod
aris daxarisxebuli Semdeg kategoriebad: eqspansia da kon
centracia, makrokosmosi da mikrokosmosi, codva da xsna,
rwmena da goneba, absolutizmi da demokratia, `ateqtonika~
da `teqtonika~. amgvari universaluri analogiebis warmod
genis Semdeg, maisneri gamoaqvs sazeimo daskvna, rom baroko,
nebismieri formiT gamovlinebisas, konfliqtis, winaaRmde
gobisa da daZabulobis maCvenebeli iyo. Tavisi kolegebis
msgavsad, maisneri arasodes svams arsebiT kiTxvas: gana ar
SeiZleba, rom dapirispirebaTa igive sqema TiTqmis nebis
mieri sxva epoqidanac miviRoT? avtori arc imas kiTxu
lobs, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom dapirispirebaTa sruliad
sxva sqema gamovZebnoT XVII s-sTvis, Tundac imave citatebis
safuZvelze, romlebic moyvanilia mis mier wakiTxuli
uamravi wignidan.
zustad igivenairad, korfis sqeltanian wignebs
yvela da yvelaferi dahyavT `racionalizmis~ Tezisamde,
`iracionalizmis~ antiTezamde da `romantizmSi~ maT
sinTezamde. korfTan racionalizmi xSirad iZens `kla
sicizmis~ formalur mniSvnelobasac, xolo iracionalizmi
_ `qariSxlisa da Setevis~ gaurkvevel formas, germanul
romantizms ki sinTezis roli ekisreba. germanul enaze
daiwera bevri wigni, romlebic am dapirispirebas ikvleven.
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literaturis Teoria

mag. kasireris bevrad ufro saRi `Tavisufleba da forma~

(Freiheit und Form), cisarJis bundovani naSromi `gamoc
dileba da idea~ (Erfahrung und Idee).30 zog germanel mwe
ralTan es ideuri tipebi an mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan
an ubralod gadaizrdebian rasobriv tipebad: germaneli
(yovel SemTxvevaSi, WeSmariti tevtoni) grZnobis karnaxiT
moqmedebs, xolo laTinuri rasis warmomadgeneli gonebis
TvaliT Wvrets; tipebi SeiZleba, ZiriTadad, fsiqologiuri
niSniT gansxvavdebodnen, iseve, rogorc arsebobs tradi
ciuli kontrastuli tipebi: demonuri da racionaluri.
da, bolos, iTvleba, rom ideologiur tipebs stilisturi
cnebebis datvirTva eZlevaT; isini erwymian klasicizmsa
da romantizms, barokosa da gotikas, ramac saTave daudo
uzarmazar literaturas, sadac eTnologia, fsiqologia,
ideologia da xelovnebis istoria erTmaneTSi isea gadax
larTuli, rom adamians Tavgza aebneva.
Sexeduleba drois, rasis, xelovnebis nawarmoebis
sruli integraciis Sesaxeb metad saeWvoa. Tvalsazrisi,
romlis Tanaxmad, xelovnebis formebi paralelurad vi
Tardeba, mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSia misaRebi.
kidev ufro saeWvoa paralelizmi filosofiasa da poezias
Soris. magaliTisTvis mxolod inglisuri romantikuli
poeziac ki gveyofa, romelmac ayvavebas im dros miaRwia,
roca inglisur da Sotlandiur filosofiaSi gabatonebu
li mdgomareoba ekava e. w. `jansaRi azris~ filosofias
(common-sense philosophy) da utilitarizms. maSinac ki, roca
filosofias TiTqosda erTi SexedviT axlo kavSiri aqvs
literaturasTan, maTi realuri integracia gacilebiT
naklebad sarwmunoa, vidre amas germanuli humanitaruli
sferos istoria (Geistesgeschichte) varaudobs. romantizms
germanul literaturaSi umetesad Seiswavlian im filo
sofiis fonze, romelic ganaviTares da Camoayalibes pro
fesionalma filosofosebma _ fixtem da Selingma, aseve,
mwerlebma _ Slegelma, novalisma da sxvebma, romelTac
germanul literaturaSi centralur adgils namdvilad
ver mivuCenT: maTma nawarmoebebma didi kvali ver datoves
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da verc mxatvruli RirsebebiT gamoirCevian. germanuli

romantizmis udides poetebsa da dramaturgebs, xSir Sem
TxvevaSi, mxolod da mxolod umniSvnelo urTierToba
hqondaT imdroindel filosofiasTan (mag. e. T. a. hofmani
da aixendorfi (Eichendorff), romelic tradiciuli kaTolike
gaxldaT), an aviTarebdnen iseT filosofiur Tvalsazriss,
romelic gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli, sadavo iyo romantiz
mis filosofosebisTvis. gavixsenoT Tundac Jan-pol rix
teri (Jean Paul Richter), romelic gamudmebiT Tavs esxmoda
fixtes, an klaisti, romelic kantis ideebis zegavlenas
ganicdida. TviT germanuli romantizmis periodSic ki fi
losofiisa da literaturis mtkice kavSirs mxolod maSin
davasabuTebT, Tu gamovikvlevT fixtes aRiarebuli mowa
feebis, novalisisa da fridrih Slegelis fragmentebs da
Teoriul naSromebs. maT mosazrebebs ki, romelTac isini
iSviaTad aqveynebdnen, konkretul literaturul nawar
moebebTan Zalian cota ram hqondaT saerTo.
Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom filosofiasa da li
teraturas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs, xSirad Sec
domaSi SevyavarT. am kavSiris damadasturebeli argu
mentebi gazviadebulia, radgan isini emyareba literaturis
ideologiis, sxvadasxva mrwamsisa da Tvalsazrisis Seswav
las da, aseve, iseT programebsac, romlebic, rogorc Cans,
sazrdooben arsebuli, mza esTetikuri formulirebebiT
da realur mxatvrul praqtikasTan mxolod mciredi Sexeba
aqvT. Tumca, aseTi skepticizmi filosofiasa da literatu
ras Soris arsebul mWidro integraciis mimarT, rasakvirve
lia, ar gamoricxavs maT Soris garkveul urTierTobas.
isic SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom zogierT epoqaSi paralelu
rad viTardeboda filosofiuri da literaturuli mimdi
nareobebi, rasac, albaT, metwilad xels uwyobda Tavad epo
qaTa socialuri foni, sxvadasxva movlena, romlebic lite
raturaSic da filosofiaSic garkveul kvals tovebdnen.
Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic ki, bolomde ar unda daveyrdnoT
zemoT aRniSnul saerTo, socialur fons. filosofiis esa
Tu is mimdinareoba xSirad warmoiSoboda da viTardeboda
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sazogadoebis im garkveul klasSi, romelic SeiZleba Zalian

gansxvavebuli yofiliyo poeziis SemqmnelTagan, ara marto
sazogadoebrivi kavSirebiT, aramed socialuri warmomav
lobiTac. literaturasTan SedarebiT, filosofia Tavisi
arsiT kidev ufro metad aris dakavSirebuli eklesiasTan
da akademiur swavlebasTan. iseve, rogorc adamianis moR
vaweobis yvela sxva sferos, masac aqvs sakuTari istoria,
sakuTari dialeqtika: mis qvejgufebsa da mimdinareobebs,
Cveni azriT, ara aqvT imdeni saerTo literaturul mimdi
nareobebTan, rogorc amas humanitaruli sferos istoriis
(Geistesgeschichte) mravali mkvlevari miiCnevs.
literaturuli cvlilebebis axsna `epoqis sulis~
meSveobiT namdvilad yovelgvar safuZvels moklebulad
gveCveneba maSin, roca es suli gadaiqceva raRac miTur in
tegralad da absolutad. arada, yvelaze didi funqcia, rac
mas akisria, aris is, rom migvaniSnebs rTul da miCqmalul
problemaze. germanuli Geistesgeschichte aqamde, Cveulebriv,
mxolod imas axerxebda, rom erTi rigis (xelovnebis an fi
losofiis) kriteriumebs avrcelebda mTeli kulturuli
Semoqmedebis sferoze. Semdeg epoqasac da calkeul li
teraturul nawarmoebsac axasiaTebda iseTi gaurkveveli
da sapirispiro cnebebis saSualebiT, rogorebicaa: kla
sicizmi da romantizmi, racionalizmi da iracionalizmi.
`epoqis sulis ideas xSirad damRupveli Sedegi moutania
dasavluri civilizaciis uwyvetobis ideisTvis: miiCneoda,
rom yoveli epoqa imdenad Taviseburi da izolirebulia,
xolo maT mier asaxuli cvlilebebi imdenad radikaluria,
rom Geisteswissenschaftler sabolood sruldeboda ara marto
srul istoriuli relativizmiT (yvela epoqa Taviseburad
kargia), aramed individualobisa da originalobis mcdari
koncefciiTac, romelic ugulebelyofs adamianuri bu
nebis, civilizaciisa Tu xelovnebis fundamentur, yvela
droisaTvis damaxasiaTebel, maradiul Rirebulebebs. Spen
gleris azriT, arsebobs Caketili kulturuli ciklebi,
romelTa warmoSoba TiTqos fataluri movlenaa. esaa Tavis
TavSi Caketili, magram mainc auxsnelad paraleluri perio
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debi. gamodis, rom antikuroba ar grZeldeba Sua saukunee

bSi, xolo dasavluri civilizaciis uwyvetoba mTlianad
uaryofilia an miviwyebuli.
am fantastikurma mosazrebebma, ra Tqma unda, ar unda
miCqmalos kacobriobis zogadi istoriis problema, yov
el SemTxvevaSi, dasavluri civilizaciis problema mainc.
Cven sruliad darwmunebuli varT, rom gamosavali, rasac
tradiciuli Geistesgeschichte gvTavazobs, naCqarevi da moum
wifebelia; is metismetad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs kon
trastebsa da analogiebs; stilTa da azrovnebis formaTa
cvalebadobas kritikis gareSe tovebs da mtkiced swams ada
mianis yvela saxis moRvaweobis sruli integraciisa.
literaturis mkvlevarma Tavi unda daanebos iseT
masStabur problemebze fiqrs, rogoricaa istoriis fi
losofia da civilizaciis umTavresi integrali da yu
radReba unda miaqcios im sakiTxs, romelic araTu araa
gadawyvetili, aramed jer wesierad arc ki ganxilula. es
gaxlavT Semdegi: mainc rogor xdeba ideebis SeRweva li
teraturaSi? raTqma unda, es ar exeba ideebs romelTac
teqstSi mxolod, ase vTqvaT, `saSeni masalis~ informaciis
funqcia akisria. Cven mxolod is SemTxvevebi gvainteresebs,
roca es ideebi bunebrivad, Zaldautaneblad iqceva teqs
tis qsovilis nawilad, anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, isini
ubralod ideebi ki aRar arian Cveulebrivi gagebiT, aramed
simbolod, miTadac ki gadaiqcevian. arsebobs didaqtikuri
poeziis sakmaod didi nawili, romelSic ideebi, ubralod,
gadmocemulia da versifikaciis, metaforis an alegoriis
saSualebiT aris gaformebuli. arsebobs ideaTa romanebic,
mag. JorJ sandis da jorj eliotis, sadac msjeloben so
cialur, moralur Tu filosofiur `problemebze. in
tegracia ufro maRal safexurs aRwevs iseT romanSi, ro
goricaa melvilis `mobi diki (Moby Dick), romlis mTeli Si
naarssac miTuri datvirTva aqvs. an aviRoT robert brije
sis (Bridges) `silamazis anderZi~ (Testament of Beauty), romlis
ideac gadmocemulia erTi filosofiuri metaforiT. da, ra
Tqma unda, arsebobs dostoevskic, romlis romanebSic ide
aTa drama TamaSdeba konkretul personaJTa da movlenaTa
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literaturis Teoria

enaze, maTi saSualebiT. romanSi `Zmebi karamazovebi~ oT

xive Zma simbolurad ganasaxierebs ideologiur kamaTs,
romelic imavdroulad pirovnuli dramac aris. kamaTis
ideologiuri daskvna mTavari gmirebis piradi ubedurebis
ganuyofeli nawilia.
sakiTxavi is aris, CaiTvleba Tu ara xelovnebis diad ni
muSebad es filosofiuri romanebi da poemebi _ vTqvaT, dos
toevskis `Zmebi karamazovebi Tu goeTes `fausti _ mxolod
TavianTi filosofiuri Sinaarsis gamo? xom ar sjobs, SevTanx
mdeT imaze, rom `filosofiur simarTles, rogorc aseTs, ar
gaaCnia mxatvruli Rirebuleba, zustad iseve, rogorc veca
deT dagvemtkicebina, rom arc fsiqologiur da arc socialur
simarTles ara aqvs aranairi mxatvruli Rirebuleba? filoso
fia, ideologiuri Sinaarsi, Tu is gadmocemulia Sesaferis
konteqstiT, ufro mkveTrad warmoaCens nawarmoebis mxat
vrul Rirebulebas, radganac igi aZlierebs ramdenime mniS
vnelovan mxatvrul Tvisebas: sirTules da simwyobres. Teo
riuli codna xelovans exmareba, ufro met siRrmeebsa da masS
tabebs SeeWidos. magram es sulac araa aucilebeli. xelovans
xels SeuSlis zomagadasuli ideologia, Tu igi bunebrivad ar
gaiSleba nawarmoebis qsovilSi, Tu is misi erTiani nawili ar
gaxdeba. kroCe amtkicebs, rom `RvTaebriv komediaSi poeziis
strofebs enacvleba gariTmuli Teologiisa da fsevdomec
nierebis strofebi.31 aSkaraa, rom `faustis meore nawili Za
lze daazarala zedmetma inteleqtualizmma da igi mudmivad
daufaravi alegoriis zRvarze imyofeba; dostoevskisTan ki
xSirad igrZnoba SeuTanxmebloba mwerlis mxatvrul ostato
basa da azris simZimes Soris. zosime, romelic dostoevskis
azrebs gadmogvcems, ivan karamazovTan SedarebiT naklebad
damajerebeli saxea. imave winaaRmdegobas, oRond ufro dabali
registriT, gamoxatavs Tomas manis `jadosnuri mTa: pirveli
Tavebi, sadac gacocxlebulia sanatoriumis samyaro, mxatvru
li ostatobiT bevrad aRemateba momdevno Tavebs, romlebic
sxva araferia, Tu ara vrceli filosofiuri msjeloba. lite
raturis istorias iseTi iSviaTi SemTxvevebic axsovs, rode
sac ideebi gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZenen, rodesac moq
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medi pirebi da TviT moqmedebac ubralod ki ar warmoadgenen

ideebs, aramed Tavad xdebian xorcSesxmuli ideebi; rodesac
xdeba filosofiisa da xelovnebis garkveuli integracia.
xati iqceva idead da idea iqceva xatad. magram gana es imas niS
navs, rom am dros xelovneba Tavis mwvervals aRwevs, rogorc
miiCnevs mravali filosofiurad ganwyobili kritikosi? al
baT, marTalia kroCes Tvalsazrisi `faustis meore nawilis
Sesaxeb: `rodesac poezia imgvarad aRmatebuli xdeba, rom
Tavis Tavsac ki aRemateba, is kargavs Tavis raobas da albaT
arasrulfasovnadac unda miviCnioT, radgan, rac mas aklia,
es swored poeziaa.32 yovel SemTxvevaSi, is mainc udavod unda
vaRiaroT, rom filosofiuri poezia, rac unda integrirebuli
iyos, is mainc poeziis mxolod erT-erT saxeobas warmoadgens
da arc literaturaSi ukavia mTavari adgili, Tu, ra Tqma unda,
im azrs ar viziarebT, rom poezia Tavisi arsiT mistikuri, ga
mocxadebis msgavsi unda iyos. filosofiis Canacvleba poeziiT
ar moxdeba; poezias Tavisi daniSnuleba da mizani aqvs. ideaTa
poezia ki poeziis erT-erTi saxeobaa da fasdeba ara imiT, Tu ra
ideebisgan Sedgeba, aramed teqstSi maTi integraciis xarisxisa
da mxatvruli ostatobis siZlieris mixedviT.

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Tavi meTerTmete

literatura da xelovnebis sxva

dargebi
*
literaturisa da xelovnebis sxva dargebis ur
TierTmimarTeba (natifi xelovneba, musika) metad mra
valferovani da rTulia. poetebs TavianTi STagonebis wya
ro zogjer mxatvrobaSi, qandakebasa da musikaSi upoviaT.
adamianebisa da bunebis sxva cocxal SvilTa garda, poeziis
Temad SeiZleba xelovnebis nimuSebic iqces. literaturis
Teorias aranair problemas ar uqmnis is faqti, rom poe
tebs xSirad aRuweriaT qandakebebi, mxatvruli tiloebi,
musikaluri nawarmoebebi. zogi kritikosi varaudobs, rom
spenserma isargebla zogierT gobelenze gamosaxuli Tu
moZrav scenebze warmodgenili istoriis amsaxveli coc
xali suraTebiT da isini Tavis leqsebSi gamoiyena. klod
lorenisa (Claude Lorrain) da salvatore rosas (Salvatore Rosa)
ferwerulma tiloebma gavlena moaxdines me-18 s-is land
Saftur poeziaze; kitsma klod lorenis erT-erTi suraTi
gamoiyena Tavisi leqsisTvis `oda berZnul urnas.1 stiven a.
larabi ganixilavs aluziebs berZnul skulpturaze da amave
rigis motivebs inglisur poeziaSi.2 alber tibodem (Thibaudet) daasabuTa, rom malarmes `favnis SuadRis Seqmna STa
agona londonis erovnul galereaSi nanaxma buSes (Boucher)
tilom.3 mravalma poetma, gansakuTrebiT, me-18 s-is iseTma
poetebma, rogorebic arian hiugo, gotie, parnaselebi da
tiki, Seqmnes leqsebi ama Tu im mxatvruli tilos Sesaxeb.
poetebs, ra Tqma unda, TavianTi Teoriebi aqvT ferweris
Taobaze da sayvareli mxatvrebic hyavT. saWiroa am sakiTxis
Seswavla imis dasasabuTeblad, rom zemoxsenebuli Teo
riebi garkveulwilad, ukavSirdeba poetebis Sexedulebebs
literaturis Sesaxeb da maT literaturul gemovnebas. es
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literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

namdvilad didi, TiTqmis Seuswavleli sferoa, romelTa kv

leva mxolod bolo aTwleulebSi daiwyo.4
Tavis mxriv, rasakvirvelia, literaturac SeiZleba
iqces naxatis an musikaluri nawarmoebis Temad, gansa
kuTrebiT vokaluri da programuli musikisa. literatura,
yvelaze metad ki lirikuli poezia da drama Zalze mWidrod
TanamSromlobdnen musikasTan. sul ufro matulobs im
gamokvlevaTa ricxvi, romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben Sua
saukuneebis himnebisa da elisabedis xanis lirikuli poe
ziis axlo kavSirze musikasTan _ TiTqosda isini musikisT
vis aris dawerili.5 xelovnebis istoriis sferoSi gamoCnda
mTeli rigi swavlulebisa (ervin panofski, fric saqsli da
sxvebi), romlebic Seiswavlian xelovnebis nimuSTa koncef
ciur da simbolur mniSvnelobas (`ikonologias) da, amasTan
erTad, xSirad ikvleven maT kavSirs literaturasTan, imas,
Tu ra iqca maTi avtorebis STagonebis wyarod.6
wyaroebisa da urTierTzegavlenis, TanamSromlobisa
da STagonebis sakiTxebTan erTad, wamoiWreba gacilebiT
ufro rTuli problema. kerZod, literaturis istorias
axsovs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca literaturulma nawarmoeb
ma scada mieRwia ferweruli an musikaluri efeqtisaTvis da
qceuliyo sityvebSi gacocxlebul naxatad an musikad. iseTi
SemTxvevebic gvaxsovs, roca poeziam scada qandakebis gancda
aReZra mkiTxvelSi. kritikosisgan ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu
is mkacrad dagmobs JanrTa aseT aRrevas. asec moiqca lesingi
Tavis `laokoonSi (Laokon) da irving bebiti (Irving Babbitt)
`axal laokoonSi (The New Laokon), magram vervin uaryofs,
rom xelovnebis dargebi erTmaneTs dasesxebian maTTvis
damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs da Sedegic warmatebuli yofila.
rasakvirvelia, aravin apirebs imis mtkicebas, rom SesaZle
belia metamorfoza pirdapiri gagebiT: poeziis gadaqceva
qandakebad, musikad an ferwerul tilod. rodesac termins
`skulpturuli viyenebT poeziis mimarT, Tundac es lando
ris (Landor), goties (Gautier) an heredias (Heredia) poezia iyos,
es mxolod da mxolod arazusti metaforaa, romelic gulisx
mobs, rom konkretuli poeturi nawarmoebi garkveulwilad
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berZnuli qandakebis msgavs SegrZnebas gvitovebs, iqneba es

TeTri marmarilosTan Tu TabaSirTan dakavSirebuli sigri
lis SegrZneba, an garindebis, siCumis gancda, sicxade, mkveTri
konturebi. Tumca, unda vaRiaroT, rom sigrilis gancda poe
ziaSi sruliad gansxvavdeba im gancdisagan, rasac marmarilo
aRZravs CvenSi. es exeba TeTri feris warmosaxviT gancdasac;
garindebis SegrZneba poeziaSi sruliad gansxvavdeba qanda
kebiseuli garindebisagan. rodesac uiliam kolinzis nawar
moebs `oda saRamosadmi (Ode to Evening) uwodeben `skulptu
rul leqss, amiT imisi Tqma rodi undaT, rom mas raime kavSiri
aqvs qandakebasTan.7 erTaderTi, risi gaanalizebac obieqtu
rad SeiZleba, es aris neli, sazeimo metri da poeturi ena,
romelic imdenad uCveuloa, rom iZulebuli vxdebiT mTeli
yuradReba calkeul sityvebs mivapyroT da es kidev ufro
anelebs kiTxvis temps.
magram imaze mainc ver davxuWavT Tvals, Tu rogori
warmatebiT sargeblobs horaciusis formula ut pictura poesis (laT. sityva-sityviT `rac mxatvrobaa, isaa poeziac~;
rogorc mxatvrul tilos sWirdeba yoveli kuTxidan Ses
wavla, ise sWirdeba poetur nawarmoebsac. _ mTargmnelis
SeniSvna).8 albaT, kiTxvis procesSi mkiTxvelis gonebaSi
namdvilad ar xdeba scenebisa Tu suraTebis warmodgena im
intensiurobiT, rogorc amas amtkiceben. magram xom arse
bobdnen poetebica da epoqebic, romlebic mkiTxvels go
nebis Tvals uxeldnen da TavianT poezias mxatvruli ti
losaviT uSlidnen. SeiZleba, lesingi samarTlianad akri
tikebda ariostos imis gamo rom es ukanaskneli CamoTvlida
qalis silamazis atributebs, rac mkiTxvelis gonebaSi ver
warmoqmnida wakiTxulis STambeWdav vizualur xats (Tumca,
es ar niSnavs, rom ariostos striqonebi poeturobis kuTxi
Tac moikoWlebs). miuxedavad amisa, me-18 s-is xatovani weris
ideiT SepyrobilT, ase, erTi xelis mosmiT, ver uarvyofT.
Tanamedrove literaturaSi, Satobrianidan moyolebuli
vidre prustamde, mravlad vnaxavT iseT scenas, romelTa
efeqti ferweruli tilos efeqts utoldeba da mkiTx
vels Zalauneburad imdroindeli mxatvrobis nimuSebi
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literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

warmoudgeba Tvalwin. warmovidginoT iseTi mkiTxveli,

romelic saerTod ver erkveva mxatvrobaSi. aseTi mkiTx
velis SemTxvevaSi ukve saeWvoa, SeZlebs Tu ara poeti, rom
Tavisi poeziiT ferwerul efeqts miaRwios. da mainc, unda
vaRiaroT, rom kulturis istoriis ganmavlobaSi mwerleb
ma marTlac moaxerxes is, rom maT nawarmoebTa kiTxvisas
mkiTxvelis gonebaSi cocxldeba erTgvari ferweruli sim
bolo, mimaniSnebeli me-18 s-is landSafturi ferwerisa Tu
im impresionistuli mxatvrobis efeqtisa, romliTac cno
bilia jeims uistleri, Tu misi msgavsi sxva mxatvrebi.
Seswevs Tu ara poezias imis unari, rom moaxdinos Cven
ze iseTive zemoqmedeba, rogorsac axdens musika? es ufro
saeWvod gveCveneba, Tumca farTodaa gavrcelebuli mosaz
reba, rom poezias es ZaluZs. Tu guldasmiT gavaanalizebT
imas, Tu ras vgulisxmobT leqsis `musikalurobaSi~, aR
moCndeba, rom mas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs musikis
`melodiasTan~; `musikaluroba~ gulisxmobs fonetikuri
erTeulebis ganlagebas, Tavis aridebas TanxmovanTa
dajgufebisaTvis an, ubralod, garkveuli ritmuli efeqtis
arsebobas. iseTi romantikosi poetebi, rogoricaa tiki,
mogvianebiT ki verleni, musikaluri efeqtis Seqmnis mizniT
ugulebelyofdnen leqsis azrobriv simwyobresa da logi
kur konstruqciebs, da yuradRebas denotaciaze metad ko
notaciaze amaxvilebdnen. Tumca unda vTqvaT, rom aramka
fio konturebi, azris bundovaneba da alogikuroba, pirda
piri gagebiT, sulac ar gaxlavT `musikaluri~ xelovnebis
niSan-Tviseba. musikis struqturis literaturuli imi
taciebi, magaliTad, laitmotivi, sonata an simfonia ufro
konkretul suraTs warmogvidgens. magram ratom ar Sei
Zleba, musikis gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebad aRiarebul
ganmeorebad motivebSi, an ganwyobaTa kontrastulobasa Tu
harmoniaSi amovicnoT iseTi nacnobi literaturuli sti
listuri xerxebi, rogorebicaa ganmeorebadoba, kontrasti
da sxv., romlebic damaxasiaTebelia xelovnebis yvela dar
gisTvis.9 im SedarebiT iSviaTi SemTxvevebis ganxilvisas,
rodesac poezia marTlac mogvagonebs garkveul musikalur
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literaturis Teoria

bgerebs, mag., verlenis `qviTini grZeli violinoTa~ (Les sanglots longs des violons ) an pos `zarebi (Bells), unda vaRiaroT,
rom musikaluri instrumentis tembris Tu zarebis metad
ganzogadebuli xmebis efeqti miRweulia sxva arafris, Tu
ara bgeraTmibaZvis xarjze.
leqsebi iwereboda, ra Tqma unda, musikaluri nawar
moebebisTvisac. nimuSad SeiZleba moviyvanoT elisabe
dis xanis simRerebi da yvela saopero libreto. istorias
axsovs iseTi iSviaTi SemTxvevebic, roca poetica da kom
pozitoric erTi da igive pirovneba yofila; Tumca, gagvi
Wirdeba imis damtkiceba, rom musikisa da leqsis Seqmna
odesme sinqronul process warmoadgenda. zogjer vagneric
ki Tavis `dramebs~ mravali wliT ufro adre qmnida, vidre
maT sasurvel musikas moargebda; isic cnobilia, rom mrava
li leqsi ukve mza melodiisTvis dauweriaT. da mainc, urT
ierTdamokidebuleba musikasa da marTlac didebul poezi
as Soris sakmaod umniSvnelo Cans, Tu Tvals gadavavlebT im
mcirericxovan warmatebul SemTxvevebsac, rodesac kargi
musika da aseve kargi teqsti erTmaneTs harmoniulad es
adageba. kompoziciurad da ideurad srulyofili, kargad
Sekruli leqsebi advilad ar emorCilebian musikis enas, im
dros, roca arafriT gamorCeul Tu uxeiro poeziaze (mag.
haines Tu vilhelm miuleris mravali adreuli leqsi) Su
bertisa Tu Sumanis umSvenieresi simRerebi Seiqmna. Tu saqme
marTlac maRalmxatvrul poeziasTan gvaqvs, musikis enaze
mis Targmnas xSirad ziani moaqvs misTvis. radganac, am dros
xSiria poeturi nawilis damaxinjeba an sulac miCqmalva, im
SemTxvevaSic ki, roca musika TavisTavad marTlac Rire
bulia. amisTvis bevri magaliTis moyvana arc aris saWiro.
gavixsenoT Tundac verdis musikiT gadmocemuli Seqspiris
`otelo~. Cvens Tvalsazriss adasturebs aseve musika, ro
melic daiwera goeTes mravali leqsisTvis da fsalmu
nisTvis. mtkiceba aRar sWirdeba imas, rom musika da poezia
urTierTmoqmedeben, magram poeziis saukeTeso nimuSebi
musikisadmi didi midrekilebiT ar gamoirCeva, zustad ise
ve, rogorc yvelaze didebul musikas namdvilad ar sWird
eba sityvebi.
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rodesac msjeloben natif xelovnebasa da lite

raturas Soris arsebuli paralelebis Sesaxeb, xSirad
gavigonebT aseT frazas: mavani suraTi da mavani leqsi erT
sa da imave ganwyobas iwvevs; mag., mxiarulad da uzrunvelad
vgrZnob Tavs, rodesac mocartis menuets vusmen, vatos
peizaJs vumzer an anakreonul leqss vkiTxulobo. Cveni
mizani ki zusti analizia, romelsac amgvari saxis para
lelizmebi didad ver waadgeba: musikaluri nawarmoebiT
mogvrili sixaruli gansxvavdeba, zogadad, sixarulisgan
da mas verc raime konkretuli mizeziT aRZrul sixaruls
SevadarebT, Tumca, es mainc musikiT gamowveuli emociaa
da misi aRqma konkretuli musikis SinaarsTan aris da
kavSirebuli. musikiT gamowveul da cxovrebiseul emociebs
mxolod saerToBbuneba akavSirebT. Tu Cven mainc vecdebiT
da SeZlebisdagvarad ganvsazRvravT am emociebs, mainc
sruliad daSorebulni aRmovCndebiT im konkretuli sag
nisgan, romelmac es SegrZneba gamoiwvia. paralelebi
xelovnebis or romelime dargs Soris, sanam isini emyare
ba mxolod mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblis individualur
reaqciebis, agreTve _ xelovnebis am ori dargis msgavsi
aRqmis aRweras, arasdros daeqvemdebareba Semowmebasa da
dazustebas da, amdenad, am ori dargis Cveneuli gagebac
Tanazomierad ar ganviTardeba.
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebis mimarT kidev erTi
saerTo midgoma gulisxmobs xelovanTa Canafiqrisa da maTi
Teoriebis Seswavlas. cxadia, SeiZleba davamtkicoT, rom
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs miRma arsebul Teoriebsa
da formulebs, aseve _ klasicizmisa Tu romantizmis mim
dinareobebs, garkveuli msgavseba akavSirebs. sxvadasxva
dargis xelovanTa gancxadebebSic mravali ram SeiZleba ms
gavsad da identurad mogveCvenos. TumcaRa, `klasicizmi~
musikaSi literaturuli `klasicizmisagan~ gansxvavebiT
sul sxva rames unda niSnavdes ubralo mizezis gamo: Tu ar
CavTvliT mcirericxovan fragmentebs, namdvilad araferi
viciT antikuri musikis Sesaxeb, romelic iseve daudebda
saTaves musikis ganviTarebas, rogorc Camoayaliba da ga
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naviTara literatura antikuri xanis nimuSebma da mxat

vrulma normebma. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mxatvrobis Sesaxeb.
pompeisa da herkulanumis freskebis aRmoCenamde saxviT
xelovnebaze did gavlenas rodi axdenda klasikuri mxat
vroba, miuxedavad imisa, rom masTan mimarTebaSi xSirad
axsenebdnen klasikur Teoriebsa da berZen mxatvrebs, mag
aliTad, apeless, aseve _ uZveles ferwerul tradiciebs,
romelTac antikuri xanidan Cvenamde Sua saukuneebis gav
liT unda moeRwia. Tumca, qandakebisa da arqiteqturisT
vis klasikuri modelebi da gacilebiT ufro Rirebuli
iyo, vidre xelovnebis sxva romelime dargisTvis (lite
raturis CaTvliT). gamodis, rom Teoriebi da gaazrebuli
Canafiqrebi sxvadasxvagvaria xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi
da, saboloo angariSSi. Zalian cotas, an saerTod arafers
gvauwyebs xelovanis Semoqmedebis realuri Sedegebis, anu
misi qmnilebisa da am qmnilebis konkretuli Sinaarsisa da
formis Sesaxeb.
avtoris Canafiqris codna didad ver gvexmare
ba konkretuli teqstis ganmartebaSi. amaSi is mcire
ricxovani SemTxvevebi dagvarwmunebs, rodesac mxatvaric
da poetic erTi da igive pirovnebaa. mag., Tu SevadarebT
uiliam bleikis poezias missave mxatvrobas an imaves movi
moqmedebT dante gabriel rosetis (Rossetti) mimarT, davi
naxavT, rom maTi mxatvroba da poezia buneba Zalze gansx
vavdeba erTmaneTisagan, xSirad ki urTierTsapirispiro
xasiaTisaa, Tanac ara marto teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT.
bleiki xatavs groteskul patara cxovels da esaa ilus
tracia misi cnobili leqsisTvis: `vefxvo, uRranSi daZ
rwi euli,/ nislad gexveva Rame grZneuli,/ dauokebel Za
lad qceuli/ vin gamoZerwa Seni sxeuli?~ (leqsis Targmani
ekuTvnis maia jijeiSvils mTargmnelis SeniSvna). Tekereim
TviTon daasuraTa sakuTari `amaoebis bazari~ (Vanity Fair),
magram miseul Tavmomwoned, sulelurad momRimari beki
Sarpis karikaturul saxes saerTo araferi aqvs romanis
rTul personaJTan. miqelanjelos `sonetebsa da mis qanda
kebebsa Tu naxatebs Soris mcireodeni msgavseba SeiniSneba
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struqturisa da xarisxis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca, misi yvela

qmnilebaSi igrZnoba neoplatonuri ideebis zegavlena da
erTgvari fsiqologiuri msgavseba.10 es imis maCvenebelia,
rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis `mediumi~ (Seuferebeli, cudad
SerCeuli termini, romelic dazustebas saWiroebs), mxo
lod xelovanis mier gadasalaxavi teqnikuri dabrkoleba
rodia, igi tradiciebis Sedegad winaswar Camoyalibebu
li faqtoricaa da Tavisi mZlavri ganmsazRvreli bunebiT
individualuri xelovanis damokidebulebasa da gamoxat
vis saSualebebs ayalibebs da formas ucvlis. xelovani az
rovnebs konkretuli masalidan gamomdinare da ar mimar
Tavs zogad ideebs. konkretul mediums ki Tavisi sakuTari
istoria aqvs da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Zalian gansxvavdeba sxva
mediumis istoriisgan.
ufro nayofieri Sedegis misaRebad sasargebloa xe
lovnebis dargebis Sedareba (xelovanTa Canafiqrebisa da
Teoriebis Sedarebis nacvlad) maTi saerTo socialuri da
kulturuli fonis safuZvelze. rasakvirvelia, SeiZleba
aRvweroT xelovnebisa da literaturis masazrdoebeli
niadagi: drois, adgilisa da socialuri viTarebis saerTo
foni da amiT mivaniSnoT im mTel rig saerTo gavlenebze,
romlebic maT ganicades. xelovnebis dargebs Soris mra
vali paralelis gavleba mxolod imitom SeiZleba, rom
mkvlevrebi ar iTvaliswineben sruliad gansxvavebul so
cialur fons, romelmac gansazRvra xelovnebis konkre
tuli nawarmoebis xasiaTi an misi Semoqmedis amocana. so
cialuri klasebi, romlebic xelovnebis garkveuli ti
pis Semqmnelebad moiazrebian an Tavad aqvT masze moT
xovnileba, SesaZlebelia sruliad gansxvavdebodnen erT
romelime mocemul drosa da sivrceSi. gotikuri taZrebis
ageba da, meore mxriv, franguli eposis Seqmna ganapiroba
sxvadasxvagvarma socialurma moTxovnilebebma; qandake
bisa da romanis Semfaseblebi (da maTi myidvelebi), rogorc
wesi, sazogadoebis urTierTgansxvavebul wreebs ganekuTv
nebian. Sexeduleba, TiTqos garkveul drosa da sivrceSi
xelovnebis dargebs saerTo socialuri foni aqvT, iseTive
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literaturis Teoria

mcdaria, rogorc meore aRiarebuli Sexeduleba, romlis

Tanaxmad, inteleqtualuri garemo, foni xelovnebis yvela
dargisTvis aucileblad identuri da qmediTia. metad saxi
faToa mxatvrobis interpretacia imdroindeli filoso
fiis kuTxiT. Carlz de tolneis.11 magaliTic sakmarisia: man
panTeisturi monizmis gamovlinebad miiCnia ufrosi breige
lis Semoqmedeba, romelic nikolaus kuzanelisa (Cusanus) da
paracelsis (Paracelsus) moRvaweobas gauTanabra, da spinozasa
da goeTes moRvaweobis wanamZRvrad aRiara. kidev ufro saxi
faToa xelovnebis dargebis `axsna~ `epoqis suliskveTebis~
meSveobiT, rasac germanuli Geistesgeschichte-s skola mimar
Tavs. es tendencia Cven zemoT gavakritikeT.12
WeSmariti paralelizmebi, romlebic momdinareobs
identuri an msgavsi socialuri Tu inteleqtualuri fo
nidan, TiTqmis arasodes ar yofila konkretuli termi
nologiiT gaanalizebuli. Cvens xelT ar aris gamokvlevebi,
romlebic konkretulad gviCveneben, mag., imas, Tu rogor
xdeba, rom mocemul drosa da viTarebaSi xelovnebis yvela
dargi afarToebs an piriqiT amcirebs TavianT sferoebs,
roca saqme `bunebis~ movlenebs exeba; rogor ukavSird
eba xelovnebis normebi konkretuli socialuri klasebis
moTxovnebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, ramdenad eqvemdebare
bian es normebi erTgvarovan cvlilebebs; rogor icvle
ba esTetikuri Rirebulebebi socialuri revoluciebis
zegavleniT. yvelaferi es gaxlavT karga mozrdili auT
visebeli sivrce, romlis Seswavla TiTqmis arc dawyebula,
magram damajerebel Sedegebs mogvcems xelovnebis dargTa
SedarebiTi kvlevisas. rasakvirvelia, am meTodiT SegviZlia
gamovavlinoT mxolod erTgvarovani zegavlena, romelsac
ganicdis xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi da ara am dargebis
aucilebeli siaxlove.
aSkaraa, rom xelovnebis dargTa Sedarebis erT-erTi
mTavari meTodi efuZneba xelovnebis konkretuli nimuSebis
da maTi struqturuli urTierTmimarTebebis analizs.
xelovnebis WeSmariti istoria (rom araferi vTqvaT xe
lovnebis dargTa SedarebiT istoriaze) verasodes Seiqm
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literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

neba, Tu mTel Cvens yuradRebas ar mivapyrobT Tavad nawar

moebTa analizs da ukana planze ar gadavwevT gamokvlevebs,
romlebic Seiswavlian mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblis, an av
torisa Tu xelovanis fsiqologias. aseve unda moveqceT im
gamokvlevebs, romlebic literaturis da xelovnebis nawar
moebTa kulturul da socialur garemos Seiswavlian; ase
unda moviqceT im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu gveCveneba, rom Tavi
anTi kuTxidan maT SeuZliaT naTeli mohfinon Cveni kvlevis
sagans. samwuxarod, dRemde TiTqmis ar gagvaCnda Sesaferisi
saSualebani xelovnebis dargTa amgvari SedarebisTvis. aq ki
erTi metad rTuli SekiTxva ibadeba: ra SeiZleba miviCnioT
xelovnebis dargTa saerTo da Sesadarebel safuZvlebad?
ras unda emyarebodes xelovnebis dargTa Soris saerTos,
msgavsebis povna? am kiTxvaze pasuxs ver gagvcems kroCes, an
romelime sxva msgavsi Teoria, romelic yvela esTetikuri
problemis gadaWras intuiciis unars akisrebs da, CvenTvis
auxsneli mizniT, mas gamomxatvelobasTan aigivebs. kroCe
amtkicebs, gamoxatvis formebi ar arsebobso, `xelovnebis
dargTa esTetikuri klasifikaciis nebismier mcdelobas
absurdulad~ miiCnevs da, aqedan gamomdinare, uwinares yov
lisa, ar cnobs aranair gansxvavebas xelovnebis Janrebsa Tu
tipebs Soris.13 Cvens problemas maincdamainc verc jon diui
(Dewey) exmareba Tavisi naSromiT `xelovneba, rogorc gamoc
dileba (1934). is amtkicebs, rom xelovnebis dargebs udavod
aqvT saerTo safuZveli, radganac aris iseTi `zogadi gare
moebani, romelTa gareSec gamocdileba ver iarsebebda~.14
ueWvelia, rom aris raRac saerTo, rac axasiaTebs nebismieri
mxatvruli Semoqmedebis aqts, adamianis yvelanairi moR
vaweobasa da gamocdilebas, magram es daskvna xelovnebis
dargebis Sesadareblad ar gamogvadgeba. Teodor meier gri
ni (Meyer Greene) ufro konkretulad ayalibebs Tavis Sexe
dulebas da acxadebs, rom xelovnebis dargebis Sedarebis
safuZvlad kompleqsuroba, integracia da ritmi unda iqces
da, rogorc jon diui manamde, meier grinic mWermetyvelu
rad amtkicebs, rom plastikuri xelovnebis dasaxasiaTeblad
metad marTebulia termin `ritmis gamoyeneba~.15 TumcaRa,
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literaturis Teoria

SeuZleblad migvaCnia im absoluturi sxvaobis daZleva, ro

melic arsebobs, erTi mxriv, musikaluri nawarmoebis ritmsa
da meore mxriv, kolonadis ritms Soris;ukanasknel SemTx
vevaSi qmnilebis struqtura ar gansazRvravs am qmnilebis
nawilTa wyobasa da maTi urTierTmonacvleobis temps.
kompleqsuroba da integracia ubralod sxva terminebia
`mravalferovnebisa~da `erTianobis~ aRsaniSnad da amde
nad, maT farTo masStabiT ver gamoviyenebT. xelovnebis
dargTa konkretuli urTierTSesabamisi elementebis dad
genis mcdelobebi (am dargTa struqturidan gamomdi
nare),iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda, arasaimedo Sedegebs
iZleva. harvardis universitetis maTematikosma jorj de
vid birkhofma (Birkhoff) Tavis naSromSi `esTetikuri sazomi
(The Esthetic Measure)16 warmatebiT gamonaxa xelovnebis mar
tivi formebisaTvis da musikisaTvis saerTo maTematikuri
safuZveli. xsenebul naSromSi man, agreTve, gamoikvlia leq
sis `musikaluroba~, romelic aseve gansazRvrulia maTema
tikuri gantolebebisa da koeficientebis saSualebiT. mag
ram keTilxmovanebis problema poeziaSi ver gadawydeba, Tu
mas azrisgan izolirebulad ganvixilavT. is faqtic, rom
birkhofi edgar alan pos leqsebs maRal Sefasebas aZlevs,
am Sexedulebis dasturia. Tu birkhofis maxvilgonivrul
cdebs daafaseben, maSin mosalodnelia, rom kidev ufro ga
farTovdeba naprali poeziis principulad `literaturul~
Tvisebebsa da xelovnebis sxva dargebs Soris, romlebsac
literaturasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro metad miesa
dageba `esTetikuri sazomi~.
didi xania, rac warmodgenam xelovnebis dargebis
paralelizmis Sesaxeb ganapiroba xelovnebaTmcodneobis
mier SemuSavebuli stilTa koncefciebis meSveobiT lite
raturis kvlevis tendencia. me-18 s-Si bolo ar uCanda
uTvalav Sedarebas spenseris `feriaTa dedofalsa~ da go
tikuri stilis taZris didebul qaosurobas Soris.17 Spen
gleri Tavis `dasavleTis mzis CasvenebaSi analogiebs eZebs
kulturis yvela sferoSi da saubrobs TiTqosda `xiluli
kameruli musikis~ Sesaxeb, romelsac is SeigrZnobs `me-18
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literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

s. RvlarWnil avejSi, sarkeebian oTaxebSi, pastoralebsa

da faifuris figurebSi~. igi, agreTve, migvaniSnebs `mad
rigalis ticianisebur bunebaze~, ,`franc halsis naxatebis
cocxal da van deikis zomier, dinj tempze.18 xelovnebis
dargTa amgvari interpretaciis Sedegad germaniaSi uamravi
gamokvleva daiwera gotikuri xanis adamianze da barokos
epoqis atmosferoze. aman ki iqamde migviyvana, rom termi
nebs `rokokos da `bidermaiers~ ukve literaturaSic mou
Zebnes adgili. xelovnebis dargebis mkveTrad gamokveTilma
mimdinareobebma, rogoricaa gotika, renesansi, baroko,
rokoko, romantizmi, bidermaieri, realizmi, impresion
izmi, eqspresionizmi, gulgrili arc literaturis isto
rikosebi datova, da literaturis periodizaciis dros
maT es cnebebi TavianT dargSic Semoitanes. es mimdinareo
bebi or mTavar jgufad nawildeba da gamoxatavs maradiul,
fundamentur kontrasts klasikursa da romantikuls So
ris; gotika, baroko, romantizmi, eqspresionizmi erT mxa
res aRmoCndnen, renesansi, neoklasicizmi, realizmi _
meore mxares. rokoko da bidermaieri SeiZleba gavigoT,
rogorc maTi winamorbedi mimdinareobebis _ Sesabamisad,
barokos da romantizmis _ gviani, dekadenturi, gadat
virTuli variaciebi. xSirad aseTi paralelizmebi, cota ar
iyos, arasaxarbielod da naZaladevad gamoiyureba da bevr
uazro gamonaTqvamsac vawydebiT im (TviT yvelaze pativsa
cem) swavlulTa nawerebSic, romlebic, rogorc Cans, metad
gatacebuli unda iyvnen am meTodiT.19
literaturisaTvis xelovnebis istoriis kategorie
bis morgeba yvelaze konkretulad scada oskar valcelma,
romelmac saamisod volflinis (Wlfflin) kriteriumebi
gamoiyena. velflinma Tavis `xelovnebis istoriis prin
cipebSi~ (Principles of Art History)20 renesansul da barokos xe
lovnebebs Soris zRvari wminda struqturul safuZvelze
gaavlo. man Seqmna dapirispirebaTa sqema, romelsac moar
gebda mocemuli periodis nebismieri saxis ferwerul qm
nilebas, qandakebas Tu arqiteqturul nimuSs. is amtkiceb
da, rom renesansuli xelovneba aris `xazovani~, xolo baro
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literaturis Teoria

kosi _ `xatovani~. termini `xazovani~ imis maCvenebelia, rom

figuraTa da saganTa formebi mkveTrad aris gamokveTili,
xolo `xatovani~ gulisxmobs, rom sinaTle da feri, rac
saganTa konturebs simkveTres ukargavs, Tavad aris kom
poziciis safuZveli. renesansuli mxatvroba da qandakeba
iyenebs `daxurul~ formas, figuraTa simetriul, gawonas
worebul ganlagebas, baroko ki upiratesobas aniWebs `Ria~
formas, aseve _ asimetriul kompozicias, romelic aq
cents naxatis kuTxeze ufro akeTebs, vidre mis centralur
nawilze da SeiZleba mayureblis yuradReba CarCos miRmac
ki gadaitanos. renesansuli naxatebi `brtyelia~, an yovel
SemTxvevaSi, Sesrulebulia sxvadasxva sibrtyeze, romle
bic TiTqosda ukan ixeven, ikargebian. barokos periodis
suraTebi ki `Rrmaa~ da iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos
Cvens mzeras Soreuli da gaurkveveli fonisaken warmar
Taven. renesansuli naxatebi `mravalplaniania~, im gagebiT,
rom ramdenime aSkarad gamokveTili nawilisagan Sedgeba;
barokos stili ki ufro `erTiania~, integrirebuli da Sek
ruli. renesansuli xelovnebis nimuSebi `gasagebia~ baro
kos nimuSebTan SedarebiT, romlebic `gaugebari~, bundo
vani, aramkafioa.
velflinma Tavisi daskvnebi xelovnebis konkretul ni
muSTa uCveulod faqizi analizis safuZvelze gamoitana da
migviTiTa, Tu ramdenad gardauvali iyo winsvla renesansi
dan barokosken. rasakvirvelia, maTi Tanamimdevrobis Secv
la SeuZlebelia. velflini ar gvTavazobs am procesis mize
zobriv axsnas, igi mxolod varaudobs, rom `xedvis stili~
unda Secvliliyo, rasac namdvilad ver CavTvliT wminda
wylis fiziologiur movlenad. es Sexeduleba, romelic aq
cents `xedvis stilis~ Secvlaze akeTebs, anu xazs usvams
wminda struqturul, kompoziciur cvlilebebs, momdin
areobs fidlerisa da hildebrandis Teoriebidan, saTaves
ki iRebs cimermanidan (Zimmermann), romelic herbertis
(Herbert) mimdevari esTetikosi gaxldaT.21 Tumca, velflini
(gansakuTrebiT ki gviandel gancxadebebSi) Tavad aRiareb
da am meTodis naklovanebebs da namdvilad ar miaCnda, rom
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literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

misma formaTa istoriam xelovnebis istoriis yvela prob

lema amowura.22 igi adrec ar uaryofda `personalur~ da
`lokalur~ stilTa arsebobas da esmoda, rom miseuli tipe
bi SeiZleboda yvelgan Segvxvedroda da ara marto me-16 da
me-17 saukuneebSi, TumcaRa _ ufro naklebad gamokveTili
formiT.
1916 wels valcelma, axlad wakiTxuli ,,xelovnebis
istoriis principebis zegavleniT, scada velfliniseuli
kategoriebi literaturisTvisac moergo.23 Seqspiris pie
sebis Seswavlis Sedegad man daaskvna, rom Seqspiri baro
kos periods ekuTvnis. radganac misi piesebi ar aris age
buli im simetriuli wyobiT, romelic, velflinis azriT,
renesansis suraTebs axasiaTebs. yvela danarCeni damaxasi
aTebeli Tviseba Seqspiris piesebisa: meorexarisxovan per
sonaJTa raodenoba, maTi asimetriuli dajgufeba, aqcentis
ganawileba piesis sxvadasxva aqtze maCvenebelia imisa, rom
avtoris teqnika barokos teqnikas enaTesaveba, xolo ko
rneli da rasini, romlebic TavianT tragediebs erTi cen
traluri figuris garSemo agebdnen da aqcentsac aqtebs
Soris tradiciuli aristoteleseuli modelis mixedviT
anawilebdnen, renesansul tips ganasaxiereben. jer erT
patara wignSi da Semdeg ukve mraval gviandel nawerSic24
valceli ganmartavda da asabuTebda imas, Tu ratom moargo
velflinis kriteriumebi literaturas. Tavdapirvelad am
mtkicebebs sakmaod mokrZalebuli xasiaTi hqonda, Semdeg
ki ufro da ufro Seuferebeli da pretenziuli toni mieca.
velflinis zogierTi kategoria SeiZleba sakmaod
advilad da cxadad CamovayaliboT literaturis enaze.
aSkaraa, rom arsebobs garkveuli winaaRmdegoba, erTi
mxriv, iseT xelovnebas Soris, romelic Tavisi arsis gamo
saxatavad mkveTr konturebsa da gamokveTil nawilebs am
jobinebs da meore mxriv, iseT xelovnebas Soris, romelic
upiratesobas kompoziciis ufro Tavisufal formasa da
gaurkvevel konturebs aniWebs. franc Strixi (Strich) See
cada germanul klasicizmsa da romantizms Soris arse
buli gansxvaveba aRewera im velfliniseuli kategoriebis
gamoyenebiT, romlebic SemuSavebuli iyo renesansisa da
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literaturis Teoria

barokos periodebisTvis. am kategoriaTa Tavisufali in

terpretaciis Sedegad Strixma axleburad gaaSuqa Zveli
dapirispireba klasicizmis xanis srulyofil leqssa da
dausrulebel, fragmentul Tu gaugebar romantikul poe
zias Soris.25 magram xelT SegvrCa dapirispirebaTa erTad
erTi modeli literaturis mTeli istoriisTvis. velfli
nis kategoriebi Tundac wminda literaturul enaze rom
CamovayaliboT, isini mainc mxolod imaSi dagvexmarebian,
rom SevZlebT mxatvruli nawarmoebebi ori kategoriis
mixedviT davajgufoT, da Tu amasac detalurad ganvixi
lavT, mivalT isev Zvel dayofamde mkacrsa da Tavisufal
stilebs, klasikursa da romantikul, plastikursa da fer
werul xelovnebas Soris, anu im dualizmamde, romelsac
Slegelebic, Selingic da kolrijic icnobdnen da romlis
SecnobaSic maT ideologiuri da literaturuli paeqroba
daexmara. velfliniseul dapirispirebaTa modeli saSua
lebas iZleva, erT jgufSi gaerTiandes mTeli klasikuri
da fsevdoklasikuri xelovneba, meore jgufSi ki _ iseTi
Zalze gansxvavebuli mimdinareobebi, rogorebicaa: go
tika, baroko da romantizmi. am Teorias Tu mivyvebiT, da
iCrdileba udavo da uaRresad mniSvnelovani uwyveti kav
Siri renesanssa da barokos Soris. xolo rodesac Strixi
iyenebs mas germanul literaturis mimarT, warmoiqmneba xe
lovnuri kontrasti Silerisa da goeTes ganviTarebis fsev
doklasikur periodsa da me-19 s. dasawyisis romantikul
mimdinareobas Soris, xolo `qariSxlisa da Setevis~ moZ
raoba saerTod auxsneli da gaugebari rCeba. sinamdvileSi
me-18 da me-19 saukuneTa mijnaze germanuli literaturas
aqvs gamorCeulad erTiani saxe da SeuZlebelia misi dayvana
SeuTavsebel antiTezamde. amdenad, velflinis Teoria Sei
Zleba dagvexmaros mxatvrul nawarmoebTa klasifikaciaSi
da Camoayalibos, an ufro sworad, daadasturos dualistu
ri ganviTarebis sqemis ukve arsebuli, Zveli aqcia-reaqcia,
tradicia-amboxi an aiwona-daiwona buneba, magram, rodesac
mas upirispirdeba literaturis kompleqsuri ganviTarebis
realoba, igi veRar axerxebs gaumklavdes literaturis WeS
mariti ganviTarebis mTel mravalferovnebas.
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literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

literaturisaTvis velflinis koncefciebis morgebis

Sedegad gadauWreli rCeba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sru
liad problema. veranairad ver avxsniT im ueWvel faqts, Tu
ratom viTardeboda xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi erTsa da
imave droiT monakveTSi sxvadasxva tempiT. xandaxan ise Cans,
TiTqos literatura CamorCeba xelovnebis sxva dargebs.
mag., gana arsebobda inglisuri literatura im periodSi,
rodesac didebuli inglisuri taZrebi Sendeboda? zogjer
musika CamorCeboda literaturas da xelovnebis sxva dar
gebs. mag., 1800 wlamde `romantikul~ musikaze saTqmeli
araferia, Tumca romantikuli poeziis didi nawili Seqmnili
iyo am TariRamdec. Znelia im faqtis axsna, Tu rogor moxda,
rom `ferweruli~ poezia, sul mcire, samoc wels iTvlida,
sanam ferweruloba (xatovaneba) arqiteqturis sferos26
daipyrobda. an riTi avxsnaT burkhardtis.27 mier naxsenebi
SemTxveva, rom lorenco magnifikos (Lorenzo il Magnifico,
lorenco brwyinvale, igive lorenco de mediCi, floren
ciis respublikis mmarTveli renesansis dros; mTargmnelis
SeniSvna) leqsi `nenCa~ (Nencia), sadac mwyemsTa cxovrebis
scenaa asaxuli, oTxmociode wliT uswrebda jakopo basanos
(Jacopo Bassano) da misi skolis pirvel Janrul suraTebs. im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es magaliTebi arasworad iqna SerCeuli
da SeiZleba maTze uaris Tqma mogviwios, mainc Cndeba kiTx
va, romelzec pasuxs ver gavcemT am gadametebulad martivi
TeoriiT, iseve, rogorc ver vupasuxebT kiTxvas, ratomaa,
rom musika poezias yovelTvis mTeli erTi TaobiT CamorCe
ba.28 aSkaraa, rom unda davadginoT urTierTmimarTeba so
cialur faqtorebTan, es faqtorebi ki gansxvavebuli iqneba
yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi.
bolos, aSkaraa garkveuli erebisa Tu periodebis gan
sakuTrebuli warmatebuloba xelovnebis erT, Tu gnebavT,
or dargSi, im dros, roca danarCen dargebSi an sruliad
araviTari miRweva ar SeiniSneboda, an fons ubralod miba
ZviT da arsebulis odnav Secvlis gziT gadiodnen. amisi
TvalsaCino magaliTia dedofal elisabedis droindeli
literaturis ayvaveba, roca ganviTarebiT mas namdvilad
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literaturis Teoria

ver Seedrebodnen natifi xelovnebis sxva dargebi. arc imis

varaudi SeiZleba, TiTqos mTelma `erovnulma sulma~ ro
gorRac xelovnebis mxolod erT dargSi moiyara Tavi. an
kidev, rogorc emil legua (Emile Legouis) ityoda Tavis `inglisuri literaturis istoriaSi~: `spenseri rom italiaSi
dabadebuliyo, an ticiani iqneboda an veroneze, xolo Tu
niderlandSi gaCndeboda, namdvilad rembrandtis an ru
bensis didebas miaRwevda.29 inglisuri literaturis Sem
TxvevaSi advilia imis gancxadeba, rom puritanizmis gamo
moxda natifi xelovnebis ugulebelyofa, magram am gziT
bolomde ver avxsniT, Tu erTi da imave drois monakveTSi
rogor da ratom arsebobda uaRresad nayofieri saero li
teraturis gverdiT TiTqmis sruliad uRimRamo mxatvroba.
Tumca, am yvelafers Tu gavyeviT, Cvens ZiriTad saTqmels
gadavuxvevT da mogviwevs konkretul istoriul viTareba
Ta gaTvaliswineba.
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs, sul erTia, plastikuri
(anu gamomsaxvelobiTi, vizualuri _ mxatvroba, qandakeba,
kino) xelovneba iqneba es, literatura Tu musika, ganviTa
rebis sakuTari gza aqvs, individualuri tempiTa da indivi
dualuri Sinagani struqturiT. maT Soris arsebuli mudmivi
kavSiri ueWveli faqtia, magram is ar unda aRviqvaT, rogorc
zegavlena, romelic mxolod erTi mxridan momdinareobs da
ganapirobebs xelovnebis sxva dargebis ganviTarebas; Cven
gvmarTebs maTi ganxilva, rogorc dialeqtikuri urTier
Tobis rTuli sistemisa, romlis moqmedebac ormxrivia: xe
lovnebis erTi dargidan meoreze, da piriqiT _ meoridan
pirvelze. ar saqme ar daiyvaneba `epoqis sulze~, romelic
ganapirobebs da msWvalavs xelovnebis TiToeul dargs. ada
mianis mTeli SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba unda moviazroT,
rogorc erTiani sistema, romelic sxvadasxva safexurisgan
Sedgeba da TviTganviTarebadia. TiToeul safexurs Ta
visi sakuTari normaTa krebuli aqvs da sruliadac ar aris
saWiro, rom isini momijnave safexuris msgavsi iyos. yvelaze
farTo gagebiT, xelovnebis _ (aseve _ literaturis da
musikis) istorikosis amocanaa, SeimuSavos aRweriTi termi
196

literatura da xelovnebis sxva dargebi

nebis Sesabamisi sistema xelovnebis TiToeuli dargisTvis,

romelic gaiTvaliswinebs xelovnebis am dargis konkre
tul niSan-Tvisebebs. amdenad, dRes poezias esaWiroeba
axali poetika, analizis iseTi saSualeba, romelsac ver mo
vipovebT poeziaSi natifi xelovnebis terminebis ubralo
gadmotanis gziT. SemTxvevaSi literaturuli periodebis
sazRvrebis dadgenas SevZlebT mxolod maSin, rodesac maT
ar ganvixilavT rogorc metafizikur raobebs, romlebzec
`epoqis suli~ mbrZaneblobs, rodesac SevimuSavebT termi
nebis vargisian da qmediT sistemas literaturuli nawar
moebebis gasaanalizeblad. Tu literaturis ganviTarebis
gzas amgvari sqemis mixedviT davadgenT, Semdeg ukve Sev
ZlebT aseTi kiTxvis dasmas: literaturis evolucia raime
niSniT xom ar waagavs xelovnebis sxva dargebis aseTive
sqemiT dadgenil evolucias? aSkaraa, rom pasuxi erTmniS
vnelovani `ki~ an `ara~ ver iqneba. pasuxis gacemisas davina
xavT, rom saqme gveqneba metad rTul suraTTan; xelovnebis
sxvadasxva dargis ganviTarebis gzebis Sedarebisas aRmova
CenT bevr damTxvevas da bevr gadaxvevas; savaraudoa isic,
rom evoluciis paraleluri xazebis raodenoba Zalze um
niSvnelo iqneba.

197

198

nawili meoTxe

literaturis siRrmiseuli Seswavla

199

200

Sesavali
*
literaturaTmcodnis muSaobis sawyis etapad da, amas
Tanave, gamarTlebul nabijad unda miviCnioT Tavad liter
aturuli produqciis interpretacia da analizi. sxvas rom
Tavi davaneboT, TviT am nawarmoebebiT aris gamarTlebuli
Cveni interesi avtoris cxovrebisadmi vgulisxmobT mwer
lis sazogadoebriv garemocvas da mTlianad literaturul
process. magram aRsaniSnavia Semdegi momenti: literatu
ris istoria imden adgils uTmobs mxatvruli nawarmoe
bebis Seqmnis pirobebis Seswavlas, rom TviT nawarmoebTa
analizis mcdelobebi ver Seedreba uzarmazar Zalisxme
vas, romelic moxmarda nawarmoebTa Seqmnis Tanmxlebi vi
Tarebis garkvevas. didxans ar dagvWirdeba im mizezTa Zeb
na, romlebmac ganapirobes ganmsazRvrel pirobebisadmi
aseTi gadametebuli yuradReba gacilebiT meti, vidre
gamoiCines TviT nawarmoebTa Seswavlisadmi. Tanamedrove
literaturis istoria Caisaxa mWidro kavSirSi romantiz
mis mimdinareobasTan, romelsac SeeZlo daepirispirebina
neoklasicizmis kritikuli sistemisaTvis mxolod is rela
tivisturi argumenti, rom sxvadasxva epoqa sxvadasxvagvar
standartebs moiTxovs. Sedegad, aqcentma literaturidan
gadainacvla istoriul fonze. amis meSveobiT cdilobdnen
gaemarTlebinaT Zveli literaturisadmi iseTi midgoma,
romlis mizans warmoadgenda am ukanasknelSi axali faseu
lobebis aRmoCena. amitomac XIX saukuneSi lamis lozungad
gamoacxades kauzalurobis principis gamoyeneba, rac gana
piroba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa meTodebisadmi
mibaZvis tendenciam. amasTan erTad, Zveli yaidis poe
tikis rRvevam, rac daemTxva mkiTxvelis individualur
gemovnebaze interesis gadanacvlebas, ganamtkica rwmena,
rom vinaidan xelovneba iracionaluria Tavisi arsiT, ami
tom misi ganmarteba `SefasebiT~ unda Semoifarglos. Tavis
sainauguracio leqciaSi ser sidni lim Camoayaliba akade
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literaturis Teoria

miuri mimarTulebis literaturaTmcodneTa umravlesobis

Tvalsazrisi: `literaturis istoriaSi vcdilobT gamovav
linoT garegani _ politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri
_ pirobebi, romlebSic iqmneboda literatura.~1 imis gamo,
rom poetikis problemebi daumuSavebeli iyo, mkvlevrebi
saocrad ususurni aRmoCndnen mxatvruli nawarmoebis wi
naSe, romelic unda gaeanalizebinaT da SeefasebinaT.
bolo wlebSi aSkarad gamoikveTa Zalze saRi reaqcia,
romelic cxadyofs, rom literaturis kvleva, upirveles
yovlisa, ufro metad unda iyos koncentrirebuli uSua
lod mxatvrul nawarmoebebze. rac Seexeba klasikuri rito
rikis meTodebs, aseve _ poetikas an metrikas, saWiroa maTi
gadaxedva da gadamowmeba Tanamedrove koncefciebis Ses
abamisad. da aki xdeba kidec ase: inergeba axali meTodebi,
romlebic efuZneba Tanamedrove literaturis formaTa
ufro farTo speqtris Sefasebas. safrangeTSi mxatvruli
nawarmoebis kvlevas axali stimuli misca teqstis eqsplika
ciis meTodma,2 germaniaSi oskar valcelis mier damkvidre
bulma formalisturma analizma, romelic emyareba saxviT
xelovnebasTan paralelebs;3 gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos
rusi formalistebis, agreTve _ maTi Cexi da poloneli
mimdevrebis4 brwyinvale gamokvlevebi. Cven ki mxolod axla
veuflebiT literaturuli nawarmoebis saTanado gagebisa
da Sesatyvisi analizis meTodebs. inglisSi a. riCardsis zo
gierTma mimdevarma sagangebo yuradReba dauTmo poetu
ri teqstis analizs;5 aseve, kritikosTa jgufi SeerTebul
StatebSi ikvlevs TviT mxatvrul qmnilebebs.6 amave mimar
Tulebas exmianeba dramis ramdenime gamokvleva,7 romleb
Sic aqcenti gadatanilia xelovnebasa da cxovrebas Soris
arsebul sxvaobaze da xazgasmulia dramatuli da empiri
uli realobis aRrevis dauSvebloba. Sesabamisad, romanis
problemebisadmi miZRvnil mraval naSromSi8 gaanalizebu
lia ara marto romanisa da masSi aRwerili sazogadoebrivi
pirobebis urTierTmimarTebebi, aramed _ gamoyenebuli
mxatvruli xerxebic: Tvalsazrisebi, Txrobis warmarTvis
meTodebi.
202

Sesavali

rusi formalistebi Zalze energiulad ewinaaRm

degebodnen `Sinaarsisa da formis~ ZvelisZvel diqoto
mias, romelic anawevrebs xelovnebis nimuSs: erT naxevars
Seadgens nedli Sinaarsi, xolo meore naxevars _ mxolod da
mxolod garegnuli forma.9 cxadia, xelovnebis nimuSis es
Tetikuri efeqti ar ganisazRvreba imiT, rasac, Cveulebriv,
`Sinaarss~ uwodeben. saerTod, xelovnebis nimuSTa umete
soba sasacilo an uazro Cans martooden maTSi gadmocemuli
ambis Txrobisas (rac SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnas mxolod
da mxolod pedagogiuri miznebiT);10 magram gadaulaxav
siZneleebs warmoqmnis warmodgena formis, rogorc esTeti
kurad aqtiuri elementis, xolo meore mxriv, Sinaarsis, ro
gorc esTetikurad indiferentuli elementis Sesaxeb. erTi
SexedviT, maTi urTierTgamijvna Zalze advilia. Tu Sinaar
sis cnebaSi vgulisxmobT romelime literaturul nawar
moebSi warmoCenil ideebs an emociebs, maSin forma unda
gulisxmobdes yvela im lingvistur elements, romliTac
gamoixateba Sinaarsi. magram, Tu ufro kargad davakvird
ebiT am sxvaobas, vnaxavT, rom Sinaarsi moicavs formis zo
gierT elements: ase, magaliTad, romanSi aRwerili movle
nebi warmoadgens am romanis Sinaarss, xolo am movlenebis
`siuJeturi~ wyoba Seadgens formas. TavisTavad, es movle
nebi ar xasiaTdeba aranairi mxatvruli TvisebebiT. amitom
germanelebma danerges termini `Sinagani forma~ (romlis
saTaveebi plotinTan da SeftsberisTan unda veZioT), ma
gram es cneba ufro arTulebs viTarebas, radgan Sinagan da
garegan formas Soris arsebuli gamyofi xazi kvlav sruli
ad gaurkveveli da bundovani rCeba. Tu tradiciuli gansaz
RvrebiT SemovifarglebiT, problemas ver gadavWriT da
iZulebulni viqnebiT vaRiaroT, rom TviT enac, romelic,
rogorc wesi, formis elementebs ganekuTvneba, klasifi
kacias saWiroebs: sityvebi, TavisTavad, esTetikurad in
diferentulia, xolo xerxi, romlis meSveobiTac calkeuli
sityvebi warmoqmnian bgeriT da esTetikur jgufebs, esTe
tikuri Rirebulebisaa. albaT, umjobesi iqneba, `masalad~
movixsenioT esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT indiferentuli
203

literaturis Teoria

elementebi, xolo im xerxs, romliTac isini iZenen esTeti

kur Rirebulebas, `struqtura davarqvaT. cxadia, Cven ar
vcdilobT, axali saxeli SevarqvaT ZvelTaganve cnobil
Sinaarsisa da formis wyvils, aramed miznad visaxavT Zve
li gamyofi xazebis rRvevas. `masala~ moicavs elementebs,
romlebsac adre Sinaarss an formas miakuTvnebdnen. rac
Seexeba `struqturas~, es cneba moicavs rogorc Sinaarss,
ise formasac, Tu maTi organizacia esTetikur miznebs iT
valiswinebs. aqedan gamomdinare, xelovnebis produqtad
unda miviCnioT niSanTa sistema anda niSanTa struqtura,
romelic emsaxureba specifikur esTetikur mizans.

204

Tavi meTormete

literaturuli xelovnebis
nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi
*
sanam SevudgebodeT xelovnebis nimuSis sxvadasxva
aspeqtis analizs, ganvixiloT uaRresad rTuli epistemo
logiuri sakiTxi, romelic exeba literaturuli xelovnebis
nimuSis (SemdegSi sjobs, Tu mas ufro mokle saxels `leqss~
vuwodebT) `arsebobis wess~, anu mis `ontologiur ares~.1 ras
warmoadgens `WeSmariti leqsi, sad unda veZioT da rogor
myofobs is? am kiTxvebze sworad gacemuli pasuxi ramde
nime kritikul problemas gadawyvets da gzas gauxsnis lite
raturuli nawarmoebis saTanado analizs.
ramdenime tradiciuli pasuxi gaeca kiTxvas, Tu ras
warmoadgens leqsi an sad unda viguloT igi (da, saerTod _
literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi); amitom, sanam am kiTxvas
gavcemT pasuxs, jer ukve arsebuli pasuxebi unda gavakri
tikoT. erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da Zveli pasuxi
ukavSirdeba im Tvalsazriss, rom leqsi warmoadgens `ar
tefaqts~, anu iseTive sagans, rogoric aris qandakeba an
ferweruli tilo. am logikiT, xelovnebis nimuSi gaigive
bulia TeTr qaRaldze an gragnilze Savi melniT gamosaxul
klaknilebTan da xazebTan, anda, Tu vigulisxmebT babilonis
kulturis droindel poemas _ Tixis firfitebze amokveTil
RarebTan. cxadia, aseTi pasuxi ver dagvakmayofilebs. jer
erTi, imitom, rom arsebobs uzarmazari odenobis zepir
sityvieri `literatura~. arsebobs leqsebi da ambebi, rom
lebic dRemde ar dadasturebula werilobiT, magram, amis
miuxedavad, kvlavac arsebobs. aqedan gamomdinare, Savi mel
niT gamosaxuli klaknili xazebi mxolod da mxolod leqsis
Caweris meTodia da ara TviT leqsi. xelnaweri an Tundac da
beWdili wignis yvela egzemplari rom gavanadguroT, mainc
205

literaturis Teoria

ver movspobT leqss, romelic SeiZleba Semonaxul iqnas

zepirsityvierebaSi anda iseTi adamianis mexsierebaSi, ro
goric iyo makolei _ am ukanasknels Tavi mohqonda imiT, rom
zepirad axsovda `dakarguli samoTxe~ da `savali gza pili
grimisa~. meore mxriv, Tu davxevT tilos, gavanadgurebT qan
dakebas an raime nagebobas, amiT Cven mas mTlianad movspobT,
Tumca SeiZleba Semonaxul iqnes aRwera an daxasiaTeba, rom
lis mixedviT SevZlebT mis aRdgenas. magram, yvela SemTxveva
Si, Cven SevqmniT xelovnebis gansxvavebul nimuSs (raoden ms
gavsic unda iyos is originalisa), maSin, rodesac erTi wignis
an misi yvela egzemplaris mospoba saerTod verafers avnebs
xelovnebis nawarmoebs.
is, rom leqsis Canaweri qaRaldze ar aris `WeSmariti~
mxatvruli nawarmoebi, SeiZleba sxva argumentiTac dava
sabuToT. nabeWdi gverdi Seicavs uamrav iseT elements,
romlebsac araferi aqvT saerTo leqsTan, iqneba es Sriftis
zoma an tipi (gamarTuli, damreci), gverdis zoma Tu kidev
mravali sxva faqtori. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tvalsazriss,
romlis Tanaxmad, poema artefaqts warmoadgens, maSin isic
unda vaRiaroT, rom wignis yoveli egzemplari anda gansx
vavebulad dabeWdili gamocema warmoadgens xelovnebis
calkeul, sagangebo nawarmoebs. aRar iqneba aranairi apri
oruli safuZveli imisa, rom sxvadasxva gamocemis egzem
plarebi vaRiaroT erTi da imave wignis egzemplarebad. gar
da amisa, Cven, mkiTxvelebs, ar migvaCnia, rom yoveli gamoce
ma warmoadgens poemis swor da marTebul gamocemas. TviT is
faqti, rom SegviZlia CavasworoT tipografiuli Secdome
bi (Tumca teqsts pirvelad vecnobiT) an, zogjer, aRvadgi
noT kidec teqstis WeSmariti mniSvneloba, adasturebs, rom
nabeWd striqonebs ar miviCnevT WeSmarit poemad. amrigad,
davasabuTeT, rom leqsi (anda nebismieri sxva literatu
ruli nawarmoebi) SeiZleba arsebobdes misi dabeWdili ver
siisgan damoukideblad, da rom dabeWdili teqsti Seicavs
mraval iseT elements, romelTac, Cveni azriT, ar Seicavda
WeSmariti leqsi.
206

literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

da mainc, aseTi negatiuri daskvnis miuxedavad, Tvali

ar unda davxuWoT imaze, rom udidesi praqtikuli mniS
vneloba aqvs weris da beWdvis gamogonebas, anu poeziis
Caweris Cveneul meTodebs. eWvsgareSea, rom literaturis
didi nawili daikarga, radgan gaqra misi Canawerebi da ar
gaamarTla zepirsityvieri tradiciis Teoriulad SesaZle
belma saSualebam, romelic dairRva an Sewyda. damwerlo
bam, da gansakuTrebiT beWdvam, ganapiroba literaturuli
tradiciis uwyvetoba da didi wvlili Seitana xelovnebis
nawarmoebis erTianobisa da mTlianobis SenarCunebaSi. gar
da amisa, grafikuli elementi iqca zogierTi literaturu
li nawarmoebis nawilad, yovel SemTxvevaSi, poeziis isto
riis garkveul etapebze.
rogorc aCvena ernest fenolozam, Cinur poeziaSi
suraTovani ideograma qmnis poemis sruli mniSvnelobis
nawils. magram dasavlur tradiciaSic arsebobs grafi
kuli leqsebi: gavixsenoT `berZnuli anTologia~, agreTve
jorj herbertis `sakurTxeveli~ an `eklesiis iataki~,
agreTve _ ingliseli metafizikosi poetebis sxva leqsebi,
romelTa paralelebad kontinentze SeiZleba davasaxeloT
espanuri gongorizmi, italiuri marinizmi, germanuli baro
kos poezia da sxva. amasve SeiZleba davamatoT Tanamedrove
poezia amerikaSi (e.e. kamingsi), germaniaSi (arno holci),
safrangeTSi (malarme, apolineri) da sxvagan, sadac mimar
Tavdnen iseT grafikul xerxebs, rogorebicaa striqonebis
sxvadasxvagvari ganlageba, an Tundac gverdis mxolod
qveda nawilis gamoyeneba, sxvadasxva feris Srifti da a.S.2
jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi sternma Tavis `tristram SendiSi
gamoiyena carieli gverdebi da marmarisebri SemonaWeri.
yvela aseTi xerxi warmoadgens am konkretuli nawarmoe
bebis arsebiT nawils. marTalia, poezia iSviaTad mimarTavs
amgvar xerxebs, magram maT uyuradRebod mainc ver dav
tovebT da arc unda davtovoT.
amas garda, Sriftis roli poeziaSi namdvilad ar
Semoifargleba im SedarebiT iSviaTi SemTxvevebiT, rodesac
avtori Segnebulad iyenebs zemoaRweril xerxebs; nawarmoe
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literaturis Teoria

bTa organul elementebs miekuTvneba leqsebis taepTa da

boloebebis gaformeba, strofebad dajgufeba, prozauli
teqstebis abzacebi, omonimuri riTma, anda sityvaTa TamaSi
da kalamburi, romlis gageba SeiZleba mxolod marTlweris
gaTvaliswinebiT, da kidev bevri sxva msgavsi xerxi. yove
live es literaturuli xelovnebis arsebiT faqtorad unda
miviCnioT. mxolod zepirsityvierebaze agebuli Teoria
gamoricxavs nebismier miniSnebas amgvar xerxebze, magram ma
Sin maTi ugulebelyofa dauSvebelia samwerlo xelovnebis
bevri nimuSis analizisas. amgvari nawarmoebebis arseboba
amtkicebs, rom dResdReobiT poeziis praqtikaSi Srifti
iqca Zalze mniSvnelovan elementad, radgan poezia iqmneba
ara mxolod yurisTvis, aramed _ TvalisTvisac. miuxedavad
imisa, rom grafikuli xerxebis gamoyeneba ar aris aucile
beli, isini gacilebiT ufro xSirad gvxvdeba literatur
aSi, vidre musikaSi, sadac dabeWdili partitura iseTive
rols asrulebs, rasac _ nabeWdi gverdi poeziaSi. musi
kaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba grafikuli xerxebi, Tumca verc
imas vityviT, rom isini saerTod ar gvxvdeba. XVI saukunis
italiuri madrigalebis partiturebSi naxavT bevr ucnaur
optikur xerxs (ferebi da sxv.). `wminda~ da `srulqmnil~
kompozitoris, hendelis sagundo nawarmoebSi sadac gundi
mReris wiTeli zRvis adidebaze, rodesac `wyali kedlisebr
wamoimarTa~. partituris dabeWdil gverdze gamosaxuli
notebi qmnian mtkice rigs, sadac Tanabari distanciiTaa Cam
wkrivebuli wertilebi falangas an kedels mogvagoneben.3
Cven daviwyeT im TeoriiT, romelsac axla, albaT,
bevri seriozuli mimdevari rodi hyavs. meore pasuxi Cvens
kiTxvaze gulisxmobs, rom literaturuli nawarmoebi aris
deklamatoris an mkiTxvelis mier warmoTqmul bgeraTa Tan
mimdevroba. esaa farTod gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi, ro
melic gansakuTrebiT popularulia deklamatorTa Soris.
magram verc es pasuxi iqneba damakmayofilebeli, radgan
nebismieri xmamaRla warmoTqmuli leqsi warmoadgens am
nawarmoebis Sesrulebas da ara TviT am poemas. es igivea, rac
musikosis mier musikaluri nawarmoebis Sesruleba. arse
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

bobs didZali werilobiTi literatura, romelic SeiZleba

arasodes gaJRerdes. ver daveTanxmebiT bihevioristTa ab
surdul Teorias, romlis mixedviTac, uxmod wakiTxvas mu
dam Tan sdevs saxmo simebis moZraoba. sinamdvileSi gamoc
dileba cxadyofs, rom garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac ada
mians kiTxva axalSeswavlili aqvs an kiTxulobs ucxoenovan
teqsts, an sulac ganzrax cdilobs, rom bgera CurCuliT
warmosTqvas, kiTxvis procesi ZiriTadad `globaluria~,
anu dabeWdil sityvebs erTianad, mTlianobaSi aRviqvamT
ise, rom ar vcdilobT, davanawevroT isini fonemebad da
Cumad mainc warmovTqvaT. rodesac swrafad vkiTxulobT,
imisi droc ki ara gvrCeba, rom saxmo simebiT gavaxmianoT
bgerebi. garda amisa, Tu davuSvebT, rom leqsi arsebobs
mxolo misi xmamaRla kiTxvis dros, cota ar iyos, ucnaur
daskvnamde mivalT TiTqos im momentSi, rodesac poema `ar
gaismis~, is arc arsebobs da yoveli wakiTxvis dros axlidan
iqmneba.
magram yvelaze ufro sagulisxmoa isaa, rom leqsis
yoveli wakiTxva ufro metia, vidre TviT leqsi: yoveli Ses
ruleba Seicavs im elementebs, romlebic ar ganekuTvnebian
leqss da, ase vTqvaT, asaxaven iseT individualur Tavise
burebebs, rogorebicaa gamoTqma, tonaloba, tempi da max
vilebis ganawileba, anu is elementebi, romelTac gansaz
Rvravs an deklamatoris pirovneba, anda leqsis miseuli
interpretaciis simptomebi da saSualebebi. metic: leqsis
wakiTxvas masSi Seaqvs ara mxolod individualuri element
ebi, aramed yovelTvis ganapirobebs teqstis komponentTa
SerCevas: amaSi Sedis xmis toni, tempi, maxvilebis ganawile
ba da intensiuroba; yovelive es SeiZleba iyos mcdari an
marTebuli, magram maSinac ki, rodesac sworia, esaa leqsis
wakiTxvis mxolod erTi versia. unda vaRiaroT, rom arse
bobs leqsis wakiTxvis ramdenime SesaZlebloba, romlebic
SeiZleba mcdarad miviCnioT, Tu gvgonia, rom isini arRvevs
da amaxinjebs leqsis WeSmarit mniSvnelobas, anda miviCnioT,
rom isini swori da misaRebia, magram idealuri mainc araa.
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leqsis xmamaRla wakiTxva ar warmoadgens TviT leqss,

radgan Cven Sinaganad SeiZleba gagviCndes masSi Sesworebebis
Setanis survili. maSinac ki, rodesac vismenT iseT deklama
cias, romelsac saukeTesod miviCnevT, mainc ver gamovric
xavT, rom SeiZleba sxva vinme Tundac igive deklamatori,
oRond sxva dros mogvawvdis sruliad gansxvavebul in
terpretacias, romelic aseve kargad gamoaCens poemis sxva
elementebs. kvlav gamogvadgeba analogia musikis Sesrule
basTan: simfonia, Tundac mas toskanini asrulebdes, mainc
ar aris TviT simfonia, radgan individualur Semsruleb
els aucileblad Seaqvs nawarmoebSi sagangebo niuansebi; aq
vgulisxmobT temps, rubatos [rubato tempis monacvleo
ba musikalur frazaSi, rac Cveulebriv _ kontrasts qmnis
akompanementis myar ritmTan mTargmn.], tembrs, da a.S., rac
SeiZleba Seicvalos momdevno Sesrulebisas, Tumca, ver vi
tyviT, rom igive nawarmoebi meored Sesrulda. amrigad, Cven
vaCveneT, rom leqsi SeiZleba arsebobdes misi Sesrulebis
gan damoukideblad, gaxmovanebisas ki iZens bevr iseT ele
ments, romlebic, Cveni azriT, ar aris CarTuli poemaSi.
da mainc, zogierT literaturul nawarmoebSi (es gan
sakuTrebiT iTqmis lirikul poeziaze) SeiZleba poeziis
xmovani aspeqti qmnides saerTo struqturis mniSvnelovan
faqtors. misken yuradRebis mizidva SeiZleba iseTi saSua
lebebiT, rogorebicaa metri, xmovanTa an TanxmovanTa
Tanamimdevrobis wesi, aliteracia, asonansi, riTma da sxv.
es faqti ganmartavs, an ufro sworad, gvexmareba avxsnaT
mizezi, Tu ratom ar Seesatyviseba originals lirikuli
poeziis Targmanis umetesi nawili, anu ratom ver gadadis
bgerwera sxva lingvistur sistemaSi, Tumc ki daxelovnebu
li mTargmneli mainc moaxerxebs, SeinarCunos am bgerweris
saerTo efeqti Tavis mSobliur enaSi. asea Tu ise, arsebobs
didZali literatura, romlisTvisac bgeriTi mxare nak
lebmniSvnelovania. amas adasturebs bevri iseTi nawarmoe
bis istoriuli mniSvneloba, romelTac veraferi daaklo
uxeiro Targmanma. bgera SeiZleba warmoadgendes mniS
vnelovan faqtors poemis struqturaSi, magram imis Tqma,
rom leqsi warmoadgens bgeraTa rigs, iseve arasworia, ro
gorc Sriftisadmi gadamwyveti rolis miniWeba.
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CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Zalze

gavrcelebulia mesame pasuxi, romlis mixedviT, leqsi war
moadgens mkiTxvelis gamocdilebas. amtkiceben, rom leqsi
calke, mkiTxvelis saazrovno procesebisgan damoukide
blad, arc arsebobs. amgvarad, leqsi SeiZleba gavaigivoT
im mentalur mdgomareobasTan an procesTan, romelsac
ganvicdiT poeturi nawarmoebis kiTxvisas an mosmenisas.
Tumca, rogorc Cans, amgvari `fsiqologiuri~ axsna mainc
ar aris damakmayofilebeli. rasakvirvelia, sworia, rom
leqsis wvdoma xdeba mxolod piradi gancdiT, magram mas
ver gavaigivebT am procesTan. leqsis kiTxvisas yoveli
Cvenganis individualuri gamocdileba Seicavs raRac Ta
viseburs, pirovnuls, raSic aisaxeba Cveni ganwyobileba
poeziis aRqmisas da individualuri mzadyofna misi kiTx
visTvis. mkiTxvelis ganaTleba, misi pirovnuli Tavisebure
bani, iseve, rogorc saerTo kulturuli klimati, yoveli
mkiTxvelis religiuri, filosofiuri, an profesiuli Sexe
dulebebi da Cvevebi raRac axals Sematebs leqss yoveli
wakiTxvisas. erTma da imave mkiTxvelma SeiZleba sxvadasxva
dros sxvadasxvanairad waikiTxos erTi da igive teqsti,
ris mizezsac SeiZleba warmoadgendes mkiTxvelis sulieri
ganviTarebis donis zrda an, piriqiT misi daRliloba, mS
foTvareba anda yuradRebis gafantva. amrigad, yovel ga
mocdilebas raRac Seaqvs leqsSi an raRacisgan ganZarcvavs
mas, radgan esaa individualuri gamocdileba. gamocdileba
ver CaiTvleba poemis tolfas movlenad: gamocdili mkiTx
velic ki aRmoaCens leqsebSi axal detalebs, romlebic ar
SeumCnevia wina wakiTxvisas, amitom, ra Tqma unda, naklebad
gaTviTcnobierebuli an mTlad uwignuri mkiTxveli teqsts
zedapirulad an arasworad waikiTxavs.
absurdul daskvnamde mivyavarT im Tvalsazriss, TiTqos
mkiTxvelis sulieri gamocdileba ukve TavisTavad aris leqsi.
gamodis, rom Tu leqsi ar aris gancdili, igi arc arsebobs,
xolo yovel gancdasTan erTad Tavidan iqmneba. am logikiT,
Cven gveqneboda ara erTi `RvTaebrivi komedia~, aramed imdeni,
ramdeni mkiTxvelic hyavda mas aqamde da SemdgomSic eyoleba.
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ase mivalT srul skepticizmamde, anarqiamde da iZulebulni

viqnebiT, daveTanxmoT mavne maqsimas de gustibus non est disputandum (gemovnebaze ar davoben). Tu seriozulad movekidebiT
am Tvalsazriss, maSin ver avxsniT, ratom unda miviCnioT, rom
erTi mkiTxvelis gamocdileba ukeTesia, vidre vinme sxva mkiTx
velisa da ratom aris SesaZlebeli, rom SevasworoT sxva mkiTx
velis interpretacia. aseTi ram moaswavebs, rom namdvilad
SeuZlebeli iqneba literaturis yovelgvari swavleba teqstis
gagebisa da aRqmis gaRrmavebis mizniT. a. riCardsis Txzulebe
bi, gansakuTrebiT ki misi wigni `praqtikuli kritikis Sesaxeb~
imaze metyvelebs, Tu ramdeni ram SeiZleba gakeTdes mkiTxvel
Ta individualuri Taviseburebebis analizis meSveobiT, da ras
SeuZlia miaRwios kargma maswavlebelma nawarmoebTa mcdari
gagebis koreqciisas. sainteresoa, rom riCardsi, romelic
mudam akritikebs Tavisi mowafeebis _ mkiTxvelebis _ ga
mocdilebas, ixreba im ukiduresi fsiqologiuri Teoriisken,
romelic mTlianad upirispirdeba mis brwyinvale kritikul
praqtikas. im azrma, rom poezia, savaraudod, awesrigebs Cvens
JestiT iseve, rogorc sonatiT.4 amrigad, savaraudo Cvens cno
bierebaSi mimdinare reaqciebi uSualod ar ukavSirdeba leqss,
romelic mas iwvevs.
rogori saintereso da pedagogiuri miznebisaT
vis gamosadegic unda iyos mkiTxvelis fsiqologia, misi
sfero mainc literaturaTmcodneobis, anu konkretuli
xelovnebis nawarmoebis analizis miRma Zevs da ver gamodge
ba xelovnebis nawarmoebis struqturisa Tu Rirebulebis
gansazRvrisTvis. fsiqologiuri Teoriebi ganmartaven ara
literaturas, aramed _ mis zemoqmedebas adamianze. uki
dures SemTxvevebSi isini gvTavazoben poeziis Rirebulebis
iseT kriteriums, rogoric warmodgenilia a.e. hausmenis
leqciaSi `poeziis arsi da buneba~ (1933). hausmeni faruli
ironiiT gvakvalianebs, karg poezias amovicnobT JrJoliT,
romelsac ganvicdiT misi mosmenisaso. amasve qadagebdnen
XVIII saukunis Teoriebi, romelTa mixedviT, tragediis Ri
rebuleba ganizomeba mayureblis mier daRvrili cremlis
raodenobiT, Tanamedrove kinoSi ki komediis warmateba
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

xSirad ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ramdenjer gaicina mayure

belma. amrigad, yovel fsiqologiur Teorias Sedegad mos
devs anarqia, skepticizmi da RirebulebaTa sruli aRreva,
radgan is ar ukavSirdeba arc poemis struqturas da arc mis
xarisxs.
i.a. riCardsma mxolod odnav gaaumjobesa fsiqo
logiuri Teoria, rodesac poema gansazRvra rogorc `Rir
seuli mkiTxvelis gamocdileba~.5 aSkaraa, rom mTelma
problemam gadainacvla Rirseuli mkiTxvelis kategoriaze
da am zedsarTavis mniSvnelobaze. magram kidec rom warmo
vidginoT daxvewili kulturiT aRWurvili da saukeTesod
momzadebuli idealuri mkiTxveli, aseTi gansazRvra mainc
ar iqneba damakamyofilebeli, radgan mis mimarT SeiZleba
gamoiTqvas igive kritikuli SeniSvnebi, rac _ fsiqologi
uri meTodis mimarT. saqme isaa, rom leqsis arsi aq daiyvane
ba garkveuli momentiT ganpirobebul gancdamde, romelsac
ucvlelad ver gaimeorebs nebismieri mkiTxveli, ragind
Rirseulic ar unda iyos is. is yovelTvis ufro naklebia,
vidre poemis sruli mniSvneloba nebismier mocemul mo
mentSi da yovel wakiTxvaSi aucileblad Seaqvs piraduli
elementebi.
meoTxe pasuxis meSveobiT cdiloben zemoxsenebuli
siZneleebis gadalaxvas. amboben, rom poema aris TviT av
toris gamocdileba. SevniSnavT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi leq
si wyvets arsebobas misi dawerisTanave. rodesac avtori
gadaikiTxavs Tavis qmnilebas, es ukve aRaraa poema. cxa
dia, rom avtori gadaiqceva Tavis nawarmoebis Cveulebriv
mkiTxvelad, romelic SeiZleba Secdes da sworad ver axs
nas Tavisive naweri, iseve, rogorc es SeiZleba daemarTos
nebismier sxva mkiTxvels. mravladaa cnobili aseTi aSkara
gaugebrobis magaliTebi, rodesac Tavad avtors uWirs sa
kuTari qmnilebis ganmarteba. magaliTad, Zveli anekdotis
mixedviT, brauningma ganacxada, rom TviTonac ar esmoda
sakuTari leqsebi. albaT yvelas emarTeba ase: an sworad
ver aRviqvamT adre dawerils, an is srulad ar gvesmis. aqe
dan gamomdinare, Cveni varaudiT, `avtoris gamocdileba~
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SeiZleba gavigoT mxolod rogorc misi gamocdileba na

warmoebis weris dros. Semdgom, `avtoris gamocdilebaSi~
SeiZleba ori gansxvavebuli ram vigulisxmoT: erTi iqneba
Segnebuli gamocdileba, Canafiqri, romlis xorcSesxmac
surda avtors, xolo meore mTlianad misi gacnobierebuli
Tu gaucnobierebeli gamocdilebaSemoqmedebiTi muSaobis
dros. farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba (Tumca amas Yy
ovelTvis ar acxadeben), TiTqos poema SeiZleba ganvmartoT
avtoris Canafiqridan gamomdinare.6 ase amarTleben nawar
moebis istoriuli komentirebis aucileblobas da nawar
moebis izolirebulad, amave avtoris sxva nawarmoebTagan
damoukideblad kvlevis saWiroebas. magram saqme isaa, rom
nawarmoebTa didi umravlesobis SemTxvevaSi Canafiqris
aRdgena SeuZlebelia, radgan Cvens xelT araa araferi, das
rulebuli teqstis garda. maSinac ki, rodesac arsebobs av
toris Tanamedrove epoqiT daTariRebuli sabuTebi, aseTma
sabuTebma mainc ar unda SeboWos Tanamedrove mkvlevari.
avtoris `Canafiqri~ mudam aris nawarmoebis sazrisis `ra
cionalizacia~ da komentari, romelic yovelTvis unda
gaviTvaliswinoT da, amave dros, kritikulad gavaanalizoT
dasrulebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebidan gamomdinare. saqme
isaa, rom avtoris `Canafiqri~ SeiZleba gacilebiT ufro
farTo iyos, vidre amas gvafiqrebinebs xelovnebis das
rulebuli qmnileba an SeiZleba, ubralod, asaxavdes mis
gegmas. rom SegvZleboda gasaubreba SeqspirTan `hamle
tis~ dawerasTan dakavSirebiT, Cven ver dagvakmayofilebda
Canafiqris avtoriseuli axsna. da marTebuli iqneboda am
piesaSi Cadebuli im sazrisis Zieba (da ara misi gamogoneba),
romelic, SesaZloa, Seqspirs gacnobierebuli arc hqonda.
rodesac xelovani cdilobs gamoxatos Tavisi sur
vilebi, is SeiZleba misi Tanamedrove literaturuli situ
aciisa da esTetikuri cnebebis mniSvnelovan gavlenas ga
nicdides; magram saqme isaa, rom TviT es esTetikuri cnebebi,
SesaZloa, ar Seesatyvisebodes mis WeSmariti SemoqmedebiTi
miRwevebs. barokos xana aSkarad epasuxeba am sakiTxs, radgan
es axali SemoqmedebiTi manera srulad ar gamoxatula arc
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

xelovanTa gancxadebebSi, arc _ kritikosTa SeniSvnebSi.

iseTi moqandake, rogoric iyo bernini, parizis akademiaSi
leqciebis kiTxvisas acxadebda, rom misi praqtika savsebiT
Seesatyviseba antikur nimuSebs, xolo daniel adam pepvel
manma, romelmac aago cvingeri drezdenSi _ rokokos sti
lis nimuSi arqiteqturaSi _ mTeli broSura miuZRvna imis
damtkicebas, rom misi qmnileba mTlianad akmayofilebs vit
ruviusis yvelaze mkacr principebs.7 poeti-metafizikose
bi iSviaTad mimarTavdnen esTetikur terminebs (magaliTad,
`zustad gaTvlil striqonebze~ saubrisas), magram aseTi
terminologiis gamoyenebisas praqtikulad verc ki gamo
xatavdnen maTi Semoqmedebis arsebiT siaxles; Sua sauku
neebSi Semoqmedebs xSirad euflebodaT wminda religiuri
anda didaqtikuri `ganwyobebi~, romlebsac arc ki `das
caldaT~, gamoxatuli yofiliyvnen maTi praqtikis Semoq
medebiTs principebSi. sxvaoba Segnebul gegma-ganwyobasa da
uSualo Sesrulebas Soris Cveulebrivi ram aris mwerlo
bis istoriaSi. zolas marTlac swamda eqsperimentuli ro
manis mecnieruli Teoriisa, Tavad ki, sinamdvileSi, Seqmna
Zalze melodramatuli da simboluri romanebi. gogols
Tavi socialur reformistad, ruseTis `aRmwer-geogra
fad~ miaCnda, maSin, rodesac misi romanebi da moTxrobebi
savsea warmosaxuli fantastikuri da groteskuli arsebe
biT. SeuZlebelia SemovizRudoT avtoris Canafiqris kv
leviT, vinaidan es, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, aris nawarmoe
bis komentari, xSirad ki aseTi komentari saimedo sulac
araa. SeiZleba arc ki gvqondes raime sawinaaRmdego amgvari
`Canafiqris~ Seswavlis mimarT, Tuki `CanafiqrSi~ vigulisx
mebT nawarmoebis erT-erT komponents, romlis meSveobiT
SesaZlebelia mTlianad nawarmoebis sazrisis wvdoma.8 mag
ram aq termini `Canafiqri~ gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisaa
da, SesaZloa, arcTu zustic.
aseve miuRebelia is alternatiuli varaudi, rom
lis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti leqsi unda veZioT avtoris gac
nobierebul da gaucnobierebel gamocdilebaSi nawarmoe
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bze muSaobis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. es daskvnac

warmoqmnis siZneleebs, vinaidan mas gadahyavs problema
savsebiT miuwvdomeli, wminda hipoTezuri x-is kategoria
Si, romlis gansazRvra an Tundac Seswavla SeuZlebelia.
sakiTxis gadawyveta agreTve ar aris damakmayofilebeli,
radgan Semoqmedeba aseT SemTxvevaSi damokidebulia subi
eqturi gamocdilebisgan, romelic, TavisTavad, warsulis
kuTvnilebaa. gamocdileba, romelic hqonda avtors Semo
qmedebis procesSi, warsulSi gadainacvlebs nawarmoebis
dasrulebisTanave. es warmodgena swori rom iyos, maSin
verasodes SevZlebdiT uSualo kontaqtis damyarebas TviT
xelovnebis qmnilebasTan da mogviwevda Tavis damSvideba im
varaudiT, rom Cveni gancda poemis wakiTxvisas identuria
imisa, rac didi xnis winaT Tavad avtorma ganicada. wignSi
`miltoni~ e.m. tiliardi SeniSnavs, rom `dakarguli samo
Txe~ asaxavs avtoris mdgomareobas am poemis Seqmnis mo
mentSi; k.s. luisTan xangrZlivi da uTavbolo davis dros
man mainc ar aRiara, rom `dakarguli samoTxe~, upirveles
yovlisa exeba satanas, adams da evas, agreTve asobiT da aTa
sobiT sxvadasxva ideas, azrsa da cnebas, da ara miltonis
sulier gancdebs poemis Seqmnis periodSi.9 is, rom odesRac
poemis Sinaarsi ganisazRvreboda miltonis gonebaSi mimdi
nare cnobieri da gaucnobierebeli procesebiT, savsebiT
sworia, magram am procesebis wvdoma CvenTvis SeuZlebe
lia, miT umetes, rom SemoqmedebiT momentebSi mis gonebaSi
xdeboda gadamuSaveba auracxeli gamocdilebisa, romelTa
kvals poemaSi ver mivagnebT. es idea migviyvans umizno
varaudebamde imis Taobaze xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi md
gomareobis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb Semoqmedebis momentSi
mwerlis emociaTa Taobaze, rac SeiZleba gulisxmobdes im
momentSi gancdil kbilis tkivilsac.10 saerTod, fsiqolo
giuri midgoma, romlis amosavali punqtia mkiTxvelisa Tu
msmenlis, mTxroblisa Tu avtoris sulieri mdgomareo
ba, warmoqmnis gacilebiT ufro met problemas, vidre im
sakiTxTa raodenoba, romelTa gadawyveta mas ZaluZs.
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

aSkarad ukeTesi iqneba, Tu xelovnebis nimuSs gan

vsazRvravT socialuri da koleqtiuri gamocdilebis kon
teqstiT. arsebobs sakiTxis gadawyvetis ori SesaZlebloba,
Tumca, arc erTi maTgani ar gamogvadgeba saimisod, rom
problema damakmayofileblad gadaiWras. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom xelovnebis nimuSi warmoadgens poemis warsulisa da
SesaZlebel gamocdilebaTa jams. aseTi axsna auracxeli
piradi usargeblo gamocdilebis, uxeiro, yalbi wakiTxvisa
da damaxinjebis tolfasi iqneba. mokled rom vTqvaT, mxat
vruli nawarmoebi aris mkiTxvelis sulieri mdgomareoba,
gamravlebuli usasrulobaze. meore pasuxis Tanaxmad, WeS
mariti leqsi aris poemis yvela mkiTxvelis gamocdileba.11
magram faqtia, rom aseT pasuxs dahyavs mxatvruli nawar
moebi saerTo mniSvnelamde. es ki iqneba yvelaze dabali,
yvelaze umniSvnelo, zedapiruli da trivialuri saerTo
mniSvneli, romelic xelmisawvdomia nebismieri gamoc
dilebisTvis. garda imisa, rom am saerTo mniSvnelis gamo
yofa Znelia, amgvari midgoma Zalze aRaribebs xelovnebis
nimuSis sazriss.
individualuri Tu socialuri fsiqologiis me
TodebiT ver vipoviT pasuxs Cvens kiTxvaze. amitom unda
davaskvnaT, rom poema pirovnul gamocdilebas an aseT ga
mocdilebaTa jams ki ar warmoadgens, aramed _ gamocdile
baTa potenciur wyaros. gansazRvreba, romelic emyareba
sulier mdgomareobaTa analizs, damakmayofilebeli araa,
radgan is ver ganmartavs WeSmariti poeziis normatiul xa
siaTs da im martiv faqts, rom misi aRqmis gamocdileba Sei
Zleba iyo marTebuli an mcdari. nebismieri pirovnuli ganc
dis SemTxvevaSi WeSmariti poeziis Sesatyvisad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos am gancdis mxolod garkveuli nawili. amrigad,
WeSmariti poezia unda gaviazroT, rogorc im normaTa
struqtura, romlebic mxolod nawilobriv realizdeba mis
mravalricxovan mkiTxvelTa gamocdilebaSi. yoveli calke
aRebuli gamocdileba (kiTxva, deklamacia da a. S.) aris mxo
lod met-naklebad warmatebuli mcdeloba, Caswvdes norma
Ta Tu kriteriumTa am erTobliobas da gamoxatos is.
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aq naxsenebi termini `norma~, rasakvirvelia, ar unda

avurioT eTikur Tu politikur, anda _ klasicistur Tu
romantikuli xelovnebis normebSi. sityva `norma~ aq gu
lisxmobs implicitur normebs, romlebic unda gamoiyos
xelovnebis nimuSis aRqmis yoveli individualuri gamocdi
lebidan da romelTa erTobliobac qmnis xelovnebis WeS
marit nimuSs. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT xelovnebis nimuSebs,
maSin gamovlindeba rogorc msgavseba am normaTa Soris, ise
_ maTi sxvaobac, da, msgavsebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebeli
iqneba xelovnebis nawarmoebTa klasifikacia normaTa im ti
pis Sesabamisad, romlebic maTSia xorcSesxmuli. am gziT SeiZ
lebaGJanrebis Teoriis da, saboloo angariSSi, literaturis
Teoriebis SemuSaveba. kritikosebi uaryofen msgavs SesaZle
blobas da, arcTu usafuZvlod, aRniSnaven, rom xelovnebis
yoveli nawarmoebi unikaluri bunebisaa; magram aseT SemTx
vevaSi Sexeduleba individualurobis Sesaxeb imdenad domi
nanturia, rom nawarmoebi mTlianad swydeba tradicias da,
Sedegad, iqceva miuwvdomel da gaugebar fenomenad. Tuki
davuSvebT, rom unda daviwyoT xelovnebis calkeuli nawar
moebis analiziT, maSinac ki ver uarvyofT masSi garkveuli
msgavsebis, saerTo elementebis an faqtorebis arsebobas,
romlebic aaxloebs mocemul nawarmoebs sxva qmnilebebT
an. magram es saSualebas mogvcems, calkeuli nawarmoebis
analizidan gadavideTxelovnebis im tipis daxasiaTebaze,
romelic xorcSesxmulia berZnul tragediaSi, Semdeg _
zogadad, tragediaze, literaturaze, da, bolos, im yovlis
momcvel struqturaze, romelic saerToaxelovnebis yvela
dargisaTvis.
magram esaa Soreuli perspeqtivis amocana. CvenTvis
ki aucilebelia gavarkvioT am normebis arsi da maT ga
movlinebaTa xasiaTi. nawarmoebTa detaluri analizi gvar
wmunebs, rom arsebobs ara ubralod normaTa erTgvari
sistema, aramed _ ramdenime qvedanayofic am sistemaSi,
ise, rom TiToeul qvedanayofs aqvs misdami daqvemdebare
bul elementTa jgufi. polonelma filosofosma roman in
gardenma, literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSis virtuozuli
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

da maRalprofesionaluri analizisas, am mizniT gamoiyena

huserlis `fenomenologiis~ meTodi.12 saWiro araa misi ms
jelobis detalurad gadmocema imaSi dasarwmuneblad,
rom ingardeniseuli midgoma gamarTlebulia da gamosade
gi: pirvel yovlisa, gamoiyofa bgeriTi Sre, romelic, cxa
dia, ar unda gavaigivoT TavisTavad sityvaTa JReradobas
Tan, raSic zemoT. mxolod bgeraTa bazaze vlindeba meore
Sre _ azrobrivi erTeulebi. yovel calkeul sityvas aqvs
sakuTari sazrisi da konteqstSi, sxva sityvebTan erTad,
warmoqmnis azrobriv erTeulebs, sintagmebs da winadade
bebs. amgvari sintaqsuri struqturebis safuZvelze Cndeba
mesame Sre _ reprezentatiuli plani, romelic moicavs
mwerlis `samyaros, moqmed pirebs, fonsa da garemos. amas
ingardeni amatebs kidev or sxva Sres, romelTa gamoyofa,
SesaZloa, saWiro araa. mwerlis `samyaro~ mas danaxuli aqvs
gansakuTrebuli TvalsazrisiT, romelic yovelTvis rodi
gamoixateba uSualod, magram aucileblad SeigrZnoba. mag
aliTad, raime movlena (vTqvaT, karis mijaxuneba) SeiZleba
literaturaSi aRwerili iyos, rogorc mavani piris mier
`danaxuli~ anda `gagonili~. personaJi SeiZleba warmodge
nili iyos misi `Sinagani~ an `garegnuli~ damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebiT. da, bolos, ingardeni axsenebs `metafizikuri
Tvisebebis~ (amaRlebuli, tragikuli, Tavzardamcemi, wmin
da) Sres romelic aucilebeli araa da zogierT nawarmoebSi
SeiZleba arc Segvxvdes. es ori ukanaskneli Sre SeiZleba Se
viyvanoT `samyaros~ kategoriaSi, anu warmodgenil saganTa
arealSi. magram, isini, amave dros, gvikarnaxeben, rom arse
bobs literaturul analizSi Zalze realuri problemebi.
`Tvalsazrisis~ cnebam, yovel SemTxvevaSi, romanTan dakav
SirebiT, didi yuradReba miipyro jer kidev henri jeimsis
moRvaweobis droidan, im periodidan, rodesac labokma
warmoadgina literaturis Sesaxeb jeimsis Sexedulebebisa
da misi mxatvruli praqtikis sistematizebuli eqspozi
cia. xsenebuli `metafizikuri Tvisebebis~ Sre saSualebas
aZlevs ingardens, daubrundes `filosofiuri mniSvnelo
bis~ sakiTxebs xelovnebis nawarmoebSi, ise, rom Tavi aari
dos metad sarisko da xSir inteleqtualur Secdomebs.
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kargi iqneba, Tuki am azrs davasabuTebT paraleliT,

romelsac lingvistika gvawvdis. ferdinand de sosiuric
da praRis lingvisturi wris warmomadgenlebic mkafiod
asxvavebdnen erTmaneTisgan langue-s da parole-s,13 e.i. enis
sistemasa da individualuri metyvelebis aqts; analogiuri
gansxvaveba arsebobs Tavad leqssa da misi aRqmis indivi
dualur gamocdilebas Soris. enis sistema (anu langue) war
moadgens pirobiTobebisa da normebis krebuls, romelTa
urTierTmimarTebebsa da moqmedebas Cven vxedavT da aRvwe
rT am sistemis erTianobisa da simwyobris daurRvevlad,
Tumca calkeul mosaubreTa metyvelebaSi gvxvdeba Zalze
specifikuri, uxeiro da arasruli gamoTqmebi. yovel Sem
TxvevaSi, am mxriv mainc, literaturuli xelovnebis sagani
zustad imave mdgimareobaSia, rogorSic _ enobrivi siste
ma. Cven, rogorc individebi, verasodes SevZlebT am siste
mis srulad gamoxatvas, iseve, rogorc verasodes SevZlebT
Cvenive enis mTlianad da srulad gamoyenebas. faqtobrivad,
zustad igive situacia warmogvidgeba Semecnebis yovel
calkeul aqtSi. Cven verasodes ver SevimecnebT sagans misi
yvela TvisebiT da, amis miuxedavad, mainc ver uarvyofT
saganTa identurobas, Tundac maT aRviqvamdeT sxvadasx
vagvari kuTxiT. Cven mudam vwvdebiT sagnis `aucilebel
struqturas~, rac Semecnebis aqts aqcevs im normaTa aRi
arebad, sinamdvilem Tavs rom mogvaxvia, da ara _ saeWvo
mosazrebis an kidev subieqturi Tvisebis gamovlinebad. Se
sabamisad, mxatvruli nawarmoebis struqturas aqvs Tvise
ba, romelic SeiZleba ase gamoixatos: `gasaTvaliswinebeli
movaleoba~. me mas yovelTvis arasrulad warmovidgen, ma
gram, am warmodgenis SefardebiTi arasisrulis miuxedavad,
mainc rCeba erTgvari `aucilebeli struqtura~, iseve, ro
gorc Semecnebis nebismier sxva saganSi Tu obieqtSi.14
Tanamedrove lingvistebi ganixilaven potenciur
bgerebs rogorc fonemebs; maT SeuZliaT agreTve gaa
nalizon morfemebi da sintagmebi. magaliTad, winadadeba
SeiZleba aRvweroT ara ubralod rogorc ad hoc gamoTqma,
aramed rogorc sintaqsuri wyoba da modeli. Tanamedro
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

ve funqciurma lingvistikam warmatebebs miaRwia mxolod

fonemaTa kvlevis mimarTulebiT; magram raoden rTulic
unda iyos problemebi, maTi gadawyveta mainc SesaZlebe
lia. amasTan, esaa ara sruliad axali problemebi, aramed
_ axleburi formiT Camoyalibebuli is morfologiuri da
sintaqsuri sakiTxebi, romlebic ganixileboda jer kidev
gramatikis Zvel saxelmZRvaneloebSi. literaturuli
nawarmoebis analizis dros vawydebiT analogiur (azrobri
vi erTeulebisa da maTi specifikuri organizaciis) prob
lemebs, romelTac ganapirobebs esTetikuri daniSnuleba
da amocanebi. poeturi semantikis, stilis da saxeobriobis
problemebi axleburad, ufro zusti formiT daismis. az
robrivi erTeulebi, winadadebebi da winadadebaTa struq
turebi ukavSirdebian sagnebs da qmnian warmosaxviT re
alobebs, magaliTad, peizaJs, interiers, personaJebs, mov
lenebs da ideebs. SesaZlebelia am realobebis gaanalizeba
ise, rom ar moxdes maTi aRreva empiriul realobasTan, da
im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom lingvistur struqtureb
Si isini ganuyofelni arian. romanis gmiri iqmneba mxolod
azrobrivi erTeulebis safuZvelze da `iSleba~ personaJis
mier warmoTqmul, an mis Sesaxeb naTqvam winadadebebad. bi
ologiur individTan SedarebiT, romelsac aqvs mkafiod
gamoxatuli warsuli, personaJis struqtura ganusazRvre
lia.15 nawarmoebis dayofas erTimeoris qveS ganlagebul
Sreebad is upiratesoba aqvs, rom mas SeuZlia Seenacvlos
tradiciul da mcdar dayofas Sinaarsad da formad. Sinaar
si mWidro kontaqtSia lingvistur qveSresTan, romelic mas
Seicavs da romelzec aris damokidebuli.
magram aseTi warmodgena literaturul nawarmoebze
rogorc Sreebad dalagebul normaTa sistemaze mainc ver
ganmartavs TviT am sistemis arsebobis wessa da formas. mar
Tebuli gadawyvetilebis mosaZebnad SeiZleboda gangvexila
nominalizmisa da realizmis, mentalizmisa da bihevio
rizmis polemika erTi sityviT, epistemologiis ZiriTadi
problemebi. amasTan, Cveni miznebisaTvis sakmarisia, Tavi
avaridoT or ukiduresobas _ ukidures platonizms da
ukidures nominalizms. saWiro ar aris am normebis miCneva
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obieqtur realobad, misi `materializeba~ da, Sesabamisad,

Camoyalibeba erTgvari arqetipuli cnebisa, romelic gveg
uleba arsTa zedrouli samyaros miRma. literaturuli
nawarmoebis ontologiuri arsi gansxvavdeba samkuTxedis
an ricxvis cnebisgan, an iseTi Tvisebisgan, rogoricaa Tun
dac `siwiTle~. amgvar `ucvlel arsTagan~ gansxvavebiT,
literaturuli nawarmoebi Seqmnilia, pirvel yovlisa,
drois garkveul momentSi, xolo meore mxriv, is eqvemde
bareba cvlilebas, rac SeiZleba dasruldes misi sruli ga
nadgurebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, SeimCneva garkveuli msgavse
ba enis sistemasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom am ukanasknelis
Seqmnis an gaqrobis zusti momentis amocnoba gacilebiT
ufro Znelia, vidre maSin, rodesac saqme exeba literatu
rul nawarmoebs (romelic, rogorc wesi, individualuri
Semoqmedebis nayofia). amave dros, isic unda vaRiaroT, rom
ukiduresi nominalizmi, romelic uaryofs `enis sistemis~
cnebas (da aqedan gamomdinare, mxatvrul nawarmoebsac, ro
gorc Cven is warmogvidgenia) anda miiCnevs mas mxolod ga
mosadeg fiqciad da `mecnieruli aRweris~ erT-erT xerxad,
aseT SemTxvevaSi uars ambobs am problemis gadawyvetaze.
yvelaferi, rac ar Seesatyviseba empiriuli realobis Zalze
SezRudul cnebas, biheviorizmis viwro warmodgenebiT gan
isazRvreba, rogorc `mistikuri~anda `metafizikuri~. da
mainc, Tuki `fonemas~ fiqciad SevracxavT, xolo enis siste
mas ubralod, `sametyvelo aqtis mecnierul aRwerad~,
es niSnavs WeSmaritebis problemis ugulebelyofas.16 Cven
vaRiarebT rogorc normebs, ise _ gadaxrebs am normebisa
gan, da ar vigonebT raRac aRweriT da pirobiT kategoriebs.
am TvalsazrisiT, bihevioristTa xedva mTlianad efuZneba
abstrahirebis cudad gagebul Teorias. imisda miuxeda
vad, SevadgenT ricxvebsa da normebs Tu ara, isini rCebian
normebad da ricxvebad. rasakvirvelia, me kidec vTvli da
kidec vkiTxulob, magram ricxvis gamovlena anda normis
aRiareba sulac ar aris igive, rac _ Tavad ricxvi Tu norma.
`b~ bgeris warmoTqma ar aris `b~ fonema. Cven vavlenT realo
baSi normaTa struqturas, magram ar vigonebT verbalur
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

konstruqcias. argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, am normebs Cven

vwvdebiT mxolod da mxolod Semecnebis individualuri
aqtis meSveobiT da ver `gadavabijebT~ am aqtis sazRvrebs
mxolod erTi SexedviTaa STambeWdavi. es aris swored is
argumenti, romelic mimarTuli iyo Semecnebis kantiseuli
kritikis winaaRmdeg, magram is SeiZleba ugulebelyofil
iqnas TviT kantis argumentebiT.
cxadia, normebis dadgenisas Cven TviTonac SeiZleba
SevcdeT da raime ver gavigoT, magram es ar niSnavs, rom kri
tikoss ganmkiTxavis zeadamianuri roli ekisreba, raTa, ase
vTqvaT, `garedan gaakritikos Cveni Semecneba, da arc imas,
rom is gansakuTrebuli intuiciis meoxebiT srulad Seimec
nebs normaTa mTel sistemas. ufro marTebuli iqneba, Tu vi
tyviT, rom Cveni codnis nawils Cvenve vakritikebT im ufro
maRali standartis mixedviT, romelsac mivaRwieT sxva
sferoSi. Tavi ar unda CaviyenoT im kacis mdgomareobaSi,
vinc Tavisi mxedvelobis Sesamowmeblad cdilobs sakuTar
TvalebSi Caixedos; Cven vgavarT iseT kacs, vinc erTmaneTs
adarebs sagnebs, romlebsac cxadad xedavs, da imaT, rom
lebsac bundovnad xedavs. am urTierTSejerebis safuZvel
ze igi erTgvarad ganazogadebs nanaxs, yofs sagnebs or jgu
fad da sxvaobas xsnis xedvis erTgvari TeoriiT, romelic
iTvaliswinebs manZils, dros da a. S.
analogiurad, Cven advilad gavarCevT poemis swor
Tu mcdar wakiTxvas, nawarmoebSi xorcSesxmuli normebis
marTebul Tu araswor Semecnebas; amisTvis saWiroa Sevada
roT da SeviswavloT sxvadasxvagvari mcdari an arasruli
`realizaciebi~ an interpretaciebi. am normebis uSualo
moqmedeba, urTierTmimarTebebi da kombinaciebi SegviZlia
iseve SeviswavloT, rogorc es xdeba fonemis Seswavlis
dros. literaturuli nawarmoebi ar warmoadgens empiriul
faqts da nebismieri piris an individTa jgufis sulier md
gomareobas; is arc idealuri da ucvleli sagania, samkuTxe
dis msgavsad. mxatvruli nawarmoebi SeiZleba iqces gamoc
dilebis obieqtad; unda vaRiaroT, rom Tumca nawarmoebis
wvdoma SeiZleba martooden individualuri gamocdilebis
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meSveobiT, magram mas mainc ver gavaigivebT raime gamoc

dilebasTan. is gansxvavdeba idealuri obieqtisagan (mag
aliTad, ricxvisgan) swored misi struqturis empiriuli
(fizikuri, an potenciurad fizikuri) aspeqtis _ bgeriTi
sistemis _ wyalobiT, maSin, rodesac SesaZlebelia sam
kuTxedis an ricxvis uSualo, intuiciuri wvdoma. idealuri
obieqtisgan mxatvrul nawarmoebs ganasxvavebs kidev erTi
mniSvnelovani momenti: mas aqvs raRac, rasac SeiZleba `si
cocxle~ vuwodoT. nawarmoebi iqmneba drois garkveul mo
mentSi, ganicdis cvlilebebs Tavisi istoriuli arsebobis
ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg SeiZleba gaqres. mxatvruli nawar
moebi `zedroulia~ mxolod im gagebiT, rom mas aqvs ucvle
li (misi Seqmnis momentidan) struqtura; magram nawarmoebi
`istoriulad cvalebadic~ aris. is `gaivlis~ erTgvar gan
viTarebis process, romlis axsnac SeiZleba da aRwerac. es
ganviTareba sxva araferia, Tu nawarmoebis konkretizaci
aTa rigi istoriis manZilze; garkveulwilad, SesaZlebe
lia am konkretizaciaTa aRdgena im axsna-ganmartebebis me
oxebiT, romlebSic aRwerilia kritikosTa da mkiTxvelTa
mier nawarmoebis aRqma da Sefaseba, agreTve _ nawarmoe
bis zegavlena sxva mxatvrul qmnilebebze. ufro adreuli
konkretizaciebis codna (es exeba wakiTxvasac, kritikasac
da mcdar interpretaciasac), gavlenas iqoniebs nawarmoe
bis Cveneul aRqmaze: ufro adreuli wakiTxvebis meSveo
biT SeiZleba gacilebiT Rrmad CavwvdeT nawarmoebis arss,
Tumca, isini xSirad iwveven mZafr protests amave qmnilebis
Zveli Sefasebebis winaaRmdeg. yovelive es metyvelebs kri
tikis istoriis mniSvnelobaze da gvaiZulebs CavfiqrdeT
im rTul sakiTxebze, romlebic exeba individualobis zR
varsa da bunebas. rogor xdeba, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebi
ganicdis evolucias da mainc Seulaxavad inarCunebs Tavis
arsebiT struqturas? xelovnebis nimuSis istoriuli `si
cocxlis~ Sesaxeb SeiZleba vimsjeloT imave gagebiT, rom
liTac gvixdeba saubari cxovelze an adamianze, romelic
pirovnulad igive darCa cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebis
miuxedavad. `iliada~ jerac arsebobs, anu mas kvlav gaaCnia
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zemoqmedebis unari, maSin, rodesac iseTi istoriuli mov

lena, rogoric iyo brZola vaterloosTan, aSkarad warsu
lis kuTvnilebaa, imis miuxedavad, rom kvlavac SeiZleba
aRvadginoT am brZolis mimdinareoba da davaxasiaToT misi
Sedegebi. da mainc, ra gagebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `iliada~,
romelsac homerosis Tanamedrove berZnebi kiTxulobdnen,
identuria `iliadasi~, romelsac Cven dRes vkiTxulobT?
davuSvaT, teqstma Cvenamde ucvleli saxiT moaRwia; misi
Cveneuli aRqma mainc gansxvavdeba homerosis Tanamedrove
berZenTa mier an poemis aRqmisgan. Cven ar SegviZlia Sevaje
roT originalis ena Zveli saberZneTis yofiT, salaparako
enasTan, da amis gamo verc im gadaxrebs SevigrZnobT, razec
damokidebulia homerosis poetika. Cven ver gavigebT bevr
bundovan sityvier miniSnebasac, romelic yovelTvis Sead
gens nawarmoebis mxatvruli mniSvnelobis arsebiT nawils.
cxadia, mainc saWiroa damatebiTi mcdeloba, raTa warmo
saxvis (romelic yovlisSemZle sulac araa) meSveobiT war
movidginoT Tavi antikur xanaSi, rodesac berZnebs swamdaT
TavianTi RmerTebisa da hqondaT zneobrivi Rirebulebebis
sakuTari skala da ganzomileba. da mainc, SeuZlebelia
imis uaryofa, rom `iliadam~ mniSvnelovanwilad ucvle
lad SeinarCuna `struqturis~ ZiriTadi elementebi mTeli
am saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. amave dros, es `struqtura~
dinamikuria: igi icvleba istoriis procesSi, radgan axle
burad aRiqmeba mis mkiTxvelTa, kritikosTa da xelovanTa
axali Taobebis mier.17 amrigad, normaTa sistema izrdeba,
icvleba da, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, misi srulad wvdoma
da gaazreba yovelTvis SeuZlebeli iqneba. magram struq
turis dinamikuroba ar amarTlebs problemis subieqtiv
istur da relativistur ganmartebebs. cxadia, rom yvela
es gansxvavebuli xedva da Tvalsazrisi Tanabrad swori da
marTebuli rodia. yovelTvis SeiZleba davadginoT, romeli
Tvalsazrisi swvdeba sakiTxs ufro Rrmad. TviT interpre
taciis adekvaturobis moTxovna gulisxmobs ganmartebaTa
garkveul ierarqias, stimuls aZlevs kritikas, romelic
mimarTulia nawarmoebSi xorcSesxmuli normebis maqsi
malur gamovlenisken. yvelanair relativizms abaTilebs
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debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad, `absoluturi mdgomareobs re

latiurSi, Tumca _ ara mTlianad da ara bolomde.~18
amgvarad, mxatvruli nawarmoebi warmogvidgeba, ro
gorc codnis obieqti sui generis, romelsac aqvs gansakuT
rebuli ontologiuri statusi. is arc realuria (anu fi
zikuri, qandakebis darad), arc mentaluri (fsiqologiuri,
msgavsad sinaTlis SegrZnebis an tkivilis gancdisa), da arc
idealuri (rogorc samkuTxedi). mxatvruli nawarmoebi aris
normaTa sistema, romelSic aRbeWdilia intersubieqturi
xasiaTis mqone idealuri cnebebi~. es cnebebi, rogorc Cans,
arseboben sazogadoebrivi ideebis erTobliobaSi da masTan
erTad icvlebian; maTi wvdoma SesaZlebelia mxolod indi
vidualuri sulieri gamocdilebis meSveobiT da emyareba im
lingvisturi erTeulebis bgeriT struqturas, romelTaga
nac Sedgeba teqsti.
Cven ar gvimsjelia mxatvrul RirebulebaTa sakiTxze.
Tumca, zemoTqmulidan aSkara unda iyos, rom normaTa da
RirebulebaTa gareSe ar arsebobs struqtura. Cven ver Sev
ZlebT mxatvruli nawarmoebis gaazrebasa da gaanalizebas
am RirebulebaTa gauTvaliswineblad.. TviT is faqti, rom
garkveul struqturas `mxatvrul nawarmoebad~ vaRiareb,
TavisTavad RirebulebiTi msjelobaa. wminda fenomenolo
giis mcdari Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, Rirebulebebi gami
jnulia struqturisgan, anu Rirebulebebs Tavs axveven
struqturas, amateben mas anda SeaqvT masSi. es Secdoma
SeimCneva roman ingardenis SesaniSnav naSromSi, romelSic
mxatvruli nawarmoebi isea gaanalizebuli, rom Rireb
ulebebi moxseniebulic ki araa. amis mizezi, cxadia, aris
fenomenologebis warmodgena imgvar `arsTa~ maradiuli,
zedrouli wyebis Sesaxeb, romelTa individualuri (empir
iuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze Seqmnili) interpretacia
mxolod mogvianebiT Seiqmna. RirebulebaTa absoluturi
skalis aRiarebiT Cven aucileblad vkargavT kontaqts
individualuri gansjasTan, romelic, Tavisi arsiT, Se
fardebiTia. erT poluszea umoZrao absoluti, meoreze ki
_ Rirebulebis armqone individualur gansjaTa nakadi.
absolutizaciis mcdari Tezisi da relativizmis ase
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literaturuli xelovnebis nimuSi da misi arsebobis wesi

ve mcdari antiTezisi saWiroeben Secvlas da harmonizacias

axlebur sinTezSi, romelic dinamikurs gaxdis Tavad Ri
rebulebaTa skalas, magram dinamikis miRma amCnevs raRac
maradiulsac. amgvar warmodgenas Cven vuwodeT `perspeq
tivis SegrZneba~;19 igi ar moaswavebs RirebulebaTa anarqiis,
anda individualuri gemovnebis prioritetulobis aRiare
bas; esaa sagnis gaRrmavebuli da mravalmxrivi Semecnebis
procesi, romlis dazusteba da gakritikeba SesaZlebelia.
struqtura, niSani da Rirebuleba qmnian erTi da igive prob
lemis sam aspeqts, da maTi xelovnuri urTierTgamijvna
dauSvebelia.
magram, pirvel yovlisa, aucilebelia aRwerisa da ana
lizis im meTodebis gaanalizeba, romelTa meSveobiTac av
lenen mxatvruli nawarmoebis sxvadasxva Sres. maT ricxvs
miekuTvneba: (1) bgeraTa Sre, evfonia, ritmi da metri; (2)
is azrobrivi erTeulebi, romlebic gansazRvraven liter
aturuli nawarmoebis formalur lingvistur struqturasa
da stils (am ukanasknels ikvlevs sagangebo disciplina _
stilistika); (3) saxe da metafora, romlebic, arsebiTad,
centraluri poetikuri xerxebia da sagangebo msjelobis
sagnad unda iqcnen Tundac imis gamo, rom isini erwymian
poeziis specifikur (4) `samyaros im simboloebiT da sim
boloTa sistemebiT, rasac Cven vuwodebT poetur `miTs~.
TxrobiTi literaturis ganxilvisas Cven winaSe wamoiWreba
(5) Txrobis xerxebisa da teqnikis gansakuTrebuli prob
lema, rasac Cven vuZRvniT sagangebo Tavs. mxatvruli nawar
moebebis analizis meTodTa analizis Semdgom ganvixilavT
(6) literaturuli Janrebis arss da gavaSuqebT kritikis
centralur problemas (7) Sefasebis sakiTxs. dabolos,
kidev erTxel davubrundebiT literaturis evoluciis
ideas da vimsjelebT (8) mwerlobis istoriis bunebasa da im
SesaZleblobaze, romelic gulisxmobs literaturis isto
riis evolucias da ganvsazRvravT literaturuli istori
is rogorc sagangebo disciplinis xasiaTs, da im SesaZle
blobas, rom literaturis istoria ganxilul iqnes rogorc
xelovnebis erT-erTi dargis istoria.

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Tavi mecamete

evfonia, ritmi da metri

*
yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi, upirveles yovli
sa, warmoadgens bgeraTa wyebas, romelTagan yalibdeba mniS
vneloba. zogierT literaturul nawarmoebSi bgeriTi Sris
mniSvneloba minimaluria da TiTqmis ar SeigrZnoba (magali
Tad, romanTa umravlesobaSi). magram aseT SemTxvevebSic ki
fonetikuri Sre warmoadgens mniSvnelobis aucilebel wina
pirobas. am mxriv, gansxvaveba draizeris romansa da pos iseT
leqss Soris, rogoricaa `zarebi~, mxolod raodenobrivia
da amitom ver gamodgeba saimisod, rom SevafasoT mwerlo
bis ori kontrastuli tipi proza da poezia. xelovnebis
bevr nawarmoebSi, romelTa Soris, rasakvirvelia, prozauli
qmnilebebic igulisxmeba, yuradRebas iqcevs bgeriTi Sre,
romelic Seadgens esTetikuri zemoqmedebis arsebiT kom
ponents. es marTebulia, upiratesad, ornamentuli prozisa
da yvela poeturi nawarmoebis mimarT, romlebic, Tavisi ar
siT, sxva araferia, Tu ara enis bgeriTi sistemis garkveuli
organizacia.
aseTi bgeriTi efeqtebis analizis dros unda
gvaxsovdes mniSvnelovani, magram mainc xSirad miviwyebuli
ori principi. upirveles yovlisa, unda gaviTvaliswinoT
sxvaoba teqstis bgeriTi organizebis formasa da mis war
moTqmas Soris. xelovnebis nawarmoebis xmamaRla wakiTxva
aris Sesruleba, anu realizacia teqstis bgeriTi orga
nizaciisa, romelic matebs mas raRac individualursa
da pirovnuls, da, amasTanave, aqvs unari, daamaxinjos
anda saerTod ugulebelyos es organizacia. Sesabamisad,
ritmikisa da metrikis WeSmariti kvleva ver daemyareba
deklamaciis calkeul magaliTebs. meore, aseve xSiri da
gavrcelebuli, magram yalbi warmodgenis mixedviT, bgera
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

unda gaanalizdes mniSvnelobisgan mowyvetiT. nebismieri

mxatvruli nawarmoebis mTlianobis Sesaxeb Cveni koncef
ciis Sesabamisad, aseTi gancalkeveba umarTebuloa; amaSi
gvarwmunebs is faqtic, rom TavisTavad bgeras ar axdens
esTetikur efeqts, an Tu axdens, Zalze umniSvnelos. ar
moiZebneba aranairi `musikaluri~ leqsi, romelsac ara
aqvs garkveuli zogadi sazrisi an Tundac emociuri elf
eri. maSinac ki, rodesac vismenT metyvelebas ucnob enaze,
`wminda bgerebi~ ki ar Cagvesmis, aramed vakavSirebT gago
nils Cvens sakuTar fonetikur CvevebTan da, ra Tqma unda,
SevigrZnobT molaparakis azrobriv intonacias. poeziaSi
wminda bgera an fiqciaa, anda urTierTmimarTebaTa uaRre
sad martivi da elementaruli seriebi, iseTebi, romelTac
Seiswavlis birkhofi Tavis `esTetikur sazomSi~;1 es sistema
ver amowuravs mravalferovnebasa da mniSvnelobas bgeriTi
Srisa, rodesac mas ganvixilavT leqsis, rogorc mTliano
bis, Semadgenel nawilad.
Tavidanve unda gamovyoT problemis ori gansxvave
buli aspeqti: bgeris arsebiTi da relatiuri Tvisebebi.
pirvelSi vgulisxmobT im individualurs, rac ganasxvavebs
a-s o-sgan an l-s p-sgan, raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis
gan damoukideblad (radgan a-s an p-s ver davaxasiaTebT
metobiT an naklebobiT). bgerebis Sinagani xarisxobrivi
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi warmoadgenen im efeqtis safuZv
els, romelsac uwodeben `musikalurobas~ anda `evfonias.
meore mxriv, bgeraTa sxvaoba relatiuri Tvisebebis mixed
viT SeiZleba iqces ritmisa da metris safuZvlad: es aris
tonaloba, bgeris xangrZlivoba, maxvili, ganmeorebaTa
sixSire da yvela is elementi, romelic warmoqmnis raode
nobriv gansxvavebebs. tonaloba SeiZleba iyos maRali an
dabali, xangrZlivoba _ mokle an piriqiT, grZeli, xolo
ganmeorebis sixSire meti an naklebi. es met-naklebad
martivi ganmasxvavebeli niSani mniSvnelovania _ is gamo
yofs lingvisturi movlenebis garkveul jgufs (rusebma
maT `orkestrireba~ () uwodes) da yuradRebas
amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom bgeris xarisxi aq warmoadgens im
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literaturis Teoria

elements, romliTac manipulirebs mwerali.2 rac Seexeba

leqss, aq saerTod unda ugulebelvyoT termini `musika
luroba~ (an `melodiuroba~), radgan man SeiZleba mcdarad
warmarTos Cveni msjeloba. movlena, romlis amocnobasac
vcdilobT, srulebiTac ar aris erTgvari paraleli musi
kaluri `melodiisa~: aSkaraa, rom musikaSi melodia gan
isazRvreba tonalobiT da, aqedan gamomdinare, is erTgvari
paralelia im rolisa, romelic enaSi akisria intonacias.
sinamdvileSi TvalsaCino sxvaobaa naTqvami winadadebis in
tonaciis xazsa (tonis rxeviTi da swrafad monacvle simaR
liT) da musikalur melodias Soris, romelic xasiaTdeba
tonis myari simaRliT da gansazRvruli intervalebiT.3 rac
Seexeba meore termins _ `evfonias~ _ arc is aris sakmarisi,
radgan brauningisa da hopkinsis poeziis Sesaxeb saubrisas
sityva `orkestrireba~ `kakofoniis~ tolfasia, radgan es
poetebi ganzrax lamobdnen uxeSi da eqspresiuli bgeriTi
efeqtebis miRwevas.
`orkestrirebis~ sxvadasxva xerxs Soris erTmaneTis
gan unda gavarCioT bgeriTi figura, Tvisebrivad identur
an msgavs bgeraTa jgufebis ganmeorebebi da eqspresiuli
bgerebis an bgeraTmibaZvis gamoyeneba. gansakuTrebuli
warmatebiT Seiswavles bgeriTi figurebi rusma formali
stebma; rac Seexeba inglisel mecnierTa gamokvlevebs,
v.j. beitsma gaaanaliza daxvewili bgeriTi xerxebi kit
sis leqsebSi, maSin rodesac Tavad kitsma dagvitova sak
maod ucnauri SeniSvnebi sakuTari praqtikis Sesaxeb.4 osip
brikma5 moaxdina bgeriTi figurebis SesaZlo formebis
klasifikacia sariTmo erTeulebSi ganmeorebul bgeraTa
ricxvis, ganmeorebaTa raodenobis, bgeraTa adgilis da
ganlagebis safuZvelze. es uaRresad sasargeblo klasifi
kacia saWiroebs Semdgom dazustebas. ganmeorebadi bgerebi
SeiZleba ganlagebuli iyos: striqonSi, erTmaneTTan axlos;
bgeraTa erTi jgufis TavSi da meore jgufis boloSi; erTi
romelime striqonis bolos da momdevno striqonis dasawy
isSi; striqonebis dasawyisSi; striqonebis bolos, ukanask
nel poziciaze. bolodan meore jgufi enaTesaveba anaforis
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

stilistur movlenas. rac Seexeba ukanasknels, is moicavs

iseT gavrcelebul movlenas, rogoricaa riTma. am klasifi
kaciis Sesabamisad, riTma aris bgeris ganmeorebis mxolod
erT-erTi magaliTi, romelic unda ganvixiloT iseT movle
nebTan kavSirSi, rogorebicaa aliteracia da asonansi.
ar unda daviviwyoT, rom sxvadasxva enaSi bgeriTi fi
gurebi aucileblad sxvadasxvagvarad warmogvidgeba; isic
unda gvaxsovdes, rom yovel enaSi aris fonemaTa sakuTari
sistema da aqedan gamomdinare, xmovanTa opoziciebisa da
paralelebis, agreTve _ TanxmovanTa Tvisebebis specifi
kuri sistema; bolos, Znelia gamohyo aseTi bgeriTi efeqte
bi leqsis an striqonis saerTo mniSvnelobisgan da tonis
gan. romantikosebisa da simbolistebis cdebi, simRerasTan
da musikasTan gaeigivebinaT poezia, TiTqmis metaforaa,
radgan poezia ver Seedreba musikas wminda bgerebis mra
valferovnebis, sicxadisa da organizebis formebis mxriv.
imisaTvis, rom lingvisturi bgerebi gadaiqces xelovnebis
faqtad, saWiroa mniSvneloba, konteqsti da `toni~.
es SeiZleba naTlad warmovadginoT riTmis analizis
safuZvelze. riTma uaRresad rTuli fenomenia. mas aqvs Ta
visi martivi evfoniuri funqcia, rac gamoixateba bgeraTa
ganmeorebiT (an maTi msgavsebiT). henri lancma aCvena Tavis
naSromSi `riTmis fizikuri safuZveli~,6 _ rom xmovanTa
gariTmva ganisazRvreba maTi obertonebis ganmeorebiT. mag
ram imis miuxedavad, rom bgeriTi aspeqti, albaT, ZiriTadia,
aSkaraa, rom is riTmis mxolod erT-erT aspeqts warmoadgens.
esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania
misi metruli funqcia: riTma gvamcnobs leqsis striqonis das
rulebis Sesaxeb, anda warmogvidgeba rogorc strofis maorga
nizebeli, zogjer _ misi erTaderTi maorganizebeli faqtori.
magram yvelaze ufro sagulisxmo sakiTxi is aris, rom riTmas
aqvs Tavisi azri da mniSvneloba, da amis gamo igi mniSvnelovan
wilad aris CarTuli mTlianad poeturi nawarmoebis struqtu
raSi. riTma awyvilebs sityvebs, akavSirebs maT Tundac kon
trastiT. SeiZleba gamovyoT riTmis aseTi semantikuri funq
ciis ramdenime aspeqti. SesaZlebelia vikiTxoT, ra semantikuri
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literaturis Teoria

funqcia aqvs im marcvlebs, romlebsac riTma akavSirebs da aer

Tianebs: sad SeiZleba amovicnoT riTma sufiqsSi (character - register), fuZeSi (drink - think), Tu oriveSi (passion-fashion). SeiZleba vi
kiTxoT, romel semantikuri sferodan aris SerCeuli sariTmo
sityvebi: davuSvaT, rom isini miekuTvnebian erT an ramdenime
lingvistur kategorias (es SeiZleba iyos metyvelebis nawili
an gansxvavebuli brunvebi). SeiZleba davinteresdeT imiT, Tu
rogoria semantikuri urTierToba sariTmo sityvebs Soris _
ganekuTvnebian isini imave semantikur konteqsts, romelsac
ekuTvnis bevri Cveulebrivi wyvili (vTqvaT, heart-part, fears-tears),
Tu gvaoceben swored sruliad gansxvavebuli semantikuri
sferoebis asociaciiTa da SefardebiT. Tavis SesaniSnav stati
aSi7 v.k. uimseti swavlobs aseT efeqtebs poupTan da baironTan,
romlebic miznad isaxaven mkiTxvelze gamaognebeli STabeW
dilebis moxdenas iseTi sityvebis kontrastuli Sepirispire
biT, dawyvilebiT, rogorebicaa Qeens screens, elope Pope, mahogany philogeny. bolos, SeiZleba davadginoT is zRvari, sadamdec
riTmas `ufleba eZleva~, Tavisi roli Seasrulos leqsis srul
konteqstSi. ramdenad gamarTlebulia, rom sariTmo sityvebi
aRviqvaT, rogorc martooden `leqsis Semavsebeli erTeuli~,
anda piriqiT: SegviZlia Tu ara davadginoT leqsis an strofis
mniSvneloba martooden mis sariTmo sityvebze dayrdnobiT?
riTmebma SeiZleba Seadginon strofis ConCxi an xerxemali,
anda maTi roli SeiZleba imdenad umniSvnelo iyos, rom maTi
arseboba Znelad Tu SeimCneva (magaliTad, brauningis `ukanask
nel hercoginiaSi~).
SesaZlebelia riTmis kvleva da Seswavla h.k. uaildis
kvalobaze8 enis istoriisa da gamoTqmis TvalsazrisiT
(poupma gariTma join da shrine); rac Seexeba literatu
rul miznebsa da amocanebs, unda gvaxsovdes, rom `sizus
tis~ standartebi sxvadasxvagvaria poetikis sxvadasxva
skolaSi, da cxadia, sxvadasxva erSi. raki inglisurSi War
bobs `vaJuri riTma, amitom `qaluri~ an sammarcvliani
riTma Cveulebriv gamoiyeneboda burleskSi, an kidev komi
kuri efeqtis misaRwevad, maSin rodesac Sua saukuneebis
laTinurSi, italiurSi da polonurSi `qaluri~ riTmebi
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aucilebelia yvelaze seriozul konteqstSi. inglisur

enaSi saqme gvaqvs gansakuTrebul TaviseburebasTan: es aris
`mxedvelobiTi riTma~, sadac kavSiri emyareba ara JRerado
bas, aramed marTlweraSi Tanxvedras. aq gvxvdeba omonimuri
riTma, rogorc kalamburis erTgvari forma, gamoiyeneba
sxvaoba ama Tu im epoqisa da sxvadaxva regionis gamoTqmis
normebSi, calkeuli poetebi mimarTaven specifikur sariT
mo modelebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela problema jer arc
gvixsenebia. inglisur enaze ar arsebobs aranairi gamokv
leva, romelic Seedreba viqtor Jirmunskis wigns riTmis
Sesaxeb,9 romelSic riTmis efeqtebi gacilebiT ufro deta
lurad aris klasificirebuli, vidre winamdebare naSromSi
da asaxulia riTmis istoria ruseTisa da evropis mTavari
qveynebis poeziaSi.
unda ganvasxvavoT es bgeriTi figurebi, romlebSic
gadamwyvetia xmovnis an Tanxmovnis xarisxi (rogorc es xde
ba aliteraciaSi) da, meore mxriv, bgeraTmibaZva. am sakiTxs
didi yuradRebiT ekidebian, radgan swored aseT imitacias
emyareba zogierTi cnobili virtuozuli pasaJi poezia
Si, meore mxriv ki es bgeraTmibaZva mWidrod ukavSirdeba
ufro adrindel mistikur koncefcias, romlis Tanaxmad
bgera Seesatyviseba aRsaniSn sagans. sakmarisia gavixsenoT
poupis an sauTis ramdenime pasaJi, an kidev is, Tu rogor
cdilobdnen meCvidmete saukuneSi, marTlac ganexorciele
binaT samyaros musikis intonireba (mag., harSderferi ger
maniaSi)10. saerTod ugulebelyofil iqna warmodgena, rom
sityvas `sworad~ SeuZlia gamoxatos sagani an moqmedeba:
Tanamedrove lingvistika ufro ixreba im poziciisken, rom
sagangebo klasad gamohyos sityvaTa gansakuTrebuli jgu
fi, romelsac `onomatopoeturi~ ewodeba. es is sityvebia,
romlebic, garkveulwilad, unda vigulisxmoT enis Cveuli
bgeriTi sistemis miRma da romlebic aSkarad cdiloben
gagonili bgerebis imitacias (cuckoo, buzz, bang, miaow). Zneli
ar aris imis Cveneba, rom sxvadasxva enaSi identur bgeraTa
kombinacias SeiZleba aRmoaCndes gansxvavebuli mniSvnelo
ba (mag. Rock germanulad `pijaks~ niSnavs, xolo inglisurad
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literaturis Teoria

`did qvas~; amave dros, igive sityva rusulad - `beds~

aRniSnavs, xolo Cexurad `weliwads~); zogierTi bunebrivi
bgera sxvadasxvagvarad gamoixateba sxvadasxva enaSi (mag.,
ring, sonner, lauten, ). jon krou rensomma gvaCvena, rom
iseTi striqonis bgeriTi efeqti, rogoric aris murdering
of innumerable bees, marTlac damokidebulia mis mniSvnelo
baze. sakmarisia, odnavi cvlileba SevitanoT am striqonSi
da es fraza vaqcioT murdering of innumerable beeves-ad, rom
umal gaqreba imitaciis efeqti.11
da mainc, iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom Tanamedrove
lingvistebma tyuilubralod daaknines am problemis mniSv
neloba; garda amisa, es problema saerTod ugulebelyves
iseTma kritikosebma, rogorebic aris riCardsi da rensomi.
saWiroa erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT sami sxvadasxva done.
pirveli: arsebobs fizikuri bgerebis faqtobrivi imitacia,
romelic cxadia warmatebulia (`gu-gu-s msgavs magaliT
ze), Tumc ki aq bevri ramaa damokidebuli enis lingvistur
sistemaze. garda amisa, aseTi bgeriTi imitacia aucileblad
unda ganvasxvavoT rTuli da daxvewili `bgerwerisgan~ _ aq
vgulisxmobT bunebriv bgeraTa reproduqcias sametyvelo
bgerebiT iseT konteqstSi, sadac sityvebi, romlebsac Tavad
araferi aqvT saerTo onomatopoetur efeqtTan, CarTulebi
aRmoCndebian iseT bgeriT figurebSi, rogoricaa innumerable tenisonis citataSi, an bevri sityva homerosisa da vir
giliusis poemaTa pasaJebSi. dabolos, arsebobs kidev bger
iTi simbolizmis anda bgeriTi metaforis done, romelmac
yovel enaSi Camoayaliba normebi da moTxivnebi. gamoxatvis
eqspresiulobis TvalsazrisiT, moris gramonma uaRresad
srulyofilad da maxvilgonivrulad gamoikvlia franguli
leqsi, moaxdina yvela franguli Tanxmovnisa da xmovnis kla
sifikacia da Seiswavla am bgeraTa gamomsaxvelobiTi efeqti
sxvadasxva poetTan.12 magaliTad, wminda xmovnebs ZaluZT
gamoxaton simcire, siswrafe, gatacebuloba, sifaqize da
misT.
gramonis gamokvlevas SeiZleba bralad davdoT su
bieqturoba, magram yoveli enobrivi sistemis SigniT mainc
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arsebobs raRac, rac SeiZleba movixsenioT rogorc sity

vaTa `fiziognomika~, anu gacilebiT ufro gavrcelebuli
bgeriTi simbolizmi, vidre ubralo onomatopea. eWvsgareSea,
rom yvela ena gajerebulia sinesTeziuri, anu Tanmdevi kom
binaciebiT da asociaciebiT. poetebmac aqtiurad gamoiyenes
aseTi Sesatyvisobebi, rac maTi mxriv savsebiT swori nabiji
iyo. iseTi leqsSi, rogoricaa rembos cnobili `xmovnebi~,
calkeul xmovanTa da ferTa urTierTkavSirebi, SeiZleba su
lac axirebas hgavdes, miuxedavad imisa, rom efuZnebian far
Tod cnobil tradicias.13 amasTan, faqtia, rom akustikuli
eqsperimentebiT damtkicda myari asociacia wina xmovnebsa (e
da i) da wvril, Txel, swraf, naTel da mbzinav sagnebs Soris,
agreTve, ukana xmovnebsa (o da u) da tlanq, nel, uRimRamo da
muqi feris sagnebs Soris.14 karl Stumpfma da volfgang ke
lerma, agreTve, aCvenes, rom Tanxmovnebi SeiZleba daiyos
muqad (labilurad da velarulad, anu ukanasasismierad) da
naTlad (dentalurad/ kbilismierad da palatalurad). maT
ver miviCnevT Cveulebriv metaforebad, radgan esaa aso
ciaciebi, romlebic efuZneba bgeras da fers Soris aSkara ms
gavsebas, rac gansakuTrebiT SeimCneva Sesabamisi sistemebis
struqturebSi.15 arsebobs `bgerisa da mniSvnelobis~ zogadi
enobrivi problema16 da, calke, literaturul nawarmoebSi
maTi urTierTmimarTebebis gamoyenebis problema. rac Seexe
ba am ukanasknels, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aqamde mis Seswavlas
naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda.
ritmsa da metrTan dakavSirebuli problemebi
gansxvavdeba im sakiTxebisgan, romlebic vaxseneT `or
kestrirebis~ Sesaxeb saubrisas. am problemebs mieZRvna
uamravi gamokvleva. cxadia, rom ritmis problema araa spe
cifikuri arc literaturisaTvis, da arc, saerTod, eni
saTvis. arsebobs bunebisa da Sromis ritmi, sinaTlis sig
nalebis, musikis ritmi, da, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, plas
tikuri xelovnebis ritmic. garda amisa, ritmi, agreTve,
warmoadgens saerToenobriv fenomens. aq ar SevCerdebiT im
uamrav Teoriaze, romlebic mis realur bunebas ikvlevs.17
rac Seexeba Cvens uSualo miznebs da saWiroebebs, sakma
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literaturis Teoria

risia, Teoriebi, romelTa mixedviT, `perioduloba~ aris

ritmis sine qua non, ganvasxvavoT im Teoriebisgan, romleb
Sic ritmis cnebas ufro farTod ganixilaven da mas ara
ganmeorebad moZraobebsac ki miakuTvneben. pirveli Tval
sazrisis mixedviT, ritmi gaigivebulia metrTan da amitom
unda ugulebelvyoT `prozis ritmis~ cneba, romelic
ubralo metaforad warmogvidgeba.18 meore Tvalsazri
si ufro farToa. mas aSkarad ganamtkicebs siversis mier
Catarebuli kvlevebi individualuri metyvelebis ritmis
sferoSi, agreTve _ mravalricxovani musikaluri movle
nebi, magaliTad, xalxuri simRerebi da ekzotikuri musika,
romlebSic ar SeiniSneba perioduloba, mainc ritmuloba
ueWvelad sagrZnobia. amgvarad gaazrebuli ritmi saSua
lebas gvaZlevs, SeviswavloT individualuri metyvelebis
da, saerTod, prozis ritmi. Zneli ar aris imis danaxva, rom
prozas aqvs garkveuli ritmi, da SeiZleba nebismieri pro
zauli winadadebis skandireba, danawevreba, anu dayofa
grZel da mokle, maxvilian da umaxvilo marcvlebad. am
xerxis SesaZleblobebi jer kidev meTvramete saukuneSi
gamoavlina mweralma joSua stilma;19 amJamad ki arsebobs
didZali literatura, romelic eZRvneba vrceli prozauli
nawyvetebis analizs. ritmi uSualod ukavSirdeba `melo
dias~, intonaciis im xazs, romelsac gansazRvravs da gana
pirobebs tonebis Tanamimdevroba; termini `ritmi~ imdenad
farTod gamoiyeneba, rom moicavs ritmsac da melodiasac.
saxelganTqmuli germaneli filologi eduard siversi
saubrobda individualur metyvelebaSi ritmisa da intona
ciis gansxvavebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb; otmar rutci
akavSirebda maT sunTqvasTan da sxeulis pozebis specifi
kur fiziologiur tipebTan.20 imis miuxedavad, rom bevrma
scada gamoeyenebina es kvlevebi mxolod literaturuli
miznebisaTvis, raTa daedgina Sesabamisobebi literatu
rul stilTa da rucis tipebs Soris,21 mainc migvaCnia, rom es
sakiTxi literaturaTmcodneobis sferos ar ganekuTvneba.
literaturaTmcodneobis sferos ganekuTvneba iseTi
problemebi, rogorebicaa prozis ritmis buneba, ritmuli
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

prozis Tavisebureba da gamoyeneba _ magaliTad, zogierTi

pasaJisa bibliis inglisur TargmanSi, an ser tomas braunis,
reskinis da de kvinsis nawerebisa, sadac ritmi da zogjer
melodiac `ZaliT agrZnobinebs Tavs~ Tundac uyuradRebo
mkiTxvels. mxatvruli prozis ritmis kvleva mniSvnelo
van siZneleebs ukavSirdeba. Tavis cnobil wignSi `prozis
ritmi~ v.m. patersoni 22 cdilobs ganmartos prozis ritmi,
rogorc rTuli sinkopirebis sistema. jorj sentsberis
Zalze solidur `inglisuri prozis ritmis istoriaSi~23
ganuwyvetliv meordeba azri, rom prozis ritmi efuZneba
`arCevans da sxvadasxvaobas~, magram gansazRvruli araa
misi xasiaTi da buneba. sentsberiseuli `axsna-ganmarte
ba~ rom swori yofiliyo, maSin cxadia, SeuZlebeli iqne
boda saubari raime ritmze. magram faqtia, rom sentsberi
yuradRebas amaxvilebda mxolod im safrTxeze, rom prozis
ritmi ar gaigivebuliyo metrul sqemebTan. yovel SemTx
vevaSi, dRes dikensis bevri pasaJi, romlebic dawerilia
ritmuli proziT, ulazaTo da sentimentalur gadaxrebad
warmogvidgeba.
prozis ritmis sxva mkvlevrebi Seiswavlian mxolod
erT sakmaod gamokveTil aspeqts `kadenciisa~, romelic wi
nadadebaTa daboloebebis ritms aRniSnavs; esaa tradiciuli
xerxi, romelsac saTave daedo jer kidev romauli orator
uli prozis tradiciaSi. romaelebs hqondaT sagangebo rit
mebi gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisTvis da sagangebo saxel
wodebebic amgvari ritmebisTvis. `kadencia~, gansakuTrebiT
kiTxviTsa da Zaxilis winadadebebSi, nawilobriv warmoadgens
melodiis problemasac. Tanamedrove mkiTxvels gauZnel
deba ganasxvavos laTinuri cursus-is daxvewili ritmebi,
rodesac laTinur nimuSebs baZaven ingliseli avtorebi
_ inglisur enaSi maxvilTa ganawileba ar gamorCeva iseTi
mkacri TanazomierebiT, romelic damaxasiaTebelia grZeli
da mokle xmovnebisTvis laTinurSi. Tumca, mravladaa imis
magaliTebic, rom inglisel avtorebs araerTxel ucdiaT
laTinuris analogiuri efeqtis miRweva da es mcdelo
bebi zogjer warmatebuli iyo, gansakuTrebiT meCvidmete
saukuneSi.24
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literaturis Teoria

saerTod, prozis mxatvruli ritmi yvelaze ukeT ma

Sin ganixileba, Tu gvexsomeba, rom is aucileblad unda gan
vasxvavoT saerTo ritmisagan, sul erTia, prozis iqneba is,
Tu poeziis. prozis mxatvruli ritmi SeiZleba aRiweros,
rogorc yofiTi sametyvelo ritmebis organizacia. Cveu
lebrivi prozisagan is gansxvavdeba maxvilis ganawilebis
ufro meti regularulobiT, magram aman ar unda miaRwios
aSkara izoqronizms (anu drois intervalis regularulobas
ritmul aqcentebs Soris). saerTod, Cveulebriv winadadebaSi
SeimCneva mniSvnelovani sxvaoba intensivobasa da tonalobas
Soris, maSin, rodesac ritmul prozaSi SeimCneva, rom moxdes
maxvilisa da tonalobis sxvaobis gaTanabrebis gamokveTili
tendencia. am problemaTa erT-erTma yvelaze warmatebulma
rusma mkvlevarma, boris tomaSevskim, romelmac es sakiTxebi
puSkinis `pikis qalis~ mixedviT gaaanaliza, statistikuri
meTodis safuZvelze aCvena,25 rom winadadebebis Tavsa da
bolos atyvia ritmuli regularulobis ufro meti ten
dencia, vidre winadadebis Sua nawils. regularulobisa
da periodulobis saerTo STabeWdilebas ufro aZlierebs
fonetikuri da sintaqsuri xerxebi, iqneba es bgeriTi fi
gurebi, sintaqsuri paralelizmi Tu azrobriv antiTezaTa
gaTanabreba, sadac Sinaarsis mTel struqturas ganamtkicebs
ritmuli saSualebebi. arsebobs yvelanairi gradacia, dawye
buli TiTqmis araritmuli proziT (teqstSi gabneuli wina
dadebebiT, romlebSic sagangebodaa gamoyofili maxviliani
elementebi), da damTavrebuli ritmuli proziT, romelic
saleqso metyvelebis regularulobas aRwevs. leqsisken
gardamaval mTavar formas frangebi uwodeben verset-s. is
gvxvdeba inglisur fsalmunebSi da iseT mwerlebTan, romle
bic iswrafvodnen bibliuri mxatvruli reminiscenciebisken.
aseTebi iyvnen osiani da klodeli. verset-is yoveli meore aq
centirebuli marcvali ufro mkveTrad aris gamoyofili da,
amrigad iqmneba ormaxviliani jgufebi dipodiuri [prosodi
uli `ori nabijis~ gamomxatveli erTeuli - mTargmn. SeniSvna]
leqsis msgavsad.
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

zedmetia am xerxebis ufro dawvrilebiTi analizi. maT

marTlac aqvT xangrZlivi istoria, romelzec didi gavle
na moaxdina laTinurma oratorulma prozam.26 inglisur
literaturaSi ritmulma prozam Tavis mwvervals miaRwia
meCvidmete saukuneSi iseT mwerlebTan, rogorebic arian
ser tomas brauni an jeremi teilori. is gzas uxsnis ufro
martiv sasaubro stilsa da diqcias meTvramete saukuneSi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom saukunis dasasrulisTvis gaCnda
jonsonis, gibonis da biorkis axali `amaRlebuli stili~.27
mecxramete saukuneSi is sxvadasxvanairad `gaacocxles
de kvinsim, reskinma, emersonma da melvilma da Semdeg isev
Tumc ki gansxvavebuli principebidan gamomdinare her
truda stainma da jeims joisma. safrangeTSi vxedavT bo
siues da Satobrianis didebul prozas, germaniaSi nicSes
ritmul prozas, ruseTSi vxvdebiT cnobil pasaJebs go
golTan da turgenevTan, xolo mogvianebiT _ andrei belis
`ornamentul~ prozas.
ritmuli prozis mxatvruli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb dava
axlac grZeldeba, es Tema kvlav msjelobis sagania. Taname
drove tendenciis Sesabamisad, raTa daculi iyos siwminde
xelovnebasa da JanrebSi. dRevandel mkiTxvelTa umete
sobas urCevnia, rom poezia poeziad darCes, xolo proza
prozas hgavdes. igrZnoba, rom ritmuli proza aRiqmeba
narev formad da ar miiCneva arc prozad, arc poeziad. ma
gram, es albaT ufro Cveni drois kritikuli `crurwme
naa. unda vifiqroT, rom ritmuli proza iseve imsaxurebs
dacvas, rogorc leqsi. WeSmaritad maRalmxatvruli rit
muli proza gvexmareba, ufro srulad aRviqvaT teqsti: is
gamoyofs garkveul elementebs da, amasTan, aerTianebs te
qsts, gvagrZnobinebs gradaciebs, avlens paralelizmebs;
asrulebs maorganizebel funqcias, xolo organizacia _
xelovnebaa.
prosodiis anu metrikis kvleva saukuneTa manZilze
udidesi rudunebiT mimdinareobda. sadReisod SeiZleba
mogveCvenos, rom saWiroa mxolod axali metrikuli ni
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literaturis Teoria

muSebis mimoxilva da rom, saerTod, isRa dagvrCenia, gan

vixiloT metrikis problemebi martooden uaxles poezias
Tan mimarTebaSi, romelic gamoirCeva leqsis novatoruli
organizaciiT. sinamdvileSi ki jerac daudgenelia TviT
metrikis principebi da mTavari kriteriumebi; garda amisa,
sanimuSo traqtatebSic ki jer kidev vxvdebiT bundovani
mosazrebebisa da msjelobis magaliTebs da SemTxvevebs,
rodesac gamoyenebuli terminologia mcdari da arazus
tia. sentsberis naSromi `inglisuri prosodiis istoria,
romlis sadari, araTu ukeTesi, arasodes araferi Seqmnila
arc doniT da arc diapazoniT, mTlianad emyareba Camouy
alibebel da bundovan Teoriul safuZvlebs. sentsberi,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia ucnauri empirizmi, kidec
amayobs imiT, rom ar surs gansazRvros an aRweros mainc
Tavisive terminebi. magaliTad, igi axsenebs grZliobasa da
simokles, magram ver gadauwyvetia, ra sxvaobas gulisxmobs
es misi termini warmoTqmis xangrZlivobas Tu maxvils.28
Tavis `poeziis kvlevaSi~ blis peri cota ar iyos, areulad
da gaugebrad wers sityvaTa `wonis~ Sesaxeb, axsenebs `Se
darebiT xmamaRal JReradobas da tonalobas, romliTac
gamoxatulia maTi azri da mniSvneloba~.29 mcdari warmod
genis da bundovanebis magaliTebi advilad moiZebneba bevr
sxva fundamentur naSromSi. maSinac ki, rodesac ganmasx
vavebeli niSnebi sworad aris Camoyalibebuli, isini Sei
Zleba verc ki gaviazroT winaaRmdegobrivi terminologiis
gamo. amitom misasalmebelia t.s. omondis daxvewili naSro
mi inglisuri metrikuli Teoriebis istoriaze da palister
barkasis sasargeblo mimoxilva bolo xanebSi Camoyalibe
buli Teoriebis Sesaxeb,30 radgan aseTi gamokvlevebi war
moadgens cdebs, ganmarton gadauwyveteli sakiTxebi, Tumca
ki, meore mxriv, Znelia skeptikurad ar movekidoT avtorTa
daskvnebs. rodesac saqme exeba evropis kontinentze, gan
sakuTrebiT germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da ruseTSi Seqmnili
Teoriebis veeba speqtrs, maTi Seusabamobis SegrZneba kidev
ufro gvimZafrdeba.
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

Cveni miznebisaTvis ukeTesi iqneba, ganvixiloT metri

kis TeoriaTa mxolod ZiriTadi tipebi da dawvrilebiT
aRar ganvixiloT maTsa da Sereul Teorias Soris arse
buli sxvaoba. uZveles Teorias SeiZleba vuwodoT `grafi
kuli~ prosodia, romelic warmoiSva renesansis xanis sax
elmZRvaneloebidan. es Teoria emyareba grZeli da mokle
grafikuli niSnebis gamoyenebas, romlebic inglisurSi,
Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba maxviliani da umaxvilo marcv
lebis saCveneblad. grafikuli prosodiis mimdevrebi saer
Tod cdiloben, moxazon metruli sqemebi an sazomebi, rom
lebsac, savaraudod, zustad misdevs poeti. maTi termino
logia yvelas gviswavlia skolaSi, gagonili gvaqvs iambis,
troqes, anapestis da spondes Sesaxeb. es terminebi kvlavac
farTodaa cnobili da aRiarebuli, da uaRresad gamosade
gia Cveulebrivi aRwerisa da msjelobisTvis, rodesac saqme
exeba metrul sqemebs. da mainc, es sistema, MmTlianad, sakma
risi araa, rac dRes farTod aris aRiarebuli. am Teoriam,
ZiriTadad, fexi moikida saklaso oTaxebSi da ar scildeba
dawyebiTi swavlebis saxelmZRvaneloebs. Tumca, mas aqvs
Tavisi Rirsebebic. is yuradRebas amaxvilebs uSualod
metrul sazomebze, magram ar iTvaliswinebs umniSvnelo
gadaxrebs da poetis pirad kaprizebs, es ki is siZnelea,
romelsac ver aarida Tavi Tanamedrove sistemaTa umete
sobam. grafikuli metrikis mimdevrebma ician, rom metri
ubralod JReradobis sakiTxi ki ar aris, aramed, arsebobs
metruli sazomi da miiCneven, rom is `nagulisxmevia~ , xorc
Sesxmulia konkretul leqsSi.
meore tips warmoadgens `musikaluri~ Teoria, ro
melic efuZneba im warmodgenas (TavisTavad, is sworia), rom
metri poeziaSi aris musikaluri ritmis analogi da amitom
mas yvelaze ukeT musikaluri notebiT gamovxatavT. adrin
deli inglisuri sanimuSo sistema Camoyalibebulia sidni
lenieris wignSi `swavleba inglisuri leqsisa~ (1880); ufro
gviandeli periodis mkvlevrebma kidev ufro daxvewes es
Teoria da Tanamedrove xedvas miusadages.31 amerikaSi mas
ganixilaven, rogorc aRiarebul Teorias, yovel SemTxveva
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literaturis Teoria

Si, amis Tqma SeiZleba inglisuris maswavlebelTa poziciisa

da damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. am sistemis Tanaxmad, yoveli
marcvali ganekuTvneba erT musikalur nots, romlis simaR
le ar aris gansazRvruli. notis xangrZlivobis gansazRvra
sakmaod saorWofoa: mokle marcvals miakuTvneben naxevar
nots, xolo naxevrad mokle marcvals meoTxed nots; Se
sabamisad, mokle marcvals Seesabameba mervedi noti da a.S.
sazomebis daTvla xdeba erTi aqcentirebuli marcvlidan
meoreze, xolo wakiTxvis siCqare sakmaod bundovnad aris
gamoxatuli, radgan sazomad SerCeulia 3/4 an 3/8, an kidev
ufro iSviaT SemTxvevaSi 3/2. aseTi sistemiT SesaZlebelia
nebismieri inglisuri teqstis warmodgena sanoto Canaweris
saxiT, mag., Cveulebrivi inglisuri pentametris striqoni
sa, rogoric gvxvdeba xolme poupTan.
Lo, the poor Indian whose untutored mind
SeiZleba amoviweroT rogorc sami mervedi, da amrigad:

Lo, the poor In di - an whose un tu - tored mind

am Teoriis Tanaxmad, iambisa da troqes ganmasxvavebe
li niSnebi sruliad axleburad unda gaviazroT: iambis da
maxasiaTebel niSnad warmogvidgeba anakruza, romelic aRi
qmeba rogorc arametruli elementi, an mas aerTianeben wina
striqonTan. yvelaze ufro rTuli metric ki SeiZleba gad
moices aseTi notebiT, pauzebis saTanado ganawilebiT da
grZeli da mokle marcvlebis gamoyenebiT.33
am Teorias is upiratesoba aqvs, rom xazs usvams leqsis
tendencias izoqronizmisadmi da im xerxebs, romlebsac vi
yenebT kiTxvisas Senelebis an daCqarebisTvis, intervalTa
gazrdis an SemcirebisTvis. notebis gamoyeneba warmatebu
li iqneba `sasimRero~ leqsis SemTxvevaSi, magram sasaubro
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an oratoruli tipis leqsisTvis is aSkarad Seuferebeli

iqneba; rac Seexeba Tavisufal an araizoqronul leqss, aq
notacia saerTod ar gamodgeba. am Teoriis zogierTi mxar
damWeri ubralod uaryofs Tavisufali leqsis `leqsobas~.34
musikis Teoretikosebi axasiaTeben baladis metrs, rogorc
`orterfians~ da warmatebiT aormageben rTul sazomebs,35
rodesac garkveuli metruli movlenis ganmartebis mizniT
SemoaqvT termini `sinkopireba~. brauningis leqsSi:
The gray sea and the long black land
And the yellow half-moon large and low
sea da black pirvel striqonSi, agreTve _ half
meore striqonSi, sinkopirebulia. aSkaraa musikaluri
Teoriis upiratesoba. man didi roli Seasrula dogmatizmis
damarcxebaSi, gaaadvila im sazomTa kvleva da Cawera, rom
lebic saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemuli ar iyo. magaliTisTvis
SeiZleba gavixsenoT ramdenime rTuli sazomi suinbernTan,
mereditTan da brauningTan. magram am Teorias aqvs serio
zuli xarvezebic: masSi individualuri interpretacia da
sadavo wakiTxva absoluturad ar izRudeba; garda amisa, es
Teoria mTlianad spobs ganmasxvavebel niSnebs poetebsa da
poetur skolebs Soris, radgan dahyavs yvela leqsi monot
onuri taqtis ramdenime tipamde. es Teoria amarTlebs da
xels uwyobs, zogadad, sruliad sxvadasxvagvari leqsebis
sasimRero tipis deklamacias. am gziT miRweuli izoqroniz
mi odnav Warbobs subieqturobas. am sistemaSi erTmaneTs
enacvlebian bgerebi da pauzebi, romlebmac erTmaneTi unda
gaawonasworon...
metrikis mesame sistema _ akustikuri metrika _ sad
Reisod farTod aris aRiarebuli. igi efuZneba obieqtur
kvlevas da xSirad iyenebs iseT samecniero instruments,
rogoric aris oscilografi, romelic realuri faqtebisa
da movlenebis Cawerisa da gadaRebis saSualebas iZleva.,
metrikis kvlevis mizniT siversma da saranma germaniaSi,
frangma veriem (romelic, ZiriTadad, inglisur masalas
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ikvlevda) da amerikelma e.v. skripCerma36 gamoiyenes bgeris

analizis mecnieruli teqnika. ZiriTadi Sedegebi mokled
aris Camoyalibebuli uilber l. Sramis wignSi `inglisuri
leqsmcodneobis Sesavali~.37 akustikulma metrikam mkafiod
gansazRvra sxvaoba metris warmomqmnel elementebs Soris.
aqedan gamomdinare, dRes aRar arsebobs mizezi, raTa ar
SevafasoT toni, xmis simaRle, tembri da warmoTqmis dro,
radgan isini ganpirobebulia iseT fizikuri da gazomvadi
faqtorebiT, rogorebicaa sixSire, amplituda, forma da
molaparakis mier warmoTqmuli bgeriTi talRebis sixSire,
amplituda, forma da grZlioba. Cven ise mkafiod SegviZlia
gadaviRoT an grafikulad gamovsaxoT fizikuri xelsaw
yoebiT aRmoCenili momentebi, rom sirTules ar warmoad
gens nebismieri deklamaciis umciresi detalis Seswavlac
ki. oscilografs SeuZlia gviCvenos, raoden xmamaRla war
mosTqva ama Tu im mkiTxvelma esa Tu is poeturi striqoni,
ra dro dasWirda saamisod da rogor icvleboda tonalo
ba deklamaciis procesSi. `dakarguli samoTxis~ pirveli
striqoni iZleva rxevebis iseT suraTs, romelic waagavs
seismografis saSinel oscilacias miwisZvris dros.38 rasak
virvelia, es didi miRwevaa, da zusti mecnieruli meTodebis
gamoyenebis mravali momxre (romelTa Soris, rasakvirve
lia, aris bevri amerikeli) askvnis, rom es sizuste sworu
povaria. meore mxriv, aSkaraa, rom laboratoriuli metrika
ar iTvaliswinebs teqstis mniSvnelobas (da kidec moeTxove
ba aseTi damokidebulebis gamomJRavneba): is askvnis, rom ar
arsebobs iseTi ram, rasac marcvlad moixsenieben, vinaidan
arsebobs xmis kontinuumi; rom ar arsebobs cneba sityvisa,
vinaidan oscilografi ver warmoaCens mis zRvars; da rom
melodiac ar arsebobs, am sityvis mkacri mniSvnelobiT,
radgan tons, romlis `gaxmovaneba~ mxolod xmovnebs Seu
ZliaT, mudam arRvevs sxvadasxva kategoriis xmauri. akusti
kuri metrika, agreTve, yovelTvis aCvenebs, rom ar arsebobs
mkveTri izoqronizmi, vinaidan TvalsaCinoa zomaTa praqti
kuli xangrZlivobis cvalebadoba. ar arsebobs arc dafiq
sirebuli `grZeli da mokle~ marcvlebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
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inglisurSi mainc, vinaidan fizikurad `mokle~ marcvalma

SeiZleba sigrZiT gadaaWarbos `grZel~ marcvals.
akustikuri metrikis sargeblianobis aRiarebasTan
erTad, am `mecnierebis~ uSualo safuZvlebTan dapiris
pireba imdenad advilia, rom es momenti Zalze akninebs mis
Rirebulebas literaturaTmcodneTa TvalSi. mcdaria
TviT is varaudi, rom oscilografiT dadgenili aRmoCenebi
uSualod ukavSirdeba metrikis Seswavlas. taepis warmo
Tqmis dro dro warmoadgens molodinis dros.39 garkveuli
drois monakveTis Semdeg, Cven veliT ritmul signals, ma
gram aseTi perioduloba aucileblad rodi unda iyos im
denad zusti, da arc signali unda iyos imdenad Zlieri,
rogorc moveliT. eWvsgareSea, rom musikaluri metrikais
Tvalsazrisi drois, maxvilisa da tonis ganmasxvavebel
niSanTa SefardebiTobisa da subieqturobis Taobaze swo
ria da marTebuli. magram saqme isaa, rom akustikuri da
musikaluri metrika xasiaTdeba erTi zogadi defeqtiT, an
ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, `SezRudulobiT~. rogorc wesi,
isini emyarebian mxolod JReradobas, deklamatoris mier
teqstis erTjerad an mravaljerad wakiTxvas. akustikuri
da musikaluri metrikis Sedegebi damajerebelia mxolod
erTi romelime konkretuli deklamaciis mimarT. aq gaT
valiswinebuli araa is faqti, rom deklamatorma SeiZleba
leqsi waikiTxos sworad an SecdomiT, SeuZlia daamatos
garkveuli elementebi, daamaxinjos, anda saerTod ugule
belyos sazomi.
iseTi striqoni, rogoricaa
Silent upon a peak in Darien
SeiZleba wavikiTxoT marTebuli metruli formiT:
Silnt upn a pak in Drien, an rogorc proza: Slent upn a pak
in Drien, an sulac sxvanairad, ise, rom erTmaneTs SevuwyoT
metruli sqema da prozis ritmi. sityva slent -is nacvlad
silnt-is gagonebaze, Cven rogorc inglisurad mosaubreni,
SevigrZnobT bunebrivi metyvelebis normaTa darRvevas da
amas wina striqonebis metruli sqemis zemoqmedebiT avxsniT.
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom esaa `moZravi maxvili~ _ kompro
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literaturis Teoria

misuli gadawyvetileba or ukidures ganmartebas Soris;

magram aseT SemTxvevaSic taepis wakiTxvis, specifikuri Ses
rulebis safuZvelze mainc ver gavaanalizebT prosodias,
romlis arss warmoadgens daZabuloba, `kontrapunqti~ me
trul sqemasa da prozis ritms Soris.
martooden akustikuri Tu musikaluri meTodebiT
leqsis metruli organizaciis Seswavla SeuZlebelia. ma
galiTad, `musikaluri~ metrikis erT-erTi saukeTeso
specialistis, jorj r. stiuartis azriT, `SeiZleba arse
bobdes leqsi azris gareSe~, da raki `metri arsebiTad da
moukidebelia azrisagan, amitom marTebulia, vcadoT da
warmovadginoT nebismieri striqonis metruli struqtura
am striqonis mniSvnelobisgan izolirebulad~.40 veries da
saranis SexedulebiT, unda davemsgavsoT ucxoels, rome
lic ise usmens leqss, rom ar esmis misi ena.41 es idea, rome
lic praqtikulad savsebiT ganuxorcielebelia da romel
sac ugulebelyofs TviT stiuartic,42 sabediswero Sede
gebs moutanda metrikis literaturul kvlevas. Tu ar
mivaqcevT yuradRebas mniSvnelobas, maSin, faqtobrivad,
ugulebelvyofT sityvis da frazis cnebas da, Sesabamisad,
xels viRebT im sxvaobaTa gaanalizebis SesaZleblobaze,
romlebic arsebobs sxvadasxva avtoris leqsebs Soris.
inglisuri leqsi mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba sin
taqsuri struqturis, ritmuli impulsisa da TviT met
yvelebis realuri ritmis (romelsac ganapirobebs fra
zebad dayofa) SepirispirebiT. meore mxriv, es frazebad
dayofa xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac gavecnobiT leqsis az
rsa da mniSvnelobas.
amitom rusi formalistebi43 cdilobdnen moeZebnaT
sruliad axali safuZveli metrikisTvis. maT Seusabamod
CaTvales termini `terfi~, vinaidan arsebobs bevri leqsi,
romelTac saerTod ara aqvs aseTi `terfebi~. Tumca subi
eqturad SesaZlebelia, rom izoqronizmi mivusadagoT bev
ri tipis leqss, magram is mainc SezRudulia leqsTwyobis
cnobili tipebiT da ar eqvemdebareba obieqtur analizs.
rus formalistebs miaCniaT (da kidec davoben am Temaze),
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

rom terfis cnebasa da izoqronulobis principze damya

rebuli Teoriebi arasworad gansazRvravs poeturi rit
mis fundamentur erTeuls. Tu leqss ganvsazRvravT ro
gorc, ubralod, romelime maxviliani marcvalis irgvliv
(an grZeli marcvalis garSemo, kvantitatur sistemebSi)
dajgufebul segmentebs, maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom arse
bobs imave tipis dajgufebebi (ufro metic, dajgufebaTa
mimdevrobebi) iseTi tipis lingvistur gamoTqmebSi, romle
bic ar miekuTvneba poezias. amrigad, ritmis fundamentur
erTianobas warmoadgens ara terfi, aramed mTeli taepi
es aris daskvna, romelic SeiZleba gamoitano rusebis mier
esoden atacebuli da gaziarebuli Gestaltis saerTo Teori
idan. `terfebi~ ar arsebobs damoukideblad, maTi arsebobis
SemCneva SeiZleba mxolod mTel leqsTan mimarTebaSi. yovel
maxvils aqvs sakuTari Taviseburebebi, rasac gansazRvravs
misi mdgomareoba da adgili leqsSi iqneba es pirveli,
meore Tu mesame terfi, da a.S. leqsis maorganizebeli er
Teuli sxvadasxvaa sxvadasxva enaSi da metrul sistemebSi.
es SeiZleba iyos `melodia~, anu tonTa Tanamimdevroba, ro
melic zogierT Tavisufal leqsSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes is
erTaderTi niSani, romelic mas prozisagan ganasxvavebs.44
Tu ver varkvevT konteqstiT an taepis grafikuli formiT
(rac Taviseburi mimaniSnebeli signalis rols asrulebs),
rom Tavisufali leqsis pasaJi swored leqss warmoadgens,
SeiZleba is wavikiTxoT, rogorc Cveulebrivi proza da verc
gavarCioT prozisgan. da mainc, SesaZlebelia misi wakiTxva
rogorc leqsisa, Tu marTlac gansxvavebulad, gansxvavebu
li intonaciiT wavikiTxavT. rusma formalistebma mravali
magaliTis ganxilvis safuZvelze daasabuTes, rom es in
tonacia mudam ornawiliania, anu dipodiuri; da Tu ugule
belvyofT am intonacias, leqsi aRar iqneba leqsi da mxolod
ritmul prozad gadaiqceva.
Cveulebrivi metruli leqsis Seswavlisas rusi mkvle
vrebi avlenen mimarTebebs metrsa da metyvelebis ritms
Soris statistikuri meTodebis meSveobiT. leqsi gaaz
rebulia rogorc rTuli kontrapunqtuli organizacia,
romlis erT-erT elements warmoadgens metyvelebis maor
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literaturis Teoria

ganizebeli metri, meores ki _ metyvelebis Cveulebrivi

ritmi; formalistTa moulodneli da STambeWdavi gan
martebis Tanaxmad, leqsi warmoadgens `organizebul Za
ladobas~, rac xorcieldeba yoveldRiuri sasaubro enis
mimarT. metruli sqemisgan isini ganasxvaveben `ritmul
impulss~. metruli sqema statikuria, grafikuli. `rit
muli impulsi~ dinamikuria, ganviTarebadi. Cven winaswar
moveliT signalebs, romlebic aucileblad iCenen Tavs.
xdeba ara marto drois, aramed mxatvruli nawarmoebis sxva
elementebis organizebac. amgvarad gaazrebuli ritmuli
impulsi zemoqmedebs ara mxolod sityvaTa SerCevaze, ara
med sintaqsur struqturaze, da aqedan gamomdinare, leqsis
saerTo azrsa da mniSvnelobaze.
formalistTa mier gamoyenebuli statistikuri me
Todi Zalze martivia. rodesac vaanalizebT nebismier leqss
an leqsis nawils, xdeba _ ama Tu im marcvalTan mimarTebaSi
_ im SemTxvevebis procentis daTvla, sadac maxvili ecema
am marcvals. Tu pentametris iambur taepSi metri abso
luturad sworia, maSin pirvel marcvalTan dakavSirebiT,
statistika aCvenebs nul procents, meore marcvalze as
procents, mesameze nuls, meoTxeze ass, da a.S. es Segvi
Zlia grafikulad gamovsaxoT, Tu horizontalur xazze
aRvniSnavT marcvalTa raodenobas, xolo vertikalurze _
maxvilianobis procents. cxadia, aseTi regularuli leq
si iSviaTia, Tundac im martivi mizezis gamo, rom is Zalze
monotonuri iqneba. leqsTa umravlesobaSi SeimCneva sazo
misa da misi realuri ganxorcielebis urTierTdaumTxvev
loba; mag., TeTr leqsSi SeiZleba mravlad Segvxvdes iseTi
SemTxvevebi, rodesac maxvili ecema pirvel marcvals, da es
cnobili movlena moixsenieba rogorc `troqeuli terfi~,
an `moZravi maxvili~, anda `Senacvleba~. grafikze vertika
luri xazebi erTmaneTs mniSvnelovnad dauaxlovdeba, mag
ram Tu es mainc pentametria, Tu poets pentametriT wera
surda, am grafikSi vertikaluri xazebi ufro maRali iqne
ba 2, 4, 6 da 8 marcvlebze. rasakvirvelia, am statistikur
meTods TavisTavadi Rirebuleba ara aqvs, magram is moicavs
mTel leqss da avlens im tendenciebs, romlebic sakmarisad
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

mkafiod araa gamoxatuli ama Tu im fragmentSi. am meTodis

meore upiratesoba isaa, rom misi meSveobiT TvalsaCinod
ikveTeba gansxvavebebi poetur skolebsa da calkeul poe
tebs Soris. is gansakuTrebiT nayofieria rusul poezias
Tan mimarTebaSi, radgan rusulSi yovel sityvas mxolod
erTi maxvili aqvs (damatebiTi intonaciuri niuansebi max
vilebi ki araa, aramed mxolod sunTqvis gziT warmoqmnili
erTgvari aqcentebi). inglisurSi amgvari statistikuri
gamoTvlebis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTuli saqmea, radgan
masSi mravladaa damatebiTi maxvilebi, agreTve _ enkli
tikebi da proklitikebi.
metrikis rusi specialistebi sagangebo yuradRebas
uTmoben im faqts, rom idealuri metruli sazomebi sxva
dasxvagvaradaa xorcSesxmuli sxvadasxva skolaSi da sx
vadasxva avtorTan; amasTan, yovel skolas, zogjer ki av
tors, aqvs sakuTari metruli kanoni, da gamarTlebuli ar
aris msjeloba maT Sesaxeb erTi konkretuli dogmis safuZ
velze. versifikaciis istoria warmogvidgeba, rogorc
maradiuli konfliqti sxvadasxva normas Soris da erTi uki
duresobas swrafad enacvleba meore. rusi mkvlevrebi xa
zgasmiT aRniSnaven im faqtsac, rom SeiniSneba mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba versifikaciis im sistemebs Soris, romlebic
gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva xalxis poeziaSi. leqsTwyobis sis
temebis Cveuli klasificireba silabur, tonur da kvanti
tatur kategoriebad ara marto ar aris sakmarisi, aramed
arasworicaa. magaliTad, serbul-xorvatul da finur epos
Si Tavs iCens samive principi: silaburi, tonuri da kvanti
taturi. Tanamedrove kvlevebma cxadyo, rom laTinurma
prosodiam, romelic wminda kvantitatur prosodiad iTv
leboda, sinamdvileSi mniSvnelovani modifikacia ganicada
im yuradRebis zegavleniT, romliTac ekidebodnen maxvils
da sityvaTa daboloebebs.45
enebi gansxvavdebian im elementebis Sesabamisad, rom
lebic warmoadgenen maTi ritmis baziss. aSkaraa, rom ing
lisur enaSi aseTi elementia maxvili, kvantitaturoba ki
am enaSi maxvilianobas eqvemdebareba; mniSvnelovani ritmu
li funqcia ekisreba sityvaTa daboloebebsac. gasaocaria
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literaturis Teoria

ritmuli sxvaoba im striqonebs Soris, romelTagan erTi

Sedgeba mxolod monosilaburi sityvebisgan, meore ki mxo
lod polisilaburi sityvebisagan. Cexur enaSi sityvaTa
daboloebebi warmoadgens ritmis baziss, rasac emateba
aucilebeli maxvili; kvantitaturoba aq, ubralod, mraval
ferovnebis Semomtani erT-erTi elementia. CinurSi ritmis
bazisi aris tonaloba, Zvel berZnulSi ki kvantitaturoba,
xolo toni da sityvaTa daboloebebi Zveli berZnebisTvis
mxolod mravalferovnebis ganmapirobebel elementebs
warmoadgenda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom poeziis istoriaSi versifika
ciis garkveuli sistemebs enacvleboda sxva sistemebi, ar
SeiZleba vimsjeloT `progresze~ an davgmoT Zveli siste
mebi, rogorc ufro gviandeli sistemebis ubralo winare
safexuri. didi xnis manZilze rusulSi gabatonebuli iyo
silabizmi, xolo CexurSi kvantitaturi prosodia. savse
biT SesaZlebeli iyo sruli revolucia moexdinaT ingli
suri leqsTwyobis istoriis (Coseridan sereimde) kvleva
Si, Tu gaiazrebdnen, rom iseTi poetebi, rogorebic iyvnen
lidgeiti, housi da skeltoni, uvargis leqsebs ki ar werd
nen, aramed sakuTar metrul normebs iyenebdnen.46 SesaZle
belia agreTve reabilitacia gamoCenili poetebis _ sid
nis, spenserisa da gebriel harvis mravalgzis gakritike
buli mcdelobebisa, inglisurSi SemoetanaT kvantitaturi
sazomebi. es moZraoba warumatebeli aRmoCnda, magram isto
riulad mniSvnelovani gamodga. misi meSveobiT moxerxda
silabikis im gaqvavebuli normebis damsxvreva, romlebic
gabatonebuli iyo ufro adreul inglisur poeziaSi.
SesaZlebelia metrikis SedarebiTi istoriac. cno
bilma frangma lingvistma, antuan meiem Tavis wignSi: Les
Origines indo-europeenes des metres grecs, Seadara Zveli berZnu
li da veduri metrebi imisaTvis, rom moexdina indoevro
puli metrikis sistemis rekonstruqcia;47 roman iakobsonma
aCvena, rom iugoslavuri epikuri leqsi Zalian axlosaa am
uZveles metrTan, romelic iTavsebs silabur striqonsac
da mkacrad kvantitatur klauzulasac.48 SesaZlebelia
davakvirdeT folkloruli leqsis sxvadasxva tipebis is
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evfonia, ritmi da metri

torias da maT gansxvavebebsac. saWiroa mkveTrad ganvasx

vavoT erTmaneTisgan epikuri reCitativi da `melodiuri~
leqsi, romelsac iyeneben lirikaSi. yovel enaSi epikuri
leqsi ufro konservatiuli Cans, vidre sasimRero leqsi;
es ukanaskneli mWidrod ukavSirdeba enis fonetikur Ta
viseburebebs da gacilebiT metad gamoirCeva nacionaluri
specifikiT, vidre eposi. maSinac ki, rodesac saqme exeba
Tanamedrove poezias, unda gvaxsovdes sxvaoba oratorul,
sasaubro da `melodiur~ leqss Soris, is sxvaoba, romelsac
ugulebelyofs metrikis inglisel mkvlevarTa umetesi
nawili, radgan musikaluri Teoriis gavleniT, mTlianad
arian dakavebuli sasimRero leqsis kvleviT da problemiT.49
Zalze mniSvnelovan naSromSi, romelic mieZRvna mec
xramete saukunis rusul lirikas,50 boris eixenbaumma scada
gaeanalizebina leqsis intonaciis roli `melodiur~, `sa
simRero~ leqsSi. man uaRresad damajereblad gviCvena, rom
rusulma romantikulma lirikam gamoiyena tripodiuli
sazomi, agreTve _ iseTi intonaciuri sqemebi, rogorebi
caa Zaxilis da kiTxviTi winadadebebi da iseTi sintaqsuri
Targebi, rogoric aris paralelizmi, magram, Cveni azriT,
man ver daasabuTa Tavisi centraluri Tezisi `sasimRero~
leqsSi intonaciis maformirebeli rolis Taobaze.51
SeiZleba eWviT SevxedoT rusuli Teoriebis bevr ele
ments, magram ver uarvyofT imas, rom erTi mxriv, maT SeZles
Tavi daeRwiaT leqsTmcodneobaSi Seqmnili Cixisgan, xolo
meore mxriv gaTavisuflebuliyvnen musikaluri metris
`mimdevrebis~ subieqtivizmisagan. bevri ram axlac bundova
nia da winaaRmdegobrivi, magram sadReisod metrikam aRid
gina aucilebeli kontaqti lingvistikasTan da literatu
ris semantikasTan. aSkaraa, rom bgera da metri mxatvruli
nawarmoebis rogorc mTlianobis elementebia. Sesabamisad,
dauSvebelia maTi Seswavla nawarmoebis mniSvnelobisagan
izolirebulad.

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stili da stilistika
*
ena marTlac warmoadgens literaturis masalas.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi
ubralo `amonakrebia~ garkveuli enidan. daaxloebiT ase
ve aRweren skulpturas: `marmarilos bloki, romelsac
CamoTlili aqvs ramdenime natexi~. wignSi `inglisuri poe
zia da inglisuri ena~, f.v. beitsoni acxadebda, rom lit
eratura, zogadad, aris enis istoriis nawili da mTlianad
maszea damokidebuli: `Cemi Tezisis arsi isaa, rom epoqis
zemoqmedeba nawarmoebze unda ganisazRvros am nawarmoebis
enidan, da ara poetis pirovnuli Taviseburebebidan gamom
dinare. vfiqrob, poeziis WeSmariti istoria warmoadgens
im enobrivi Sris cvlilebaTa istorias, romelsac ganekuT
vneba droiTi TanmimdevrobiT dawerili nawarmoebebi. da
swored es enobrivi cvlilebebi ganicdian socialuri da
inteleqtualuri tendenciebis wnexs.~ 1
beitsoni damajereblad asabuTebs, rom poeziis is
toria mWidrod ukavSirdeba enis istorias. eWvsgareSea,
rom inglisuri poeziis evoluciis garkveul etapze masSi
aisaxa elisabedis xanis metyvelebis Tavisufali sixali
sec, meTvramete saukunis `mowesrigebuloba da gamWvirva
lebac~, da sityvis mniSvnelobis bundovanebac, romelic
viqtorianuli xanis inglisurisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
poeziis istoriaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs lingvis
turi Teoriebi, mag., hobsis racionalizmi, misTvis Cveuli
maxviliT denotaciaze, azrisa da stilis gamWvirvalebaze
da mecnierul sizusteze yvelaferma aman Zlieri gavlena
iqonia inglisur poeziaze, Tumca es gavlena xSirad arapir
dapiri gziT xorcieldeboda.
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stili da stilistika

amitom unda daveTanxmoT karl foslers imaSi, rom

`zogierTi periodis mwerlobis ganxilva ufro nayofierad
ganxorcieldeba, Tu gavaanalizebT Sesabamis enobriv gare
mosac, rac, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aranakleb mniSvnelovania,
vidre epoqis politikuri, socialuri, religiuri tenden
ciebis, an kidev _ qveynis geografiuli mdebareobisa da
klimatis analizi~.2
poetis enobrivi Cvevebi, damokidebulebebi da mid
rekilebebi SeiZleba fasobdes ara mxolod enobrivi sis
temis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed Tavad misive xe
lovnebis SecnobisTvis. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im perio
debsa da qveynebs, sadac upiratesobisaTvis ibrZvis ramde
nime lingvisturi norma. italiaSi literaturis istoriis
mkvlevrebi ar dauSveben `enis sakiTxis ugulebelyofas.
literaturis sferoSi fosleris gamokvleva Frankreichs Kultur im Spiegel seiner Sprachentwicklung-Si, iqca uwyveti interesis
da gamoyenebis sagnad. ruseTSi viqtor vinogradovma sa
guldagulod gaaanaliza rusuli enis sxvadasxva elementi,
romlebsac iyenebda puSkini saeklesio slavuri, sala
parako ena, agreTve galicizmebi da tevtonizmebi.3
da mainc, cxadia, rom beitsonis daskvna gazviadebu
lia; ver vityviT, rom enobriv cvlilebebs poezia pasiu
rad aireklavs. ar unda daviviwyoT, rom enasa da literatu
ras Soris dialeqtikuri damokidebulebaa: literaturam
Zalze didi gavlena iqonia enis ganviTarebaze. verc Ta
namedrove franguli da verc Tanamedrove inglisuri ver
gadaiqceoda im enad, rogoric dResaa, rom ara neoklasi
kuri literatura; Tanamedrove germanulic sxvagvari iq
neboda, rar SeiZleba literaturaze inteleqtualuri an
socialuri tendenciebis zegavlenis ugulebelyofac. be
itsonis azriT, meTvramete saukunis poezia gamWvirvale da
naTeli iyo, radgan TviT ena iyo gamWvirvale da naTeli. ase
rom, poeti valdebulia gamoiyenos mza masala da ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, racionalistia is Tu ara. magram bleikis da
kristofer smartis magaliTebi aaSkaravebs, rom iraciona
luri an antiracionaluri msoflaRqmisken midrekili po
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literaturis Teoria

etebi gardasaxavden maT Tanamedrove poetur enas an aRad

gendnen mis adreul formebs.
TviT is Cveulebrivi faqti, rom SeiZleba davweroT
istoria, ara mxolod ideaTa, aramed Janrebis istoriac,
metruli sazomebisa da Temebis istoria, romelic moicavs
mwerlobas sxvadasxva enaze Seqmnil literaturas, cxad
yofs, rom literatura ver iqneba mTlianad damokidebuli
enaze. aSkaraa, rom saWiroa erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT, erTi
mxriv, poezia, xolo meore mxriv drama da romani. beit
soni, pirvel yovlisa, emyareba poezias; da marTlac, Znelia
imis uaryofa, rom poezia, rodesac is sagangebod aris orga
nizebuli, Zalze mWidrod ukavSirdeba enas _ mis JRerado
bas da mniSvnelobas.
mizezebi met-naklebad TvalsaCinoa. metri gana
xorcielebs enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis organizacias. is
aregulirebs prozis ritms, aaxloebs mas izoqronizm
Tan da amrigad amartivebs urTierTmimarTebebs silabur
erTeulebs Soris. imisaTvis, rom warmoaCinos xmovnebis
obertonebi an emociuri Seferiloba (tembri), is anelebs
temps da `agrZelebs~ xmovnebs; amartivebs da aregulirebs
intonacias _ metyvelebis melodias.4 maSasadame, metris
daniSnuleba yofila sityvaTa aqtualizacia, miTiTeba maT
ze da yuradRebis mipyroba teqstis bgeriT aspeqtze. WeS
marit poeziaSi sityvaTa urTierTmimarTebebi mkveTradaa
xazgasmuli.
poeziaSi mniSvneloba
konteqstiT ganisazRvreba;
Cven aRviqvamT ara marto sityvis saleqsikono mniSvnelo
bas, aramed _ mis sinonimTa da omonimTa erTgvar aurasac.
sityvebs ara marto sakuTari mniSvnelobebi aqvT, aramed
_ maT Tan sdevs sxva sityvaTa mniSvnelobebic, romelTac
isini ukavSirdebian fonetikurad, azrobrivad an etimolo
giurad; metic, am ukanasknelTa ricxvs miekuTvnebian TviT
iseTi sityvebic, romlebic, TavianTi mniSvnelobiT, upi
rispirdebian an saerTod gamoricxaven mocemuli sityviT
gamoxatul mniSvnelobas.
amrigad, poeziis kvlevisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSv
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neloba aqvs enis Seswavlas. rasakvirvelia, enis SeswavlaSi

Cven vgulisxmobT im sakiTxebs, romlebsac profesionali
enaTmecnierebi, Cveulebriv, an aknineben, anda saerTod ar
aqceven yuradRebas. garda im iSviaTi SemTxvevebisa, rodesac
metris da riTmis mkvlevars sWirdeba garkveuli lingvistu
ri monacemebis Seswavla, Tanamedrove literaturaTm
codnes veraviTar sargeblobas ver moutans istoriuli
morfologia an fonologia, an Tundac eqsperimentuli fon
etika. magram mas aucileblad dasWirdeba specifikuri tipis
lingvistika, upirveles yovlisa, leqsikologia, romelic
Seiswavlis sityvis mniSvnelobas da mis cvlilebebs. Zveli in
glisuri poeziis mkvlevars, romelsac surs sworad Caswvdes
bevri Zveli sityvis mniSvnelobas, aucileblad dasWirdeba
inglisuri enis leqsikoni. mas etimologiac ki daexmareba,
raTa gaigos miltoniseuli leqsikonis laTinizebuli sit
yvebi, an kidev sityvaTwarmoeba hopkinsisa, romelic germa
nuli nimuSebiT sargeblobda.
lingvisturi kvlevis mniSvneloba, rasakvirvelia,
ar Semoifargleba calkeuli sityvebis an frazebis mniSv
nelobaTa dadgeniT. literatura ukavSirdeba enis yvela
aspeqts. xelovnebis nawarmoebi, uwinaresad, bgeraTa siste
maa da, ese igi, SenarCevic mocemuli enis bgeraTa sistemidan.
Cvenma msjelobam evfoniaze, ritmze da metrze gamoavlina,
raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs lingvistur varaudebs bevri
aseTi problemisaTvis. magaliTad, fonetikur analizs uaR
resad mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba SedarebiTi metrikis
sferosaTvis da sazomTa marTebuli gansazRvrisTvis.
rasakvirvelia, literaturaTmcodnes ufleba ara
aqvs, gamijnos fonetikuri done azrobrivisgan. magram
meore mxriv, azrobrivi donec eqvemdebareba lingvistur
analizs. SeiZleba aRvweroT literaturuli nawarmoebis,
an Tundac nawarmoebTa nebismieri jgufis gramatika, da
viwyoT fonologiiT da morfologiiT, Semdeg gadavideT
leqsikaze (barbarizmebi, provincializmebi, arqaizmebi da
neologizmebi), bolos ki mivadgeT sintaqss (mag., inversia,
antiTeza da paralelizmi).
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arsebobs ori Tvalsazrisi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu

rogor unda mivudgeT samwerlo enis Seswavlas. lingvis
tikis istoriis kvlevisas literaturuli nawarmoebi Sei
Zleba gamoviyenoT mxolod rogorc dokumenti. magaliTad,
`bu da bulbuli~ an `ser gaveini da mwvane raindi~ gamodgeba
saimisod, raTa gamovavlinoT Sua saukuneebis inglisuris
zogierTi dialeqtis Taviseburebani. skeltonis, neSis da
ben jonsonis tipis mwerlebis Semoqmedeba Seicavs mdidar
masalas inglisuri enis istoriisTvis; bolo xanebSi Svedma
mkvlevarma a.h. kingma gaaanaliza ben jonsonis Poetasteri im periodis inglisuri enis socialuri da klasobrivi
dialeqtebis gamosavlenad. francma Seqmna Zalze skrupu
lozuri `Seqspiriseuli gramatika~. lazar seneanma ori
tomi miuZRvna rables enas.5 amisda miuxedavad, xsenebul
gamokvlevebSi literaturuli nawarmoebebi warmoadgens
wyaros lingvistur problemebis gadasawyvetad. magram
saqme isaa, rom lingvisturi kvleva mxolod maSin iqceva
literaturul analizad, rodesac is eqvemdebareba li
teraturaTmcodneobis moTxovnebs da miznad isaxavs enis
esTetikuri efeqtis kvlevas erTi sityviT, rodesac is
stilistikad iqceva (yovel SemTxvevaSi, am terminis erTi
garkveuli mniSvnelobiT).6
cxadia, stilistikis kvleva warmatebuli ver iqneba,
Tu vrceli sabazo codniT ar iqneba uzrunvelyofili zo
gadi lingvistikis dargSi, radgan misi erT-erTi centra
luri problema exeba kontrasts literaturuli nawarmoe
bis enasa da Sesabamisi epoqis yofiT enas Soris. Tu ar gve
codineba, ras warmoadgens sasaubro metyveleba, Tundac
araliteraturuli metyveleba da im periodis sxvadasxva
sazogadoebrivi jgufebis ena, maSin stilistika, albaT,
impresionistuli xasiaTisa iqneba. samwuxarod, saerTod
ar gaamarTla varaudma, TiTqos Cven erTmaneTisgan ganvas
xvavebT (es gansakuTrebiT bolo xanebs exeba) Cveulebriv
yofiT metyvelebasa da mxatvrul stils warsul epoqaTa
literaturaSi. sanam SevudgebiT romelime avtoris, ama Tu
im literaturuli mimdinareobis an stilis Sesaxeb msje
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lobas, yovelmxriv unda SeviswavloT Zveli drois mraval

Sreobrivi metyveleba.
sinamdvileSi, Cven, ubralod, instinqturad viyenebT
im standartebs, romlebic gviyalibdeba sakuTari yovel
dRiuri metyvelebis safuZvelze, magram aseTi standarte
bi SeiZleba Zalze mcdari gamodges. drodadro, rodesac
vkiTxulobT Zvel poezias, saWiro xdeba Cveni Tanamedrove
lingvisturi cnobierebis sruli ugulebelyofa. amgvarad
unda moviqceT iseTi striqonebis kiTxvisas, rogoricaa
TviT tenisonis:
And this is well
To have a dame indoors, who trims us up
And keeps us tight.7
magram Tuki vaRiarebT sazrisis istoriuli rekon
struqciis aucileblobas aseT aSkara SemTxvevebSi, maSin
ratom ar SegviZlia yvela SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelvyoT misi
SesaZlebloba? gana odesme SevZlebT, ise kargad viswavloT
anglosaqsuri an saSualoinglisuri (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT
Zvel berZnulze) imdenad kargad, rom dagvaviwydes dRevan
deli sakuTari ena? da Tundac SevZloT, gana es aucile
blad imas niSnavs, rom ukeTesi kritikosebi varT mxolod
imis gamo, rom, lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, avtoris `Ta
namedroveebad~ viqeciT? nuTu ar SeiZleba iseT leqsebis
kiTxvisas, rogoricaa marvelis
My vegetable love would grow
Vaster than empires and more slow8

SevinarCunoT Tanamedrove asociaciebi, rogorc leq

sis mniSvnelobis gamamdidrebeli elementi? lui titeris
SeniSvniT, is groteskuli warmodgena, rom xangrZlivobisa
da saWiroebis aspeqtSi `erotikuli kombosto~ piramidebs
`gadawonis~ da gadaaWarbebs, etyoba, gacnobierebuli, os
taturi xerxia. miuxedavad amisa, unda gvjerodes, rom Ta
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vad marveli ar miiswrafvoda zustad aseTi efeqtisken.

meSvide saukuneSi vegetable anu bostneuli, niSnavda vegetatives, anu vegetaciurs, da poetma, rogorc Cans, gamoiyena es
sityva cxovelmyofelis mniSvnelobiT; yovel SemTxveva
Si, bostneulis dRevandeli konotacia mainc ar eqneboda
nagulisxmevi.9
amitom SeiZleba mxari avubaT titers da vikiTxoT:
xom ar aris sasurveli, ugulebelvyoT dRevandeli kono
tacia da, saerTod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara es Tundac amgvar
ukidures SemTxvevebSi? aq kvlav vubrundebiT istoriu
li `rekonstruirebis~ sakiTxs, mis SesaZleblobebs da
saWiroebas.
Sarl balis Zalisxmevis10 msgavsad, iyo ramdenime cda,
gadaeqciaT stilistika enaTmecnierebis damxmare discip
linad, magram saqme isaa, rom stilistikas aqvs sakuTari,
sruliad gansazRvruli problemebi, imisda miuxedavad, gan
vixilavT mas, rogorc damoukidebel mecnierebas Tu ara.
SeiZleba ise gamoCndes, rom zogierTi am problemaTagani
saerTod axasiaTebs, an praqtikulad mTlianad axasiaTebs
adamianis metyvelebas. aseTnairad farTod gagebuli stil
istika swavlobs yvela im saSualebas da xerxs, romlebic
mimarTulia raime specifikuri eqspresiuli miznisken, da
amitom scildeba literaturis an Tundac ritorikis saz
Rvrebs. yvela xerxi, romlebic gamoiyeneba emfatikisTvis an
simkveTrisaTvis, SeiZleba stilistikad iyos klasificire
buli. maT ricxvSia metaforebi, romlebiTac gajerebulia
yvela ena, Tundac Zalze primitiuli; yvela ritorikuli
xerxi da sintaqsuri figura. TiTqmis yoveli enobrivi ga
moTqma SeiZleba SeviswavloT misi eqspresiuli Rirebulebis
TvalsazrisiT. SeuZlebelia am problemis ugulebelyofa,
rogorc amas Zalze Segnebulad akeTebs `bihevioristuli~
skola amerikaSi.
tradiciuli stilistika am problemebs araTan
mimdevrulad da TviTneburad wyvets. gamoyofilia xerxebis
ori (intensifikaciis an minimizebis) kategoria: intensifika
ciis gamomxatveli saxeebi _ gameoreba, akumulacia, hiper
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bola da kulminacia _ asocirebulia `amaRlebul~ stilTan,

rac sakmaod detaluradaa aRwerili cnobil Peri hipsoys-Si,
romlis avtorobas miaweren longinuss. msjelobas `dide
buli stilis~ Sesaxeb homerosTan, SeqspirTan, miltonTan,
dantesTan mimarTebaSi vxvdebiT metiu arnoldTan da sents
berisTan, romlebic Zalze moxdenilad ureven erTmaneTSi
fsiqologiur problemebsa da literaturuli nawarmoebis
Sefasebis sakiTxebs.11
amis miuxedavad, rogorc Cans, mainc SeuZlebelia imis
damtkiceba, rom specifikur saxeebsa da xerxebs, yvela Sem
TxvevaSi, aucileblad ukavSirdeba specifikuri efeqti
an `eqspresiuli Rirebuleba~. winadadebaTa koordinire
buli konstruqciebi (`da.. da.. da..~) bibliasa da matianee
bSi saWiroa imisTvis, raTa Txrobas sidinje mieniWos; amave
dros, romantikul poemaSi amgvari `da kavSirebi SeiZleba
aRniSnavdes SekiTxvebis serias, romlebic sunTqvaSekrul
ma adamianma SeiZleba nawyvet-nawyvetad wamoiZaxos. hiper
bola SeiZleba iyos tragikuli an paTetikuri, magram iyos
groteskulic da komikuric. garda amisa, zogierTi xerxi
an sintaqsuri figura ise xSirad da imdenad gansxvavebul
konteqstSi meordeba, rom SeuZlebelia maT raime specifi
kuri eqspresiuli mniSvneloba mivaniWoT. Cven vamCnevT, rom
ciceroni ramdenime gverdze ramdenjerme xmarobs litot
ess an gazviadebas; aseve, jonsonis Ramblers-Si SeiZleba
aRmovaCinoT gamawonasworebeli konstruqciebis ramdenime
aseuli magaliTi. orive SemTxvevaSi Cven winaSea sityvaTa
TamaSi, maTi mniSvnelobisgan damoukideblad.12
Tumca Cven uarvyofT atomistur warmodgenas imis
Sesaxeb, rom ama
Tu im xerxs uSualod Seesabameba spe
cifikuri eqspresiuli amocana, magram mainc dasaSvebia
garkveuli kavSiris arseboba stilis Taviseburebebsa
da nawarmoebis Sinaarsobriv amocanebs Soris. am kavSirs
adasturebs isic, rom aSkarad gamoxatuli Sinaarsobrivi
tonalobis (amaRlebuli, komikuri, daxvewili an naivuri)
mqone nawarmoebSi gamudmebiT meordeba garkveuli xerxe
bi, Tanac, maT, rogorc wesi, Tan axlavs erTi da igive kon
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struqciebi. v.k. uimsetis kvalobaze SeiZleba vamtkicoT,

rom raime xerxis gameoreba azrs ar arTmevs am xerxs: `sin
taqsuri konstruqciebi meordeba, brunvebsa da uRlebis
msgavsad, magram isini mainc eqspresiuli formebia~.13 ar
SeiZleba, antikuri epoqis esTetikosTa msgavsad, davkmayo
fildeT stilTa iseTi klasifikaciiT, rogorebicaa maRali
da dabali, aziuri da atikuri da misT. aucilebelia gaviaz
roT iseTi rTuli sqemebi, rogorsac gvTavazobs vilhelm
Snaideri Tavis Ausdruckswerte der deutschen Sprache-Si (1931).
obieqtis mimarT sityvis mimarTebidan gamomdinare, stili
SeiZleba daiyos sxvadasxva tipad, romelTa Soris iqneba
cnebiTi da mgrZnobelobiTi, uSualo da aRweriTi, damak
ninebeli an gamazviadebeli, mkafio da bundovani, wynari da
aRgznebuli, dabali da maRali, martivi da xatovani; sity
vaTa Soris mimarTebaTa Sesabamisad, stili SeiZleba iyos
daZabuli da dune, plastikuri da musikaluri, daxvewili da
uxeSi, erTferovani da xatovani; Tu daveyrdnobiT sityvisa
da avtoris urTierTmimarTebaTa princips, maSin stili Sei
Zleba iyos obieqturi da subieqturi.14 aseTi klasifikacia
praqtikulad SeiZleba mivusadagoT yvela enobriv feno
mens, magram Cveni magaliTebis umravlesoba literaturuli
nawarmoebebidan aris aRebuli da gamoyenebulia literatu
ruli stilis analizisaTvis. Tu amgvarad CamovayalibebT
stilistikis sakvlev principebs, is, albaT, Tavs aaridebs
xarvezebs ritorikis cnebebze damyarebuli midgomisa,
romelic cal-calke aanalizebda sxvadasxva xerxs, meore
mxriv ki _ mocemuli epoqis stilis (gotika, baroko da a.S.)
Teoriebs, romlebic masStaburi iyo, magram konkretulo
biT ar gamoirCeoda.
samwuxarod, amgvar naSromTa didi nawili STagonebu
li iyo viwro aRweriTi miznebiT, aseT SemTxvevebSi
stilistika emgvaneba erTgvar rekomendacias `saSualo~
stilisTvis, romlis idealia sizuste da gamWvirvaloba;
esaa `sanimuSo~ stili, romelsac Seiswavlian univer
sitetebSi. garda amisa, stilistika gamoiyeneba romelime
enis gandidebis mizniT. rac Seexeba mTavar evropul enebs
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Soris arsebul sxvaobaTa ucnaur da axirebul gazviadebas,

amaSi gansakuTrebiT germanelebi scodaven. iseTi gamoCe
nili mecnierebic ki, rogoric arian veqsleri, fosleri
da doiCbaini,15 iseT daskvnebs akeTeben, romelTa dadas
tureba sinamdvileSi SeuZlebelia da enobriv gansxvave
bebs xalxebis erovnul fsiqologias ukavSireben. Cven ar
uarvyofT problemis arsebobas: Tu im enas, romelsac ara
aqvs Camoyalibebuli literatura, SevadarebT ama Tu im
ZiriTad evropul enas, maSin aSkara warmoCndeba absurdu
loba, `bihevioristuli~Tvalsazris imasTan dakavSirebiT,
rom yvela ena Tanabaria. nebismierma mTargmnelma icis, rom
ZiriTadi evropuli enebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan sintaqsuri konstruqciebiT, `idiomebiT~
da sxva pirobiTobiT. zogjer inglisuri, franguli an ger
manuli SeiZleba naklebad gamosadegi aRmoCndes, vidre mci
red ganviTarebuli enebi. eWvsgareSea, rom es gansxvaveba
gamowveulia socialuri, istoriuli da literaturuli
mizezebiT, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi aRwera
SeiZleba, jer mainc ar yofila srulad aRwerili imdenad,
rom gaamarTlon sakiTxis dayvana erovnul fsiqologiamde.
`SedarebiTi~ stilistika warmogvidgeba rogorc Soreuli
momavlis mecniereba.
wminda literaturuli da esTetikuri midgoma zRu
davs stilistikas da utovebs mxolod xelovnebis raime
nawarmoebis, an nawarmoebTa jgufis Seswavlis funqcias,
romelTa aRwera saWiroa maTi esTetikuri funqciisa da
mniSvnelobis konteqstSi. mxolod maSin iqceva stilistika
literaturis akademiuri codnis nawilad, Tu sakiTxis cen
trSi iqneba es esTetikuri interesi, amasTanave, es iqneba
friad mniSvnelovani nawili, vinaidan mxolod stilisturi
meTodis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli literaturuli nawar
moebis specifikur TaviseburebaTa gansazRvra. am tipis
stilisturi analizi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori xerxiT:
pirveli gvikarnaxebs, rom Tanmimdevrulad gavaanalizoT
nawarmoebis lingvisturi sistema da avxsnaT misi ele
mentebi nawarmoebis esTetikuri mizanmimarTulebis, anu
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`mTliani mniSvnelobis~ safuZvelze. stili am SemTxvevaSi

warmogvidgeba rogorc nawarmoebis an nawarmoebTa jgufis
individualuri lingvisturi sistema. meore midgoma, ro
melic ar upirispirdeba pirvels, gulisxmobs im individua
luri Taviseburebebis Seswavlas, romlebiTac es sistema
gansxvavdeba sxva Sesadarebeli sistemebisagan. xsenebuli
meTodi kontrasts efuZneba: Cven ganvixilavT normaluri
sityvaTxmarebis darRvevis an misgan gadaxrebis SemTxvevebs
da vcdilobT avxsnaT maTi esTetikuri daniSnuleba. Cveu
lebriv, sakomunikacio metyvelebaSi yuradReba ar eqceva
arc sityvaTa JReradobas da arc maT wyobas (rac, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, inglisur enaSi, gulisxmobs moqmedisagan
moqmedebaze gadasvlas), an winadadebis struqturas (rac
CamoTvliTi da koordinirebuli unda iyos). stilisturi
analizis pirvel nabijad miviCnevT iseTi gadaxrebis mimo
xilvas, rogorebicaa bgeraTa gameoreba, inversia, rTuli
Tanwyobili da rTuli qvewyobili winadadebebis gamoyeneba
azrobrivi ierarqiis principiT; yvelaferi es unda emsa
xurebodes garkveul esTetikur funqcias _ xazgasmas da
gamoyofas, anda, piriqiT, esTetikurad gamarTlebul bun
dovanebas an gaurkvevlobas.
aseTi amocana SedarebiT martivia zogierTi nawarmoe
bisa da zogi avtoris SemTxvevaSi. Seucdomlad SeiZleba
amovicnoT bgeriTi sqemebi da Sedarebebi, romlebic gvxvde
ba lilis `eufeusis~ bestiariumebSi.16 spenseri, romelsac,
jonsonis TqmiT, `ena ar hqonda~, iyenebs garkveuli saxis
arqaizmebs, neologizmebs da provincializmebs,17 romelTa
analizi Zalze advilia. miltoni ara mxolod iyenebs laTi
nizebul leqsikons, romelSic inglisur sityvebs maTive
arqetipebis mniSvneloba aqvT, aramed qmnis winadadebebis
Tavisebur struqturebs. jerard menli hopkinsis stilisT
vis damaxasiaTebelia saqsonuri sityvebi, agreTve dialeq
turi leqsika, is Segnebulad uvlis gverds laTinuridan
omdinare leqsikas, rasac ganapirobebs im lingvistebis
Teoriebi, romlebic upiratesobas aniWebdnen germanuli
enis normebs, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sityvaTwarmoebiTa
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da Sedgenili sityvebiT.18 Zneli ar aris iseTi mkveTri `ma

neris~ mqone avtorTa stilis analizi, rogorebic arian
karlaili, merediti, peiteri an henri jeimsi; igive iTqmis
im meorexarisxovan mwerlebze, romlebic daesesxnen zemox
senebul avtorebs maT stilistur Taviseburebebs.
amis miuxedavad, bevr sxva SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT uf
ro Zneli iqneba, gamovyoT da ganvsazRvroT avtoriseuli
stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi. imisaTvis, rom amovicnoT gan
meorebadi niSan-Tvisebebi, saWiroa daxvewili smena da dak
virvebis unari; es gansakuTrebiT im mwerlebs exeba, romle
bic elisabedis xanis dramaturgebis, anda meTvramete sau
kunis eseistebis msgavsad, erTgvarovan stils iyenebden.
Znelia gaviziaroT j.m. robertsonis Sexeduleba imis
Taobaze, rom garkveuli sityvebi an `idiomebi~ gvauwyeben
mxolod iseTi pirovnebebis `xelweras~, rogorebic arian
pili, grini, marlo da kidi.19 bevr aseT gamokvlevaSi sti
listuri analizi mWidrod ukavSirdeba Sinagani Sinaarsob
rivi struqturis Seswavlas, agreTve _ wyaroebisa da sxva
elementebis kvlevas, rogoric aris ganmeorebuli aluzie
bi. amgvar SemTxvevebSi stilistika gvexmareba mxolod ro
gorc gansxvavebuli miznebisaTvis gamosayenebeli iaraRi:
aseTia avtoris identifikacia, avTenturobis dadgena, anu
iseTi Sroma, romelic garkveulwilad deduqcias emyareba
da moicavs erTgvar mosamzadebel Sromas literaturuli
kvlevisaTvis.
rTul praqtikul problemebs vawydebiT iseT SemT
xvevebSi, rodesac ganvixilavT ama Tu im epoqisTvis da
maxasiaTebel gabatonebul stils, calkeuli mwerlebis
mier literaturuli modis Seqmnas da mimbaZvelTa gamo
Cenas. uwin stilistur tradiciaze didi gavlena hqonda
Janris ideas. magaliTad, CoserTan (`kenterberiuli moT
xrobebis~calkeul novelebSi) gvxvdeba sxvadasxvagvari
stilebis farTo speqtri da diferenciacia. zogadad, es
miesadageba mis mier sxvadasxva periodSi Seqmnil da sxva
dasxva tipis nawarmoebebs. meTvramete saukuneSi, pindare
seul odas, satiras da baladas hqonda sakuTari leqsika
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da stili. `poeturi stili~ dayvanili iyo specifikur Jan

rebamde, maSin, rodesac dabali JanrisTvis araTu daSvebu
lad, aramed aucilebladac ki iTvleboda `yofiTi leqsi
ka~. TviT vordsvortic, miuxedavad imisa rom `Serisxa~ sa
gangebo poeturi stilis idea, mainc sxvadasxvagvarad wer
da, rodesac qmnida odas, `tinternis saabatos~ msgavs aRwe
riT da meditaciur leqsebs, miltonis stilis sonets, anda
`lirikul baladas~. Tu Cven ugulebelvyofT aseT Tvise
bebs, maSin azri ar eqneba im avtorTa stilis daxasiaTebas,
romlebmac daxvewes mravali Janri da ganicades xangrZlivi
mxatvruli evolucia. albaT, sjobs, vilaparakoT goeTes
`stilebze~, vinaidan sxvagvarad ver ganvmartavT im uzarma
zar sxvaobas, romelic arsebobs adrindeli, klasikuri pe
riodis Sturm und drang-is stilsa da mogvianebiT dawerili
Elective Affinities-is pompezur da rTul maneras Soris.
stilisturi analizis am meTods, romelic kon
centrirebulia stilis Taviseburebebze, im Tvisebebze,
romlebic mas ganasxvaveben irgvliv arsebul lingvistu
ri sistemebisagan, aSkara xarvezebi aqvs. savsebiT Sesa
Zlebelia, davagrovoT `izolirebuli~ dakvirvebebi, Cven
mier SeniSnuli niSan-Tvisebebis nimuSebi, da daviviwyoT,
rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi mTlianobas warmoadgens. Sei
Zleba, agreTve, aqcenti gavakeToT `originalurobaze~, in
dividualurobaze, imaze, rac subieqturi midrekilebebiT
aixsneba. umjobesia meore midgoma _ stilis ganxilva
mTlianobaSi, sistemurad, lingvisturi principebis Sesa
bamisad. ruseTSi viqtor vinogradovma detalurad gamoi
kvlia puSkinisa da tolstois ena. sistemurma stilistikam
bevri niWieri praqtikosis yuradReba miiqcia poloneTsa
da CexoslovakiaSi; espaneTSi damaso alonsom saTave daudo
gongoras poeziis sistemur analizs, xolo amado alonsom
Rrmad gaaanaliza pablo nerudas poezia.20 magram am meTods
avnebs `mecnieruli~ sisrulis ideali. analitikoss Sei
Zleba gamorCes mxedvelobidan, rom mxatvruli efeqtis
ganmarteba SeuZlebelia raime xerxis Cveulebrivi sixSiris
gamoTvlis meSveobiT. magaliTad, jozefin mailsi Secdoma
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stili da stilistika

Si Seiyvana statistikurma monacemebma, ris gamoc gamoitana

mcdari daskvna prerafaelizmTan hopkinsis poeturi sti
lis siaxlovis Sesaxeb.21
literaturuli kvlevisaTvis stilisturi anali
zi yvelaze ufro nayofieri iqneba maSin, rodesac misi
meSveobiT davadgenT gamaerTianebel princips, zogad
esTetikur mizans, romelsac eqvemdebareba nawarmoebis
yvela elementi. magaliTad, Tu ganvixilavT meTvramete
saukunis `aRweriTi~ poeziis warmomadgenlis, jeims tom
sonis Semoqmedebas, SevZlebT imis Cvenebas, rom mwerlis
stilisturi niSan-Tvisebebigarkveul mTlianobas warmo
qmnis. miltoniseuli TeTri leqsi winaswar gansazRvravs
SerCevas leqsikuri saSualebebisa, romelTagan zogierTi
aucilebelia, sxvebi ki _ dauSvebeli. leqsikuri saSuale
bebi moiTxovs perifrazs, xolo es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs
sagangebo urTierTmimarTebas sityvasa da sagans Soris:
anu sagani ar aris dasaxelebuli, magram misi Tvisebebi ki
miTiTebulia. aRsaniSni sagnis Tvisebebisa da maTi CamoTv
lis aqcentireba TavisTavad ganapirobebs aRweras; rac Se
exeba meTvramete saukuneSi gavrcelebul bunebis aRweris
gansakuTrebul tips, is gulisxmobda Tavisebur filoso
fias: konstruqcia badebs azrs. poupze daweril wignSi da
statiebSi meTvramete saukunis poeturi stilis Sesaxeb
jefri tilotsons mohyavs am tipis bevri saintereso maga
liTi, ese igi, poeturi stilis Taviseburi, ideologiuri
xasiaTis damadasturebeli nimuSebi misive TqmiT, stilis
`fizikur-Teologiuri nomenklatura~. magram, amasTanave,
man ver SeZlo maTi integrireba stilis mTlian analizTan.22
aseTi procedura, romelic, metrikiT dawyebuli, gadadis
Sinaarsis problemebze da filosofiasac ki exeba, ar unda
miviCnioT iseT procesad, romelic prioritets logi
kuri iqneba is Tu qronologiuri _ mianiWebs romelime am
zemoaRniSnul elements. idealuri iqneba iseTi analizi,
rodesac daviwyebT nebismieri SerCeuli elementiT da mi
valT imave daskvnamde.
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literaturis Teoria

stilistur analizs swrafad mivyavarT Sinaarsis

problemasTan. didi xania, rac kritikosebi intuiciurad,
usistemod ganixilaven stils, rogorc garkveuli filo
sofiuri Tvalsazrisis gamoxatulebas. wignSi `goeTe
gundolfi Zalze faqizad aanalizebs adreul leqsebs da
aCvenebs, ra gziT aireklavs poetis dinamikuri metyveleba
missave swrafvas bunebis dinamikuri Semecnebisadmi.23 her
man nolma scada daesabuTebina, rom stilisturi niSanTvisebebi SeiZleba miemarTebodes filosofiis im sam tips,
romlebic dilTaim warmoaCina.24
germanelma swavlulebma, agreTve, Camoayalibes ufro
sistemuri midgoma _ e.w. Motiv und Wort, romelic efuZneba
warmodgenas lingvistur niSan-Tvisebebisa da Sinaarsis
elementebis urTierTSesabamisobis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi
pirveli naSromi, romelSic gamoyenebul iqna amgvari mid
goma, iyo leo Spitceris gamokvleva anri barbiusis Semoq
medebaSi sisxlisa da Wrilobis motivTa ganmeorebadobis
Sesaxeb. iozef kiornerma yovelmxriv Seiswavla aseTi mo
tivebi artur Snicleris SemoqmedebaSi.25 ufro gvian, Spit
cerma scada, daedgina kavSiri ganmeorebad stilistur
xerxebsa da avtoris filosofias Soris; misi azriT, gan
meorebebi Sarl pegis poeziaSi ukavSirdeba poetis gatace
bas bergsonizmiT, xolo Jiul romenis stili _ mis unani
mizms. kristian morgenSternis (nonsensuri leqsebis avto
ri, romelic, garkveulwilad, mogvagonebs luis kerolis
leqsebs) sityva-miTebis analizi avlens, rom mas wakiTxuli
unda hqondes mautneris nominalisturi Kritik der Schprache,
romelsac is daesesxa ZiriTad azrs: poetis ena kidev ufro
Seucnobels xdis CvenTvis isedac miuwvdomel samyaros.26
leo Spitcers zogierT statiaSi gamoaqvs zomagada
suli daskvnebi, rodesac mwerlis stilistur niSan-Tvise
baTa ganxilvis safuZvelze adgens avtoris fsiqologiur
Tvisebebs. ase axasiaTebs Spitceri prusts; Sarl lui fi
lipTan gvxdeba xSirad ganmeorebuli konstruqcia cause
de. mas ewodeba pseudo-objektive Motivierung, rac gulisxmobs
melanqolias, erTgvar fatalizms; rables SemoqmedebaSi
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stili da stilistika

Spitceri aanalizebs sityvaTwarmoebas iseTi cnobili

Ziridan, rogoricaa Sorbonne. rable qmnis mis mravalnair
kombinaciebs savsebiT Seusabamo sufiqsebiT, raTa Seiqmnas
mravalgvari usiamovno metsaxeli (mag.: Sorbonnagre = Sorbonne
+ onagre, anu `gadareuli viri~). Spitceris azriT, rablesTan
SeimCneva konfliqti realursa da ararealurs, komizmsa da
SiSs, utopiasa da naturalizms Soris.27 Spitceris TqmiT, `is
mentaluri aRgzneba, romelic warmoadgens gadaxras Cveni
normaluri gonebrivi mdgomareobidan, unda warmoSobdes
Sesabamis enobriv gadaxras normaluri metyvelebidan~.28
mogvianebiT TviT Spitcerma aRiara, rom fsiqologiuri
stilistikis meTodi miesadageba `mxolod im mwerlebs, romelTa
azriT, isini `individualuri geniosebia~, maTi stili ki _ individua
luri. aseTebia meTvramete saukunis da ufro gviandeli xanis mwer
lebi; wina periodebSi mwerlebi (dantec ki) cdilobdnen obieqturi
stiliT aesaxaT obieqturi sagnebi. swored imis gacnobierebam, rom
`fsiqologiuri stilistika~ ar gamodgeba ufro adreuli periodebis
mwerlaTa Semoqmedebis gansaxilvelad (erTaderTi TvalsaCino gam
onaklisia monteni), xeli Seuwyo kidev erTi tendenciis ganviTarebas,
romelic Tavidanve warmodgenili iyo Cems naSromebSi _ esaa lite
raturis analizisas struqturuli meTodis gamoyeneba, rac avlens
gansxvavebul mweralTa miznebis erTianobas, ise, rom ugulebelyofs
romelime maTganis pirovnebas.~29

da marTlac, rogori gonivrulic unda iyos fsiqolo

giuri stilistikis zogierTi varaudi, mas SeiZleba davu
pirispiroT ori kontrargumenti. jer erTi, am gziT dadge
nili stilisturi Taviseburebebi, arsebiTad, emyareba ara
dakvirvebebs enobriv masalaze, aramed _ ufro fsiqolo
giursa da ideologiur analizs, romlis daskvnebma unda
gaamyaros enis analizi. es ar CaiTvleboda gamonaklisad,
rom ara praqtika, romelSic lingvisturi dadastureba
TavisTavad xSirad naZaladevia anda efuZneba Zalze ara
myar sabuTebs. am tipis naSromebSi xSirad ivaraudeba, rom
WeSmaritad didi xelovneba unda emyarebodes gamocdile
bas, Erlebnis-s, xolo es termini gulisxmobs biografiuli
Teoriis odnav Sesworebul versias. garda amisa, mcdaria
warmodgenac, romlis Tanaxmad, zogierT stilisturi xerxi
aucileblad Seesabameba garkveul gonebriv mdgomareobas.
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literaturis Teoria

magaliTad, barokos problemebisadmi miZRvnil diskusiaSi

germanel mkvlevarTa umravlesoba aRiarebda aucilebel
Sesabamisobas, erTi mxriv, uRimRamo, bundovan da `Rvlar
Wnil~ enasa da meores mxriv Semoqmedis mgznebare, gaore
bul da gatanjul suls Soris.30 magram saqme isaa, rom bundo
vani da `RvlarWnili~ stili SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos
winaswar gaTvlili mizniT da garkveuli teqnikiT. saerTod
ki, fsiqesa da sityvis urTierTmimarTeba gacilebiT ufro
rTulia da gacilebiT naklebad eqvemdebareba raime wesebs,
vidre es, Cveulebriv, hgoniaT.
amrigad, fsiqologiuri Stilforschung-is germanul
skolas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT. xSirad mis warmomad
genelTa Sromebi SeiZleba gveCvenos erTgvarad kamufli
rebul genetikur fsiqologiad, da Tumca mis filosofiur
safuZvlad iTvleba kroCes esTetika, magram am skolis prin
cipebi, arsebiTad, sxvagvaria. kroCes sistema, romelic,
mTlianobaSi, monisturia, ar iZleva saSualebas, gavavloT
mijna gonebis mdgomareobasa da mis enobriv gamoxatule
bas Soris. kroCe gamudmebiT uaryofs yvela stilisturi
da ritorikuli kategoriis Rirebulebas, sxvaobas stilsa
da formas, formasa da Sinaarss, gamoxatulebasa da intui
cias Soris. am tipis identifikaciaTa serias mivyavarT Teo
riuli analizis SeuZleblobamde: swori amosavali azri
poeturi Semoqmedebis Semadgenel elementTa erTianobis
Sesaxeb im zRvramdea miyvanili, rom ukve SeuZlebelia am
elementTa gamonawevreba. cxadia, rom saWiroa erTmaneTis
gan gamovyoT SemoqmedebiTi procesi da nawarmoebi, forma
da Sinaarsi, azris gamoxatva da stili; Cven erTmaneTisgan
gamovyofT am elementebs mxolod maTi analizis mizniT,
ise, rom ar viviwyebT maTi ganuyoflobisa da saboloo er
Tianobis Sesaxeb; magram elementTa am gamoyofis gareSe ver
ganxorcieldeba SemoqmedebiTi procesis racionalizacia,
rac Seadgens kritikis arss.
Tu SegviZlia aRvweroT nawarmoebis an avtoris stili,
maSin namdvilad SevZlebT nawarmoebTa jgufis an rome
lime Janris aRwerasac. es exeba iseT Janrebs, rogorebi
caa: goTuri romani, elisabedis xanis drama, metafizi
kuri poezia; Cven SevZlebT gavaanalizoT iseTi stilis
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turi tipebic, rogoricaa, magaliTad, meCvidmete saukunis

barokos stili.31 Cveni ganzogadeba SeiZleba kidev ufro
ganvavrcoT da aRvweroT periodisaTvis an mimdinareo
bisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli stili. sinamdvileSi amis Ses
ruleba empiriuli sizustiT Zalze Znelia. iseT wignebSi,
rogorebicaa e. baras Le Style poetique et la revolution romantique,
anda luiz tonis Die Sprache des deutschen Impressionismus, mikv
leulia bevri stilisturi xerxi, sintaqsuri da leqsikuri
Tavisebureba, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia mTeli skolisa
Tu mimdinareobisTvis. bevri ram aris gakeTebuli Zveli te
vtonuri poeziis stilis aRwerisTvis. magram am naSromeb
Si gaanalizebulia is stilebi, romlebic saerToa skolis
yvela (stilis TvalsazrisiT, metwilad erTgvarovani)
warmomadgenlisTvis _ isini SeiZleba ganvixiloT iseve,
rogorc ganvixilavT calkeuli mwerlebis stilebs. mTeli
literaturuli epoqebisa da literaturuli mimdinareo
bebis _ klasicizmis, romantizmis _ aRwera, TiTqmis dauZ
leveli winaaRmdegobebs waawydeba, radgan aucilebelia
CamovayaliboT uaRresad gansxvavebuli mwerlebis (rom
lebic xSirad sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi arian)
stilTa erTiani modeli.
vinaidan xelovnebaTmcodneobam SeimuSava stilTa
(mag., antikuris, goTuris, renesansulis da barokos) mona
cvleobis farTod aRiarebuli koncefcia, Zalze mimzidve
lia literaturis istoriaze misi gadatanis idea. magram aq
Cven kvlav vubrundebiTY im problemas, romelsac ewodeba
paralelizmi xelovnebaTa dargebSi da, agreTve, urTierT
mimarTeba xelovnebasa da literaturas, ufro farTod ki,
Cveni civilizaciis diad periodebs Soris.

269

Tavi meTxuTmete

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

*
mas Semdeg, rac ganvaxorcieleT poeturi nawar
moebebis klasifikacia Sinaarsisa da Temebis mixedviT (imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu romeli tipis diskurss ganekuTvneba
poezia); mas Semdeg, rac davuSviT, rom poeturi qmnilebis
sazrisi ar gadmoicema misi prozauli parafraziT, aramed
gamoixateba mis struqturaTa erTian kompleqsSi, ganvixi
lavT _ ZiriTadi poeturi struqturis saxiT _ oTx kate
gorias, romlebic saTaurSia dasaxelebuli.
Cvens erT-erT Tanamedroves uTqvams, rom poeziis
ori mTavari maorganizebeli principi aris metri da meta
fora; metic, ganagrZobs is, `metri da metafora `wyviluri
cnebebia~, xolo poeziis Cveneuli gansazRvra sakmarisad
zogadi unda iyos, raTa moicvas orive cneba da ganmartos
maTi urTierTkavSiri~.1 poeziis zogadi Teoria, romelic am
moTxovnaSia nagulisxmevi, brwyinvaled Camoayaliba kol
rijma Tavis Biographia Literaria-Si.
magram aqvs Tu ara am oTx cnebas saerTo aRsaniSni
obieqti? es terminebi semantikurad nawilobriv gadafara
vs erTimeores da maTi moqmedebis sferoc erTi da igivea.
albaT, terminTa am Cveni Tanamimdevrobis Sesaxeb _ saxe,
metafora, simbolo da miTi _ SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored
am mimarTulebiT xdeba poeziis im ori aspeqtis Serwyma, rom
lebic esoden mniSvnelovania literaturis TeoriisTvis.
pirveli aspeqtSi poezia warmogvidgeba, rogorc grZn
obadindividualuris gamoxatuleba, grZnobadi da esTetikuri
mocemuloba, romelic poezias akavSirebs musikasTan, fer
werasTan, magram mijnavs filosofiisgan da sabunebis
metyvelo mecnierebaTagan; rac Seexeba meore aspeqts es
aris `figuracia~ an `tropologia~, anu `arapirdapiri,
270

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

iribi~ diskursi, romelic mimarTavs metonimiebs da meta

forebs, da nawilobriv erTmaneTs adarebs sxvadasxva sa
myaros, azustebs Tavis sagans sxva sistemaTa enebze Targm
nis saSualebiT.2 gansxvavebiT mecnieruli diskursisagan, es
orive SemTxveva asaxavs swored literaturis differentiae-s,
mis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. nacvlad imisa, rom Seqmnas ab
straqciaTa sistema, rac mudam gamoixateba erTmniSvnelo
van sityvier SesabamisobaTa Tanmimdevruli sistemiT, poe
zia agebs imgvar sityvaTa erTaderT ganumeorebel wyobas,
romlebic erTdroulad sagnebicaa da niSnebic, ise, rom
SeuZlebelia azris gamotana nebismieri sistemidan, moce
muli nawarmoebis mxatvruli sistemis garda.3
sakiTxis semantikuri siZneleebi marTlac dama
fiqrebelia, da aranairi mza `Sveba-wamali~ ar Cans, garda
imisa, rom mudam yuradRebiT movekidoT terminTa konteqs
tualur gamoyenebas, gansakuTrebiT ki maTi polaruli da
pirispirebis SemTxvevebSi.
saxiereba aris Tema, romelic Tanabrad miemarTeba ro
gorc fsiqologias, ise literaturaTmcodneobas. fsiqo
logiaSi sityva `saxe~ gulisxmobs SegrZnebebSi an aRqmaSi
aRbeWdili (araaucileblad vizualuri) gamocdilebis
mentalur reproduqcias. frensis galtonis (1880) pirveli
kvlevebi miznad isaxavda imis dadgenas, Tu ramdenad Ses
wevs adamians unari, vizualurad aRidginos warsuli. man
am kvlevebiT daadgina, raoden didad gansxvavdebian erT
maneTisgan adamianebi TavianTi warmosaxvis unariT. magram
saxiereba ar aris mxolod vizualuri xasiaTisa. fsiqolo
gebma da esTetikis dargSi momuSave mkvlevrebma SeimuSaves
saxeTa mravalgvari tipis klasifikacia. saxeebi arsebobs
ara marto `gemos~ da `ynosvis~ sferoSi, aramed Termulic,
proprioceptulic (`kinesTeturi~, `haptikuri~, `emfati
kuri~). statikursa da kinetikur (an `dinamikur~) saxierebas
Soris arsebobs mniSvnelovani sxvaoba. feriTi saxiereba
SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes tradiciuli anda individualur
simbolikiT, Tumca SeiZleba arc hqondes amgvari datvirT
va. kinesTeturi saxeebi (ganurCevlad imisa, gamowveulia
271

literaturis Teoria

Tu ara is poetis aranormaluri fizikuri konstituciiT,

Tu literaturul pirobiTobas warmoadgens) xasiaTdebian
unariT, gadaerTvnen grZnobaTa erTi sferodan meoreSi,
mag., bgeriTidan feriTSi. bolos, poeziis moyvarulisTvis
sasargebloa icodes, rom arsebobs sxvaoba `bmul~ da `Tavi
sufal~ saxierebas Soris. pirveli aris smeniTi da kunTovani
saxiereba (rac aucileblad amoqmeddeba, Tundac adamiani
TavisTvis kiTxulobdes, e.i. ar axmovanebdes wakiTxuls);
amgvari saxeebi erTnairia yvela mkiTxvelTan. meore exeba
vizualur da sxvagvar saxeebs, romlebic sxvadasxvagvaria
sxvadasxva adamianTan.4
jer kidev aqtualuria a.a. riCardsis debulebebi, rom
lebic Camoyalibebulia 1924 wels gamocemul `principebSi:
`yovelTvis zomaze meti mniSvneloba eniWeboda saxeTa
grZnobad aspeqts. saxis qmediToba mis sicxoveles ki ar
unda mivaweroT, aramed ufro mis unars, iyos cnobierebis
faqti, rac specifikurad ukavSirdeba grZnobad aRqmas~.
saxis qmediTobas ganapirobebs misi `reliqturoba~ da,
agreTve, is, rom saxe grZnobadi gamocdilebis reproduq
cias axorcielebs.5
bunebrivia, rom saxidan, rogorc SegrZnebis rep
roduqciidan, unda gadavideTpoeziis meore aspeqtze, ro
melic warmoadgens kvlevis CvenTvis saintereso sferos, anu
analogiis da Sedarebis Temas. aRweriT poeziaSic ki ar arse
bobs mxolod vizualuri saxeebi; im avtorTa Soris, vinc sca
da Seeqmna `imaJinisturi~ Tu `fizikuri~ poezia, sabolood
mxolod ramdenimem moaxerxa Semoifargluliyo mxolod da
mxolod gare samyaros suraTebis asaxviT. arsebiTad, isini
amisken arc ki iswrafvodnen. ezra paundma, ramdenime poe
turi mimdinareobis Teoretikosma, `saxe~ gansazRvra ara
rogorc xatovani reprezentacia, aramed rogorc `inteleq
tualur da emociuri kompleqsis asaxva drois garkveul
momentSi~, rogorc `Seusabamo ideebis gaerTianeba~. imaJi
nistebis kredoSi naTqvamia:, `Cven gvjera, rom poeziam de
talebi zustad unda asaxos da Tavi aaridos zogads da bun
dovans, ragind tkbilxmovanic unda iyos is. maSin, rodesac
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

elioti adidebs dantes da Tavs esxmis miltons, igi ufro

dogmaturi Cans Tavisi aqcentiT Bildlichkeit-ze. misi sityve
biT, `danteseuli warmosaxva vizualuria~. is alegoristia,
`xolo gaTviTcnobierebuli poetisaTvis alegoria niSnavs
`vizualur saxes~. meore mxriv, samwuxarod, miltoniseuli
`warmosaxva smeniTia~. vizualuri saxeebi Lllegro-Si da
Il Penseroso-Si `mTlianad zogadia.. miltoni ver xedavs
konkretul mxvnels, merZeve qals an mwyemss. am leqsebis
grZnobadi efeqti mTlianad yurze da smenazea gaTvlili da
Seesabameba zogad warmodgenas mxvnelis, merZeve qalis da
mwyemsis Sesaxeb.6
yvela am gamoTqmaSi aqcenti keTdeba ufro particularity-ze,
`gansakuTrebulze~, da `samyaroTa kavSirze~ (amaSia analogiis,
mag., alegoriis arsi: `Seusabamo ideebis gaerTianeba~), vidre
grZnobad elementze. vizualuri saxe warmoadgens SegrZnebas
an aRqmas, magram amasTanave is, ase vTqvaT, `warmogvidgens~ da
mimarTavs raRac uxilavs da `Sinagans~. is SeiZleba iyos erT
droulad prezentaciac da reprezentaciac (the black bat night
has flown.. Yonder all before us lie Desarts of vast eternity). saxe SeiZle
ba iyos `aRweriTi (asea Cvens magaliTebSic), an warmoadgendes
metaforas. magram SeiZleba Tu ara, rom saxe, romelic ar iyo
Cafiqrebuli rogorc metafora, anu ar iyo danaxuli `gonebis
TvaliT, iqces simbolod? gana yovelgvari aRqma SerCeviTi ar
aris?7
ase, midlton meri miakuTvnebs `simbolos~ da `metafo
ras~ ritorikis `formalur klasifikacias~ da gvTavazobs,
rom `saxe~ gamoviyenoT rogorc orive maTganis momcveli
termini. amasTan erTad, is gvafrTxilebs: `kategoriulad
unda ugulebelvyoT is varaudi, rom saxe aucileblad (an
umeteswilad) vizualuri unda iyos~. saxe `SeiZleba iyos
vizualuri, smeniTic, anda mTlianad fsiqologiuri~.8 ise
Ti gansxvavebuli mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi, rogorebic
arian Seqspiri, emili bronte da po, SegviZlia davrwmun
deT, rom foni (`monacemTa~ sistema) xSirad metaforaa anda
simbolo: aboboqrebuli zRva, qariSxali, veluri tramali,
nestSi, mTis mrume tbasTan mdgomi, nangrevebad qceuli
cixe-darbazi.
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literaturis Teoria

iseve rogorc `saxem, `simbolomac~ misca Tavisi saxe

li cnobil literaturul mimdinareobas.9 `saxis~ msgavsad,
`simbolo kvlav Cndeba sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstSi
da sxvadasxvagvari mizniT. mas, rogorc termins, iyeneben
logikaSi, maTematikaSi, semantikaSi, semiotikasa da epis
temologiaSi; mas aqvs, agreTve, xangrZlivi istoria iseT
sferoebSi, rogoric aris Teologia (`simbolo~ warmoad
gens `sarwmunoebis~ erT-erT sinonims), liturgia, saxviTi
xelovneba da poezia. sityvis yvela am Tanamedrove mniSv
nelobisTvis saerToa maTi Tviseba, aRniSnon raRac ufro
meti, mianiSnon raRacis uTqmelobaze. magram berZnuli sit
yva, rac niSnavs gaerTianebas, Sedarebas, gvkarnaxobs, rom
analogia niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris imTaviTve arsebobda.
is jerac aris nawilobriv SemorCenili am terminis Taname
drove mniSvnelobaSi. `simbolo~ algebrasa da logikaSi pi
robiTi, SeTanxmebis Sedegad SerCeuli niSania; rac Seexeba
religiur simboloebs, isini efuZnebian raRac Sinagan kav
Sirs `niSansa~ da `aRsaniSns~, metonimiasa Tu metaforas So
ris: jvari, kravi da mwyemsi keTili. sasurvelia, rom sityva
`simbolo~ amave mniSvnelobiT iqnas gamoyenebuli lite
raturis TeoriaSi: rogorc obieqti, romelic gamoxatavs
sruliad sxva raimes, magram, amasTan, TavisTavadac ipyrobs
yuradRebas, radgan axdens, agreTve, sakuTari mniSvnelobis
prezentacias.10
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, `wminda sim
bolizmi religiasa da poeziaSi daiyvaneba garkveuli we
sebis mixedviT gaformebul grZnobad saxeebamde, anda unac
vlebs `niSnebis~ an `saxeebis~ mocemul sistemas moraluri
an filosofiuri transcendentuli realobiT, rac maT
miRma arsebobs. meore TvalsazrisiT, simbolizmi, aris
ideebis mizanmimarTuli xorcSesxma TvalsaCino, konkre
tul-grZnobad cnebebSi, romelTac SemecnebiTi mniSvnelo
ba aqvs. magram, kolrijis SexedulebiT, `alegoria warmoad
gens `abstraqtuli cnebebis ubralo Targmans TvalsaCinod
warmodgenili suraTebis enaze, imgvarad, rom es ukanaskne
li TviTonac warmoadgens grZnobebiT aRqmuli sagnebis
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

abstraqcias~; `simbolo ki yovelTvis ganisazRvreba zogad

gvareobrivis gamovleniT kerZoobiTSi, an sayovelTaosi _
calkeulSi; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,SesaZlebeli xdeba
maradisobis (`sinaTlis~) ganWvreta drois miRma.~11
ra ganasxvavebs `simbolos~ `saxisgan~ da `meta
forisgan? Cveni azriT, es, upirveles yovlisa, aris `sim
bolos ganmeorebadoba da mdgradoba. `saxe~ SeiZleba
erTxel iyos gamoyenebuli rogorc metafora, magram Tu
kvlavac meordeba, rogorc prezentacia da reprezentacia,
igi simbolod iqceva da SeiZleba simboluri (an miTuri)
sistemis nawiladac iqces. bleikis `ubiwoebis~ da `gancdis
sagaloblebze~, j.h. uikstidi wers: `simbolizmi wminda sa
xiT aq SedarebiT naklebadaa, magram simboluri metaforebi
Warbad gvxvdeba~. Tavis adreul eseSi _ `warmmarTveli sim
boloebis Sesaxeb~ _ romelic Selis poezias exeba, ieitsi
aRniSnavs: `garda uamravi saxisa, romelTaTvisac ar aris
niSandoblivi simbolosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansazRvru
loba [fiqsirebuloba?], mis poeziaSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT
bevri saxe, romlebic namdvilad simboloebs warmoadgenen,
da ramdenime wlis Semdeg igi am simboloebs sul ufro metad
iyenebda sagangebo simboluri mniSvnelobiT~, _ magaliTad,
mRvimeebisa da koSkebis saxeebs.12
es xSiri movlenaa: mwerlis adreul SemoqmedebaSi aR
werili `garemo~ gviandeli periodis nawarmoebebSi trans
formacias ganicdis da `simbolod~ gadaiqceva. Tavis ad
reul romanebSi henri jeimsi skrupulozurad warmoaCens
pirovnebebsa da maT garemos, maSin rodesac gviandeli
periodis romanebSi yvela saxe metaforad da simbolod
gvevlineba.
rodesac vmsjelobT poeturi simbolizmis Sesaxeb, Ta
namedrove poetis `individualuri simbolizmi~ unda ganvasx
vavoT warsuli xanis poetebis savsebiT gasagebi simbolizmis
gan. es Tvalsazrisi Tavidan, sul cota, braldebad JRerda;
magram amJamad Cveni damokidebuleba poeturi simbolizmi
sadmi kvlav uaRresad winaaRmdegobrivia. `individualuris~
alternativis formulireba Znelia: Tu `Cveulebrivsa~ da
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literaturis Teoria

`tradiciuls~ gamoviyenebT, maSin davupirispirdebiT Cven

save survils, rom poezia axali unda iyos, unda gangvacvif
ros. `individualuri simbolizmi~ gulisxmobs sistemas, da
gulisyuriani mkvlevari SeZlebs igi ise ganmartos, rogorc
amas axerxebs kriptografi ucxo teqstis gaSifrvisas. mrava
li individualuri sistema (mag., Tundac bleikisa da ieitsis)
mniSvnelovanwilad moicavs tradiciul simboloebs, Tumca
Tavs aridebs mis yvelaze `popularul~ formebs.13
`individualuri~ da `tradiciuli~ simbolizmis gan
xilvis Semdeg sapirispiro polusze aRmovaCenT erTgvar
xalxur `bunebriv~ simbolizms, romelic aseve rTuli mov
lenaa. frostis zogierT saukeTeso poemaSi gamoyenebulia
bunebrivi simboloebi, romelTa mniSvnelobis dadgena Zne
lia: `gza, romelsac ar davadeqi~, `kedlebi~, `mTa~. poemaSi
`SevCerdi tyis piras~ sityvebi _ `daZinebamde Sori gzaa
gasavleli~ Cveni azriT, mgzavrisTvis bunebrivi frazaa;
magram bunebrivi simbolizmis enaze `Zili~ xom `kvdomas~
niSnavs; davawyviloT kontrastis safuZvelze `tye mSve
nieri, bneli, uRrani~ (samive zedsarTavi dadebiTi mniS
vnelobisaa) zneobriv-sazogadoebrivi datvirTvis mqone
sityvebTan: `erTguli viyo danapirebis~. aucileblad
SevigrZnobT, rom garkveul momentSi esTetikuri Wvreta
iwvevs Sinagani Tavisuflebis SegrZnebas. albaT, ar arse
bobs poeziis moyvaruli adamiani, romelsac ar miizidavs
frosti; magram, nawilobriv Tavisi bunebrivi simbolizmis
gamo, frostma miipyro mkiTxvelTa Zalze farTo wreebis
yuradReba. bevrma mkiTxvelma, raki erTxel ukve gaiazra
simboloTa SesaZleblobebi, SeiZleba gadaWarbebuli mniS
vneloba mianiWos maT (sul erTia, es `bunebrivi~ simboloe
bia, Tu maTi Tanmdevi simboloebi) da frostis polisemanti
kur gamoTqmebs miaweros iseTi gansazRvruloba da sicxade,
rac ucxoa poeturi enis bunebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT _ Ta
namedrove poeturi enisTvis.14
Cveni meoTxe terminia `miTi~, romelic aristoteles
`poetikaSi~ aRniSnavs siuJets, naratiul struqturas da
`fabulas~. misi antonimi da sapirispiro cneba `logosia~.
`miTi~ aris narativi, ambavi, Txroba _ dialeqtikuri dis
kursis sapirispirod. `miTi~ iracionaluria, intuici
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uri, da amiT gansxvavdeba filosofiuri sistemurobisgan:

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is aris sokrates dialeqtikasTan
dapirispirebuli esqiles tragedia.15
`miTi~ gamorCeuli terminia Tanamedrove kritikaSi.
igi dominirebs Semecnebis mniSvnelovan sferoSi, romelic
moicavs religias, folklors, sociologias, fsiqoanalizs
da saxviT xelovnebas. misi oponentebia `istoria~, `mec
niereba~, `filosofia~, `alegoria~, `WeSmariteba~.16
meCvidmete-meTvramete saukuneebSi, ganmanaTleblo
bis xanaSi, am termins Cveulebriv hqonda damakninebeli ko
notacia: miTi iyo gamonagoni, `fiqcia~, romelsac ar hqonda
araviTari mecnieruli Tu istoriuli safuZveli. magram
ukve vikos `Scienza nuova~-Si aqcenti gadatanilia imaze, rac
germaneli romantikosebidan, agreTve _ kolrijidan, em
ersonidan da nicSedan moyolebuli, TandaTanobiT wamyvan
elementad gadaiqca: es iyo `miTosis cneba, romelic, poe
ziis msgavsad, aRiqmeboda rogorc WeSmaritebis kategoria
an misi ekvivalenti, rac ar upirispirdeba istoriul da
mecnierul WeSmaritebas da mis danamats warmoadgens.17
istoriulad miTs win uswrebs rituali, romelsac is
Seesabameba; miTi aris `ritualis sityvieri nawili, ambavi,
romelic gaTamaSebulia ritualSi~. rituali sruldeba
qurumis mier mier, raTa Tavidan iSoros ubedureba an moi
zidos iRbali; rituali iseTsave aucileblobas warmoad
genda, rogorc mosavali da adamianis nayofiereba, rogorc
iniciacia axalgazrdisa Tavisi sazogadoebis kulturaSi
da, samomavlod, micvalebulTa saTanado uzrunvelyofa.
miTi, ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT, niSnavs nebismier ano
nimurad SeTxzul ambavs, romelic mogviTxrobs warmoSo
basa da bedze: sazogadoeba ganumartavs axalgazrdebs, ro
gor warmoiSva samyaro da ratom viqceviT Cven ise, rogorc
viqceviT. da am ganmartebebSi aisaxeba bunebisa da adamianis
bedis STambeWdavi saxeebi.18
rogorc Cans, literaturis TeoriisaTvis mniSvnelo
van motivebs warmoadgens saxe (an suraTi), socialuri, ze
bunebrivi (arabunebrivi, iracionaluri), narativi (ambavi),
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arqetipuli (universaluri), maradiuli idealebis simbo

luri asaxva konkretuli droiT ganpirobebuli movlenebis
meSveobiT, saprogramo (an esqatologiuri), da, bolos,
mistikuri. Tanamedrove azrovneba, miTologizmisadmi
swrafvisas, SeiZleba daefuZnos CamoTvlilTagan nebismier
motivs, Semdeg ki sxvebsac. amasTan dakavSirebiT, soreli
acxadebs, rom mTeli msoflios muSaTa `saerTo gaficva~
aris `miTi~; aseTi ideali arasodes iqceva istoriul faq
tad, magram is warmodgenili unda iyos, rogorc samomav
lo movlena; mxolod am gziT hpoveben muSebi aucilebel
Zalebsa da rwmenas; miTi aris programa. qristianul esqa
tologiaze saubrisas, niburi mas miTurs uwodebs: meored
mosvla da gankiTxvis dRe momavlis saxeebSi warmogvidgens
im zneobriv, sulier Sefasebebs, romlebic arsebobs amJa
mad (da yovelTvis).19 Tu miTs upirispirdeba mecniereba an
filosofia, aseT SemTxvevaSi warmosaxul, intuiciurad
Semecnebul konkretulobas upirispirdeba ganyenebuli ra
cionaluri cneba. saerTod, literaturis Teoretikosebi
sa da apologetebis winaSe miTi avlens Tavis bunebas: miTi
aris socialuri, anonimuri da sazogadoebrivi movlena.
Cven SeiZleba vicodeT, vinaa Tanamedrove miTebis avtori
an avtorebi. magram aseT qmnilebas mainc SeiZleba hqondes
miTis Tvisebrivi statusi Tundac daviwyebuli iyos misi
avtori, an is saerTod ar iyos cnobili. mTavaria, rom miTi
aRiarebuli iyos koleqtivis mier, Seesatyvisebodes mis
moTxovnebs.
am terminis sazRvrebis dadgena advili ar aris; Tana
medrove warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, is miiswrafvis `Semecnebis
sferosken~. Cven gvsmenia mxatvrebze da poetebze, romle
bic gatacebuli arian miTologiis ZiebiT; gagebuli gvaqvs
`miTebi~ progressa da demokratiaze. Cven gveubnebian, rom
`miTi dabrunda msoflio mwerlobaSi~. amasTanave, isic gvs
menia, rom erTi vinme miTs ver Seqmnis, verc gadawyvets, rom
irwmunos is, da verc aqcevs mas realobad Tavisi nebiT: miTi
wignma Secvala, iseve, rogorc kosmopoliturma qalaqma
Secvala qalaq-saxelmwifos homogenuri sazogadoeba.20
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

sWirdeba Tu ara Tanamedrove adamians miTi, an saer

Tod, miTologia, urTierTdakavSirebuli miTebis sistema?
nicSes Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, sokratem da sofistebma,
anu `inteleqtualebma~ Ziri gamouTxares berZenTa `kul
turas~. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom ganmanaTleb
lobam daangria qristianuli `miTologia~, anda Seudga mis
dangrevas. magram sxva mwerlebis azriT, Tanamedrove ada
mians aqvs zerele, araadekvaturi da iqneb, sulac `yalbi~
miTebi: aseTia miTi `progresze~ da `Tanasworobaze~, an
kidev sayovelTao ganaTlebaze, an im higienur da modur
keTildReobaze, romelsac ase gvawonebs reklama. albaT,
am ori Tvalsazrisis Serigeba SesaZlebelia mxolod imis
aRiarebiT, rom rodesac `Tanamedroveoba~ Tu `moderniz
mi arRvevs Zvel, Cveul cxovrebiseul wesebs (ritualebs,
maTi Tanmxlebi miTebiTurT), maSin adamianTa umravlesoba
(an saerTod, yvela) sulier sicarieles ganicdis _ maT ar
akmayofilebs abstraqciebi da amitom cdiloben Seavson
sicariele umwifari, saxeldaxelod SeTxzuli, fragmen
tuli miTebiT (im suraTebiT, rac SeiZleba momxdariyo,
anda rac maTTvis sasurvelia). saubari miTis saWiroebaze,
roca saqme exeba fantaziisa da warmosaxvis mqone mwerals,
imaze migvaniSnebs, rom is miiswrafvis sazogadoebisken,
surs, daimsaxuros sazogadoebaSi aRiarebuli statusi xe
lovanisa. frangma simbolistebma miaRwies nebayoflobiT
izolacias sazogadoebisgan. am `hermetul~ poetebs mi
aCndaT, rom maT winaSe iyo arCevani: erTi mxriv, xelovnebis
komerciuli prostituireba, meore mxriv ki, wminda xe
lovnebis msaxureba. magram ieitsi, miuxedavad imisa, rom
aRmerTebda malarmes, mainc grZnobda saWiroebas, kavSiri
hqonoda irlandiasTan. amitom tradiciuli kelturi mi
Tologia man ganaaxla Tanamedrove irlandiis sakuTari
miTologizebuli versiiT, romelSic SesaZlebelia ang
lo-irlandiuri neoklasicistebis (e.w. avgustinelebis _
sviftis, berklis da biorkis) iseTive Tavisufali inter
pretacia, rogorc veiCel lindzis amerikeli gmirebisa.21
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bevr mwerals miTi warmoudgenia poeziisa da religiis

saerTo mniSvnelad. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs Tanamedrove
xedvac _ metiu arnoldi da a.a. riCardsi (adreul naS
romebSi) acxadebdnen, rom poezia sul ufro aqtiurad ika
vebs religiis adgils, romlisac aRar sjeraT Tanamedrove
inteleqtualebs. magram gacilebiT ufro damafiqrebelia
is warmodgena, rom religiis adgils poezia xangrZlivad
ver daisakuTrebs, vinaidan misi arseboba didad ver gadaame
tebs religiisas. religia unda vaRiaroT ufro maRali ran
gis misteriad, poezia ki naklebisa. religiuri miTi war
moadgens farTo uflebamosilebiT aRWurvil poetur meta
foras. ase, magaliTad, filip uilraiti, romelic gamoxa
tavs protests imis mimarT, rom pozitivistTa `religiuri
WeSmariteba da poeturi WeSmariteba uaryofilia rogorc
fiqcia~, amave dros aRiarebs `miTur-religiuri perspeqti
vis~ aucileblobas. am Tvalsazrisis ufro adrindeli ing
liseli momxre da warmomadgeneli aris jon denisi, xolo
SedarebiT gviandeli xanisa artur meiCeni.22
Zveli literaturuli gamokvlevebi zereled, gareg
nuli monacemebis mixedviT msjeloben saxis, metaforis,
simbolosa da miTis Sesaxeb; metwilad ganixilavdnen maT,
rogorc samSvenisebs, ritorikul ornamentebs da amitom
Seiswavlidnen, rogorc nawarmoebebis izolirebul ele
mentebs. Cveni azriT, literaturis mniSvneloba da funq
cia ZiriTadad warmoCenili aris metaforasa da miTSi. ar
sebobs iseTi procesebi, romlebsac hqvia metaforuli da
miTologiuri azrovneba, azrovneba metaforebis saSuale
biT, azrovneba poeturi narativis an xedvis saSualebiT.
yvela es termini Cvens yuradRebas miapyrobs literaturu
li nawarmoebis im aspeqtebs, sadac Zveli antagonistebi _
`forma~ da `Sinaarsi~ _ ganuyofel mTlianobas warmoqmnis.
es terminebi or urTierTsapirispiro tendencias asaxavs:
erTi mxriv, isini gamoxataven poeziis swrafvas `suraTisa~
da `samyarosken~, xolo meore mxriv religiisa da Weltanschauung-isken. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT maT Semswavlel Ta
namedrove meTodebs, kidec vigrZnobT am swrafvas. maSin,
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rodesac Zveli meTodologia ganixilavda maT, rogorc

mxatvrul (Tumc ki, ubralod, dekoratiuli daniSnulebis
mqone) xerxebs, amJamad Warbi yuradReba eTmoba (rac aseve
arasasurvelia) Weltanschauung-s. bunebrivia, rom neoklasi
kuri periodis dasasruls Sotlandieli ritoris azriT,
saWiroa simboloebisa da metaforebis zustad gaTvlili
SerCeva; froidis Tanamedrove mimdevrebi, piriqiT, fiqro
ben, rom yvela saxe qvecnobieris gamovlinebas warmoadgens.
saWiroa davicvaT harmoniuli wonasworoba ritorikasa da
fsiqologiur biografizms Soris, romelic garduvalad
ukavSirdeba `ideur Sinaarss~.
ukanaskneli ocdaxuTi wlis manZilze ganuxrelad vi
Tardeboda rogorc literaturis Teoria, ise praqtika.
xorcieldeboda mxatvruli gaformebis da, kerZod, poe
tikis tipologiis gansazRvris mcdelobebi. arsebobs mo
nografiebi da eseebi, romlebic eZRvneba saxierebis prob
lemas konkretuli poetebis SemoqmedebaSi, konkretul
nawarmoebebSi (pirvel rigSi, SeqspirTan). `praqtikuli
kritikis~ gansakuTrebuli sicxovlis fonze, Cvens xelTaa
ramdenime SesaniSnavi naSromi, romlebic gamoirCeva maRali
Teoriuli da meTodologiuri doniT. maTSi Zalze kriti
kulad ganixileba praqtikosTa zerele varaudebic.
mravaljer scades, or an sam kategoriad daeyoT mra
valricxovani ritorikuli figurebi, romelTa saerTo
raodenoba oras ormocdaaTs aRwevs. `sqemebi~ da `tropebi~
TavisTavad maT ricxvSi Sedis, da dayofa xdeba `bgeriT~ da
`azrobriv figurebad~. kidev erTi mcdelobaa `metyvelebis
figurebis~ an `verbaluri figurebis~ gamoyofa `azris
figurebisagan~. miuxedavad amisa, orive diqotomias aqvs
Tavisi nakli imis gamo, rom gvTavazobs gareSe struqtu
ras, romelsac ara aqvs eqspresiuli funqcia. marTlac, ne
bismieri tradiciuli sistemidan gamomdinare, riTmac da
aliteraciac warmoadgens fonetikur `sqemas~ da akusti
kur ornaments. miuxedavad amisa, viciT, rom rogorc sawyis
riTmas, aseve boloriTmas SeuZliaT Seasrulon Semakav
Sirebeli azrobrivi komponentis roli, rogorc semanti
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kur wyvils. mecxramete saukuneSi kalamburs miiCnevdnen

`sityvaTa TamaSad~, `maxvilgonierebis udables formad~;
meTvramete saukuneSi adisonma kalamburs `yalbi maxvil
goniereba uwoda. magram barokos xanaSi, iseve rogorc
Tanamedrove poetebis SemoqmedebaSi, kalamburi farTod
gavrcelda: `omofonis~ an `omonimis~ saSualebiT ideebi
erTgvari `orazrovnebiT~ aRiWurveboda.23
aRar gavagrZelebT sityvas sqemebze. savsebiT rele
vanturia SegviZlia poeturi tropebis dayofa momijnaveo
bis figurebad da msgavsebis figurebad.
momijnaveobis tradiciul figurebad iTvleba meto
nimia da sinekdoqe. SesaZlebelia maTSi gamoxatuli urTi
erTmimarTebebis logikuri da raodenobrivi gaanalizeba:
mizezi enacvleba Sedegs (anda piriqiT); WurWeli enacvleba
SigTavss; msazRvruli enacvleba Tavis sazRvruls (`sof
lis simwvane~, `zRvis mlaSe siRrme~). iTvleba, rom sinekdo
qeSi mimarTeba figurebsa da referents Soris Sinagani xa
siaTisaa: esaa raRac ufro didis warmomadgeneli _ nawili
mTelis nacvlad, rogorc gvaris warmomadgeneli, Sinaarsi,
romelic gansazRvravs formasac da funqciasac.
Sirlis cnobil striqonebSi, sadac metonimia
tradiciuli formiT gamoiyeneba, socialur klasebs gana
saxierebs Cveulebrivi piradi aRWurviloba, instrumenti
an iaraRi:
Sceptre and crown must tumble down
And in the dust be equal made
With the poor crooked scythe and spade.
ufro STambeWdavia metonimiuri `gadanacvlebuli zed
sarTavi~ _ stilisturi niSani, romelic damaxasiaTebelia
iseTi poetebisTvis, rogorebic iyvnen vergiliusi, spenseri,
miltoni da grei; `senfois usulo, mkvdari mziTevi~: aq epiTeti
mflobelisgan gadadis saganze, romelsac floben. greis `mTv
lemare wkarunSi~ da miltonis `xalisian zarebSi~, epiTetebi
Sesabamisad miekuTvneba mflobel-matarebels da mnaTes. rode
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sac miltoniseuli ruxi mweri `Caberavs Tavis mxurvale say

virs~, es epiTeti gvaxsenebs cxel zafxulis saRamos, romelic
asociaciiT ukavSirdeba am mweris bzuils. yvela es SemTxveva,
ukonteqstod citirebuli, SeiZleba wavikiTxoT gansxvavebu
li, animisturi gagebiT. mTavaria, gadavwyvitoT, operatiuli
asociaciuri logikaa es, Tu nacvlad amisa, is mkveTrad aris
personalizebuli myari gapirovneba.
religiuri poezia, iqneba es kaTolikuri Tu evan
gelisturi, TiTqos aucileblad metaforuli unda iyos,
da ZiraTadad, es marTlac asea. magram doqtori uatsi,
neoklasikuri himnebis avtori, metonimiis wyalobiT aR
wevs STambeWdav, gulSiCamwvdom da amave dros, didebul
efeqts:
When I survey the wondrous cross
On which the Prince of Glory died,
My richest gain I count but loss
And pour contempt on all my pride.
See, from his head, his hands, his side
Sorrow and lowve frow mingled down;
Did er such love and sorrow meet
Or thorns compose so rich a crown?
sxva epoqis stils naCvevi mkiTxveli am himnis mosmeni
sas ver Caswvdeba imas, rom `sevda~ da `siyvaruli~ uTanabr
deba `wyals~ da `sisxls~. is siyvaruls Seewira: siyvaruli
mizezia, xolo sisxli efeqti, Sedegi. meCvidmete sauku
nis poetis, frensis qvorelzis poeziaSi `zizRis Rvra~ sax
ieri metaforaa, misi axsnac SeiZleba _ siamayis cecxli,
romelsac zizRiT savse kasri gadaesxmeba da Caaqrobs; mag
ram `sxma~ Tu `Rvra~ aq semantikurad SemWidroebulia: rao
den Zlier mezizReba mediduroba.
saboloo angariSiT, es magaliTebi warmoadgenen si
tyvis viwro mniSvnelobiT xmarebas. bolo dros SemoTa
vazebuli iyo ramdenime gabeduli koncefcia metonimiis
rogorc literaturuli modis Sesaxeb. isic ki dauSves,
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rom metonimia da metafora SeiZleba iyos ori poeturi ti

pis damaxasiaTebeli struqturebi; pirveli maTgania poe
zia, romelic iwvevs asociaciebs momijnaveobis mixedviT,
moZraobas Txrobis Caketil samyaroSi; meore tipis poezia
emyareba asociacias msgavsebis mixedviT, moicavs mravali
samyaros da, biuleris maxvilgonieri gamoTqmiT, `sferoTa
koqteils~ Tqvefs.24
SesaniSnav naSromSi uitmenis Sesaxeb d.s. mirski
acxadebs: `culis simReris~ mravlobiTi saxeebi aris
metonimiuri saxeebis dausrulebeli nakadi, magaliTe
bi da egzemplarebi, romelTac emyareba demokratiuli
konstruqciuloba~.25
uitmenis Cveulebrivi poeturi meTodi SeiZleba da
vaxasiaToT, rogorc gansazRvruli msxvili paraleluri
kategoriebis analitikuri, sagnobriv-saxeldebiTi gaSla.
simRerebSi, romlebic agebulia paralelizmis principiT
(`simRera Cemze~), poeti gatacebiT axvavebs detalebs da in
dividualobebs, rogorc mTlianobis nawilebs. imis miuxe
davad, rom Zalian uyvars CamonaTvali, uitmeni arc plu
ralistia da arc personalisti: is paTetikuri monistia da
misi `katalogebis~ Sedegia ara sirTule, aramed simartive.
Tavidan is jer gaSlis Tavis kategoriebs, xolo Semdeg ki
mimarTavs maT ilustrirebas magaliTebiT.
metafora poetikebis avtorebisa da ritorebis yu
radRebas ipyrobda aristoteles (romelsac miemarTeba
es orive gansazRvreba) droidan moyolebuli. ukanaskneli
wlebis manZilze man ukve lingvistebis yuradRebac miiqcia.
riCardsi gadaWriT gmobda metaforis mowyvetas normal
uri lingvisturi praqtikidan, vinaidan metafora warmoad
gens daxasiaTebis Seucvlel wyaros. skamis `fexi~, mTis
`Ziri~ da boTlis `yeli~ analogiis safuZvelze akavSirebs
sxeulis nawilebs usulo sagnebis nawilebTan. magram am ti
pis kavSirebi imdenad aris asimilirebuli enaSi, rom maT
metaforulad aRar aRiqvamen TviT yvelaze mgrZnobiare
literaturaTmcodneebi da lingvistebi. esaa `gaxunebu
li~, `gacveTili~ an `mkvdari~ metaforebi.26
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

Cven valdebulni varT, specifikuri poeturi me

taforisagan ganvasxvavoT is metafora, romelic, riCard
sis termini rom vixmaroT, `enis marad arsebul princips
ganasaxierebs. pirvels jorj kempbeli `ritorikuls mia
kuTvnebs, xolo meores `gramatikuls~. gramatikosi sit
yvebs ganixilavs maTi etimologiis TvalsazrisiT, xolo
ritori sityvebs udgeba im kuTxiT, axdenen Tu ara isini
`msmenelze metaforis efeqts~. vundti, albaT, metafore
bad ar miiCnevda iseT lingvistur `moRalateebs~, ro
gorebicaa magidis `fexi~ da mTis `Ziri~, vinaidan WeSmariti
metaforizmis kriteriumad aRiarebda emociuri efeqtis
moxdenis gaazrebul da Segnebul survils. h. konradi
`lingvistur~ metaforas upirispirebs `esTetikurs~ da
miuTiTebs, rom pirveli (mag., magidis `fexi) gamoyofs
sagnis warmmarTvel niSans, maSin, rodesac meoris mizania,
Seqmnas axali warmodgena saganze, `axal wyalSi amoavlos
is~.27
im SemTxvevebidan, romelTa klasifikaciac Zne
lia, albaT, yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania romelime li
teraturuli skolis an TaobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `sa
ziaro~ poeturi metaforebi. magaliTebad gamodgeba `bonehouse~, `swan-road~, `word-hoard~ da Zveli ingliseli poetebis
sxva saxe-metaforebi; homerosiseuli `fiqsirebuli meta
forebi~, magaliTad, `vardisferTiTeba riJraJi (rac
`iliadas~ pirvel wignSi ocdaSvidjer aris gameorebuli);
elisabedis xanis `margalitis kbilebi~, `lalisferi bage
ni~, `spilos Zvlis feri kiseri~, da `oqros simis dari Tma;
an kidev inglisuri neoklasicizmis xanaSi gavrcelebuli:
`wylis veli~, `vercxlad daRvrili nakadulebi~, `minan
qris mindvrebi~.28 Tanamedrove mkiTxvels SeiZleba moeCve
nos, rom zogierTi maTgani (gansakuTrebiT is magaliTebi,
romlebic anglosaqsonuridan aris aRebuli) gabedulia
da `poeturi~, maSin, rodesac danarCen magaliTTa umrav
lesoba `gaxunebulia~ da ucnauri. unda gvaxsovdes, rom
umecrebas ZaluZs daumsaxureblad miiCnios originalur
saxed gaugebari warmoSobis pirvelive magaliTi. da marT
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lac, etimologiuri metaforebi, romelTa `realizacia~

xdeba ara im pirTa mier, visTvisac es ena mSobliuria, ara
med ucxoelebis mier (aq vgulisxmobT maT `analitikur
mgrZnobelobas), romlebic am magaliTebs individualur
poetur miRwevad miiCneven.29 meore mxriv, marTlac kargad
unda vicnobdeT enasac da literaturul pirobiTobasac,
raTa saTanadod SevafasoT konkretuli poetis meta
foristuli ganwyoba-survilebi. Zveli inglisuri poe
ziis `bone-house~ da `swan-road~ cxadia, exmianeba homero
siseuli `frTiani sityvebis~ tipsa da kategorias. isini
warmoadgenden poetTa ostatoba-ganswavlulobis nawils
da siamovnebas aniWeben msmenlebs Tavisi tradiciulobiT,
imiT, rom ganekuTvnebian poeziis profesiul, ritualur
enas. metaforuli elementi maTSi ar aris mTlianad rea
lizebuli, magram arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom is mTlianad
`aorTqlebulia~: saeklesio simbolizmis udidesi nawilis
msgavsad, maTzec SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini ritualuri
tipisani arian.30
bunebrivia, rom Cvens xanaSi, rodesac yvelaferi ge
netikis TvalsazrisiT ganixileba, didi yuradReba daeTmo
metaforaTa warmoSobas, da amaSi igulisxmeba sinamdvilis
aRqmisa da gaazrebis rogorc lingvisturi principi, ise
literaturuli xerxi. `ontogenezi imeorebs filogenezs~,
da piriqiT: Cven gvjera, rom Tu analitikurad davakvir
debiT primitiul sazogadoebebsa da bavSvebs, SevZlebT pre
istoriuli kulturis istoriis rekonstruqcias. hainc ver
neris TvalsazrisiT, metafora aqtiuria mxolod iseT pri
mitiul xalxebSi, romlebsac aqvT tabu, anu sagnebi, romelTa
namdvili saxelis xseneba dauSvebelia.31 umalve gvaxsendeba
ebraelTa midrekileba metaforizaciisadmi, ris gamoc maT
uSualod arasodes dausaxelebiaT `ieRova~, romelsac isini
metaforulad uwodebdnen kldes, mzes, loms, da a.S.; Semdeg
ki gagvaxsendeba evfemizmebi Cvens sakuTar yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi. magram etyoba, ganwyobas marto SiSis momgvreli
aucilebloba ar aCens. Cven metaforas viyenebT imis mimarT,
rac gviyvars, rasac Cveni azri da fiqri siamovnebiT das
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trialebs, raTa yoveli kuTxidan davaTvalieroT nebismier

`Suqsa da naTelSi~, rodesac is airekleba sagangebo fokusSi
yvelanairi msgavsi sagnebis daxmarebiT.
Tuki enobrivi da ritualuri metaforidan gadaverT
vebiT poeturi metaforis teleologiaze, maSin mogvixdeba
gacilebiT ufro msxvili sidideebis CarTva, anu mogviwevs
srulad gaviTvaliswinoT mxatvruli literaturis funq
cia. metaforis Cveneuli koncefciis oTxi sabazo elementi
SeiZleba aRmoCndes analogia, ormagi xedva, grZnobadi saxe,
rasac ZaluZs wiaRsvla SeucnobelSi, da meoTxe animis
turi proeqcia. es oTxi elementi Tanabrad arasodes ar
aris warmodgenili, da damokidebuleba icvleba yoveli
erisa da esTetikuri situaciis Sesabamisad. erT-erTi Teo
retikosis TvalsazrisiT, berZnul-romauli metafora
TiTqmis analogiis kategoriamdea SezRuduli (e.w. yalbi
paralelizmi), maSin rodesac das Bild (saxe-simbolo) aSkarad
germanul (tevtonur) saxes warmoadgens.32 magram amgvari
kulturuli kontrasti TiTqmis ar iTvaliswinebs italiur
da frangul poezias, gansakuTrebiT _ im monakveTs, ro
melic arsebobs bodleridan da rembodan moyolebuli, pol
valerimde. rogorc Cans, ufro sasargeblo iqneba im perio
debis, ideuri kompleqsebis Sepirispireba, romlebsac aer
Tianebs sicocxlis filosofiis cneba.
yoveli periodis stili xasiaTdeba aqvs misTvis niSan
doblivi figurebiT, romlebic gamoxataven swored mis Weltanschauung-s; im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saqme exeba iseT sayr
den figuras, rogoricaa metafora, yovel periods aqvs
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipis metaforizmi. magaliTad,
neoklasikuri poeziisTvis damaxasiaTebelia simbolo, pe
rifrazi, ornamentuli epiTeti, epigrama, formis erTiano
ba da antiTeza. SesaZlebeli inteleqtualuri poziciebis
raodenoba ori-samiT ganisazRvreba, pluralizmi ar Sei
niSneba. xSirad xdeba, rom mesame pozicia warmoadgens cen
tralur, mediatorul pozicias polarulad dapirispire
bul eresebs Soris:

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Some foreign writers, some our own despise,

The ancients only, or the modern prize.
barokos periodSi damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs
warmoadgens paradoqsi, oqsimoroni da kataqreza. eseni
ganasaxiereben qristianul _ mistikur da pluralistur
niSnebs. WeSmariteba rTulia. codnis forma-saSualeba bev
ria, da yovel maTgans aqvs sakuTari uflebamosileba. WeS
maritebis zogierTi tipi unda gacxaddes an misi uaryofiT,
anda misi Segnebuli damaxinjebiT. RmerTze SeiZleba vims
jeloT anTropomorfuli kategoriebiT, radgan adamiani
man Seqmna sakuTari saxis Sesabamisad; magram, amave dros, is
warmoadgens transcendentalur sxvas. aqedan gamomdinare,
barokos maneriT warmodgenil religiur TemebSi WeSmarite
ba RmerTis Sesaxeb SeiZleba gamoixatos analogiebiT (kravi,
anda nefe), agreTve _ urTierTsawinaaRmdego wyvilebiT,
voenis msgavsad: `bneli ukuni, amave dros TvalismomWre
li~. neoklasikosTa gonebas moswons aSkara ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebi da racionaluri progresia: metonimiuri moZraoba
gvaridan saxemde, anda konkretulidan saxemde. barokos
epoqaSi adamianis cnobiereba warmosaxavs samyaros rogorc
samyaroTa simravles da erTobliobas, da Tanac yvela es
samyaro isea erTmaneTTan SekavSirebuli, rom SeuZlebelia
winaswar ganvWvritoT maTi urTierTmimarTebebis logika.
neoklasikuri poetikis TvalsazrisiT, barokos da
maxasiaTebeli niSnebi, rasakvirvelia, ugemovnebod unda
SevracxoT, `yalb gansjad~ aRviqvaT. igulisxmeba, rom esaa
bunebrivisa da racionaluris Segnebuli damaxinjeba, yal
bi akrobatika, maSin, rodesac istoriulad isini warmoadge
nen pluralisturi epistemologiis da zebunebrivis onto
logiis ritorikul da poetur gamoxatulebas.
karg magaliTad gamodgeba kataqreza. 1599 wels, jon
hoskinsma daamkvidra es termini inglisur enaSi da ganmar
ta, rogorc `daknineba, borotad gamoyeneba~, Tan sinanuli
gamoTqva, rom aseTi ram `amJamad sul ufro da ufro vrcel
deba~. man ganixila kataqreza, rogorc daZabuli gamoTqma,
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

`ufro uimedo, vidre metafora~ da gaixsena `xma saamo

misi yurisTvis~ sidnis `arkadiiidan~, rogorc magaliTi
vizualuri terminisa, romelic SecdomiT `miuyenes da
miusadages~ smenas. 1728 wels, Tavis `CaZirvis xelovne
baSi~, poupma kataqrezis magaliTad moitana ori gamoTqma:
`wveri gaTiba~ da `balaxi gaparsa~. 1776 wels, jorj kempbe
lis mier daweril `ritorikis filosofiaSi~, kataqrezul
wyvilebad aris moxseniebuli `lamazi xma~ da `tkbili su
raTi~; Tumca, is agreTve aRiarebs, rom `tkbili, rac Tavi
dan gemos SegrZnebas ukavSirdeboda, axla SeiZleba axasi
aTebdes surnels, melodias da peizaJs~. empbels sjera,
rom WeSmariti metafora `SegrZnebaTa saxeebs~ iyenebs
`wminda inteleqtis saxeebis~ dasaxasiaTeblad. amitom is
kicxavs analogiebs TviT SegrZnebaTa saxeebs Soris. meore
mxriv, baroko-romantikuli orientaciis erTma kaTo
like ritorma bolo xanebSi gansazRvra kataqreza rogorc
metafora, romlis safuZvelia ori materialuri movlenis
msgavseba. is dabejiTebiT moiTxovs tropis upiratesobebis
Seswavlas da am moTxovnas asabuTebs viqtor hiugos Semoq
medebidan moyvanili magaliTebiT: `les perles de la rosee~-sa da
`il neige des feuilles~-Si.33
meore tipis metaforas, romelsac barokos mg
rZnobeloba misaRebad miiCnevs, xolo neoklasikuri
ugemovnod, SeiZleba vuwodoT Semamcirebeli, anda gama
Sinaurebeli metafora. barokos poezias yvelaze metad
sCvevia garkveuli `sferoebis~ _ bunebis samyarosa da
adamianis samyaros (Tavisi xeloba-ostatobiT da codnaxelovnebiT) aRreva. magram klasicistebi raki kargad
moexsenebaT, rom xelovneba warmoadgens bunebis imita
cias _ Tvlian, rom bunebis asimilireba xelovnebasTan
paTologiuria da avadmyofuri. ase magaliTad, 1776 wels
Tomas gibonsi ilaSqrebda erTgvari afeqtirebuli da `fan
tastikuri~ tropebis winaaRmdeg: `ai samyaros ramdenime
aRwera _ tvifruli mTebi, Txelwyala zRvebis minanqari,
ukidegano okeanis maqmani da nakveTi kldeTa CuqurTmebi~.34
rasakvirvelia, neoklasikur poeziaSic gvxvdeba
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zogierTi metafora, romlebic mimarTulia bunebidan

xelovnebisken, magram isini dayvanilia damatebiTi da
zustebis funqciamde. magaliTebs vnaxavT poupis `pastora
lebSi~ da `uinZoris tyeSi~: `morcxvad Sevardisferebuli
lioni aferadebs wylis sarkes~; `miwis minanqars wiTlad
daeca floras almuri~. magram zogadi tendencia mudam na
Teli iyo; amitom draidens ufleba hqonda, eRiarebina 1681
wels, rom balRobisas misi fiqrebi bavSvuri iyo: `maxsovs,
TviT Seudarebel spensersac ki miviCnevdi uxeiro poet
ad, romlis leqsebze metad silvesteris mier Targmnili
diu bartasis qmnilebebi momwonda. eqstazSi movyavdi aseT
striqonebs:
Now when the winter~s keen breath began
To chrystallize the Baltic ocean,
To glaze the lakes, to bridle up the Floods,
And periwig with snow the baldpate woods.35
axalgazrda miltonma, diu bartasis kidev erTma
mkiTxvelma, Tavisi `dabadebis oda~ aseTive gaSlili meta
foriT daasrula. elioti kvlav ubrundeba am tradicias
Tavisi `prufrokis~ cnobil SesavalSi:
When the evening is spread out against the sky
Like a patient etherized upon a table...
barokos poezia, pirvel rigSi, xasiaTdeba klasiciz
mis kanonTa ugulebelyofis tendenciiT _ xelovnebis
Sinaarsobrivi gamdidrebis mizniT isini cdilobdnen aR
moeCinaT simdidre da mravalxmianoba iq, sadac klasicizmi
icavda puristul erTmniSvnelovnebasa da erTxmianobas.
ufro specifikuri motivebia: midrekileba gamaognebe
li efeqtebisadmi; qristianuli inkarnacionizmi; ucxos,
Soreulis pedagogiuri gaTaviseba maxlobeli, `yofiTi~
analogiebis gziT.
amgvarad, Cven ganvixileT figuraciis buneba da sa
gangebo yuradReba davuTmeT metaforasa da metonimias.
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saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

vivaaudeT, rom aseT metyvelebis figurebs SeiZleba hqon

deT garkveuli droiTi da stilisturi maxasiaTeblebi.
axla ki gadavalT metaforuli saxierebis kvlevaze, rasac
ufro meti ram akavSirebs literaturul kritikasTan, vi
dre literaturis istoriasTan.
sagangebod unda gamovyoT metaforuli saxierebis
ori ZiriTadi gamokvleva: erTia amerikuli, xolo meore
germanuli.
1924 wels henri uelsma gamosca Sroma `poeturi saxi
ereba~, romelSic scada Camoeyalibebina am movlenis tipo
logia, xolo Sesabamisi tipebis ilustrirebisTvis ga
moiyena, ZiriTadad, elisabedis xanis mwerloba. marTalia,
am wignSi igrZnoba sakiTxis Rrma wvdoma da SemoTavazebulia
saintereso ganzogadebebi, magram, sistemuri konstruqci
is TvalsazrisiT, is naklebad warmatebulia. uelsis azriT,
misi sqema aqronistulia da amitom miesadageba ara mxolod
elisabedis xanas, aramed _ literaturis ganviTarebis yve
la periods. uelss agreTve miaCnia, rom es naSromi aRweri
Tia, da ara Semfasebluri. misi kvleva-Ziebis safuZvlad
iTvleba metyvelebis figuraTa jgufebis klasifikacia,
`rogorc isini warmogvidgebian aRmaval skalaze dawye
buli yvelaze dabali, anu TiTqmis `sityvasityviTi~ tipiT,
dasrulebuli yvelaze ufro warmosaxviTi, anu impresio
nistuli tipiT~. magram saqme isaa, rom es skala, romelic
TiTqosda ganasaxierebs `warmosaxviTi aqtiurobis xasiaTsa
da xarisxs~, sinamdvileSi ver asaxavs maTTan raime pirdapir
kavSirs an maT Sefasebas. uelsma daasaxela saxierebis Svidi
tipi, romlebic TviTonve ase ganalaga: dekoratiuli, siR
rmiseuli, damTrgunveli (an maRalfardovani), Ffesvuri,
SemWidroebuli, ganvrcobiTi da cxovelmyofeli. Tavad
uelss miaCnia, rom es tipebi SeiZleba kidev ufro meti
warmatebiT gadalagdes an gadaewyos im istoriuli da Se
fasebiTi miTiTebebis safuZvelze, romelTac igi TviTonve
gvTavazobs.
esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze tlanqi forme
bia damTrgunveli da dekoratiuli, anu `masaTa metafora~
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da ostatobis metafora. dekoraciuli saxe, romelic ase

Warbadaa warmodgenili sidnis `arkadia~-Si, ganixileba ro
gorc `elisabedis xanisaTvis tipuri~. kidisa da sxva elisa
bedis xanis adrindeli avtorebis masaliT warmodgenili
damTrgunveli saxiereba axasiaTebs kulturis adreul pe
riods, magram vinaidan mosaxleobis umetesoba rCeba sub
literaturul doneze, amitom is miemarTeba `nebismier
periods~. sociologiis TvalsazrisiT, `maRalfardovani
qmnis metaforis did da sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan
kategorias~. am orive tipis Sefaseba aaSkaravebs, rom maT
`aklia saWiro subieqturi elementi~ da isini ufro xSirad,
vidre es gamarTlebulia, akavSireben erT fizikur saxes
meoresTan (rogorc es xdeba kataqrezaSi), imis nacvlad,
rom `bunebis gare samyaro daukavSiron adamianis Sinagan
samyaros~. da kvlav, rogorc dekoraciul, ise damTrgunvel
metaforebSi, urTierTkavSiris pirobebi daSoriSorebuli,
calke fiqsirebuli rCeba, es gamoricxavs maT `eqspansias
erTurTis mimarT~. rac Seexeba metaforis umaRles for
mas, uelss miaCnia, rom yoveli elementi moqmedebs meoreze,
cvlis mas ise, rom am urTierTobiT iqmneba mesame wevri da
axali gaazreba.
avyveT skalas, sadac Semdegia cxovelmyofeli da Sem
Widroebuli saxeebi: pirveli warmoadgens damTrgunvelis
srulyofil versias, xolo meore dekoraciulis srul
yofil versias. Cven gamovtoveT demonstraciis aSkara
formebi, es exeba energias da ostatobas. rac Seexeba
cxovelmyofelis saxierebas, istoriulad Cven vxvdebiT
marlosTan, romelic pirvelia elisabedis xanis avtorTa
Soris, agreTve _ bernssa da smarts, preromantikosebs;
uelsis TqmiT, `es saxe gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTeba adrin
deli xanis poeziis udides nawilSi~. aq erTmaneTTan Se
jerebulia `or farTo da, warmosaxvis TvalsazrisiT, Ri
rebuli cneba~, myardeba uSualo kontaqti gluv zedapirebs
Soris. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, es kategoria moicavs Tavisu
fal Sedarebebs da urTierTobebs, romlebic efuZneba Ri
rebulebis martiv kategoriebs. bernsi wers:
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vards wiTel-wiTels hgavs Cemi satrfo. . .

trfoba Cemi hangad Camesmis
tkbil melodiad.
saerTo, rac akavSirebs mSvenier qals, cocxal wiTel
vards da tkbilad aJRerebul melodias es aris maTi si
lamaze da sasurveloba; isini yvelanairad sworupovarni
arian. qali vards Tavisi vardisferi RawvebiT, an melodias
Tavisi tkbili xmiT rodi hgavs (aseTi analogia dekoraciul
saxes Seqmnida); qalis msgavseba vardTan feriT, faqturiT an
struqturiT ki ar aris gamowveuli, aramed faseulobiT.36
uelsiseuli SemWidroebuli saxe aris Zalze advilad
wamosadgeni saxe iseTi tipisa, romelic asocirdeba Sua
saukuneebis moxatul manuskriptebTan da sakarnavalo ms
vlelobebTan. poeziaSi esaa dantes saxiereba, inglisur
poeziaSi ki _ spenserisa. saxe aq ara mxolod mkveTri da na
Telia (SesaZlebelia, es amis Sedegic ki iyos) is agreTve
Semcirebul masStabSi da sqematurad warmogvidgens mov
lenas mTlianad: esaa dantes da ara miltonis jojoxeTi.
`aseTi metaforebi sxvebze ufro xSiradaa moxseniebuli
rogorc emblema an simbolo~. SemWidroebul saxeebad unda
CavTvaloT agreTve samaskarado figurebi damaxasiaTebeli
bewviani mosasaxamiT da islis `TavsaburaviT~ kamoensis
`lusidasSi, iseve rogorc wminda petre Tavisi mitriT da
ori gasaRebiT. isini ganasaxiereben `gildiis~ saxes: mil
tonis dros orives _ `pastoralsac~ da `elegiasac~ Tan
sdevda motivebisa da saxeebis mTeli nusxa. SeiZleba ar
sebobdes mTeli wyeba saxeebisa, iseve rogorc `poeturi
kanonis~ CamonaTvali da maragi. am momentis tradiciulma
da institucionalurma Tvisebebma, maT siaxlovem saxviT
xelovnebasTan, aiZula uelsi, romelic azrovnebda kul
turis istoriis kategoriebiT, rom SemWidroebuli saxe
`miekuTvnebina~ konservatiuli religiisTvis, Suasauku
novani, kaTolikuri, sakulto kategoriisaTvis.
Ffesvuri, siRrmiseuli da ganvrcobiTi warmoadgens
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sam umaRles kategorias (SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es Camo

naTvali aRmavali rigiT aris warmodgenili). mokled rom
davaxasiaToT, siRrmiseuli ekuTvnis klasikuri poeziis sa
xes, Ffesvuri metafizikos poetebs, ZiriTadad, dons, xolo
ganvrcobiTi, umeteswilad, miesadageba Seqspirs, iseve, ro
gorc bekons, brauns da berks. am sami saxelis saerTo msaz
Rvrels, maTi saerTo maRali donis niSnebs warmoadgens, jer
erTi, maTi specifikuri literaturuli xasiaTi (suraTo
vani aRqmis ugulebelyofa), maTi mimarTuloba Sinaganisken
(metaforul azrovnebis unari), da, bolos, cnebaTa urTi
erTSeRwevadoba (nayofieri `Sewyvileba~).
`siRrmiseuli~ saxe, rac unda agverios gaxunebulTan
an banalurTan, `mudam xilvadobis doneze dablaa~. is img
varad migvaniSnebs grZnobad-konkretulze, rom ar axdens
mis mkveTr proecirebas da warmoCenas. am saxisTvis damaxa
siaTebeli obertonebis nakleboba esadageba iseTi tipis
mwerlobas, sadac win aris wamoweuli gansja: elisabedis
xanis warmomadgenlad gamodgeba semiuel denieli, romlis
leqsebic moswondaT uordsvorts da Toros:
Tuki ver SeZlebs Tavis Tavs zemoT wamoimarTos,
fuWi yofila kacis saxeli!
xolo Seqspiri amis ostatad gvevlineba. `mefe lirSi
edgari ambobs:
Men must endure
Their going hence, even as their coming hither;
Ripeness is all.
Ripeness (`simwife~) aris `siRrmiseuli~ saxe, romelic,
albaT, baRebiT da velebiT aris nakarnaxevi. analogia gatare
bulia vegetaciis bunebriv ciklebsa da adamianis sicocxlis
ciklebs Soris. klasicistebis Taobas SeeZlo, Seqspiris zogi
erTi siRrmiseuli saxe CaeTvala`narev~ saxed:

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O O, how can summers honey breath hold out

Against the wreckful siege of battering days.
es winadadeba moiTxovs daxvewil analitikur ganmar
tebas, radgan is gajerebulia saxeebiT: `dReebi~ drois
metonimiuri figuraa, rac Semdeg metaforizebulia, ro
gorc alyaSemortymuli qalaqi, romlis garSemo aRumarTavT
galavnis sangrevi danadgarebi. ras upirispirebs es `viTom
qalaqi~ an misi mmarTveli amgvar Setevebs? es xom sinorCea,
romelic metaforizebulia zafxulad, an ufro zustad rom
vTqvaT, zafxulis tkbil surnelad: zafxulis yvavilTa sur
neli dedamiwisTvis da surnelovani sunTqva adamianisTvis
warmoadgens mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebas. Tu vinme ecde
ba, SeaerTos damangreveli alya da surnelovani sunTqva,
aucileblad CixSi aRmoCndeba. moZraoba figuraSi Zalze
swrafia da aqedan gamomdinare _ elifsuri.37
fesvuri saxis saxelwodeba, albaT, ganpirobebulia
imiT, rom mas saqme aqvs movlenaTa saTaveebTan, uxilav lo
gikur safuZvelTan. misi moqmedeba SeiZleba SevadaroT
ufro movlenaTa faruli pirvelmizezis moqmedebas, vidre
Ria sibrtyeebis Sejerebas. SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom fes
vuri saxis meore wevri `arapoeturia~; es aixsneba an imiT,
rom es cneba zedmetad Cveulia da yofiTi, anda imiT, rom is
zedmetad teqnikuria, mecnieruli da `aTvisebuli. maSasa
dame, fesvuri saxis metaforuloba emyareba imas, rasac ara
aqvs aSkara emociuri asociaciebi, da rac miekuTvneba pro
zaul diskurss _ an abstraqtuls, an praqtikuls. Tavis
religiur poeziaSi doni mravlad iyenebs figurebs `aale
buli geometriidan~. da kvlav, Tavis `pirvel wlisTavSi~
is iyenebs fsevdosamedicino figuras misi pirdapiri mniS
vnelobiT, ris Sedegadac metafor sruliad moulodneli,
sapirispiro mniSvnelobiT aRiWurveba:
but as some serpents poison hurteth not
Except it be from the live serpent shot,
So doth her virtue need her here , to fit
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That unto us; she working ore than it.

rogorc Cans, esaa fesvuri saxis damaxasiaTebeli tipi:
amaze ufro martiv, naklebad perversiul magaliTad ga
modgeba kompasis saxe jon donis leqsSi `sevdis amkrZala
vi ganSoreba~. meore mxriv, uelsis Rrmaazrovani SeniSvnis
mixedviT, fesvuri saxeebis wyarod SeiZleba gaxdes iseTi
_ romantikuli saxeebiT mdidari _ sferoc, rogoricaa
mTebi, mdinareebi da zRvebi, _ ra Tqma unda, `analitikuri
midgomis~ pirobiT.38
dabolos, arsebobs kidev ganvrcobiTi saxe, romelic,
saxelwodebaSi asaxuli kontrastis Sesabamisad, ukavSir
deba SemWidroebuls. Tu SemWidroebulis warmoSoba gana
piroba Sua saukuneebma, kultma, ganvrcobiTi ganekuTvneba
winaswarmetyvelur da mowinave azrovnebas. is gulisxmobs
`Zlier vnebas da originalur meditacias~, romlis umaR
lesi gamoxatulebaa berklis, bekonis, braunis da, ra Tqma
unda, Seqspiris mravalganzomilebiani filosofiuri da
religiuri metaforizmi. gansazRvris Sesabamisad ganvr
cobiTi saxe gzas uxsnis warmosaxvas, da misi yoveli elemen
ti mkveTrad zemoqmedebs meoreze; Tanamedrove poetikis
Teoriis Tanaxmad, `urTierTzemoqmedeba~ da `urTierT
gamsWvalva~ warmoadgens poeturi moqmedebis centralur
formebs, romlebic yvelaze ufro Warbad gvxdeba ganvrco
biT metaforaSi. ai magaliTebi `romeo da julietadan~
Yet, wert thou as far
As that vast shore washt with the farthest sea,
I should adventure for such merchandise.
da, agreTve, `makbetidan~:
Light thickens, and the crow
Makes wing to the rooky wood:
Good things of day begin to droop and drowse.
am ukanasknel striqonebSi, Seqspiri gvaZlevs `dana
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Saulis metaforul fons, viTarebas~, romelic gadaiqceva

ganvrcobiT metaforad, sadac paralelia gavlebuli Rames,
demonur borotebas da, meore mxriv, naTelsa da sikeTes
Soris; magram es mowodebulia ara aSkara an alegoriuli
formiT, aramed STambeWdavi detalurobiT da grZnobieri
konkretulobiT: `naTeli mZimdeba~, sagnebi `moeSvnen, Tv
lemen~. qvemdebare da Semasmeneli urTierTmoqmedeben:
viwyebT ra zmniT, vkiTxulobT, ra sagnebia, romlebic
moeSvnen da Tvlemen frinvelebi, cxovelebi, adamianebi,
yvavilebi? sagnis ganyenebuli dasaxeleba gvafiqrebinebs,
rom zmnebi aris metaforuli aRniSvna iseTi mdgomareo
bebisa, rogorebicaa `sifxizlis dakargva~ da `SiSi boroti
Zalis winaSe~.39
kvintilianes msgavsi ritorebi yuradRebas amaxvile
ben sxvaobaze imgvar metaforebs Soris, romelTagan erTi
warmoaCens usulos rogorc suliers, xolo meore _ su
liers rogorc usulos. magram orive SemTxvevaSi, sxvaoba
am metaforebs Soris miewereboda sxvaobas ritorikul xer
xebs Soris. am ori polaruli movlenis mkveTri gamijvna gan
axorciela Cvenma meore mkvlevarma tipologiis sferoSi _
pongsma: erTi mxriv, es aris miTuri warmosaxva, romelic ax
dens pirovnebis proecirebas saganTa samyaroze, _ am dros
xorcieldeba bunebis gasuliereba, animizacia, da, meore
mxriv warmosaxvis sapirispiro tipi, romelic garedan Sig
niTaa mimarTuli da pirovnuli sawyisis deanimizacias, obi
eqtivirebas axdens. es ori elementi _ subieqturi da obi
eqturi polusebi _ amowuraven xatovani eqspresiis yvela
SesaZlebel saSualebas.40
am pirvel formas reskinma uwoda `bunebis gasu
liereba~. Tu mas ise gaviazrebT, TiTqos SeiZleba Sevu
sabamoT maRla RmerTs, dabla xes, anda qvas, maSin aseT
warmosaxvas unda davarqvaT anTropomorfuli.41 mistikuri
simbolizmis Semswavleli mecnieri SeamCnevs, rom arsebobs
sami saerTo tipis miwieri kavSiri, romelic gamodgeba umaR
lesi mistikuri gamocdilebis simboluri gamoxatvisTvis:
1. kavSiri usulo sagnebs Soris (fizikuri narevebi da qi
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miuri SenaerTebi); suli, rogorc RvTiuri cecxlis naper

wkali, rogorc xe, cvili da rkina; RmerTi, rogorc wyali
sulis niadagisTvis, an rogorc okeane, romelSic Caedineba
sulis mdinare); 2. im saSualebaTa Sesabamisad warmodgenili
kavSirebi, romlebiTac sxeuli iTvisebs Tavis sicocxlis
arsebiT elementebs: saRvTo werilSi RmerTi warmoCenilia
iseTi konkretuli sagnebis saSualebiT, romlebic aucile
belia sicocxlisTvis. es aris Suqi da haeri, yoveli WuWru
tanidan rom Semodis, da wyali, romelsac yoveldRe raRac
formiT viRebT~.42
ase rom, RmerTi mTeli msoflios mistikosebisaTvis
warmoadgens sulis sakvebs da sasmels, mis purs, Tevzs,
wyals, rZes da Rvinos; 3. adamianTa urTierTkavSiri mamaSvilisa iqneba is, Tu col-qmrisa.
Tavad pongi amaTgan pirvel ors miakuTvnebs meta
foruli intuiciis meore umaRles tips, anu Einfhlung-s,
rac Tavis mxriv, dayofilia `mistikur~ da `magiur~ saxe
obebad. mistikuri metaforis sailustraciod mistikosebi
ufro gamogvadga, vidre poetebi. araorganuli elemen
tebi simbolurad ganixileba ara rogorc ubralo cnebebi
an abstraqtuli analogiebi, aramed rogorc movlenisa da
gamovlenis ganuyofeli kavSiri.
rac Seexeba magiur metaforas, is, xelovnebis is
torikosis, uoringeris meTodologiis Tanaxmad aris bu
nebis samyarosgan abstrahirebis Sedegi. uoringers Ses
wavlili aqvs egviptis, bizantiis da sparseTis xelovneba,
romelic `organul bunebas, adamianis CaTvliT, xazobrivgeometruli formiT gamosaxavs, da xSirad saerTod ugule
belyofs organul sicocxles im samyarosTvis, romelic
wminda xazebis, wminda formebis da ferebis samflobeloa..
ornamenti axla gamoiyofa.. rogorc raRac, rac cxovrebis
nakads ki ar mihyveba, aramed medgrad upirispirdeba mas..
pirferobis nacvlad, amjerad is magias mimarTavs... orna
menti... aris is, rac amoglijes droidan; is ganvrcobiTobis
wminda formaa, myari da ucvleli.~43
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primitiul kulturebSi anTropologebi xedaven ro

gorc animizms, ise magias. pirvelis mizania kavSiris dam
yareba personalizebul sulebTan _ mkvdrebTan da Rmer
TebTan, maTi daSoSmineba, maTi keTilganwyobis mopoveba.
rac Seexeba meores _ magias, romelic win uswrebs mecniere
bas, is swavlobs faruli Zalebis moqmedebis kanonzomiere
bebs. misi atributebia _ Selocvebi, amuletebi, joxebi da
kverTxebi, xatebi, wminda nawilebi. arsebobs TeTri magia,
romelsac misdevden qristiani kabalistebi, magaliTad,
kornelius agripa da paracelsusi. arsebobs agreTve boro
ti, avi adamianebis Savi magia. magram am orive magiis umniS
vnelovanesi elementia faruli Zalebis rwmena. magias xe
lovnebasTan anaTesavebs xatovaneba. dasavluri tradicia
mxatvarsa da moqandakes akavSirebs xelosnis ostatobas
Tan, hefestosTan da dedalosTan, pigmalionTan, romelsac
ZaluZs, sicocxle STaberos saxes. folkloris esTetikaSi
saxeTa Semqmneli jadoqaria an grZneuli, maSin, rodesac
poeti aris Sepyrobili, STagonebuli, Slegi Semoqmedi.44 da
rogorc pirvelyofili poeti mimarTavda Cxibvas da Selo
cvas, aseve Tanamedrove poeti, ieitsis msgavsad, magiurad
iyenebs saxeebs _ `zust~ saxeebs _ saxeobriobis magiursimboluri sistemis Sesaqmnelad.45 misticizmi sawinaaRm
dego xazs misdevs: aq saxe warmoadgens simbolos, romelsac
warmoSobs garkveuli sulieri mdgomareoba; esaa ara kauza
luri, aramed eqspresiuli saxe, da mocemuli mdgomareobi
saTvis is erTaderTi SesaZlebeli rodia: igive sulieri md
gomareoba SeiZleba gamoixatos sxva simboloebiT.46
orive rogorc mistikuri metafora, ise magia _ emya
reba deanimizacias; isini upirispirdebian adamianis survi
ls, moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis proecireba garesamyaroze;
isini `iZaxeben~ im `sxvas~ impersonaluri sagnebis samyaros,
monumentur xelovnebas da fizikur kanonebs. bleikis `vefx
vi~ mistikuri metaforaa; vefxvi aris RmerTi, an RmerTis
erT-erTi gamovlineba (adamianze naklebi, magram, amave dros,
adamianze metic); Tavis mxriv, vefxvic (xolo am vefxvis sa
SualebiT misi Semoqmedic) daxasiaTebulia liTonis dnobis
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terminebiT. vefxvi ar aris cocxali nadiri zooparkidan,

is vefxvi, romelic bleikma dainaxa londonis tauerSi. ara,
esaa gonebaWvretiTi arseba, da imdenadve simboloa, ramde
nadac cxovelTa samyaros warmomadgeneli.
magiur metaforas aklia es gamWvirvaloba. is waagavs
meduzas niRabs, romelic qvad aqcevs cocxal arsebebs. ni
muSad magiuri metaforizmisa, romelsac surs, qvad aqcios
yvelaferi cocxali, pongsi miiCnevs stefan georges: `for
maTwarmomqmneli spiritualizaciisken midrekilebis kar
naxiT, stefan Ggeorge iTvaliswinebs ara adamianis bunebriv
midrekilebas, sakuTari Tavis proecireba moaxdinos ga
resamyaroze, aramed biologiuri sicocxlis ganadgurebis
survils, Segnebul `gaucxoebas~ (`alienacias~), rogorc
Sida, magiuri samyaros agebis safuZvels.47
inglisur poeziaSi dikinsoni da ieitsi sxvadasxva
nairad aRweven aseT deanimizaciur, antimistikur meta
foras: rodesac emili dikinsons surs, sikvdilis SegrZne
basTan erTad, gadmosces gacocxlebis, aRorZinebis gan
cdac, is xSirad iSveliebs kvdomis, gaxevebis da gaqvavebis
SegrZnebas. `es ar yofila sikvdili~, magram
As if my life were shaven
And fitted to a frame,
And could not breath without a key...
How many times these low feet staggered,
Only the soldered mouth can tell;
Try! can you stir the awful rivet?
Try! can you lift the haps of steel?48
poeziis magiad warmoCenis ideals ieitsi yvelaze
ufro miuaxlovda Tavis `bizantiumSi~ (1930). 1927 wels,
poemaSi `zRviT bizantiumisken~, man ukve Camoayaliba bi
ologiuri sicocxlis samyaroSi arsebuli winaaRmdegoba:
`erTurTis mklavze misvenebuli yrmebi.. zRva, gavsebuli
skumbriis gundiT~, da bizantiuri xelovnebis samyaro, sa
dac yvelaferi dafiqsirebulia _ gaxevebuli da arabuneb
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rivi, `oqros mozaikis~ da `oqros minanqris~ samyaro.

biologiuri aspeqtiT, adamiani `mokvdavi cxovelia~, da
imedi gadarCenisa imas efuZneba, rom `elis eziaros naxe
lavs maradiulobisas~ ara kvlav im gziT, rom isev `ar
gunon sxeulis forma sxva ram bunebriv sagniT naboZebi~,
aramed imiT, rom gadaiqces xelovnebis nimuSad, oqros
buCqze Semomjdar oqros Citad. erTi mxriv, `bizantiumi~
warmogvidgeba rogorc ieitsis `sistemis~ saguldagulod
dawerili ilustracia, Teologiuri poema, magram amave
dros, Tu sxva kuTxiT, specifikuri literaturuli Tval
sazrisiT ganvsjiT, is warmogvidgeba rogorc urTierT
mopasuxe xelovnuri saxeebisagan Sedgenili struqtura,
xolo mTlianobaSi iqmneba raRac, rac waagavs daniSnuli
liturgiis rituals.49
pongsis im kategoriebs, romlebic Cven sakmaod Tavi
suflad vaxseneT, axasiaTebs erTgvari Tavisebureba, rom
poeturi stili daukavSiron cxovrebis Sefasebas da xed
vas.50 miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli periodisaTvis damaxa
siaTebeli stili isea danaxuli, rogorc sakuTari gansxvave
buli xedva-versiebis matarebeli, arsebiTad, isini drois
miRmaa gaazrebuli da warmoCenilia, rogorc cxovrebis xe
dvis da pasuxis gacemis alternatiuli gzebi. amave dros, es
samive kategoria ganekuTvneba im generalur xazs, romelsac
xSirad axasiaTeben, rogorc Tanamedrove azrovnebas, e.i.
racionalizms, naturalizms, pozitivizms da mecnierebas.
metaforaTa aseTi klasifikacia imas gvikarnaxebs, rom poe
zia mecnierebamdeli azrovnebis stilis erTguli rCeba.
poeti inarCunebs bavSvis da primitiuli adamianis, bavSvis
arqetipis animistur xedvas.51
ukanasknel wlebSi bevri kvleva Catarda calkeuli
poetebis Semoqmedebis da garkveuli poemebisa Tu piesebis
simboluri saxierebis kuTxiT da TvalsazrisiT. aseT `praq
tikul kritikaSi~ mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia kritikosis
varauds. ras eZebs is? vis, an ras aanalizebs TviT poets
Tu mxolod poemas?
is sferoebi, saidanac aRebulia saxeebi (maknisis sityve
biT, es `ufro exeba nawarmoebis Sinaarsis Seswavlas~)52 unda
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ganvasxvavoT im kvlevisagan, romelic Seiswavlis, `Tu ra gze

biTa da formiT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes es saxeebi~ da ra
xasiaTis urTierToba Camoyalibda `Sinaarssa~ da `formas~
(metaforas) Soris. im monografiaTa umetesoba, romlebic eZ
Rvneba ama Tu im poets (mag., rugofis naSromi `saxiereba jon
donTan~), miekuTvneba pirvel kategorias. aseT monografieb
Si moxazuli da awon-dawonilia poetis interesebi. amisaTvis
Tavmoyrili da klasificirebulia metaforebi, romlebic
moicaven bunebas, xelovnebas, industrias, sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebs, humanitarul dargebs, qalaqs da sofels. magram,
amave dros, SesaZlebelia im Temebis Tu sagnebis klasifika
cia, romlebic ubiZgeben poets metaforisken, mag., qalebi,
religia, sikvdili, TviTmfrinavebi. amasTan erTad, klasifi
kaciaze ufro meti mniSvneloba aqvs farTo masStabis ekviva
lentebis da fsiqikuri korelatebis aRmoCenas. ori sfero _
poezia da cxovreba _ gamudmebiT urTierTmoqmedebs, amitom
SesaZlebelia warmovaCinoT poetis fsiqikaSi maTi WeSmariti
urTierTSeRweviTobis xarisxi: ase, magaliTad, donis `sim
Rerebsa da sonetebSi~ miwieri siyvarulis gancda gadmocemu
lia imgvari metaforikiT, romelic gamoiyeneba kaTolikur
literaturaSi wminda siyvarulis daxasiaTebisas. xorcieli
siyvarulis mimarT poeti iyenebs eqstazis, kanonizaciis, mar
tvilobisa da wminda nawilebis cnebebs, maSin, rodesac zogi
erT `wminda sonetSi~ is RmerTs mimarTavs erotikuli vnebis
gamomxatveli metaforuli gamoTqmebiT:
Yet dearly I love you, and would be be loved fain
But am betrothed unto your enemy.
Divorce me, untie, or break that knot again,
Take me to you, imprison me, for I
Except you enthrall me, never shall be free,
Nor even chaste, except you ravish me.
xorcieli siyvarulisa da religiis sferoTa urTi
erTSenacvleba mowmobs, rom siyvaruli igive religiaa,
xolo religia _ siyvaruli.
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garkveuli tipis gamokvlevebSi aqcenti gakeTebulia

TviTgamoxatvaze, rodesac poetis sulieri mdgomareoba
warmoCenilia misi saxierebis analizis meSveobiT. am Tval
sazrisis Tanaxmad, poetis saxeebi SeiZleba mivamsgavsoT
zmanebiseul saxeebs, romlebic araa kontrolirebuli
sircxvilis an zneobriobis gancdebiT; es saxeebi araa gac
nobierebuli, magram, rogorc iTvleba, maTSi vlindeba av
toris WeSmariti ganwyobilebebi. Tumca, mainc sakiTxavia,
yovelTvis esoden arakritikulia Tu ara poeti Tavis saxe
Ta mimarT.53
meore, ukve aSkarad mcdari varaudi is aris, rom poe
tma, cxovrebaSi ganicada yvelaferi is, rac asaxa Tavis qmni
lebebSi (amis safuZvelze gledis i. ueidma ganaxorciela
trahernis cxovrebis adrindeli etapis rekonstruqcia).54
doqtor jonsons miekuTvneba moTxroba tomsonis erTerTi Tayvanismcemeli qalis Sesaxeb, romelsac egona, rom
tomsonis nawarmoebTa safuZvelze SeZlebda emsjela mis
gemovnebaze: `nawerebis mixedviT qalma daadgina misi xa
siaTis sami Tviseba, kerZod, is, rom igi didebuli mijnuri,
didebuli mocurave da Zalze TavSekavebuli adamiani iyo,
magram, (misi axloblis) sevijis sityvebiT, siyvaruli mas
mxolod seqsi egona, curviTac, iqneb, saerTod ar ugemia
civ wyalSi curva, da, bolos, aranair fufunebaze ar ityo
da uars, Tu amis SesaZlebloba miecemoda~.
gledis i. ueids metad mcdari warmodgena aqvs poetis
pirad Cvevebsa da Tvisebebze. albaT, metaforul saxeTa
ararsebobac ar niSnavs, rom poets ar hqonda Sesabamisi in
teresebi. magaliTad, uoltoniseul wignSi jon donis Sesaxeb
iq moyvanil TerTmet figuras Soris ver vnaxavT Tevzis gamo
saxulebas, xolo meToTxmete saukunis kompozitor maSosTan
ver SevxvdebiT musikidan aRebul saxeebs.55
Tavis mxriv, varauds, rom poetis saxieri samyaro ar
is misi aracnobieris gamoxatuleba da rom, Sesabamisad,
esaa `xma kacisa~ da ara xelovanis xma mivyavarT saeWvo
da araTanmimdevrul warmodgenasTan poeziaSi `gulwr
felobis~ amocnobis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. gavrcele
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literaturis Teoria

buli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, STambeWdavi saxis Seqmna

moiTxovs garkveul Cvevebs, ostatobas da amitom amgvari
saxe gulwrfeli ver iqneba: uSualo gancdis gadmocemisas
adamiani martivad saubrobs da aranair saxeebs ar iyenebs.
an mimarTavs Zalze gacveTil metaforebs. amave dros, arse
bobs sawinaaRmdego azric: banalur saxes, romelic axdens
Cveul STabeWdilebas, ar ZaluZs gancdis gulwrfelad gad
mocema _ is ver aRZravs CvenSi garkveul grZnobas mTeli
Tavisi sirTuliT, aramed _ mxolod mis uxeS anarekls. aseT
SemTxvevaSi Cven erTmaneTSi gvereva, ubralod, adamiani da,
meOore mxriv, literatori _ anu adamiani, romelic Cveu
lebrivad metyvelebs da, meore mxriv, mwerali, romelsac
mxatvruli metyvelebis unari aqvs. Cveulebrivi pirovnuli
gulaxdiloba da trivialuri saxiereba mSvenivrad esadage
ba erTmaneTs. rac Seexeba leqsis `gulwrfelobas~, es ter
mini TiTqmis uazroa. ris gulwrfel gamoxatvazea saubari?
im savaraudo emociur mdgomareobaze, ramac is warmoSva?
Tu im mdgomareobaze, romlis gancdisas daiwera poema? an
iqneb poemis gulwrfeli gamosaxvaa nagulisxmevi, anu is
enobrivi konstruqcia, romelic avtoris gonebaSi yalibde
ba weris procesSi? eWvi ar aris, rom swored es ukanaskneli
varaudia swori, radgan leqsi, diaxac, gulwrfeli gamoxa
tulebaa TviT leqsisa.
poetis saxiereba sakuTriv mas, mis `me~-s warmoaCens.
rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT es `misi `me~? mario pracis da
lilian h. hornstainis azriT, sakmaod komikuria Seqspiris
rogorc `XX saukunis universaluri ingliselis~ interpre
tacia, romelic qerolain sperjenma Camoayaliba. Sesaba
misad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom didi poeti naziarebi iyo
Cveneul `zogadsakacobrio Tvisebebs~.56 amis gasagebad ar
gvWirdeba Seqspiris qmnilebebis faruli sazrisis Zieba.
magram Tu nawarmoebis saxeobrivi struqturis Seswavlis
daniSnulebaa raRac gansakuTrebulis amocnoba, maSin aseTi
ram SegvaZlebinebs amovikiTxoT mwerlis piradi `xelwera~
da CavixedoT Seqspiris gulSi.
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imis nacvlad, rom Seqspiris saxierebaSi aRmovaCinoT

zogadsakacobrio niSnebi, Cven SeiZleba davinaxoT raRac
ieroglifebiT Cawerili erTgvari angariSi, romelic metyve
lebs avtoris fsiqikur mdgomareobaze im momentSi, rodesac
is qmnida ama Tu im konkretul piesas. ase magaliTad, `troi
lussa da kresidasTan~, agreTve, `hamletTan~ dakavSirebiT,
qerolain sperjeni wers: `rom ar gvcodnoda sxva mizezebi,
isedac davrwmundebodiT im ori piesis simbolizmis msgavse
bidan da xangrZlivobidan gamomdinare, rom isini dawerilia
daaxloebiT erTsa da imave periodSi da am dros avtori ga
nicdida imdenad mZafr ganxiblvas, zizRs da SeSfoTebas, rom
msgavss verafers naxavT mis sxva piesebSi~.
am pasaJidan gamomdinare, qerolain sperjenis varau
di imas ki ar exeba, rom dadgindes Seqspiris ganxiblvis
specifikuri mizezi, aramed imas, rom `hamleti~ ganxiblvas
gamoxatavs da rom es grZnoba sakuTriv Seqspirma ganicada.57
aseT didebul piesas Seqspiri ver dawerda, gulwrfeli rom
ar yofiliyo; maSasadame, is sakuTar ganwyobas gamoxatavda.
aseTi doqtrina upirispirdeba im Tvalsazriss Seqspirze,
romelsac e.e. stoli da sxvebi iziareben, akeTeben ra aq
cents mis xelovnebaze, dramaturgiaze, misi SemoqmedebiTi
SesaZleblobebis swraf ganvTarebaze Tanac wina nawarmoe
bTa warmatebebis gaazrebuli ganviTarebis gziT: mag., `ham
leti~ mohyva `espanur tragedias~, xolo `zamTris zRapa
ri~ da `qariSxali~ bomontisa da fletCeris nawarmoebebs
metoqeobas uwevdnen.
miuxedavad amisa, poeturi saxierebis yvela kvleva
rodi warmoadgens mcdelobas, maSin gaxsnas poetis saxe,
rodesac is `mobilizebuli~ ar aris, an kidev daakvirdes
poetis biografias. isini ufro imisken ixrebian, rom foku
sireba moaxdinon piesis Sinaarsobrivad wamyvan elementze,
anu imaze, rasac elioti uwodebs `siuJetisa da xasiaTis do
nis qveS arsebul monaxazs~.58 Tavis eseSi `Seqspiris trage
diebis wamyvani motivebi~, romelic qerolain sperjenma
1930 wels gamoaqveyna, is upiratesad dainteresebulia im
saxis Tu saxeTa jgufis dadgeniT, romelic dominirebs
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literaturis Teoria

konkretul piesaSi da gansazRvravs mis tonalobas. misi

analizis magaliTad unda movixsenioT sneulebaTa _ wylu
lis da kibos saxeebi `hamletSi~; `troilussa da kresidaSi~
sakvebi da saWmlis momnelebeli aparati, `oteloSi~
`erTimeoris mdevni nadirni~. qerolain sperjeni sakmaod
ecada eCvenebina, rogor zemoqmedebs piesis Sinaarsze es
xsenebuli substruqtura; is SeniSnavs, rom avadmyofo
bis motivi `hamletSi~ imas migvaniSnebs, rom princi udana
Sauloa, radgan mTlianad dania, saxelmwifo aris sneuli.
sperjenis naSroms is dadebiTi mxare aqvs, rom igi cdilobs
miagnos nawarmoebis Sinaarsis ufro ufro faqiz gamovline
bebs, vidre ideologiuri ganzogadeba da siuJetis aSkara
struqturaa.
gamokvlevebi, romlebsac nawarmoebis saxeobrivi
struqturis ufro Rrma analizis pretenzia aqvT (maT
ricxvs miekuTvneba uilson naitis naSromebi), upirveles
yovlisa, eyrdnoba midlton meris mSvenier naSroms, rome
lic man miuZRvna Seqspiris saxierebis sakiTxs (`stilis
problema~, 1922). naitis adreuli gamokvlevebi (mag., `miTi
da saocreba~. 1929, da `cecxlis borbali~, 1930) mxolod Se
qspirs exeba; magram mogvianebiT man Tavisi meTodi gamoiy
ena sxva poetebis miltonis, poupis, baironisa da uords
vorTis mimarT.59 misi adrindeli naSromi, romelic aSkarad
yvelaze ukeTesia, ifargleba calkeuli piesebis SeswavliT,
amasTan, TiToeuli nawarmoebi ganixileba misive simbol
uri saxierebis konteqstSi da gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
eTmoba iseT saxeobriv dapirispirebebs, rogoricaa, mag
aliTad, `qariSxali~ da `musika~; gamovlenilia Zalze fa
qizi stilisturi sxvaobebi piesebs Soris da TviT piesebis
farglebSi. ufro gviandel wignebSi SeiniSneba midrekileba
ukiduresobebisadmi. rodesac naiti ganmartavs poupis es
eebs `kritikis Sesaxeb~ da `adamianis Sesaxeb~, is ugulebe
lyofs kiTxvas, Tu ras niSnavda, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT,
im poemebSi gamoTqmuli `ideebi~ poupisTvis da misi Ta
namedroveebisaTvis. garda imisa, rom naiti ver daikvexnis
istoriuli perspeqtivis SegrZnebiT, is amasTanave zed
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metad iWreba `filosofiuri msjelobis~ sferoSi. magram

`filosofia~, romelsac is poulobs SeqspirTan an sxva
poetebTan, arc originaluria, arc naTeli da arc rTuli;
saboloo angariSiT, is ifargleba im mizniT, rom `Searigos~
erTmaneTTan erosi da agape, wyoba-wesrigi da energia, iZ
leva kidev sxva msgavs Sepirispirebul wyvilTa magaliTebs.
vinaidan yvela WeSmariti poeti, arsebiTad, erTsa da imaves
qadagebs, mkiTxvels, mas Semdeg, rac is moaxerxebs poetis
`dekodirebas~, uCndeba amao molodinis da gawbilebis Seg
rZneba. poezia marTlac ganasaxierebs `aRmoCenas~, magram
ra aris is, rasac poezia aRmoaCens?
Aaranakleb Rrmaa da amasTanave gacilebiT mrav
lismTqmelia volgang klementis naSromi Shakespeares Bilder60,
romelic amarTlebs mis qvesaTaurs. MmasSi Seswavlilia
saxismetyvelebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi principebi da
misi funqciebi. Llirikisa Tu epikis saxismetyvelebis Se
darebisas, is xazs usvams Seqspiris piesebis dramatul bu
nebas: Tavis adreul namuSevarSi is aRniSnavs rom Seqspiri
rogorc `adamiani~ ki ar mimarTavda `damyayebuli saWmlis~
metaforebs da saxeebs aramed troilusi. piesaSi TiToeuli
saxe, metafora TiToeul adamians gamoxatavs. Kklemenma zus
tad icis rogor dasvas meTodologiuri SekiTxva. titus
andronikusis analizisas is svams kiTxvas `ra SemTxvevaSi
mimarTavs Seqspiri saxeebs/metaforebs?~ arsebobs Tu ara
kavSiri saxeobrivi struqturasa da garemoebas Soris? Dda ra
funqcia ekisreba metaforebs/saxeebs razedac mas mxolod
uaryofiTi pasuxi aqvs. `titusis~ analizSi saxismetyvele
ba spazmuri da ornamentulia, magram Seqspiriseuli meta
forebis ganviTarebas Cven SeiZleba wavawydeT.... (germanu
li teqsti). is SesaniSnav komentarebs akeTebs Seqspiris Sua
periodze. (uels sankenisa Tanaxmad, saxismetyvelebis ra
dikaluri da eqspansiuri tipebi). Mmagram konkretuli mwer
lis momografaSi is warmogvidgens sakuTar tips, mxolod
maSin rodesac Seqpiris `ganviTarebisas~ es konkretuli
tipi warmoCindeba. Mmiuxedavad imisa rom misi monografia
saxismetyvelebis ganviTarebas Seiswvlis, da aseve Seiswav
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literaturis Teoria

lis Seqspiris Semoqmedebis periodebs, klemens axsovs rom

is aseve swavlobs poeziis periodikas, da ara maincdaminc
avtoris mier ganvlil hipotezur sicocxles.
rogorc zoma leqsTawyobaSi, aseve saxeobrivi struq
tura poemaSi, misi erT-erTi komponentia. Cveni sqemis
Tanaxmad es aris sintaqsis, stilistikisa da stratumisa
(donis) Semadgeneli nawili, romelic unda Seiswavlon ara
rogorc calke aRebuli da gamijnuli konkretuli jgufi
dan, aramed rogorc literatulii nawarmoebisa rogorc
erTiani, mTlianis Semadgeneli komponenti.

308

Tavi meTeqvsmete

naratiuli literaturis buneba da

modusebi
*
literaturis Teoria da romanis kritika poeziis Teo
riasa da kritikas raodenobrivad da xarisxobrivadac bev
rad CamorCeba. amis mizezad, Cveulebriv, miCneulia is, rom
poezia uZveles xanaSi Caisaxa, xolo romani SedarebiT axal
dros ganekuTvneba. magram amgvari ganmarteba damajere
beli araa. romani, rogorc xelovnebis erT-erTi forma
aris is, rasac germanelebi uwodeben Dichtung-s; is eposisa
da dramis, am ori didebuli formis erTaderTi Taname
drove memkvidrea. savaraudod, es mizezi mdgomareobs far
Tod gavrcelebul SexedulebaSi, romlis Tanaxmad romans
ukavSireben ufro garTobas, TavSeqcevas, vidre _ serio
zul xelovnebas, ver asxvaveben erTmaneTisgan saukeTeso
romanebsa da im mdare nacodvilars, romelic bazris viw
ro miznebs emsaxureba. amerikaSi karga xnis winaT dam
kvidrebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelsac pedagogebi
qadageben, aramxatvruli prozis kiTxva Wkuis sasawavle
blad gamodgeba da mosawonia, xolo beletristika _ zia
nis momtani, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, araseriozuli saqmiano
baa. romanis mimarT amgvari damokidebulebis mxardaWera
igrZnoba iseT TvalsaCino kritikosebTan, rogorebic arian
loueli da arnoldi.
arsebobs sapirispiro xasiaTis saSiSroebac. romani
SeiZleba mcdarad iqnes gagebuli, rogorc dokumenti an
naRdi istoria, radganac damajereblobis iluziis Seqmnis
mizniT, zogjer romani moCvenebiTad warmogvidgeba, rogo
rc aRsareba, namdvili ambavi, gmiris cxovreba da misi drois
istoria. literatura yovelTvis unda iyos saintereso; mas
yovelTvis unda hqondes struqtura da esTetikuri mizani;
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literaturis Teoria

unda iyos logikurad Sekruli da STambeWdavi. cxadia, is

aSkarad unda ukavSirdebodes cxovrebas, magram kavSirebic
didad gansxvavebulia: cxovreba SeiZleba iyos gadmocemu
li amaRlebulad, komikurad, antiTezurad; yovelgvar vi
TarebaSi arCevani damokidebulia imaze, ra gansakuTrebu
li cxovrebiseuli movlenis gadmocemaa ganzraxuli. unda
gvqondes araliteraturuli codna, raTa davadginoT, ra
kavSiri aqvs ama Tu im nawarmoebs `cxovrebasTan~.
aristoteles ganmartebiT, poezia (igulisxmeba eposi
da drama) ufro uaxlovdeba filosofias, vidre istorias.
es Sexeduleba, rogorc Cans, dResac samarTliania. arsebobs
droiTa da adgiliT SemosazRvruli faqtobrivi sinamdvile
_ es aris istoriuli sinamdvile viwro gagebiT. arsebobs
filosofiuri sinamdvilec _ konceptualuri, Teoriuli,
ganzogadebuli. `istoriisa~ da filosofiis amgvari gagebis
fonze, warmosaxviTi literatura aris `fiqcia~, sicrue.
sityvaSi `fiqcia~ kvlav SemorCenilia literaturis winaaR
mdeg mimarTuli platoniseuli Zveli gageba, razec filip
sindi da doqtor jonsoni pasuxobdnen, rom literatura
arasodes TvalTmaqcobda, TiTqos amgvari gagebiT iyo rea
listuri1. da mainc, jer kidev aris SemorCenili sicruis
ZvelTaZveli gageba, misi gadmonaSTebi; es, albaT, axlac
gaaRizianebs nebismier gulwrfel romanists, romelsac kar
gad esmis, rom fiqcia gacilebiT ufro Cveulia CvenTvis da
ufro azriania, vidre sinamdvile.
marTebulia uilson folitis SeniSvna imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor aRwers defo misis vilsa da misis bargreivs:
`Txroba damajerebelia, mTlianad moTxrobas Tu ar CavT
vliT. zogadad, nawarmoebis sazrissac verafers dauwuneb.
ambavs hyveba mesame qali, misis bargreivis ganuyreli me
gobari, romelic zustad iseTivea, rogorc danarCeni ori
personaJi...~2
merien muri ambobs, rom poezia niSnavs imis gadmoce
mas, `rac Sesacnobia. warmosaxviT baRnarebSi iq namdvili
gombeSoebic arseboben.~
beletristuli nawarmoebis realoba, e. i. realo
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naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi

bis iluzia, mkiTxvelis rwmena, rom igi ecnoba WeSmarit

cxovrebas, rodi niSnavs, rom nawarmoebSi usaTuod gad
mocemuli unda iyos, pirvel yovelisa, realuri garemo, an
detalebi, anda Cveulebrivi rutina. yvela amgvari standar
tis mixedviT, houelsisa da gotfrid kelerisnair mwerlebs
upiratesoba unda mivaniWoT `oidipos mefis~, `hamletis~ an
`mobi dikis~ avtorTa winaSe. detalis damajerebloba em
saxureba iluziis Seqmnas, rasac xSirad iyeneben dauSvebel
da daujerebel situaciaSi mkiTxvelis Sesatyueblad ise,
rogorc `guliveris mogzaurobaSia~, sadac cxovrebiseul
garemoebebTan SedarebiT, ufro Rrmadaa gadmocemuli `re
alobis WeSmariteba~.
realizmi da naturalizmi dramasa Tu romanSi aris
literaturuli an literaturul-filosofiuri mimdi
nareoba, konvencia, stili, iseve, rogorc romantizmi da
siurealizmi. gansxvaveba arsebobs ara realobasa da warmo
saxvas Soris, aramed realobis koncefciebsa da anu iluzi
is Seqmnis meTodTa Soris.3
ra kavSirSia cxovrebasTan naratiuli literatura?
klasikosebisa da klasicistebis pasuxi iqnebodaa is, rom
mxatvrul prozaSi gadmocemulia tipobrivi, universaluri
xasiaTebi _ Zunwi (molierTan, balzakTan), mamis moRalate
qaliSvilebi (`mefe liri~, `mama gorio~). magram amgvari
klasobrivi koncefcia sociologias xom ar ganekuTvneba?
an iqneb xelovnebis mizania cxovrebis gakeTilSobileba,
misi amaRlebulad warmoCena, gaidealeba? cxadia, arse
bobs xelovnebis amgvari mimarTulebac, magram es mxolod
mimarTulebaa da ara xelovnebis arsi. eWvgareSea, rom
yovelgvari xelovneba gamoxatviTa da metyvelebiT qmnis
esTetikur distancias, aRgviZravs fiqrebs, gangvawyobs
gansjisTvis; Tumca, mxatvrul nawarmoebSi asaxuli ambebi,
romlebic siamovnebas gvaniWebs, albaT, tkivils mogva
yenebda, piradad rom gamogvecada, an Tundac cxovrebaSi
misi mowmeni gavmxdariyaviT. isev unda iTqvas, rom proza
uli nawarmoebi gvTavazobs `SemTxveviT ambavs~ zogadi mo
delisa Tu sindromis an magaliTis sailustraciod. amgvar
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`SemTxveviT ambavs~ uaxlovdeba zogi calkeuli momenti

keTeris moTxrobebSi `polis saqme~ an `moqandakis sikvdi
li~. magram romanisti naklebad aRwers SemTxvevas, SemTxve
viT xasiaTsa da movlenas, igi warmogvidgens mTel samyaros.
yvela didi romanisti qmnis imgvar samyaros, romelic
nawilobriv emTxveva empiriuls, magram gamoirCeva TviTkma
robiT da ganumeoreblobiT. zogjer SeiZleba globusze,
am samyaros gegmac ki movxazoT, magaliTad, Trolopis sa
grafoebi da qalaqebi sakaTedro taZrebiT, hardis ueseqsi;
magram zogjer, rogorc pos SemTxvevaSi, es SeuZlebelia:
pos SiSismomgvreli sasaxleebi germaniasa da virjiniaSi ki
ar aris agebuli, aramed avtoris sulSi. dikensis samyaro
SeiZleba gavaigivoT londonTan, kafkasi _ Zvel praRasTan:
magram orive samyaro imdenad TviTmyofi da originaluria,
rom isini gadadian empiriul samyaroSi, rogorc `dikensis
gmirebi~ da kafkas situaciebi~. ase rom, maTi Sefardeba
sinamdvilesTan azrs kargavs.
esmond makarTi ambobs, rom merediTma, konradma,
henri jeimzma da hardim `didi, kargad gaazrebuli buStebi
gauSves, maTSi is adamianuri arsebani moaTavses, romleb
sac isini aRweren, Tumca, cxadia, realur adamianebs Sesa
mCnevad ki hgvanan, oRond mxolod im samyaroSi SeuZliaT
arseboba~.
warmoidgineT, ambobs makarTi, rom `gmiri gadayvani
lia erTi warmosaxviTi samyarodan meoreSi. peksnifi rom
gadainergos `oqros TasSi~, is gaqreba... romanistis upa
tiebel naklad unda CaiTvalos zogadi atmosferos Se
narCunebis uunaroba~4.
romanistis samyaro, anu kosmosi aris modeli, anu
struqtura, organizmi, romelic Seicavs siuJets, xasi
aTebs, garemocvas, msoflmxedvelobas, `saerTo atmosfe
ros~ _ yvelaferi es warmoadgens imas, rac kritikulad da
dawvrilebiT unda SeviswavloT, roca vcdilobT romani Se
vadaroT cxovrebas an romanistis qmnileba SevafasoT eTi
kuri an socialuri TvalsazrisiT. ama Tu im detalis faq
tobrivi sizustis mixedviT Zneli dasadgenia, asaxavs Tu
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ara romani cxovrebiseul simarTles, anu `realobas~, iseve,

rogorc Znelia, bostonel cenzorTa msgavsad, moraluro
bis dadgena imis mixedviT, gvxvdeba Tu ara romanSi gineba an
RvTis gmoba. saRi kritika mowodebulia Seufardos nawar
moebis warmosaxviTi samyaro Cvens sakuTar realur an warmo
saxul samyaros, romelic, bunebrivia, naklebad mwyobri da
erTiania, vidre romanistis samyaro. Cven siamovnebiT vuwo
debT romanists dids, roca mis samyaroSi, romelic ar aris
ise agebuli rogorc Cveni, magram Seicavs yvela elements,
romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro farTo TvalsazrisiT
ganvixiloT samyaro; an, Tu mwerlis Tvalsazrisi SedarebiT
viwroa, warmodgenil suraTi unda Seicavdes raRac mniS
vnelovans, principuls, xolo RirebulebaTa skala, ierarqia
Rrmad unda iyos gaazrebuli.
termini `samyaro~ sivrcis gamomxatveli cnebaa. magram
naratiul mxatvrul prozaSi umjobesia vixmaroT `ambis~
msgavsi termini, radganac `ambavSi~ Cvens yuradRebas iq
cevs dro da Tanmimdevroba droSi. `ambavi~ momdinareobs
`istoriidan~: amis nimuSia entoni Trolopis `barsetSiris
qronikebi~. literatura droiTi xelovnebaa (mxatvrobisa
da qandakebisgan, anu sivrcobrivi xelovnebisgan gansxvave
biT); Tumca, Tanamedrove poezia (araTxrobiTi poezia)
cdilobs Tavi aaridos amas _ mieces Wvretas, iqces `TviT
arekvlis~ modelad; da, rogorc damajereblad gviCvena
jozef frankma, Tanamedrove romanebSi (`ulise~, `tye
RamiT~, `misis dalouei~) SeimCneva poeturad organizebis,
`TviTarekvlis~ tendencia.5 es niSnavs, rom yuradReba un
da mivaqcioT mniSvnelovan kulturul fenomens: Zvelad
Txroba an ambavi (epossa Tu romanSi) mimdinareobda droSi
_ tradiciulad drois xangrZlivoba eposSi erT wels
Seadgenda. bevr did romanSi adamianebi ibadebian, berdebian
da kvdebian; xasiaTebi viTardeba, icvleba; zogjer SeiZleba
davinaxoT, rom mTeli sazogadoeba icvleba (`forsaitebis
saga~, `omi da mSvidoba~) an ojaxis aRmavloba da dakninebaa
warmoCenili (`budenbrokebi~). romani, tradiciulad, se
riozulad ekideba drois problemas.
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pikareskul romanSi qronologiuri Tanamimdevroba

yvelgan aseTia: axla es moxdeba da mere is. Tavgadasavlebs,
yovel incidents, romelic SeiZleboda damoukidebeli am
bavic yofiliyo, erTmaneTTan akavSirebs gmiris figura.
ufro filosofiur romanSi qronologias emateba mize
zobriobis struqtura. garkveul mizezTa zegavleniT da
drois garkveul monakveTSi gmiris cxovreba an umjobesde
ba, an uaresdeba. guldasmiT mofiqrebul siuJetSi dro
cvlilebebs ganapirobebs: romanis bolos asaxuli situacia
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sawyisi situaciigan.
Txrobisas saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT ambis ganvi
Tareba da ara mxolod misi dasasruli. yovelTvis iyo da
axlac aris mkiTxveli, romelic lamobs winaswar gaigos,
riT `dasrulda~ ambavi; imas, vinc kiTxulobs mecxramete
saukunis romanis mxolod `daskvniT Tavs~, ar ainteresebs
siuJeti, misi ganviTareba droSi, xolo is, rom yvelaferi
raRaciT mTavrdeba, isedac viciT. albaT, arseboben emer
sonis msgavsi filosofosebi da moralistebi, romlebic,
ZiriTadad, romans seriozulad ver aRiqvamen, radganac
moqmedeba, anu moqmedeba droSi, maT ararealurad miaC
niaT. maTi azriT, istorias azri ara aqvs: istoria meordeba,
araferi axali ar xdeba, xolo romani igive istoriaa, oRond
- gamogonili.
oriode sityva unda iTqvas terminze `naratiuli lit
eratura~, romelsac upirispireben dramatul prozas, e. i.
dramas. ambavi, igavi SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos pantomimis
meSveobiT, an mTxroblis mier, romelic epikuri mTqmelis
an axali drois mwerlis saxiT gvevlineba. epikuri poeti
Txrobisas pirvel pirs iyenebs, magram es SeiZleba iyos ni
Rabic, lirikuli gmiris pirveli piri, miltonis msgavsad.
mecxramete saukunis romanisti pirvel pirSi ar werda, ma
gram iyenebda eposis upiratesobas _ komentirebasa da
ganzogadebas, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT `eseisturi~ (liri
kulisgan gansxvavebiT) pirveli piri. amitom naratiuli
literaturis mTavari niSania moculobiToba: dialogebs
(romelTa scenaze dadgmac SeiZleba) enacvleba komentarebi,
romlebSic Sejamebulia asaxuli movlenebi6.
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naratiuli mxatvruli prozis or mTavar saxeobas in

glisSi ewoda romance (romantikuli romani) da novel
(yofiTi, realisturi romani). 1785 wels klara rivi maT Sem
degnairad asxvavebda: `romani~ warmoadgens Tanamedrove
cxovrebisa da adaT-wesebis realur suraTs. `realistur
romanSi~ maRalfardovani da daxvewili eniT aRwerilia is,
rac ar momxdara da, savaraudoa, arc moxdeba~7.
romani realisturia, romantikuli romani _ poetu
ri an epikuri: dRes mas, albaT, `miTurs~ vuwodebdiT. en
redklifi, ser uolter skoti, hoTorni `romantikuli ro
manebis~ avtorebi arian, fani bernei, jein ostini, enToni
Trolopi, jorj gisingi _ realisturi romanebis avtorebi.
es ori polaruli tipi warmoadgens naratiuli prozis gan
viTarebis or gzas. romani ganviTarda aramxatvruli pro
zidan (werili, dRiuri, memuarebi an biografia, matiane an
istoria), anu dokumentebidan. stilisturad masSi ZiriTa
dia e.w. damaxasiaTebeli detali _ `mimezisi~, viwro ga
gebiT. da, piriqiT, romantikulma romanma, romelic eposisa
da Sua saukuneebis rainduli sagmiro eposis, ganmgrZobia,
SeiZleba ugulebelyos detalis damajerebloba (maga
liTad, individualizebuli metyvelebis reproduqcia
dialogSi); is miiswrafvis ufro amaRlebuli realobisken,
ufro Rrma fsiqologiisken. `rodesac mwerali Tavis Tx
zulebas `romantikul romans~ uwodebs, _ wers hoTorni,
_ is uflebas itovebs, Tavisuflad moepyras nawarmoebis
formasa da masalas~... Tu amgvar nawarmoebSi moqmedeba
warsul droSi mimdinareobs, romantikuli romani miznad
ar isaxavs, zedmiwevniT zustad warmoadginos es warsuli
dro. man unda Seqmnas, _ rogorc hoTorni sxva naSromSi
acxadebs, _ erTgvari `poeturi teritoria, sadac realuri
sinamdvilis...asaxva aucilebeli araa~... 8
analizuri kvlevisas romanSi, Cveulebriv, gamoyofen
sam Semadgenel nawils: siuJets, xasiaTebis gamoxatvas da
garemos. es ukanaskneli, ase aSkarad mravalmniSvnelova
ni, zog Tanamedrove TeoriaSi gadaiqca `atmosferod~ an
`saerTo tonad~. cxadia, TiToeuli elementi danarCenis
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ganmsazRvrelia. henri jeimzi Tavis eseSi `prozis xelovne

ba~ svams kiTxvas, `ra aris xasiaTi, Tu ara moqmedebis gansaz
Rvra? ra aris moqmedeba, Tu ara xasiaTis ilustracia?~ (ix.
`eseebi. inglisuridan Targmnes paata da rostom CxeiZeebma.
Tb. `merani~, 1989. gv. 279. redaqtoris SeniSvna).
piesis, moTxrobis an romanis naratiul, anu TxrobiT
struqturas tradiciulad ewodeba `siuJeti~ da albaT, es
termini unda SevinarCunoT, magram is sakmaod farTod unda
gaviazroT, vinaidan siuJeturia Cexovis, floberis, henri
jeimzis qmnilebebi, iseve, rogorc hardis, uilki kolinzis
da pos nawarmoebebi: siuJeti ar unda daviyvanoT Caxlar
Tul intrigamde, godvinis `kaleb uiliamsis~ msgavsad9. unda
ganvasxvavoT siuJetTa tipebi, SedarebiT martivi da ufro
rTuli, `romantikuli~ da `realisturi~ siuJetebi. lite
raturuli gardaqmnebis dros romanisti iZulebuli xdeba,
gaiTvaliswinos siuJetis ori saxeoba, romelTagan erT-erTi
Jamgadasul formas miekuTvneba. `Zowisferi asomTavrulis~
Semdeg hoTornis romanebSi SemoTavazebulia Zveleburi yai
dis idumali siuJetebi, Tumca sinamdvileSi maTi siuJetebi
sxvagvaria, Tavisufali, SedarebiT `realisturi~. Tavis
gviandeli periodis romanebSi dikensi did gamomgoneblur
unars iCens saidumloebiT moculi siuJetebis TxzvaSi, rom
lebic xan SeiZleba Seesatyviseba romanis mniSvnelobis
realur centrs, xan _ ara. `heklberi finis~ bolo mesamedi
aSkarad Camouvardeba danarCens; es, albaT, nakarnaxevi iyo
movaleobis mcdari gagebiT, romelic aiZulebda avtors
usaTuod Seeqmna raRac `siuJeti~, Tumca, WeSmariti siuJeti
ukve warmatebiT iyo Camoyalibebuli _ es gaxlavT miTuri
siuJeti: sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo Cveulebrivi sazogadoe
bidan gandevnili oTxi adamiani erTmaneTs xvdeba da tiviT
micuravs did mdinareze dinebis mimarTulebiT. erT-erT
uZveles da yvelaze universalur siuJetad iTvleba mog
zauroba wyalsa da xmeleTze: `heklberi fini~, `mobi diki~,
`piligrimis gza~, `don kixoti~, `pikvikis klubis Canawere
bi~, `mrisxanebis mtevnebi~. Cveulebriv, amboben, rom yvela
siuJeti Seicavs konfliqts (adamianebi bunebis winaaRmdeg,
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adamianebi sxva adamianebis winaaRmdeg an sakuTari TavTan me

brZoli adamiani). aseT SemTxvevaSi `konfliqti~, iseve, ro
gorc `siuJeti~, ufro farTod unda gaviazroT. konfliqti
`dramatulia~, gulisxmobs daaxloebiT Tanabar ZalTa Se
takebas, varaudobs moqmedebasa da winaaRmdegobis gawevas.
da mainc, arsebobs xazovani `siuJetebi~, dadevneba, gakideba:
`kaleb uiliamsi~, `Zowisferi asomTavruli~, `danaSauli da
sasjeli~, kafkas `procesi~.
siuJeti (an TxrobiTi struqtura) TavisTavad Sedgeba
ufro mcire TxrobiTi struqturebisgan (epizodebisagan,
SemTxvevebisagan). SedarebiT farTo da moculobiTi lite
raturuli struqturebi (tragedia, eposi, romani) ganvi
Tarda istoriulad ufro adreuli rudimentuli formebis
gan, rogorebicaa saxumaro ambavi, andazuri Tqma, anegdoti,
werili. amgvarad, piesisa Tu romanis siuJeti struqturis
struqturaa. rusi formalistebi da formaluri analizis
momxreebi (magaliTad, dibeliusi _ Dibelius), gvTavazo
ben termins `motivi~ (frang., motif, germ., motiv) siuJetis
ZiriTadi elementebis gadmosacemad10. `motivi~, romelsac
amgvarad iyeneben literaturis istorikosebi, nasesxebia
fineli folkloristebisgan, romlebic TavianT SromebSi
ikvleven zRaprebsa da xalxur Tqmulebebs11. damwerlobiTi
literaturaSi amis aSkara nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Sem
TxveviTi gaigiveba (`SemecnebaTa komedia~), axalgazrdisa da
xandazmulis daqorwineba (`ianvari da maisi~), mamis umaduri
Svili (`mefe liri~, `mama gorio~), vaJiSvilis mier mamis Zebna
(`ulise~ da `odisea~)12.
imas, rasac Cven vuwodebT romanis `kompozicias~, ger
manelebi da rusebi uwodeben romanis `motivirebas~. es ter
mini SeiZleba warmatebiT isesxos inglisurmac, radganac
SesaniSnavi sizustiT gamoxatavs im ori mxaris mniSvnelo
bas, romelTagan erTia struqtura anu Txrobis kompozicia,
meore _ qcevis fsiqologiuri, socialuri, filosofiuri
Teoriis Sinagani struqtura _ saboloo angariSiT, kauza
lobis zogierTi Teoria, romelic naTelyofs, ratom iqce
vian adamianebi ise, rogorc iqcevian. ser uolter skoti
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werda: `yvelaze mkveTri sxvaoba realursa da gamogonil

monaTxrobs Soris isaa, rom realur cxovrebaSi movlenebis
Soreuli mizezebi bundovania... xolo meore SemTxvevaSi...
avtoris movaleobaa, axsnas yvelaferi~.13.
kompozicia anu motivireba (farTo gagebiT) moicavs
Txrobis meTods: `mozomilobas~, `nabijebs~ ese igi, sce
nebisa (dramatuli mdgomareobebis) da da asaxvis (uSualo
Txrobis) urTierTmimarTebas (romelic garkveuli xerxe
biT regulirdeba) da, Semdgom, am rTuli mTlianobis mi
marTebas naratiuli reziumesadmi, daskvnisadmi.
motivebsa da xerxebs perioduli xasiaTi aqvs. gotikur
romans _ Tavisi, realistur romans _ Tavisi. dibeliusi
xSirad imeorebs, rom dikensis `realizmi~ araa naturalis
turi romanis realizmi _ esaa `zRapruli~ realizmi, ro
melic iyenebs melodramatuli motivirebebis xerxebs:: kaci
mkvdari rom egonaT, cocxali aRmoCndeba; dgindeba, vin
arian bavSvis namdvili mSoblebi; aRmoCndeba, rom idumali
qvelmoqmedi katorRelia14.
literaturul nawarmoebSi `motivirebam~ unda gaam
Zafros `realobis iluzia~: es aris misi esTetikuri funqcia.
`realisturi~ motivireba xelovnebis xerxia. xelovnebaSi moC
venebiTi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre realuri.
rusi formalistebi ganasxvaveben `fabulas~ (ese
igi, droiT-mizezobriv kavSirs, romelic aris `istoria~
an realuri masala) `siuJetisagan~ (anu Txrobis struq
turisgan). `fabula~ aris yvela motivis jami, xolo `siu
Jeti~ warmoadgens motivTa mxatvrulad mowesrigebul
Tanmimdevrobas (romelic SeiZleba nebismieri iyos). drois
gadanacvlebis magaliTebia: gakvanZva in medias res (`odi
sea~, `barnebi raji~); ambis ukusvlasa da winsvla (folk
neris `abesalom, abesalom!~). folkneris `momakvdavi rom
vesvene~-s siuJeti Sedgeba ambisgan, romelsac rigrigobiT
yvebian ojaxis wevrebi, rodesac dedis cxedars miasveneben
Sors, sasaflaoze. `siuJeti~ aris Sinaarsi, romlis `Txro
bis fokusTan~ Suamavlobs `Tvalsazrisi~. Tu `fabula~,
ase vTqvaT, aris SerCeuli nedli masala (avtoris gamoc
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dilebis, kiTxvis Sedegad mopovebuli da a. S.), `siuJeti~

abstrahirdeba fabulisgan da ufro mkveTrad avlens nara
tiul pozicias15.
fabulis dro aris mTeli periodi, romelic moicavs
ambavs, magram `naratiuli~ (`TxrobiTi~) dro Seesabameba
`siuJets~; es aris wakiTxvis dro, anu `gamocdilebis~ dro;
cxadia, is kontrolirebulia avtoris mier, romelmac Sei
Zleba ramdenime winadadeba dauTmos wlebis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinare movlenebis aRweras, magram cekvisa Tu Cais smis
aRweras ori grZeli Tavi miuZRvnas16.
daxasiaTebis yvelaze martivi formaa saxeldeba.
yovelgvari saxeldebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba per
sonaJis gacocxleba, individualizeba. alegoriuli an kva
zialegoriuli saxeli gaCnda meTvramete saukunis komedia
Si: fildingis oluorTi da Tvekumi, uitvudi, misis mala
propi, ser benjamin bekbaiti. isini gvagoneben jonsonis,
benianis, spenseris da `evrimenis~ gmirebs. kidev ufro dax
vewil movlenad unda CaiTvalos xmabaZviTi, anu onomato
peuri saxelebi, romlebsac Tanabari ostatobiT igonebdnen
iseTi gansxvavebuli romanistebi, rogorebic iyvnen di
kensi da henri jeimzi, balzaki da gogoli: peksnifi, pambl
Cuki, roza dartli (dart; startle), mister da mis merdstounebi
(murder + stony heart). melvilis `aqabi~ da `ismaili~ mowmobs,
rom literaturuli (am SemTxvevaSi, bibliuri) aluzia Sei
Zleba gamoyenebul iqnes daxasiaTebis ekonomiuri formis
funqciiT17.
daxasiaTebis bevrnairi meTodi arsebobs, Zveli ro
manistebi (magaliTad, skoti) erT abzacSi detalurad aR
werdnen mTavar gmirebis garegnobas, meoreSi ki _ xasiaTs.
magram sruli daxasiaTebis es forma SeiZleba dayvanil
erTgvar iarliyamde, romelic win uZRvis gmiris gamoCenas
nawarmoebSi. amgvar iarliys xSirad warmoadgens raime mimi
kuri an plastikuri gamoxatuleba _ saxis manWva, Jesti an
gamoTqma, romlebic _ magaliTad, dikensTan _ meordeba
gmiris yoveli gamoCenisas. esaa gmiris Tanmxlebi emblema.
misis gamiji ganuwyvetliv fiqrobs Tavisi `moxuci qmris~
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Sesaxeb, iuraia hips imeorebs sityvas umble(`mokrZaleba~)

da isress xelebs. hoTorni zogjer zusti emblemis meSveo
biT axasiaTebs zinoubias wiTeli yvaviliT, uestervelts _
kbilis SesaniSnavi proteziT. jeimzis Semoqmedebis bolo
periodis nawarmoebSi `oqros TasSi~ gmirebi erTmaneTs sim
bolurad aRiqvamen.
arsebobs statikuri da dinamikuri (anu ganviTarebadi)
daxasiaTebebi. es ukanaskneli, rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebiT
damaxasiaTebelia iseTi vrceli romanebisTvis, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, `omi da mSvidoba~, xolo dramaSi, romelSic mx
atvruli dro SezRudulia, ganviTarebadi daxasiaTebebis
meTodi naklebad gamoiyeneba. drama (magaliTad ibsenTan)
gviCvenebs gmiris TandaTanobiTi Secvlis process. ro
manebSi aRwerilia TviT cvlilebis procesi. `brtyeli~
daxasiaTebiT, rac, Cveulebriv, `statikurs~ emTxveva, war
modgenilia martooden erTi Tviseba, rogorc ZiriTadi
anu socialurad yvelaze naTlad gamokveTili Tviseba.
SeiZleba es iyos karikatura an abstraqtuli idealizacia.
klasicisturi drama (magaliTad, rasini) mimarTavs am xerxs
mTavari gmirebis dasaxasiaTeblad. `moculobiTi~ daxasia
Teba, iseve, rogorc `dinamikuri~, moiTxovs sivrcesa da
aqcents; `moculobiTi~ daxasiaTeba namdvilad saWiroa
Tvalsazrisisa da miswrafebis gamomxatveli ZiriTadi
gmirebis asaxvisas. aqedan gamomdinare, Cveulebriv, isini
SeTavsebuli arian fonur, meorexarisxovan figurebTan _
`qorosTan~18.
aSkarad arsebobs erTgvari kavSiri daxasiaTebasa (li
teraturuli meTodi) da qaraqterologias (xasiaTis Teo
ria, personaluri tipebi) Soris. arseboben tipuri xasiaTe
bi, rac nawilobriv momdinareobs literaturuli tradici
idan, nawilobriv _ xalxuri gamocdilebidan, maT iyeneben
romanistebi. mecxramete saukunis inglisur da amerikul
prozaSi gvxvdebian Savgvremani mamakacebica da qalebic
(hiTklifi, mister roCesteri, beki Sarpi, megi taliveri, zi
noubia, miriemi, ligea) da qeraTmianebi (magaliTad, qalebi
_ amelia sedli, liusi dini, hilda, prisila, fibi hoTorn
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Tan, ledi rouena _ skotTan. qeraTmiani qali meojaxea,

TavSekavebuli, patiosani da saTno. Savgvremani _ vnebiani,
mZvinvare, saidumloebiT moculi, macduri da daundobe
li. aseTi iyo `anglosaqsuri~ Tvalsazrisi aRmosavleTis,
ebraelTa, espanelTa da italielTa Sesaxeb19.
romanSi, iseve, rogorc dramaSi, mocemulia re
pertuaruli ansamblis msgavsi ram: gmiri mamakaci, gmiri
qali, borotmoqmedi, `saxasiaTo msaxiobebi~ (anu `komikuri
personaJebi~, romlebic ganmuxtaven situacias). gvxvdebian
mozardebi, inJeniuebi (miamitebi) da xandazmuli adamia
nebi (deda, mama, gauTxovari mamida an deida, duenia anu
kompanioni qali, ZiZa). laTinuri tradiciis (igulixmeba
plavte, terenciusi, commedia dellarte, jonsoni, molieri)
dramatul xelovnebaSi gavrcelebulia gansakuTrebiT
niSandoblivi da tradiciuli tipebi, magaliTad, trabaxa
meomari _ miles gloriosus, Zunwi mama, gaiZvera mosamsaxure.
iseTi didi mweralic ki, rogoric iyo dikensi, xSirad iye
nebda meTvramete saukunis dramatul da romanul tipebs
da Taviseburad cvlida maT; dikensma `gamoigona~ mxolod
ori axali tipi _ umweo moxuci da axalgazrda, agreTve _
ocnebiT Sepyrobili an fantaziori (magaliTad, tom pinCi
`martin Cezluitidan~)20.
raoden Rrmadac ar unda hqondes fesvebi gamjdari so
ciologiasa da anTropologiaSi literaturul tipebs _
magaliTad, qeraTmian an Savgvreman qals _ TviT literatu
ra `badebs~ emociur tipebs, romelTac SeiZleba moeZebnos
istoriul-literaturuli winaprebi; sworad am aspeqtSia
ganxiluli sabediswero qali (femme fatale) da bneli satanuri
gmiri mario pracis wignSi `The Romantic Agony~ (`romantiku
li agonia~).21
erTi SexedviT, garemo (aRwera da ara DTxroba) aris
is, rac ganasxvavebs `mxatvrul prozas~ dramisagan. si
namdvileSi garemo literaturuli periodis kategoriaa.
misi detaluri suraTi dramasa da romanSi araa `garemo,
zogadad~, aramed _ romantikuli an realisturi garemoa
(mag., mecxramete saukuneSi). dramaSi garemo SeiZleba moniS
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nuli iyos piesis teqstSi (rogorc SeqspirTan), an speqtak

lis reJisoris miTiTebebSi, romlebic dekoratorisa da
butaforisTvisaa gankuTvnili. zogi `scena~ SeqspirTan
sulac araa miniSnebuli, lokalizebuli22. magram garemos
aRwera romanebSic mniSvnelovanwilad sxvadasxvagvaria.
jein ostini, fildingivisa da smoletivis msgavsad, iS
viaTad aRwers interiersa da eqsteriers. jeimzis adreul
romanebSi, romlebSic balzakis gavlena SeiniSneba, deta
luradaa aRwerili saxlic da landSaftic. gviandeli pe
riodis romanebSi garemos aRweras enacvleba zogadi at
mosferos simboluri asaxva.
romantikuli aRwera miznad isaxavs, Seqmnas garkveuli
ganwyobileba: aseT SemTxvevebSi atmosfero da yovelgvari
efeqtebi iqvemdebareben siuJetsa da xasiaTebs _ amis
magaliTebia en redklifi da po. naturalisturi aRwera
gamoirCeva dokumenturi sizustiT da warmoqmnis obieqtu
ri Txrobis iluzias (defo, svifti, zola).
garemo igive garemocvaa; da garemocva, gansakuT
rebiT, ojaxis interieri SeiZleba gagebul iqnes rogorc
gmiris xasiaTis metonimiuri an metaforuli gamoxatuleba.
adamianis saxli misive anareklia. Tu aRwerT saxls, Tqven
aRwerT TviT am adamians. gulmodgineba, romliTac balzaki
aRwers Zunwi grandes saxls Tu vokes pansions, Seusabamo
sruliadac araa23. es saxlebi gamoxataven maTi mepatronee
bis xasiaTs; am saxlebis atmosfero zemoqmedebas axdens
maTzec, vinc iZulebulia arian maTSi icxovros. amazrzeni
wvrilburJuaziuli pansioni imTaviTve iwvevs rastiniakis,
iseve rogorc votrenis garkveul reaqcias; pansioni Tval
saCinod gviCvenebs gorios dacemis mizezebs da gamudmebiT
upirispirdeba fufunebas, romelic aseve asaxulia balza
kis nawarmoebSi.
garemo SeiZleba adamianis sulieri mdgomareobis
gamoxatuleba iyos. Tu garemo _ bunebaa, masSi aisaxeba ada
mianis ganwyobileba. landSafti sulieri ganwyobaao, ambob
da amieli, romelic kargad icnobda adamianis Sinagan sam
yaros. adamiani da buneba aSkarad urTierTdakavSirebulia,
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yvelaze mZafrad amas grZnobdnen romantikosebi (ara mxo

lod da ara gansakuTrebiT romantikosebi). boboqari, Smagi
gmiri iswrafvis qariSxlisken. uSfoTvel gmirs mzis Suqi
xiblavs.
da kidev, garemo SeiZleba determinanti iyos _ rode
sac garemocva gagebulia, rogorc fizikuri an socialuri
mizezobrioba, rasac individi ver akontrolebs. aseTebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos igdon hiTi tomas hardisTan an zeniti
sinkler luisTan. realurad, amgvari garemo yvelaze ufro
damaxasiaTebelia didi qalaqebisTvis (parizi, londoni,
niu-iorki), romlebic aRwerilia bevr Tanamedrove romanSi.
ambavi SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos werilebis an dRiu
ris saxiT, an emyarebodes anekdots. moTxroba-CarCo is
toriulad warmoadgens xids anekdotsa da romans Soris.
`dekameronSi~ novelebi Tematuradaa dajgufebuli. `ken
terberiul moTxrobebSi~ Temebis (magaliTad, qorwineba)
amgvar dajgufebas emateba daxasiaTeba Txrobis meSveo
biT, rac yovelTvis Seesabameba mTxroblis xasiaTs, agreTve
_ mogzaurTa fsiqologiur da socialur kontaqtebs. iseT
mxatvrul formas, rogoricaa `moTxroba moTxrobaSi~, iy
enebdnen romantikosebic: irvingis `mogzauris naambobi~
da hofmanis `serapionis Zmebi~. gotikuri romani `moxe
tiale melmoTi~ warmoadgens ucnaur, magram ueWvelad
STambeWdav, damoukidebeli ambebisagan Semdgar krebuls,
romelSic Tavisuflad SekavSirebul ambebs mxolod SiSis
atmosfero aerTianebs.
kidev erTi xerxi, romelic amJamad iSviaTad gamoi
yeneba, aris novelis CarTva romanSi (magaliTad, `tom jons
Si~ _ `kaci zRapris gorakze~, `lamazi sulis aRsareba~ _
`vilhelm maisterSi~). rogorc Cans, es xerxi gamoiyeneboda
nawarmoebis CarCoebis gafarToebisa da TxrobisTvis meti
mravalferovnebis miniWebis mizniT. masStaburobisa da
mravalferovnebis gadmocema yvelaze ukeT xelewifebodaT
viqtorianuli epoqis trilogiebs, romlebSic monacvleo
biT viTardeboda erTdroulad ori-sami siuJeturi xazi
(mbrunavi scenis principiT),
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sabolood ki isini erT xazad erTiandeboda; erTsa da

imave nawarmoebSi sxvadasxva siuJeturi xazis Serwyma adre ukve
gamoiyeneboda elisabedis droindel mwerlobaSi da xSirad
brwyinvaledac xorcieldeboda. siuJeturi xazebi viTarde
boda paralelurad (mag., `lirSi~) an erTi maTgani emsaxureboda
meoris `komikur xazgasmas~, an kidev _ parodirebas.
ambis Txroba pirvel pirSi (Ich Erzhlung) iseTi meTo
dia, romelic sagangebod unda ganvixiloT. cxadia, amgvari
mTxrobeli ar unda agverios avtorSi. amgvar Txrobis miza
ni da efeqti sxvadasxvagvaria. zogjer es keTdeboda imisT
vis, raTa mTxrobeli, sxva personaJebTan SedarebiT, nak
lebad gamoyofili yofiliyo (`devid koperfildi~). meore
mxriv, mol flenderss da hek fins centraluri adgili
ukaviaT TavianT `monaTxrobebSi~. `aSerebis saxlis dace
maSi~, pirvel pirSi Txrobisas, po mkiTxvels SesaZleblobas
aZlevs, gaaigivos sakuTari Tavi aSeris megobarTan (ro
melsac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs aSeris bed-iRbalTan) da
masTan erTad ganeridos katastroful finals. `ligeias~,
`berenaisis~, `mamxilebeli gulis~ nervuli da fsiqikurad
aSlili centraluri personaJebi ki Tavad mogviTxroben
TavianT Tavgadasavlebs. Cven ver gavaigivebT sakuTar Tavs
im mTxrobelTan, romlis aRsarebasac vecnobiT; CvenTvis
mniSvnelovania, ras hyveba da rogorc hyveba is.
sainteresoa, ra saSualebebiT icavs ambavi Tavisi
`myofobis~ uflebas. zog nawarmoebs Tavidanve efeqturad
gvacnoben (`otrantos cixe-simagre~, `xraxnis motrialeba~,
`Zowisferi asomTavruli~). avtori da mkiTxveli TiTqos ar
monawileoben ambavSi: ubralod, mavanma a-m mouTxro is b-s,
an a-m gadasca b-s mindobili xelnaweri, sadac aRwerilia g-s
tragikuli cxovreba. posTan, zogjer, pirvel pirSia war
modgenili dramatuli monologi (`amontiliado~), zogjer
ki _ aRsareba, romelic dawera pirovnebam im mtanjveli
fiqrebis mosaSoreblad, mZime tvirTad rom daswolia mis
aforiaqebul suls (`mamxilebeli guli~). xSirad (maga
liTad, `ligeiaSi~) avtoris mizani gaurkvevelia: iqneb
mTxrobeli Tavis Tavs esaubreba? SesaZloa, imis gamo hyve
ba xelmeored Tavis ambavs, rom xelaxla ganicados SiSi?
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naratiuli meTodis centraluri problemaa mwerlis

damokidebuleba sakuTar nawarmoebisadmi. piesaSi avto
ri ar Cans, is piesis miRmaa mimaluli, magram eposSi poeti
hyveba ambavs, rogorc profesionali mTxrobeli. nawarmoe
bis teqstSi gvxvdeba misi axsna-ganmartebebi da sakuTriv
TxrobiT nawilSi (e.i. dialogebs garda, yvelgan) icavs Ta
vis individualur stils.
romanists SeuZlia, aseve, mogviyves ambavi; ufleba
aqvs ganacxados, rasac giambobT, imis arc mowme vyofilvar
da arc monawileo. mas SeuZlia weros mesame pirSi, rogorc
`yovlismcodne avtorma~. es, ueWvelad, Txrobis tradici
uli da `bunebrivi~ wesia. nawarmoebis gverdiT avtori ar
sebobs ise, rogorc leqtori, romelic komentars urTavs
diapozitivebis Cvenebas an dokumentur films.
epikuri Txrobis amgvari Sereuli meTodidan gadax
veva ori mimarTulebiT warimarTeba xolme: pirvel maTgans
SeiZleba ewodos romantikul-ironiuli; masSi ganzrax aris
gazviadebuli mTxroblis roli, sagangebod ganidevneba
yovelgvari iluzia imisa, rom Cven winaSea `cxovreba~ da
ara `xelovneba~; xazgasmulia nawarmoebis literaturu
li xasiaTi. am mimarTulebis fuZemdebelia sterni, gansa
kuTrebiT _ `tristram SendiSi~, misi mimdevaria Jan- pol
rixteri da tiki germaniaSi, veltmani da gogoli ruseTSi.
`tristrams~ SeiZleba ewodos romani romanis daweris Ses
axeb, iseve rogorc Jidis `yalbi fulis mWrelebsa~ da mis
memkvidres, haqslis `kontrapunqts~. Tekereim mravaljer
Seamowma da Seaswora `amaoebis bazari~, mudam imeorebda, es
xasiaTebi Cem mier Seqmnili Tojinebiao. es sityvebi, ueWve
lad, literaturuli ironiis Taviseburi gamoxatulebaa:
literatura gamudmebiT Seaxsenebs sakiTar Tavs, rom is
mxolod da mxolod literaturaa.
romanis meore, sapirispiro mizania `obieqturi~, anu `dra
matuli~ meTodi, romelic dasabuTebuli da xorcSesxmulia
oto ludvigis mier germaniaSi, floberisa da mopasanis mier
safrangeTSi, henri jeimzis mier inglisSi24. am meTodis mim
devrebi _ kritikosebi, mwerlebi _ amtkicebdnen, rom esaa
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erTaderTi mxatvruli meTodi (rac WeSmaritebas ar Seesaba

meba). persi labokma `mxatvruli prozis ostatobaSi~ Cinebulad
ganixila romanis poetika jeimzis mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa da
Teoriuli Sromebis safuZvelze.
umjobesia, am mimarTulebas vuwodoT `obieqturi~,
radganac `dramatuli~ SeiZleba niSnavdes `dialogs~ an
`moqmedebas, saqciels~ (azrebisa da grZnobebis Sinagani sam
yarosgan gansxvavebiT), magram savsebiT naTelia, rom swored
dramam, Teatrma misces biZgi am mimdinareobis ganviTarebas.
oto ludvigma Tavisi Teoriebi, umetesad, dikensis Semoq
medebis safuZvelze Camoayaliba. pantomimisa da metyvele
biTi daxasiaTebis xerxebi dikensma isesxa Zveli, meTvramete
saukunis komediidan da melodramidan. Txrobis nacvlad
dikensis miiswrafvis yovelTvis dialogisa da pantomimis
saSualebiT warmoadginos. is ki ar gviambobs raimes, aramed
gviCvenebs. mogvianebiT romanma bevri ram gadmoiRo ufro
daxvewili Teatraluri formebisgan (magaliTad, jeimzma _
ibsenisagan)25.
obieqturi meTodi ar daiyvaneba dialogze da qcevis aR
weraze (jeimzis `gardatexis asaki~, hemingueis `mkvlelebi~).
es uTuod gamoiwvevda konkurencias prozasa da Teatrs So
ris, da aseT SemTxvevaSi Teatri ufro momgebian poziciaSi
aRmoCndeba. obieqturi meTodis warmateba aixsneba sulieri
cxovrebis asaxviT, risi SesaZleblobac Teatrs ara aqvs. obieq
turi meTodis aucilebeli pirobaa romanidan `yovlismcodne
avtoris~ gaqroba, anu dauswrebloba da sanacvlod, `Tval
sazrisis~ Tanmimdevrulad gamoyeneba. jeimzis da labokis
SexedulebiT, romanSi urTierTs enacvleba `suraTi~ da `dra
ma~: igulisxmeba sulieri da fizikuri cxovrebis suraTebi,
romlebic ganSualebulia ama Tu im personaJis cnobierebiT,
magram es araa `scena~, Tumca Txrobas SeiZleba Seenacvlos
dialogi, xolo mniSvnelovani epizodebisa Tu Sexvedrebis
aRwerisas SeiZleba miTiTebul iqnes mxolod zogierTi de
tali26. `suraTi~ iseTive `obieqturia~, rogorc `drama~,
oRond `suraTSi~ obieqturadaa gadmocemuli specifikuri
subieqturoba, xasiaTebi (madam bovari an streTeri), maSin,
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rodesac `drama~ obieqturad gadmogvcems saubarsa da qcevas.

am Teoriis Tanaxmad, dasaSvebia `Tvalsazrisis~ Senacvleba
(magaliTad, `oqros Tasis~ meore nawilSi princis Tvalsaz
riss enacvleba princesas Tvalsazrisi) im pirobiT, Tu siste
maturoba iqneba uzrunvelyofili. obieqturi meTodisaTvis
dasaSvebia, agreTve, romanSi avtoris mier iseTi personaJis
gamoyeneba, romelic hgavs avtors _ is megobrebs uyveba am
bavs (marlou konradis `iungaSi~) an yvelaferi warmoCenilia
misi cnobierebis meSveobiT (streTeri `elCebSi~); orive Sem
TxvevaSi xazgasmulia is, rom romani icnobierebs Tavis obi
eqturobas. Tu avtori araa `ganzavebuli~ teqstSi, maSin is
an misi Semcvleli personaJi monawileoben nawarmoebSi misi
mdgomareobiTa da statusiT, rogorc _ sxva personaJebi27.
obieqturi meTodi arsebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs gadmo
cemis dros: mkiTxveli da personaJebi erTian droSi cocx
loben. `suraTsa~ da `dramas~ garkveulwilad yovelTvis
unda erTvodes `reziume~ (piesaSi is SeiZleba amgvarad gamoi
yurebodes: `pirvel da meore moqmedebas Soris xuTi dRe
gavida~), magram reziumeTa raodenoba minimaluri unda iyos.
viqtorianuli periodis romanebi, Cveulebriv, mTavrdeboda
TaviT, romelSic mokled gvamcnobda mniSvnelovan personaJ
Ta Semdgomi cxovrebis, qorwinebebisa Tu sikvdilis Sesaxeb;
jeimzma, houelsma da maTma Tanamedroveebma bolo mouRes am
tradicias, romelsac, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, arasrul
fasovnad Tvlidnen. obieqtivisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, mw
eralma winaswar rodi unda gvamcnos, ra moxdeba momavalSi;
man TandaTanobiT unda gaSalos Tavisi daxveuli etrati,
ise, rom mxolod TiTo-TiTo striqoni vixiloT da amgvarad
wavikiTxoT teqsti. ramon fernandezi ganasxvavebs Txrobis
or saxeobas _ erTia recit, anu Txroba imis Sesaxeb, rac ukve
moxda da ris Sesaxebac axla hyvebian eqspoziciisa da aR
weris kanonTa Sesabamisad; meorea sakuTriv romani (novel),
anu Txroba im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic jer kidev xdeba
droSi28.
obieqturi romanis teqnikuri xerxia is, rasac ger
manelebi uwodeben erlebte Rede, frangebi _ ''le style indirect
libre'' (tibode) an ''la monologue interieur'' (diuJardeni). mas Za
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lze miaxloebiT Seesabameba inglisuri termini `cnobierebis

nakadi~, romelic uiliam jeimzidan momdinareobs29. diu
Jardenis gansazRvriT, `Sinagani monologi~ miznad isaxavs,
mkiTxvels uSualod gaacnos personaJis Sinagani cxovreba
avtoris axsna-ganmartebebisa da yovelgvari komentaris ga
reSe~. da `aris yvelaze ufro intimuri fiqrebis gamovlena,
fiqrebisa _ TiTqmis aracnobieris doneze~... `elCebSi~, am
bobs laboki, jeimzi `ar mogviTxrobs streTeris sulieri
ganwyobis Sesaxeb; mwerali Tavad sulier ganwyobilebas
aambobinebs sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, amiT jeimzi aRwevs mis
dramatizebas~30. am xerxTa istoriisa da mTels Tanamedrove
literaturaSi maTi mniSvnelobis Seswavla mxolod axlaxan
daiwyo; isini momdinareobs Seqspiris monologebidan; ster
nisgan, romelmac gamoiyena ideaTa lokiseuli Tavisufali
asociacia da `siRrmiseuli analizidan~, e. i. avtoris mier
gmiris Sinagani samyaros gadmocema _ mesame31.
Cveni mesame debuleba exeboda mxatvruli prozis
`samyaros~ (siuJeti, xasiaTebi, garemo) da umetesad ilus
trirebuli iyo romanebis magaliTze. magram aSkaraa, rom
is gamodgeba agreTve dramisTvisac, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom dramac literaturuli nawarmoebia. meoTxe da bolo de
buleba `metafizikuri Taviseburebebis~ Sesaxeb ganxiluli
iyo mWidro kavSirSi `samyarosTan~, rogorc `cxovrebasTan
mimarTebis an damokidebulebis~, anda samyaros `atmosfe
ros~ ekvivalenti; magram am Tvisebebs davubrundebiT da de
talurad ganvixilavT im TavSi, romelic Sefasebas eZRvneba.

328

Tavi meCvidmete

literaturuli Janrebi
*
ra aris literatura? poemebis, piesebis da romanebis
erToblioba, romlebsac saerTo saxeli aerTianebs? aseTi
nominalisturi pasuxi gasca am kiTxvas Cvens droSi, kerZod,
kroCem.1 es Tvalsazrisi, erTi mxriv, reaqciaa klasikuri av
toritarizmis ukiduresobebze; meore mxriv, is jerovnad
ver afasebs literaturis istoriis faqtebs.
literaturuli Janri araa, ubralod, fiqcia, radgan
esTetikuri pirobiToba, romelic xorcSexmulia nawarmoeb
Si, ayalibebs mis Janrs. literaturuli Janrebi SeiZleba
`ganvixiloT rogorc institucionaluri imperativi, ro
melic gansazRvravs mwerlis maneras da TviTonac ganisaz
Rvreba am maneriT~.2 miltoni, romelic esoden progresuli
iyo politikisa da rwmenis sakiTxebSi, poeziaSi tradicio
nalisti gaxldaT, da, v.p. keris moxdenili gamoTqmiT, `ver
uRalata eposis Janrs~; man Tavadac icoda, `romelia WeSma
ritad epikuri poemis kanonebi, romeli dramatuli poemi
sa, da romeli lirikulis~.3 magram, amasTanave, isic icoda,
rogor unda SeirCes, ganivrcos, anda gadakeTdes klasikuri
forma; icoda, ra gziT SeiZleboda `eneidas~ `gaqristiane
ba~ anda `miltonizeba~, xolo sakuTari cxovrebis Sesaxeb
Txrobisas SeZlo Camoeyalibebina ebrauli legenda sam
sonis Sesaxeb berZnuli tragediis formiT.
literaturuli Janri _ esaa instituti, iseve, ro
gorc institutebia eklesia, universiteti anda saxelmwi
fo. Janri arsebobs, magram ara ise, rogorc arsebobs cxove
li, samlocvelo, biblioTeka an kapitoliumi, aramed _ ro
gorc dawesebuleba. adamians SeuZlia imoqmedos, sakuTari
Tavi gamoxatos arsebuli institutebis meSveobiT, axlebic
Seqmnas, anda maqsimalur warmatebas ise miaRwios, rom ar
329

literaturis Teoria

gaiziaros institutis politika an ritualebi; amas garda,

pirovnebas kidev SeuZlia jer Caebas aseTi institutebis
saqmianobaSi, Semdeg ki gardaqmnas isini.4
Janrebis Teoria aris garkveuli mowesrigebuloba. mi
si meSveobiT SesaZlebelia literaturisa da literaturis
istoriis klasificireba ara droisa da adgilis (periodis
an erovnuli enis) mixedviT, aramed specifikuri literatu
ruli tipebis organizaciisa Tu struqturis Sesabamisad.5
nebismieri kritikuli anda SefasebiTi kvleva (istoriu
lisgan gansxvavebiT), garkveulwilad, operirebs amgvari
struqturebiT. magaliTad, leqsis analizi damokidebulia
gamocdilebaze, sul erTia, iqneba es aRweriTi Tu norma
tiuli gamocdileba (Tumca, rasakvirvelia, pirovnebis war
modgena poeziis Sesaxeb gamudmebiT icvleba, da es xdeba
misi im gamocdilebis safuZvelze, romelic emyareba mis
Sexedulebebs ama Tu im poeturi nawarmoebis Sesaxeb).
xom ar unda vivaraudoT, rom yoveli nawarmoebi romeli
me gansazRvrul Janrs ekuTvnis? ramdenadac viciT, es prob
lema ar wamoWrila arc erT diskusiaSi. Cven rom gvevalebodes
pasuxis gacema bunebrivi samyaros wes-kanonTa analogiurad,
cxadia, dadebiT pasuxs gavcemdiT, radgan adgili yvelas moe
Zebneba gind veSapi iyos da gind _ Ramura; amave dros, Cven
vaRiarebT im arsebaTa realobas, romlebic CaiTvlebian erTi
samyarodan meoreSi gardamaval elementebad. amitom sakiTxi
sxvagvarad unda davsvaT, anu kidev ufro unda davakonkre
toT Cveni kiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom yoveli nawar
moebi sakmaod axlo literaturul kavSirSia sxva nawarmoeb
Tan, imdenad axlos, rom mis Seswavlas exmareba sxva nawar
moebTa kvleva? da Tu asea, rogor gansazRvravs `Canafiqri~
Janrs? miekuTvneba Tu ara iniciativa novatorebs? an, iqneb,
is veteranTa mxriv momdinareobs?6
gansazRvrulia Tu ara Janrebi erTxel da samudamod?
vfiqrobT, rom ara. axali nawarmoebebi afarToeben Janris
sazRvrebs. aba, davakvirdeT `tristram Sendis~ da `ulises
zemoqmedebas romanis Teoriaze. rodesac miltoni werda
`dakargul samoTxes~, misi warmodgeniT, es poema Janruli
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literaturuli HJAanrebi

niSan-Tvisebebis mxriv emTxveoda `iliadasa~ da `eneidas~;

magram Cven umal ganvasxvavebT zepirsityvier eposs lite
raturulisagan da ara aqvs mniSvneloba, miviCnevT `ilia
das~ zepir eposad Tu ara. unda vifiqroT, rom miltoni ar
ecdeboda imis mtkicebas, rom `feriaTa dedofali~ eposi
iyo, Tumc ki dawerili im periodSi, rodesac jer kidev ar
acalkeveben erTmaneTisagan epossa da satrfialo romances, xolo eposis alegoriul personaJs dominanturi roli
ekisreboda; amis miuxedavad, spensers, cxadia, mainc miaCnda,
rom poemas homerosis stiliT werda.
ueWvelia, rom yovelgvari kritikuli midgomis Se
degia axali gvareobrivi rgolis, axali Janruli modelis
aRmoCena: ase magaliTad, empsoni pastoralebad miiCnevs
Semdeg nawarmoebebs: `rogor mogewonebaT~, `samgroSiani
opera~ da `alisa saocrebaTa qveyanaSi~, xolo `Zmebi karama
zovebi~ gatolebulia deteqtiur nawarmoebebTan.
aristotelem da horaciusma safuZveli Cauyares Jan
ris Teorias. swored maT davesesxeT gvarebad (tragedia da
eposi) dayofas. magram, aristotelem ganaxorciela litera
turis ufro fundamenturi dayofac _ dramad, eposad da
lirikad. Tanamedrove literaturuli Teoriebis umeteso
ba ufro saimisod aris momarTuli, rom gaaqarwylos pro
za-poeziis sxvaoba, beletristika (Dichtung) warmoadginos
prozis (romani, moTxroba, eposi), dramis (prozad an leqsad
nawerad) da poeziis (aqcenti keTdeba iseT tipze, romelic
Seesatyviseba antikuri `lirikuli poeziis~ cnebas) saxiT.
vietori samarTlianad gvTavazobs, termini `Janri~
ar gamoviyenoT am sami met-naklebad ZiriTadi kategoriisa
da istoriulad ganviTarebuli saxeobebis (tragedia an ko
media) mimarT;7 am ukanasknelTa mimarT, anu istoriulad
ganviTarebuli saxeobebis SemTxvevaSi, misi azri misaRe
bia. rac Seexeba ZiriTaf kategoriebs, maTi aRsaniSnavi
terminis gansazRvra rTulia da, albaT, arc aris saWiro.8
platonma da aristotelem ukve gamoyves es sami mTavari
kategoria `baZvis saxeobis~ (anu reprezentaciis maneris)
Sesabamisad: lirikuli poezia _ esaa TviT poetis `xma~;
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literaturis Teoria

epikur poeziaSi (anda romanSi) avtori nawilobriv metyve

lebs TviTon, rogorc mTxrobeli, nawilobriv ki uSualod
alaparakebs sakuTar personaJebs (esaa Sereuli narativi):
rac Seexeba dramas, aq poeti imaleba moqmed pirTa miRma.9
araerTxel ucdiaT, eCvenebinaT am sami gvareobrivi
kategoriis fundamenturi buneba, gamoevlinaT, rogor
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan proza, drama da poezia drois
TvalsazrisiT, lingvisturi morfologiis TvalsazrisiT.
msgavsi debulebebi Camoayaliba jer kidev hobsma Tavis
werilSi davenantisadmi; man samyaro dayo samefo karad, qa
laqad, soflad da, Sesabamisad aRmoaCina poeziis Sesatyvisi
sami ZiriTadi tipi: sagmiro (eposi da tragedia), sqomaturi
(satira da komedia), da pastoraluri.10 niWieri ingliseli
kritikosi, e.s. dalasi, romelic icnobda Slegelis da kol
rijis11 kritikul naSromebs, asaxelebs poeziis sam Ziri
Tad tips: esenia `piesa, zRapari, simRera~ da gvTavazobs
ufro germanuli, vidre inglisuri tradiciebis Tanaxmad
SemuSavebul sqemaTa seriebs. dalasis azriT, drama meore
piria, awmyo dro; eposi mesame piria, namyo; xolo lirikuli
poezia mxolobiTi ricxvis pirveli piria, momavali. aRsa
niSnavia, rom jon erskinma, romelmac 1912 wels gamoaqveyna
poeturi `temperamentis ZiriTadi literaturuli ti
pebis interpretaciisadmi miZRvnili naSromi, daaskvna, rom
lirika awmyos gamoxatavs, magram tragediaSi warmoCndeba
adamianis (romlis bedi misi xasiaTidan gamomdinareobs)
mier warsulSi Cadenili codvebis gamosyidva, xolo eposi
_ esaa erebis Tu rasebis xvedri. mcdaria erskinis daskvna
imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom drama gamoxatavs warsuls, xolo
eposi momavals.12
Tavisi formiT da SinaarsiT, erskinis eTikur-fsi
qologiuri interpretacia ramdenadme waagavs rusi for
malistebis cdebs, romlebsac rogorc amas akeTebda ro
man iakobsoni _ surT aCvenon Sesabamisoba enis dafiqsire
bul gramatikul struqturasa, da literaturul saxeobebs
Soris. iakobsoni acxadebs, rom lirikuli poezia `aris
mxolobiTi ricxvis pirveli piri, awmyo dro, maSin rodesac
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eposi warsuli drois mesame piria~ (epikuri mTxroblis

`me mocemul SemTxvevaSi Seesabameba mesame pirs _ dieses
objektivierte Ich)13.
ZiriTadi literaturuli kategoriebis amgvari kvle
vebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, akavSireben maT lingvistur
morfologiasTan, xolo meore mxriv msoflmxedvelobriv
sferoebTan, miuxedavad maTi mimzidvelobisa, iSviaTad
ganapirobebs obieqtur Sedegebs. kvlavindeburad gaur
kvevelia, marTlac fundamenturia Tu ara es sami katego
ria, Tundac Semadgeneli nawilebis sxvagvari kombinirebis
SemTxvevaSi.
erT-erTi sirTule ukavSirdeba im faqts, rom amJamad
drama sxva mdgomareobaSia, vidre eposi (romani) da lirika.
aristotelesTvis da berZnebisaTvis sazogadoebrivi, an
Tundac zepiri Sesruleba ukve niSnavda eposs: homerosis
poezias warmosTqvamda rafsodi, magaliTad, ioni. elegiur
da iambikur poezias akompanements fleita uwevda, xolo me
likur poezias qnari. dResdReobiT, umetes SemTxvevaSi,
mkiTxveli TvaliT kiTxulobs poezias da romanebs.14 mag
ram drama axlac, iseve, rogorc es iyo berZenTa epoqaSi,
warmoadgens Sereul xelovnebas, romlis safuZvels ra
sakvirvelia, mainc literatura warmoadgens, magram amave
dros, is moicavs, agreTve, `speqtakls~, radgan iyenebs msa
xiobTa ostatobas, piesis reJisoris unars, kostiumeris da
eleqtrikosis xelobas.15
Tuki aseTi sirTulis Tavidan asacileblad sa
mive ZiriTad kategorias daviyvanT Cveulebriv lite
raturulobamde, maSin rogor unda ganvasxvavoT erT
maneTisgan piesa da moTxroba? bolo xanebSi amerikuli
moTxroba (mag. hemingueis `mkvlelebi~) cdilobs iyos obi
eqturi da, rogorc piesa-moTxroba _ TiTqmis mTlianad
dialogizebuli. magram rodesac saqme gvaqvs tradiciul
romanTan, masSi, eposis msgavsad, Txrobis garda, Sereulia
kidev dialogi anda uSualo prezentacia; Janris proble
mis sxva mkvlevrebTan erTad, skaligerma umaRles Janrad
aRiara eposi, nawilobriv imis gamo, rom is yvela danar
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Cens moicavs. vinaidan eposi da romani warmoadgenen rTul

formebs, amitom pirveladi saxeobebis dasadgenad unda
`gavaTavisufloT~ maTi Semadgeneli nawilebi da davar
qvaT maT `pirdapiri Txroba~ da `dialogiT mowodebuli
Txroba~ (anu sakiTxavad gankuTvnili drama); am SemTxveva
Si, Cveni sami ZiriTadi elementi iqneba Txroba, dialogi
da simRera. SesaZloa, amgvarad ganwmendili, gamartive
buli saxiT, isini ufro `pirveladia~, vidre, magaliTad,
`aRwera, eqspozicia da Txroba~?16
ganvixileT ra `pirveladi~ formebi, anu poezia,
romani da drama, mivubrundeT maT amosaval saxeobebs:
meTvramete saukunis kritikosi Tomas henkinsi wers, rom
inglisuri dramis nairsaxeobebi iyo `misteria, moralite,
tragedia da komedia~. meTvramete saukuneSi proza warmod
genili iyo romaniT da romance-iT (satrfialo romani). Cve
ni azriT, meore kategoriis jgufebis swored aseT nairsa
xeobebs unda vuwodoT Janrebi.
meCvidmete da meTvramete saukuneebi is xanaa, rode
sac Janrebs seriozulad ganixilavdnen; kritikosebs eWvi
ar SeaqvT Janris cnebaSi, maTTvis Janri _ realobaa.17 is,
rom arsebobs sxvadasxvagvari Janrebi da ar SeiZleba maTi
aRreva, klasicisturi rwmenis dogmati gaxlavT. magram
Tu gadavxedavT klasicistur kritikas, raTa gaverkveT,
rogor gansazRvraven Janrs am kategoriis kritikosebi, ra
meTodiT xelmZRvaneloben, roca undaT ganasxvavon Jan
rebi erTimeorisagan, davrwmundebiT, rom Zalze cota ram
aris maT msjelobaSi Tanmimdevruli da saerTod, raciona
luri gansazRvris saWiroebac ki cudad aqvT gaazrebuli.
magaliTad, bualos kanoni moicavs pastorals, elegias,
odas, epigramas, satiras, tragedias, komedias da eposs;
magram bualo ar gansazRvravs am tipologiis safuZvels
(iqneb imitom, rom, misi azriT, esaa istoriuli tipologia
da ara racionalisturi konstruqcia). riT gansxvavdebian
es Janrebi _ SinaarsiT, struqturiT, saleqso sazomiT,
sididiT, emociuri toniT, Weltanschauung-iT, Tu auditori
iT? amaze pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia. Tumca, bevri klasi
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cistisTvis Janrebis mTeli cneba, TavisTavad, imdenad

aSkaraa, rom gamoricxavs raime problemis arsebobas. hiu
bleri (`ritorika da beletristika~, 1793) ramdenime Tavs
uZRvnis ZiriTad Janrebs, magram maTSi ar moiZebna adgili,
zogadad, JanrTa Teoriis, araa gansazRvruli literatu
ruli klasifikaciis principebi. Janrebis SerCevac araa
dasabuTebuli meTodologiuri an sxva romelime Tvalsaz
risiT. maTi umetesoba kvlav berZnebs ukavSirdeba, Tumca,
es yvelaze ar iTqmis: avtori msjelobs `aRweriT poeziaze~,
romelSic `SeiZleba warmoCndes geniis ukiduresi dinami
kuroba~; aq is ar gulisxmobs `raime konkretul kategorias
anda kompoziciis formas~, Tumca, arsebobda `didaqti
kuri poemis~ iseTi nimuSebi, rogorebicaa De rerum natura
anda `esse adamianze. `aRweriTi poeziidan~ bleri gadadis
`ebraul poeziaze~, romelic, misi azriT, warmoaCens `gar
dasul droTa da pirisagan miwisa aRgvili xalxis gemovne
bas~; amasTan, bleri TiTqos verc amCnevs imas, rom esaa aR
mosavluri poeziis nimuSi, im poeziisa, sruliad rom ar
hgavs gabatonebul berZnul-romaul-frangul tradicias.
Semdgom bleri iwyebs msjelobas imaze, rasac is savsebiT
orTodoqsulad uwodebs `epikuri da dramatuli poeziis
umaRles saxeobebs~; Tumca, ufro marTebuli iqneboda, am
ukanasknelisTvis `tragedia~ ewodebina.
klasicisturi Teoria ar ganmartavs, ar aviTarebs da arc
icavs Janrebis doqtrinas, aseTivea misi damokidebuleba lite
raturis diferenciaciis safuZvlis mimarT. misi yuradRebis
centrSia iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa Janris siwminde, misi
arsebobis xangrZlivoba da axali Janrebis gamovlena.
vinaidan istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, klasicizmi iyo
avtoritarizmisa da racionalizmis narevi, is konserva
tiulobas iCenda lieraturuli klasifikaciis sakiTxebis
ganxilvisas. klasicisturi Sexedulebebi umeteswilad
emyareboda antikur esTetikas da, ZiriTadad, exeboda poe
turi Janrebis klasifikacias. magram ukve bualo aRiarebs
sonets da madrigals, xolo jonsoni xotbas asxams denhems,
romelmac Tavis nawarmoebSi - `kuperis mTa~, Semoitana `poe
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ziis axali sistema~, ` poezia, romelsac SeiZleba ewodos re

gionaluri~; mas, agreTve, miaCnia, rom tomsonis `weliwadis
droni~ aris `axali tipis poezia~ da rom aq `msjelobisa da
azrebis gamoxatvis manera originalurobiT gamoirCeva~.
klasikuri franguli tragediis momxreebi qadagebd
nen Janris siwmindes da upirispirebdnen mas elisabedis
xanis tragediebs, sadac daSvebuli iyo komikuri scenebi
(mesaflaveni `hamletSi~, mTvrali msaxuri `makbetSi~). esaa
horaciusiseuli Tvalsazrisis `mimdevari~ Teoria, Tu is
dogmaturia, xolo rodesac masSi gaismis mowodeba gamoc
dilebisa da ganaTlebuli hedonizmisaken, maSin is aris
toteleseuli Sexedulebis damadasturebel doqtrinas
warmoadgens. arsitoteles sityvebiT, `tragediam unda
gamoiwvios ara SemTxveviTi siamovneba, aramed siamovneba,
romelic Seesabameba mas.~18
Janrebis ierarqia nawilobriv ganisazRvreba hedo
nisturi TvalsazrisiT: magram klasikur nimuSebSi nawar
moebiT gamowveuli siamovneba ar unda gaviazroT raode
nobrivad, anu emociis intensivobis mxriv an mkiTxvelTa Tu
msmenelTa raodenobis TvalsazrisiT; ierarqiuli struq
turis principi erTdroulad ganisazRvreba ramdenime faq
toriT. esenia: socialuri, moraluri, esTetikuri, hedo
nisturi da tradiciuli faqtorebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia
literaturuli nawarmoebis zomac: mcire Janrebi, magali
Tad, soneti an oda, ver gautoldeba eposs anda tragedias.
miltonis `mcire zomis~ leqsebi ganekuTvneba dabal Jan
rebs (soneti, kancona Tu maska); misi `umTavresi~ nawarmoe
bebidan erTi `WeSmariti~ tragediaa, ori ki _ epikuri poe
mebi. raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, am ori `maRali~ Janri
dan `umaRlesia~ eposi. amasTan, yoymanis Semdeg da sakuTari
Sexedulebebis sapirispirod, aristotelem pirveli adgi
li miakuTvna tragedias. aRorZinebis xanis kritikosebma
meti Tanmimdevruloba gamoiCines, da upiratesoba eposs
mianiWes. klasicizmis epoqaSi es sakiTxi kvlav sakamaTod
rCeboda, Tumca, hobsi, draideni da bleri aRiarebdnen, rom
eposic da tragediac umaRles Janrebad unda CaiTvalos.
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axla ganvixiloT sxva literaturuli nawarmoebebi,

romlebic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan mxolod strofuli
formiT da saleqso sazomiT. rogor unda movaxerxoT sone
tis, rondos an baladis klasifikacia? ras warmoadgenen
isini Janrebs, Tu qveJanrebs? ukanasknel xanebSi frangi
da germaneli mwerlebi maT `fiqsirebul formebad~ moix
senieben da ar miakuTvneben Janrebs. amis miuxedavad,
vietori uSvebs gamonakliss, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sone
tisTvis mainc; Cveni azriT, gamarTlebuli iqneboda meti
gamonaklisis daSveba. magram aq ukve terminologiidan
gadavdivarT kriteriumis definiciaze: arsebobs Tu ara,
saerTod, iseTi Janri, romelsac uwodeben `oqtosilabur
leqss~, anda `dipodiur leqss~? Cven mzad varT, dadebiTad
vupasuxoT am kiTxvas, da ai, ratom: Tu meTvramete sauku
nis inglisur poeziaSi gvxvdeba `oqtavebi~, xolo meoce
saukunis dasawyisSi _ `dipodiebi~ da, amasTan, es orive
sazomi daaxasiaTebeli araa inglisuri poeziisTvis misi
iamburi pentametriT, es niSnavs, rom oqtavebiT da dipo
diebiT dawerili leqsebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi intonaciiTa
da eTosiT19 saqme ara gvaqvs ubralod klasifikaciasTan
metris safuZvelze aramed gacilebiT ufro mravalmniS
vnelovan faqtTan, romelsac aqvs rogorc `Sinagani~, aseve
`garegnuli~ forma.
amitom Janrad unda miviCnioT literaturul na
warmoebTa jgufi, romlebSic Teoriulad vlindeba ro
gorc garegnuli (specifikuri metri an struqtura), aseve
- Sinagani (ganwyobileba, toni, Canafiqri anu Tema da au
ditoria) forma. sakmaris safuZvlad SeiZleba gamodges er
Tic da meorec (Sinagani formisTvis pastorali da satira,
xolo garegnuli formisTvis dipodiuri leqsi anda pin
daruli oda); magram aseT SemTxvevaSi kritikis amocanad
unda miviCnioT sxva ganzomilebis moZebna da sqemisTvis
meti dasrulebulobis miniWeba.
zogjer garegnuli an Sinagani cvlilebebi ganapirobebs
axali Janruli kategoriebis warmoSobas: inglisur (iseve
rogorc berZnul an romaul) poeziaSi, `elegia iwereboda
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elegiuri strofiT an distiqiT; amis miuxedavad, antikuri

epoqis mwerlebi Tavs ar izRudavdnen micvalebulTa dati
rebiT, ase ar iqceodnen arc greis winamorbedebi hamondi
da Sekstouni. magram greim dawera Tavisi `elegia~ sagmiro
katreniT, da ara kupletebiT, ris Semdegac inglisur mwer
lobaSi elegia aRar warmoadgens intimur Janrs, dawerils
Sinaarsobrivad dasrulebuli kupletebiT.
Cveulebriv, ukanaskneli epoqa, romelsac ukavSireben
JanrTa istorias, esaa meTvramete saukune, radgan momdev
no periodebSi Janruli kategoriebi aRar gamoirCeva mka
fio struqturiT, Janruli modelebi umeteswilad iSleba.
amgvari Tvalsazrisi gamoTqmulia frangul da germanul
enebze Seqmnil gamokvlevebSi, romlebic eZRvneba Janris
problemebs. maTSi miTiTebulia isic, rom 1840-1940 wlebi,
literaturuli TvalsazrisiT, anomalias warmoadgens da
rom momavalSi ueWvelad unda davubrundeT iseT mwerlo
bas, romelic Janruli xasiaTisa iqneba.
amis miuxedavad, marTebuli iqneba ganvacxadoT, rom
mecxramete saukuneSi Janrebis koncefciam ganicada erT
gvari cvlilebebi, Tumca ver vityviT, rom es cneba saerTod
qreba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, praqtikulad Janrebi verafriT
gaqreboda). auditoriis SesamCnev zrdasTan erTad, mecx
ramete saukuneSi Janrebis ricxvmac imata, xolo gaiafebul
beWdvas is mohyva, rom es Janrebi xanmokle aRmoCnda an ufro
swrafad icvleboda. mecxramete saukuneSi da Cvens droSic
`Janris~ mdgomareoba iseve garTulda, rogorc es daemarTa
`periodis~ cnebas. Cven mowmeni varT, ra swrafad icvleba
literaturuli moda; Zveli naxevarsaukunovani ritmis nacv
lad, dResdReobiT literaturuli Taobebi aT weliwadSi
erTxel icvleba, ris magaliTadac gamodgeba amerikuli
poezia, verlibris xana, eliotis xana, odenis xana. amasTan,
SesaZlebelia, rom momavali kritikosebis azriT, sxvadasx
vagvari Tanamedrove mimdinareobebi saerTo mimarTulebisa
da Tvisebebis mqone aRmoCndes (iseve, rogorc axla inglisel
romantikosebad miviCnevT yvelas erTad bairons, uords
vorTs da Selis).20
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Janris ra magaliTebs iZleva mecxramete saukune? van

tigemi da masTan erTad sxvebi, mudam axseneben istoriul
romans.21 maSin ra SeiZleba iTqvas `politikur romanze~
(rac m.e. spiris monografiis Temaa)? da Tu arsebobs poli
tikuri romani, maSin xom unda vaRiaroT arsebobac sa
suliero romanisa, romelic moicavs komfton makenzis
`robert elszmirs~ da `sakurTxevlis safexurebs~, `barC
esteris koSkTan~ da `seilemis samlocvelosTan~ erTad?
magram politikur da sasuliero romans aerTianebs mxo
lod Sinaarsi, rac wminda sociologiur klasifikacia
ze metyvelebs. am xazs Cven SegviZlia gauTaveblad mivs
dioT: gavixsenoT romani oqsfordis moZraobis Sesaxeb,
maswavlebelTa aRwera mecxramete saukunis romanSi, mez
Rvaurebi mecxramete saukunis romanSi da romanebi zR
vis Sesaxeb. riT gamoirCeva istoriuli romani? ara marto
imiT, rom misi Tema naklebad aris SezRuduli (anu ganxil
vis sagani SeiZleba iyos mTlianad warsuli da ara mxolod
misi raRac nawili), aramed imiTac, rom istoriuli romani
ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba romantizms da nacionalizms _
warsuli masSi aisaxeba axleburi damokidebulebis safuZ
velze. Janris kidev ufro TvalsaCino nimuSia gotikuri
romani, romelsac meTvramete saukuneSi safuZveli daudo
`otrantos sasaxlem~ da romelic dRemde cocxlobs. es
aris prozauli Txrobis Janri, am sityvis sruli mniSvne
lobiT: is moicavs nawarmoebebs, romlebsac aerTianebs
ara marto gansazRvruli Sinaarsi Tu Tematika, aramed _
formaluri xerxebis da saSualebebis mTeli wyebac (aR
weriTi aqsesuaruli da naratiuli, mag., dangreuli cixedarbazebi, Sua saukuneebis kaTolikuri tradiciis saSine
lebebi, idumali portretebi, saidumlo talanebi, sadac
SeiZleba SeaRwio karis moZravi panelebis gavliT, motace
bebi, msxverplis Cakirva kedelSi, devna udabur tyeSi). amas
garda, arsebobs kidev Kunstwollen, esTetikuri mizanswrafva,
rom mkiTxvels gauCndes siamovnebis momgvreli SiSi da (go
tikuri romanebis avtorebi, albaT, ityodnen, `TanagrZnoba
da SiSio~).22
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saerTod, Cveni warmodgena Janris Sesaxeb gacile

biT metadaa gansazRvruli garegnuli formiT, vidre _ Si
naganiT. amitom Janrad CaiTvleba ufro oqtaviT dawerili
`hudibrasi~ da soneti, vidre politikuri romani an romani
muSebis Sesaxeb: aq vgulisxmobT `literaturul~ Janrebs
da ara klasifikacias Sinaarsis mixedviT, romelic SeiZleba
miesadagos aramxatvrul prozasac. aristoteles `poetika~,
sadac poeziis ZiriTad gvarebad eposi, drama da liriku
li (melikuri) poezia moixsenieba, iTvaliswinebs, agreTve,
gamoxatvis saSualebaTa optimalur Sesabamisobas TiToeuli
maTganisadmi: drama imitom iqmneba iamburi leqsiT, rom is
yvelaze ufro axlosaa sasaubro metyvelebasTan, xolo eposi
moiTxovs daqtilur hegzametrs, romelic sruliad ar waaga
vs amgvar metyvelebas: `Tu vinme gadawyvets daweros epikuri
poema raime sxva sazomiT, anda ramdenime sazomiT, es Seusaba
mo iqneba, radgan sagmiro metri yvelaze ufro didebuli da
maRalfardovania, amitom is yvelaze ufro advilad iTvisebs
nasesxeb sityvebs, metaforebs Tu ornamentebs..~23
`formis~ momdevno done `metrisa~ da `strofis~ Semd
gom, `kompozicia~ unda iyos (mag., siuJetis organizaciis
gansakuTrebuli tipi): sxvadasxvagvari kompoziciuri xer
xebis gamoyenebiT tradiciulad (igulisxmeba Zveli berZnu
li tragedia) ganisazRvreba gansxvaveba epossa da tragedias
Soris (dawyebuli in medias res-iT, tragediis `peripetiiT~
da erTobebis principiT). magram `klasikur xerxTagan~ yve
la rodia struqturuli: sabrZolo scenebi da saiqioSi
Casvla axasiaTebs nawarmoebs misi Sinaarsis an Temis Tval
sazrisiT. meTvramete saukunis Semdgom mwerlobaSi Znelia
am donis lokalizacia, `kargad gakeTebuli piesebis~ da de
teqtiuri romanis garda (mkvlelobis saidumloTi), sadac
kompoziciuri xerxi TviT siuJetis safuZvels warmoadgens.
magram moTxrobis Cexoviseul tradiciaSic arsebobs orga
nizacia, struqtura, Tumca is ufro `Tavisufalia~, vidre
pos an o.henris nawarmoebebSi.24
Janris TeoriiT dainteresebulma mecnierebma unda
gaiTvaliswinon, rom `klasicisturi~ midgoma gansxvavdeba
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Tanamedrove midgomisgan. klasicisturi Teoria maregu

lirebeli da direqtiulia, magram misi `wesebi~ ar unda
CavTvaloT uazro avtoritarizmad, rasac mas jer kidev
miaweren. klasicisturi Teoria aRiarebs, rom Janrebi erT
maneTisagan gansxvavdebian rogorc TavianTi bunebiT, ise
asaxvis sagnis mixedviT; amasTan, dauSvebelia Janrebis aR
reva. es aris `Janris siwmindis~ anu `genre tranche~-is cnobili
doqtrina.25 miuxedavad imisa, rom ar ganxorcielebula am
doqtrinis Tanamimdevruli gaazreba, man mainc wamoayena
garkveuli esTetikuri principi (ise, rom ar Semoifargla
mxolod kasturi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis gamoyofiT): es
iyo mowodeba, rom mkacrad yofiliyo daculi intonacia,
stilis siwminde da `sisadave~, erTiani emociuri wyoba
(magaliTad, saSineli da sasacilo), siuJeturi da Tematuri
erTianoba. es doqtrina iTvaliswinebda agreTve Janruli
saSualebebis SeuTavseblobas _ xelovnebis yovel saxeo
bas aqvs Tavisi SesaZleblobani da sakuTari saSualebebi:
ratom unda eswrafvodes poezia `ferwerulobas~ an `musi
kalobas~, anda ratom unda movTxovoT musikas, rom aRweri
Ti an scenuri iyos? `esTetikuri siwmindis~ principis gaT
valiswinebiT, simfonia ufro `wminda~ aRmoCndeba, vidre
opera an oratoria (romlebSic gamoiyeneba gundic iyos
da orkestric), simebiani kvarteti ki _ kidev ufro wminda
(vinaidan is ifargleba mxolod erT saorkestro ansambliT
da ar iyenebs xis instrumentebs, spilenZis sasule instru
mentebs da dasartyam instrumentebs).
klasicizmis Teorias hqonda agreTve Tavisi Janrebis
socialuri diferenciacia. eposi da tragedia asaxavda me
fisa da Tavadaznaurobis cxovrebas, komedia saSualo
klasis (qalaqelebis, burJuaziis) yofas, xolo satirisa da
farsis personaJebi iyvnen mdabioni. moqmed pirebs Soris
aseTi mkveTri sxvaoba Seesatyviseba yovel tips. aqedan ga
momdinareobs moqmed pirTa ganawileba dramaSi maTi ran
gis mixedviT, rac `dekorumis~ doqtriniT iyo nakarnaxevi,
agreTve _ metyvelebiTi daxasiaTebis stilisturi saxe
sxvaobebi: stili da metyveleba iyofa maRal, Sualedur
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da dabal doneebad.26 mas agreTve hqonda sakuTari kate

goriebis ierarqia, romlis elementebs warmoadgenda ara
ubralod moqmed pirTa rangi da nawarmoebis stili, aramed
_ nawarmoebis zoma an moculoba (Canafiqris ufro sru
lad ganxorcielebis unari), agreTve _ gadasawyveti prob
lemebis mniSvneloba.
`genealogiis~ (ase uwodebs van tigemi Cvens kvlevas)27
Tanamedrove momxre namdvilad moindomebs, rom Seiswav
los Janrebis klasicisturi doqtrina, Semdeg ki igrZnobs
mis garkveul araTanmimdevrulobas (esTetikis Tvalsazri
siT). am araTanmimdevrulobis mizezebi Cven nawilobriv
ganvmarteT Janrebis `siwmindis~ Sesaxeb saubrisas. magram
`genealogiis~ principi ar daiyvaneba erT romelime tradi
ciaze an doqtrinaze. klasicizmisTvis miuRebeli iyo sxva
esTetikuri sistemebi, Janrebi da formebi. nacvlad imisa,
rom eRiarebina gotikuri kaTedrali rogorc berZnul ta
ZarTan SedarebiT ufro rTuli `forma~, igi masSi mxolod
uformobas xedavda. igive vrceldebaunda iTqvas Janrebis
Sesaxeb. yovel `kulturas~ aqvs Tavisi Janrebi, iqneba es Ci
nuri, arabuli Tu irlandiuri kulturebi; arsebobs pri
mitiuli zepirsityvieri `Janrebi~. Sua saukuneebis mwer
lobam warmoSva uamravi Janri.28 amitom ver vityviT, rom
marTebulia mxolod berZnul-romauli klasifikacia. arc
imis saWiroebaa, rom davicvaT Tavisi berZnul-romauli
formiT Janris siwmindis doqtrina, romelic miesadageba
esTetikuri xedvis mxolod erT tips.
Janris Tanamedrove Teoria aSkarad aRweriTia. is ar
zRudavs SesaZlebeli kategoriebis raodenobas, da arc we
sebs karnaxobs avtorebs. es Teoria aRiarebs, rom dasaSvebia
tradiciuli Janrebis `Sereva~ da axali tipis (tragikome
diis msgavsad) Seqmna, agreTve _ Janrebis ageba iseT safuZ
velze, romelic moicavs rogorc `urTierTgamdidrebas~,
ise `siwmindes~ (Janri iwarmoeba ara marto danawevrebiT,
aramed _ SeerTebiTac). nacvlad imisa, rom aqcenti gakeT
des Janrebs Soris gansxvavebaze da maTi saerTo mniSvnelis
ZiebiT (romantikosTa im gancxadebis sapirispirod, romlis
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Tanaxmad, yoveli `originaluri geniosi~ da Semoqmedebis

yoveli produqti unikaluria).
siamovneba, romelsac adamians aniWebs literaturu
li nawarmoebi, ganpirobebulia siaxliT da, imavdroulad,
nacnobi elementebis amocnobiT. musikaSi sonatis forma da
fuga warmoadgenen aSkarad amosacnob formebs; deteqtiu
ri fabulis mqone nawarmoebSi intriga TandaTanobiT iZa
beba, samxilebi erT wertilSi ikvreba (rogorc es xdeba
`oidiposSi~). mTlianad nacnobi da ganmeorebadi saxe mosa
bezrebelia; sruliad axali romanis forma iqneba gaugebari
da warmoudgenelic ki. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Janri warmoad
gens esTetikur xerxTa jams, romlebic xelmisawvdomia
mwerlisTvis da cnobilia mkiTxvelisTvis. kargi mwerali
iTvaliswinebs Janris moTxovnebs, Tan nawilobriv afar
Toebs Janris sazRvrebs. saboloo angariSiT, didi mwer
lebi (Seqspiri da rasini, molieri da jonsoni, dikensi da
dostoevski) ar qmnian axal Janrebs: isini iyenebdnen sxvaTa
Seqmnil formebs.
Janrebis Seswavla Rirebulia Tundac imitom, rom yu
radRebas amaxvilebs literaturis Sinagan ganviTarebaze,
rasac henri uelsma `literaturuli genetika~ uwoda
(`axali da Zveli poetebi~, 1940). raoden mniSvnelovanic
unda iyos gareSe garemoebaTa zemoqmedeba literaturaze,
wignebi ganicdian, pirvel yovlisa, sxva wignebis gavlenas;
wignebSi xdeba sxva wignebis imitacia, parodia da trans
formireba da es araa ganpirobebuli, ubralod, qronolo
giuri siaxloviT. Tanamedrove Janrebis gansazRvrisTvis
sjobs ganvixiloT yvelaze gavleniani avtorebi da wignebi:
elioti da odeni, prusti da kafka.
Janris TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT, gvinda SevexoT ram
denime mniSvnelovan problemas, romlebic jer kidev araa
gadaWrili. aseTia zepirsityvieri literaturis primi
tiuli Janrebis (anu folkloris) mimarTeba mwignobruli
literaturis JanrebTan. erT-erTi rusi formalisti,
Sklovski, miiCnevs, rom xelovnebis axali formebi sxva
araferia, Tu ara `dabali (anu subliteraturuli) Janrebis
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ubralo kanonizacia~. dostoevskis nawarmoebebi warmoad

gen gandidebul deteqtiur romanebs, romans sensation,
`puSkinis lirikuli leqsebi momdinareobs saalbomo leqse
bidan, blokisa boSaTa simRerebidan, xolo maiakovskisa
sagazeTo-karikaturuli poeziidan~.29 bertold brehti,
aseve odeni Sesabamisad, germanulad da inglisurad sa
gangebod cdilobdnen, gadaeqciaT popularuli poezia se
riozul literaturad. garkveul Tvalsazrisad, SeiZleba
miviCnioT, rom literaturas aucileblad sWirdeba mud
mivi TviTganaxleba misi erTgvari `rebarbarizaciis~ meS
veobiT.30 andre Jolis TvalsazrisiT, rTuli literatu
ruli formebi viTardeba ufro martivi formebidan. Joles
miaCnia, rom legenda, saga, miTi, andaza, SemTxveva, zRapari,
xumroba warmoadgenen im primitiul elementarul Janrebs,
romlebic yvela rTuli Janris safuZveli Zevs.31 romanis is
toria amgvari ganviTarebis magaliTia: `pamelas, `tom jon
sis da `tristram Sendis `momwifebuli~ formebi emyareba
`einfache Formen~-s: werilebs, dRiurs, mogzaurobis aRweras
(anda `warmosaxul mogzaurobas~), memuarebs, meCvidmete
saukunis `daxasiaTebebs~, agreTve _ sasceno komedias,
eposs da saTavgadasavlo romans.
meore sakiTxia Janruli ganviTarebis uwyvetoba. cno
bilia, rom brunetierma daTvuri samsaxuri gauwia `genealo
gias~ Tavisi kvazibiologiuri `evoluciuri~ TeoriiT. man
gamoitana metad moulodneli daskvna, rom meCvidmete sau
kunis oratorulma xelovnebam uSualo zegavlena moaxdina
(qronologiuri siSoris miuxedavad) mecxramete saukunis
lirikul poeziaze.32 es daskvna (paralelad gamodgeba is kav
Siri, romelic, van tigemis SexedulebiT, arsebobs homerosis
epossa da uolter skotis `ueverlis~ Soris, Sua saukunee
bis galeqsil romansa da Tanamedrove fsiqologiur romans
Soris, drosa da sivrceSi daSorebul nawarmoebebs Soris)
efuZneba analogias avtorisa da mkiTxvelis mdgomareobasTan
romlebic yovelTvis rodi arian Tanamedroveni (`quelques
tendances premordiales~). magram van tigemi aRniSnavs amgvari ana
logiebis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb, radgan, misi azriT, Sedareba
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ar xorcieldeba `literaturuli Janrebis CarCoebSi, am sity

vis zusti mniSvnelobiT~ - `les genres litteraires proprement dits~.33
cxadia, Janruli ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrulobis gamovlena
SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod maSin, rodesac mis yovel etapze
dasabuTebuli iqneba Janrisadmi `erTguleba~. warmoadgens
Tu ara tragedia erT Janrs? Cven vaRiarebT, rom tragedias
aqvs periodebi da erovnuli formebi: berZnuli tragedia,
elisabedis xanis, klasikuri franguli da mecxramete sau
kunis germanuli tragedia. rogor aRviqvaT isini? rogorc
mravali calkeuli Janri Tu, rogorc erTi Janris tipebi
da nairsaxeobebi? rogorc Cans, pasuxi, nawilobriv mainc,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras SevarCevT amosaval principad
_ klasikuri elinuri xanis formalur memkvidreobiTo
bas Tu Sinaarsis ideur Taviseburebas. mecxramete saukunis
literaturis ganxilvisas kidev ufro Znelia pasuxis gacema
am kiTxvaze: ra SeiZleba vTqvaT Cexovis `alublis baRze~ da
`Toliaze~, anda ibsenis `moCvenebebze~, `rosmersholmze~,
`mSenebel solnesze~? unda miviCnioT Tu ara isini trage
diebad? gamoxatvis saSualeba Seicvala da leqsidan prozaze
gadainacvla; aseve Seicvala `tragikuli gmiris~ cneba.
am kiTxvebs mivyavarT im sakiTxTan, romelic exeba
Janris istoriis xasiaTs. erTi mxriv, davoben imaze, rom
SeuZlebelia kritikuli istoriis Seqmna (radgan Seqspiris
tragediebis normad aRiareba imas niSnavs, rom saTanadod
ver SevafasebT ZvelberZnul da frangul tragediebs),
xolo, meore mxriv, istoria, romelsac ara aqvs istoriis
filosofia, ubralo qronikad darCeba.34 orive pozicia
Taviseburad samarTliania. pasuxad is gveguleba, rom
elisabedis xanis tragediis istoria unda iwerebodes ro
gorc Seqspirisken mimarTuli ganviTareba da misgan daw
yebuli daRmasvla; magram tragediis istoria valdebulia
gamoiyenos ormagi meTodi: SeimuSavos tragediis zogadi
gansazRvra (saerTo mniSvnelis Ziebis meTodi) da, meore
mxriv, gamoavlinos qronologiuri kavSirebi tragediuli
Janris erT skolasa da mogvianebiT Camoyalibebul meore
skolas Soris erTi qveynisa da erTi literaturuli mimar
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Tulebis farglebSi; amgvarad warmodgenili Janris isto

ria warmoadgens agreTve literaturuli procesis perio
dizaciis kritikul gadaazrebas (mag., franguli tragedia
Jodelidan rasinamde da rasinidan volteramde).
aSkaraa, rom Janris Tema win swevs literaturis isto
riis, literaturuli kritikisa da maTi urTierTkavSirebis
centralur sakiTxebs. igi gansakuTrebul literaturul
konteqstSi svams im filosofiur sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa
zogadisa da individualuris, erTeulisa da mravlobiTis
urTierTmimarTeba, universaliebis arsi.

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Sefaseba
*
mizanSewonilia, erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT termi
nebi `dafaseba~ da `Sefaseba~. istoriis mTel manZilze
kacobriobam icoda zepirsityvieri da mwignobruli li
teraturis fasi, didad iyo misiT dainteresebuli da
dadebiTad moixseniebda. magram kritikosebma da filo
sofosebma, romlebsac marTebT, `Seafason~ literatura
an konkretuli literaturuli nawarmoebi, SeiZleba
uaryofiTi verdiqti gamoitanon. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
interesis gancdidan gadavdivarT gansjis aqtze. normas
Tan mimarTebis dadgenis, kriteriumis gamoyenebis da sxva
sagnebTan an interesebTan nawarmoebis Sedarebis gziT Cven
ganvsazRvravT am mxatvruli obieqtis an interesis rangs.
Tu movindomebT dawvrilebiT aRvweroT adamianis
damokidebuleba literaturisadmi, gagviWirdeba am uka
nasknelis definicia. is, rac amJamad moixsenieba rogorc
literatura, etapobrivad aRmocenda sinkretuli qme
debidan, romelic moicavda simReras, cekvas da reli
giur rituals. xolo Tu vapirebT ganvmartoT kacobrio
bis siyvaruli literaturisadmi, maSin detalurad unda
gaverkveT am movlenis arsSi. ra aris is, risTvisac xalxi
afasebs literaturas? ra Rirebulebebi aqvs iseTi, rac
iwvevs interess? unda iTqvas, rom aseTi ram bevria: hora
ciusis reziume `dulce et utile~ SegviZla vTargmnoT, ro
gorc `garToba~ da `ganswavla~, anda `TamaSi~ da `Sroma~,
an `saboloo Rirebuleba~ da `qmediTi Rirebuleba~, anda
`xelovneba~ da `propaganda~, an xelovneba, rogorc TviT
mizani da xelovneba, rogorc sazogadoebis ritualuri da
kulturuli gamaerTianebeli Zala.
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literaturis Teoria

ganvixiloT normis sakiTxi. rogor unda davafasoT

da SevafasoT literatura? literatura unda davafa
soT imitom, rom is literaturaa da ara sxva ram; is unda
SevafasoT literaturuli Rirebulebis cnebebisa da ska
lis Sesabamisad.1 literaturis buneba, funqcia da Sefaseba
urTierTkorelaciuria. sagnis gamoyeneba vgulisxmobT
mis Cveulebriv, an profesiul an kidev _ erTaderT Sesa
Zlebel gamoyenebas ganpirobebulia misi bunebiT (an misi
struqturiT). is, rac potenciaSi aris sagnis buneba, sagnis
gamoyenebisas warmoadgens mis funqcias. sagani SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT da unda gamoviyenoT ise, rogorc amas gvkarna
xobs misi buneba. sagnis dafaseba SegviZlia imis gamo, rasac
is warmoadgens da risi Sesrulebac mas ZaluZs, xolo misi
Sefaseba unda moxdes sxva sagnebTan SedarebiT, romlebsac
msgavsi xasiaTi da funqcia aqvT.
literatura unda SevafasoT misive bunebiT gansaz
Rvruli terminebiT da kategoriebiT. ra aris literaturis
buneba? ras warmoadgens literatura, rogorc aseTi? ra
aris `wminda literatura~? amgvarad Camoyalibebuli kiTx
va gulisxmobs garkveul analitikur da reduqciul proce
sebs; pasuxi masze, albaT, migviyvans `wminda poeziis~ kon
cefciasTan _ imaJizmTan da eqolaliasTan. magram im Sem
TxvevaSi, Tu vecdebiT, rom am gzaze `siwmindes~ mivaRwioT,
maSin unda davarRvioT plastikuri saxeobriobisa da evfo
niis erTianoba da davutovoT isini, Sesabamisad, ferweras
da musikas; magram amas mohyveba poeziis gaqroba.
`siwmindis~ amgvari gaazreba kritikuli analizis mxo
lod erT-erTi momentia. sjobs, daviwyoT literaturis
organizaciiT da funqciiT. ekuTvnis Tu ara literaturas
mocemuli nawarmoebi, amas gadawyvets ara elementTa raoba,
aramed maTi urTierTganlageba da daniSnuleba.2 `wminda
literaturis~ zogierTi Zveli damcveli, reformatoru
li saqmianobis procesSi, mzadaa `didaqtikur eresTan~
gaaigivos eTikuri an socialuri ideebis ubralo arsebo
bac ki romanSi Tu poemaSi. magram literaturas zians ver
mivayenebT mxatvrul sistemaSi garkveuli ideebis CarTviT,
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Sefaseba

radgan esaa erTgvari literaturuli masala, xasiaTebis an

garemocvis msgavsad. Tanamedrove warmodgenebis mixedviT,
literaturas ar unda hqondes praqtikuli daniSnuleba
(propaganda, miTiTeba uSualo da dauyovnebliv moqmede
baze) da mecnieruli daniSnuleba (informaciis mowodeba,
faqtebi, `damatebiTi codna~). Cven ar vgulisxmobT, rom
romanSi an leqsSi ar moipoveba praqtikuli an mecnieruli
codnis `elementebi~, romlebsac garkveuli Rirebuleba
aqvT nawarmoebis konteqstisgan damoukideblad. vimeo
rebT: savaraudod, TviT `wminda~ romanSi an leqsSic ki
amovikiTxavT praqtikuli an mecnieruli Rirebulebis
mqone azrebs. sazogadod, SesaZlebelia, nebismieri sagani
aRviqvaT arasworad, ese igi, im funqciebis sapirispirod,
romlebic gamomdinareobs misi bunebidan:
zog vinmes msgavsad, vinc eklesias gaemarTeba
ara doqtrinis, aramed musikis iq mosasmenad.
Tavis droze, albaT sworad ar iyo gagebuli da wakiT
xuli gogolis `Sineli~ da `mkvdari sulebi~; es SeniSvna
gonier kritikosebsac exeba. Sexeduleba am nawarmoebebis
TiTqosda propagandistuli daniSnulebis Sesaxeb efuZne
boda teqstidan amoglejil nawyvetebs, romlebic sulac
ar moiTxovs aseT daxvewil literaturul organizacias an
ironiis, parodiis, sityvaTa TamaSis, mimikriisa da burles
kis esoden rTul meqanizms.
SeiZleba Tu ara raimes gadawyveta literaturis
amgvari definiciiT? garkveuli gagebiT, esTetikuri
moqceulia `esTetikur gamocdilebasa~ (xelovnebis av
tonomiur sferos) da xelovnebas, rogorc mxolod mecni
eruli da sazogadoebrivi ideebis gamoxatulebas Soris.
es gamoricxavs iseT tertium quid-s, rogoricaa `esTetikuri
Rirebuleba~, Sualeduri ram `codnasa~ da `moqmedebas~
Soris, anu, erTi mxriv, mecnierebasa da filosofias, xolo
meore mxriv eTikasa da politikas Soris.3 cxadia, rodesac
vambobT, rom xelovnebas ara aqvs misgan ganuyofeli, pirve
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ladi `esTetikuri Rirebuleba~, ar SeiZleba uarvyoT, rom

mas, sazogadod aqvs garkveuli Rirebuleba. xelovnebis
nawarmoebis da, saerTod, xelovnebis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb
TiToeuli adamiani msjelobs faseulobaTa `realuri~,
`saboloo~ sistemebis Sesaxeb sakuTari warmodgenidan
gamomdinare. zogierTi filosofosis msgavsad, xelovne
ba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc codnis primitiuli an
damokidebuli forma, anda, zogierTi reformatoris Sexe
dulebisamebr, SevafasoT igi misi savaraudo efeqturobis
kuTxiT (Tu ramdenad Seswevs mas unari, gamoiwvios garkveu
li moqmedeba). xelovnebis (gansakuTrebiT, mwerlobis) Ri
rebulebad SeiZleba miviCnioT misi SemcvelobiToba, es ki
gamoricxavs garkveul specializacias raime principiT.
mwerlebi da kritikosebi amiT gacilebiT ufro amayoben,
vidre mwerlis an misi interpretatoris maRali profe
sionalizmiT. `literaturul azrovnebas~ aseT SemTxvevaSi
miewereba `winaswarmetyvelebis~ uflebebi, gansakuTre
buli `WeSmaritebis~ kidev ufro farTod da Rrmad wvdo
mis unari, vidre es ZaluZs mecnierebasa da filosofias.
magram saqme isaa, rom am grandiozuli pretenziebis dacva
Zalze Znelia swored maTi grandiozulobis gamo. isini
marTlzomieri iqneba mxolod maSin, rodesac Rirebulebis
yoveli sfero, iqneba es religia, filosofia, ekonomika Tu
xelovneba, SeZlebs daasabuTos Tavisi uzomo pretenziebi
da SeiTavsebs sxvaTa yvela saukeTeso da WeSmarit elements
Tu Tvisebas.4 zogierTis azriT, literaturis miCneva nati
fi xelovnebis erT-erT formad, ufro Ralats hgavs. lite
ratura miiswrafvis, iyos codnis aRmatebuli forma, da
agreTve, zneobrivi da sazogadoebrivi moqmedebis forma:
Sesabamisad, am poziciidan ukan daxeva xom ar niSnavs, rom
is ugulebelyofs sakuTar daniSnulebas da, aqedan gamom
dinare, statuss? gana yovel sferos (iseve rogorc yovel
mzard ersa da pativmoyvare, Tavdajerebul pirovnebas) ar
marTebs, rom ufro metisken miiswrafvodes, vidre is imsa
xurebs, mezoblis an moSurnis azriT?
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Sefaseba

amitom literaturis zogi apologeti miiCnevs, rom,

esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, literatura ar aris `natifi
xelovneba~. sxvebis mtkicebiT, `esTetikuri faseuloba~ da
`esTetikuri gamocdileba~ ar warmoadgens Zireul, pirve
lad cnebebs. arsebobs Tu ara gansazRvruli avtonomiuri
sfero `esTetikuri gamocdilebisa~ an esTetikuri obieq
tis Tvisebebisa, romlebsac Tavisi bunebiT ZaluZT gamoam
JRavnon aseTi gancda?
kantis Semdeg, filosofosTa da xelovnebaTmcodne
Ta umetesoba aRiarebs, rom natif xelovnebas, da, masTan
erTad, literaturas, ganumeorebeli Tvisebebi da Ri
rebuleba aqvT. ase magaliTad, Teodor grini acxadebda,
rom ar SeiZleba `mxatvruloba dayvanil iqnas sxva uf
ro primitiul Tvisebebamde~. igi werda: `xelovnebis na
warmoebis ganumeoreblobas SeiZleba mxolod intuiciiT
CavwvdeT; is SeiZleba aRvniSnoT da warmovadginoT, magram
SeuZlebelia misi gansazRvra, da miT umetes aRwera.5
filosofosebi TiTqmis erTxmad aRiareben esTe
tikuri gancdis ganumeoreblobas. `wminda gonebis kri
tikaSi kanti xazs usvams xelovnebis `umizno mizan
dasaxulebas~ (rodesac mizani ar aris mimarTuli moq
medebisken), `wminda~ silamazis upiratesobas gamoyenebiT
silamazesTan SedarebiT, agreTve _ interesis uqonlo
bas esTetikuri aRqmis obieqtSi (ara aqtiuri, aramed pa
siuri aRqma). Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi SeTanxmdnen
imaze, rom esTetikuri gamocdileba niSnavs iseT aRqmas,
romelic Sinaganad sasiamovnoa da saintereso; is moicavs
garkveul faseulobas, iZleva nimuSs, aRgviZravs sxva fa
seulobaTa molodins. esTetikuri gamocdileba ukavSir
deba grZnobebs (tkivilis, siamovnebis, srulfasovani ar
sebobis SegrZnebas) da cnobierebas; amasTan, is asagnebs da
ayalibebs grZnobebs, romlebic xelovnebis nawarmoebSi
pouloben `obieqtur korelats~, grZnobebi, rodesac isini
gvevlinebian mxatvruli gamonagonis formiT, TiTqos kar
gaven simZafres. esTetikuri obieqti aris iseTi obieqti,
romelic iwvevs Cems interess TavisTavad, me ki ar SemiZlia
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misi gardaqmna an gaTaviseba. esTetikuri gamocdileba

aris erTgvari Wvreta, mZafri interesi damaxasiaTebeli
sadmi. mas ar sCvevia da vnebs kidec utilitaruloba, xolo
mTavari mteria Cveva, romelic warmoadgens gamyarebuli
praqticizmis Sedegs.
literaturuli nawarmoebi aris esTetikuri obieqti,
romelsac ZaluZs, gaaaqtiuros esTetikuri gamocdileba.
ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli, rom literaturuli nawar
moebis SefasebaSi mTlianad esTetikuri kriteriumiT vi
xelmZRvaneloT? T.s. eliotis varaudis Sesabamisad, xom ar
gvmarTebs, rom mwerlobis literaturuloba ganvsajoT
esTetikuri kriteriumiT, xolo literaturis rangi da
sidiade araesTetikuri kriteriumiT?6 eliotis pirve
li Tvalsazrisi or nawilad unda gavyoT. pirvel rigSi,
literaturad (moTxrobad, leqsad, piesad) unda miviCnioT
specifikuri verbaluri konstruqciebi, da amis Semdeg
ukve vsvamT kiTxvas, CaiTvleba Tu ara is `karg~, e.i. im ran
gis literaturad, romelic pasuxobs esTetikuri gamoc
dilebis mqone mkiTxvelis moTxovnebs. rac Seexeba `diad~
literaturas, aq ukve saWiroa standartebi da normebi.
Tanamedrove kritikosebi ifarglebian iseTi esTetikuri
kritikiT, romlebsac, saerTod, `formalisturs~ uwodeben
(zogjer TviTon, zogjer ki _ kritikulad _ sxvebi). yovel
SemTxvevaSi, sityva `forma~ orazrovania. aq masSi vgulisx
mobT literaturuli nawarmoebis esTetikur struqturas,
anu imas, rac mas aqcevs literaturad.7 formisa da Sinaarsis
Sepirispirebis nacvlad, Cven pirvel adgilas vayenebT asax
vis sagans da mxolod Semdeg `formas~, romelic Tavis masa
las uzrunvelyofs esTetikuri organizaciiT. xelovnebis
namdvil nawarmoebSi, xdeba masalis sruli asimilireba
formaSi: is rac iyo `samyaro~, gadaiqca `enad~.8 literatu
ruli xelovnebis nawarmoebis `masala~ erT doneze sityvier
masalas warmoadgens, meore doneze adamianuri qcevis ga
mocdilebas, xolo kidev sxva doneze msoflmxedvelobas.
yvela isini, enis CaTvliT, arseboben xelovnebis nawarmoe
bis samyaros miRma, sxva formiT, xolo leqsSi an romanSi, Tu
352

Sefaseba

esaa xelovnebis maRalmxatvruli nawarmoebebi, esTetikuri

mizani aerTianebs maT polifoniuri mTlianobis saxiT.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom literatura SevafasoT
wminda formalisturi kriteriumiT? SevecdebiT Camo
vayaliboT pasuxi am kiTxvaze.
rusi formalistebis mier Seqmnili SefasebiTi krite
riumi, imavdroulad, esTetikuri kriteriumicaa es aris
siaxle, moulodneloba. Cveuli lingvisturi sityvaTSe
Tanxmebebs an `kliSeebs~ uSualod ver aRviqvamT: sityvebi
ar gaiazreba rogorc sityvebi, xolo sityvaTSeTanxmebebis
mniSvneloba miaxloebiTia. Cveni reaqcia banalur, gacveTil
gamoTqmebze aseve banaluria; nacnobi, mobezrebuli mowye
na xom mxolod mowyenas iwvevs. sityvebis `realizeba~, maTi
simbolikis wvdoma xdeba mxolod maSin, rodesac isini axle
burad da moulodnelad arian SeTanxmebulni. enis aRsaqme
lad aucilebelia misi `deformacia~, anu stilizebuli ar
qaizaciis an barbarizaciis mimarTulebiT. viqtor Sklovs
kis azriT, poeziis daniSnulebaa `ganaxleba~, `gaucnau
reba~. magram siaxlis aseTi kriteriumi ukve farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli, yovel SemTxvevaSi romantikosTa Semdeg
_ uots-daltoni mas `gaocebis aRorZinebas~ uwodebda.
uordsvorTi da kolriji sxvadasxvanairad da ur
TierTkorelaciurad iRvwodnen, raTa `ucnaurad war
moedginaT~ saTqmeli, oRond pirveli maTgani cdilobda
eCvenebina Cveuli movlena rogor ucnauri, xolo meore,
piriqiT, warmogvidgenda ucnaurs, rogorc Cveuls. ufro
gviandeli `moZraobebi~ poeziaSi cdilobdnen gadaewyvi
taT erTi da igive amocana: Tavi aeridebinaT mkiTxveli
seuli reaqciis avtomatizmisTvis, ramac xeli Seuwyo enis
ganaxlebas (sityvis revolucias) da gaemZafrebinaT poe
turi xedva. romantizmma Tavis principad aRiara uSualo
bavSvuri aRqma. matisma didi Sroma gaswia, raTa daenaxa sam
yaro `xuTi wlis bavSvis TvaliT~. peiteri irwmuneboda,
rom esTetikuri disciplina gamoricxavs Cvevas, radgan es
ukanaskneli xels uSlis aRqmas. kriteriumad siaxlea ga
mocxadebuli, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom esaa aRqmis siax
le, romelic ganurCevelia Sinaarsis mimarT.9
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literaturis Teoria

ramdenad Sors wagviyvans es kriteriumi? im formiT, ro

gorc is rusebma gamoiyenes, es kriteriumi relativisturad
aris aRiarebuli. mukarJovski wers, rom esTetikuri norma ar
arsebobs, radgan swored esTetikuri normis arsia dasamsx
vrevi.10 aranairi poeturi stili ar aris mudam `ucnauri~. ami
tom, acxadebs mukarJovski, nawarmoebma SeiZleba dakar
gos Tavisi esTetikuri funqcia, xolo Semdeg, mogvianebiT,
kvlav daibrunos is, mas mere, rac kargad nacnobi movlena
kvlav ucnobad warmogvidgeba. xdeba ise, rom kargad nacnobi
leqss axleburad gadaviazrebT xolme, zogjer ki xangrZli
vi droiT gadavdebT mis kiTxvas, radgan gvgonia, rom masSi
ver vipoviT verafers axals. aseTia literaturis mTeli
istoria: zogierTi daviwyebuli poeti kvlav iwvevs Cvens
gancvifrebas, sxvebs ki veCveviT da isini araviTar gavlenas
aRar axdenen Cvens warmosaxvaze .11
rodesac vlaparakobT nawarmoebTan piradi damo
kidebulebis Sesaxeb, Cven ukve viyenebT sxva kriteriums.
rodesac isev da isev vubrundebiT nawarmoebs da masSi
`yovel jerze masSi axal-axal Tvisebebs vamCnevT~, aq ar
xdeba Cveni codnis gazrda analogiuri cnobebis xarjze
_ Cven, ubralod, vwvdebiT sazrisis axal doneebs, axal
asociaciur kavSirebs; romansa Tu poemaSi vxedavT mraval
Sreobriv struqturas. magaliTad, homerosisa da Seqspiris
nawarmoebebi kvlavac iwvevs aRtacebas, da, maSasadame, maT
axasiaTebs is Tviseba, romelsac JorJ boesis kvalobaze,
`polivalenturobas~ vuwodebT: maTi esTetikuri Rire
buleba imdenad didia, rom yoveli axali Taobis aRtacebas
iwvevs am qmnilebaTa axalaRmoCenili mSveniereba.12 amasTan,
aseTi nawarmoebebis amouwuravi mravalferovnebis wvdoma
misi avtoris sicocxleSic ki, ar SeuZlia erT adamians, es
xelewifeba mxolod koleqtivs, sazogadoebas. Seqspiris
piesis yurebisas yvelaze ubralo msmeneli aRiqvams fabu
las, ufro gonieri xasiaTebs da konfliqtebs, ufro ga
naTlebuli calkeul sityvebs da frazebs, musikisadmi
mgrZnobiare _ ritms, xolo sazriss TandaTanobiT swvdeba
mxolod marTlac moazrovne da mgrZnobiare adamiani.13
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Sefaseba

Cveni kriteriumi Sinaarsobrivi xasiaTisaa: `saxe

obrivi integracia~ da masalis `moculoba (da mraval
ferovneba)~.14 formalistebi Tvlidnen, rom rac ufro
`rTulia~ leqsi, rac ufro metia misi Rirebuleba da aana
lizebdnen Zalze rTuli struqturis nawarmoebebs, romle
bic gaSifvras saWiroebdnen. rTuli SeiZleba iyos erTi an
ramdenime done. hopkinsis `sirTule~ _ esaa misi poeturi
manerac, sintaqsic da prosodiac. nawarmoebis `sirTule~
SeiZleba gamovlindes saxeobriobis, Tematikis, tonis anda
siuJetis doneze _ yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebi
rTulia swored am `maRali~ struqturebis doneze.
`masalaTa mravalferovnebaSi~ igulisxmeba konkre
tuli ideebi, xasiaTebi da sazogadoebrivi da fsiqologi
uri gamocdilebis tipebi. am mxriv relevanturia eliotis
mier `metafizikos poetTa~ Taobaze gamoTqmuli mosazreba.
aCvenebs ra, rom poetis goneba `ganuwyvetliv aerTianebs
gansxvavebul gamocdilebas~, elioti, magaliTis saxiT,
agebs nawarmoebs, romelic moicavs poetis siyvaruls,
spinozas kiTxvas, sabeWdi manqanis kakuns da Semzadebuli
saWmlis aromats. doqtori jonsoni amgvar nazavs discordia concors-s (`grZnobaTa disharmonias~) uwodebda, metad
undoblad ekideboda poeturi warmosaxvis am Tvisebas da
aRniSnavda, rom am dros `yvelaze ufro Seusabamo azrebi
ZaliT aris SekavSirebuli~. ufro gviandeli avtori, jorj
uiliamsoni, romelic aseve aanalizebda `metafizikosebs~,
dadebiTad afasebs gansxvavebuli masalis SeTanxmebas. Cve
ni TvalsazrisiT, rom Tuki namdvilad xdeba `gaerTiane
ba~, maSin poemis Rirebuleba izrdeba misi masalis mraval
ferovnebis pirdapirproporciulad.
`sam leqciaSi esTetikis sakiTxebze~ bosanke ga
nasxvavebs `martiv mSvenierebas~ `Zneli mSvenierebisgan~,
mTeli misi sirTuliT, Sinagani daZabulobiT da masStabu
robiT. Cven SegviZlia avxsnaT sxvaoba maT Soris masalaTa
gansxvavebulobiT: martivi mSveniereba miiRweva martivi sa
SualebebiT (keTilxmovaneba, sasiamovno vizualuri xate
bi, `poeturi siuJeti~); `Zneli mSveniereba~ TiTqmis unda
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literaturis Teoria

`gamoiwuros~ urCi masalidan da amgvari urCi masalaa: mtan

jveli, maxinji, didaqtikuri, praqtikuli. am gansxvavebas
ukve meTvramete saukune moaswavebda Tavisi kontrastiT
`mSveniersa~ da `amaRlebuls~ (`Znel mSvenierebas~) Soris.
`amaRlebulisa~ da `damaxasiaTeblis~ meSveobiT xorciel
deba `araesTetikuris~ esTetizeba. magaliTad, tragedia
mxatvrulad gardasaxavs tkivils, tanjvas; komediac Sesa
bamisad moqmedebs `simaxinjeze~. saSualebebi, romlebiTac
miiRweva martivi mSveniereba, TviT warmoadgenen mSve
nierebis pirvelad `formebs~; `Zneli mSveniereba~, piriqiT,
yovelTvis warmoadgens formas, mxatvrul gamoxatulebas.
Zneli mSveniereba ufro metad Seesabameba maRalmxatv
rulobas, vidre xelovnebis `srulyofili~ nawarmoebi da
`diadi qmnileba~. rasakvirvelia, moculoba mniSvnelovani
faqtoria ara TavisTavad, aramed imis gamo, rom igi Sesa
Zlebels xdis nawarmoebis sirTulis, Sinagani daZabulobi
sa da diapazonis gazrdas. ~msxvili~ nawarmoebi da `msxvili~
Janri moculobas ukavSirdeba. Tu am sakiTxSi ar veTanxme
biT klasicizmis Teoretikosebs, misi ugulebelyofa mainc
ar SegviZlia: SegviZlia mxolod moviTxovoT, rom mocu
loba gamarTlebuli unda iyos, da rom dResdReobiT poemas
sigrZisTvis gacilebiT meti moeTxoveba vidre adre.
zogierTi esTetikosisTvis `sidiade~ araesTetikuri
kategoriaa.15 ase, magaliTad, l.a. ridis TvalsazrisiT, xe
lovnebis sidiade momdinareobs Sinaarsobrivi aspeqtidan,
da is diadia imdenad, ramdenadac gamoxatavs sicocxlis
`diad Rirebulebebs. t.m. grini ki gvTavazobs, rom `simarT
le~ da `sidiade~ ganixilebodes, rogorc xelovnebis stan
darti, TumcaRa araesTetikuri, magram aucilebeli. sinamd
vileSi grini, da gansakuTrebiT, ridi, verc ki scildebian
rTuli mSvenierebis bosankeseul kriteriums. magaliTad,
`didi poetebis didi nawarmoebebi sofokles, dantes,
miltonis, Seqspiris memkvidreoba warmoadgens adamianis
gamocdilebis didi speqtris organizebul xorcSesxmas~.
Teoriasa an praqtikaSi nebismier sferoSi, `diadis~ niSanTvisebebs, kriteriums warmoadgens: `rTulis wvdomis una
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Sefaseba

ri misi sazrisisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT~; magram rode

sac saubaria diadi xelovnebis Sesaxeb, maSin am moTxovnebs
unda daematos `faseulobiTi situaciis xorcSesxma~, `ise
Ti faseulobis xorcSesxma, romelic siamovnebas, netare
bas gvaniWebs~. ridi ar kiTxulobs, didi poetis nawarmoebia
diadi poema, Tu es poema diadia TavisTavad. amis nacvlad is
cdilobs SeaTanxmos pasuxebi, romlebic SeiZleba gaices
am kiTxvaze. ridi aRiarebs, rom nawarmoebs `sidiades~ ani
Webs masStaburi forma da Rrmaazrovani msjeloba, magram
am kriteriums ufardebs ara raRac hipoTezur Erlebnis-s~,16
aramed mxolod mxatvrulad srulyofil poezias.
dantes `RvTaebrivi komedia~ da miltonis `dakarguli
samoTxe formalisturi kritikis mudmivi obieqtebia. maga
liTad, kroCe winaaRmdegi iyo ganexila `komedia rogorc
poema, _ esaa lirikuli nawyvetebis seriebi, romelTac
drodadro enacvleba fsevdomecnieruli msjelobebi. misT
vis `grZeli poemac~ da `filosofiuri poemac~ logikuri
Seusabamobaa. winandeli esTetizmi da misi warmomadgeneli
logen persel smiti `dakargul samoTxes miiCnevs arqauli
Teologiis debulebaTa harmoniulad Camoyalibebul er
Tobliobad: igulisxmeba `saorRano harmonia~, _ erTa
derTi nawarmoebi, romelsac miltons uwoneben.17 Sinaarss
yuradReba ar eqceva, forma ki Tavisuflad arsebobs.
Cveni azriT, formaluri analizis amgvari daskvnebi
damajerebeli araa. xelovnebis nawarmoebis mimarT maTi
midgoma atomisturia, radgan, mTeli nawarmoebis mxatvru
lobis nacvlad, isini ganixilaven misi zogierTi elementis
SefardebiT mxatvrulobas, maSin, rodesac swored mTeli
nawarmoebis mxatvrulobis saSualebiT SeiZleba gaviaz
roT yovelive, rac konteqstis gareSe usagno diskursad
warmogvidgeba. rogorc dante, ise miltoni, poemebTan er
Tad, traqtatebsac werdnen da erTmaneTSi ar SeureviaT
es ori forma. miltonma dawera independenturi diser
tacia `De Doctrina Christan daaxloebiT im dros, rodesac
`dakargul samoTxeze muSaobda. rogorc ar unda ganvsaz
RvroT misi poemis Janri (epikuri, qristianul-epikuri Tu
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literaturis Teoria

filosofiur-epikuri poema) da mTlianad vendobiT ra av

toris ganzraxvas, `ganmartos RvTis neba-survili~, mainc
vaRiarebT, rom poemisa da traqtatis miznebi gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan: poemis buneba ganisazRvreba literaturu
li tradiciebiT, romelTac is `eqvemdebareba~, da, agreTve,
misi kavSiriT TviT miltonis adreul poeziasTan.
miltonis Teologia `dakargul samoTxeSi~ orTo
doqsul-protestantulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, is ase gamoi
yureba. magram Tu mkiTxveli ver gaiziarebs poemaSi xorc
Sesxmul Teologias, es ar daakninebs am nawarmoebis Rirse
bebs. adre, jer kidev bleikis periodSi, iTvleboda, rom
poemis gmiri satana iyo, rom aseTi iyo miltonis gaucno
bierebuli `Canafiqri~; ase rom, baironma da Selim Seqmnes
`dakarguli samoTxis~ romantikuli varianti, sadac satana
promeTeoss utoldeboda, xolo miltoniseuli edemis `pri
mitivizmi~ keTilganwyobiT ganixileboda, kolinzis msje
lobis analogiurad.18 rasakvirvelia, kidev arsebobs mil
tonis poemis `humanisturi~ wakiTxvac, romelic soram war
moadgina. is, rom mkiTxveli ar iziarebs poemis Teologias
an istorias, ver daakninebs nawarmoebis didebul panoramas,
pirquS da grandiozul scenebs da peizaJebs.
amave dros, Zalze saeWvoa, rom swored `dakarguli sa
moTxis~ stili aqcevs am nawarmoebs diad poemad, imis miu
xedavad, rom misi doqtrina miZvelebuli da uvargisia. es
Tvalsazrisi kidev erTxel amtkicebs mxatvruli nawarmoe
bis `formad~ da `Sinaarsad~ dayofis absurdulobas. forma
aq stilad gvevlineba, xolo ideologia sazrisad. garda
amisa, aseTi dayofa ar iTvaliswinebs mTlianad nawarmoebs,
is ugulebelyofs yvelafers, rac metrikis, poeturi ma
neris sazRvrebs scildeba. rac Seexeba `sazriss~, l.a. ridi
mas uwodebs `meorad Sinaarss~ (vinaidan Sinaarsi, TviT
sinamdvile, xelovnebis nawarmoebis miRma myofobs). is ar
iTvaliswinebs siuJets (Txrobas), xasiaTebs (ufro zustad,
`daxasiaTebas~), ese igi, im mxatvrul samyaros, romelic
warmoiqmneba siuJetis, atmosferos da xasiaTebis erTiano
biT: samyaro, romelic warmoadgens `metafizikur fenomens~
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Sefaseba

(esaa xati im samyarosi, romelic warmogvidgeba nawarmoebSi

avtoris Canafiqrisgan damoukideblad).
gansakuTrebiT miuRebelia is warmodgena, rom `saor
Rano harmonia~ SeiZleba gamoiyos poemidan. viwro mniS
vnelobiT, is SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc `formaluri
silamazis~, anu fonetikuri rezonansis mqone. magram mwer
lobaSi, poeziis CaTvliT, formaluri silamaze TiTqmis
yovelTvis emsaxureba gamoxatvas. amitom kiTxva sxva
gvarad unda davsvaT: ramdenad Seesatyviseba `saorRano
harmonia~ siuJets, xasiaTebsa da Temas. miltoniseuli
stili sasacilod gamoiyureba, rodesac mas iyeneben
meorexarisxovani poetebi trivialur Temebze Seqmnil
nawarmoebebSi.
formalisturi kritikis TvalsazrisiT, aucile
beli araa avtirisa da mkiTxvelis principTa Tanxvedra.
ufro metic, es saWiro araa, radgan maSin unda mogvwondes
mxolod is nawarmoebebi, romelTa avtorebis warmodgena
cxovrebaze CvenTvis misaRebia. gana raime mniSvneloba aqvs
Weltanschauung-s esTetikuri gansjisaTvis? eliots miaCnia,
rom leqsSi asaxuli msoflmxedveloba unda iyos `Tanmim
devruli, momwifebuli da realur gamocdilebaze damyare
buli~.19 eliotis es gancxadeba isea Camoyalibebuli, rom
scildeba nebismieri formalizmis farglebs: faqtia, rom
Tanmimdevruloba, logikur kriteriumTan erTad, esTeti
kur kriteriumsac ganasaxierebs; rac Seexeba `simwifes~, es
ukev fsiqologiuri kriteriumia, xolo `realuri gamoc
dileba~ _ esaa erTgvari mowodeba, SevadaroT xelovneba
da sinamdvile. imas, rasac elioti xelovnebis nawarmoe
bis simwifes uwodebs, Cven vuwodebT erTobliobas, ro
melic icnobierebs sakuTar Tavs Sinagani Zalebis sir
Tuled, daZabulobad da Widilad; Sesabamisobas romansa da
cxovrebiseul sinamdviles Soris ver gavarkvevT elemen
tebis ubralo dawyvilebiT da gadarCeviT: gamarTlebulia
mxolod dikensis, kafkas, balzakis an tolstois erTiani
samyaros Sejereba Cvens saerTo gamocdilebasTan, anu Cveni
azrebisa da grZnobebis `samyarosTan~. Cven vmsjelobT am
359

literaturis Teoria

Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb iseTi esTetikuri kategoriebis meS

veobiT, rogorebicaa sicxovle, intensivoba, gaazrebuli
kontrastuloba, Canafiqris siRrme da diapazoni, stati
kuroba, dinamika. `cxovrebiseuli~ igivea, rac `xelovnebis
msgavsi~, da analogia cxovrebasa da literaturas Soris
arsad araa iseTi TvalsaCino, rogorc stilizebul xe
lovnebaSi: dikenss, kafkas da prusts namdvilad SeaqvT Ta
vianTi koreqtivebi Cvens warmodgenebSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb.20
mecxramete saukunemde SefasebiTi kriteriumi metnaklebad ierarqiuli iyo _ arsebobda klasikosi avto
rebis ierarqia, romlebic `yovelTvis moswondaT da yo
velTvis moewonebaT~. bunebrivia, rom mTavari magaliTebi
iyvnen berZeni da romaeli avtorebi, romelTa avtoriteti
ganmtkicda renesansis epoqaSi. magram mecxramete saukuneSi
cnobili gaxda Sua saukuneebis, kelturi, skandinaviuri,
induri da Cinuri mwerloba, amitom `klasikuri~ principi
ukve moZvelda. Cven ukve viciT, rom zogierTi nawarmoebi
qreba TvalTaxedvidan da Semdeg kvlav Cndebian Tval
sawierSi, sxva nawarmoebebi droebiT kargaven esTetikuri
zemoqmedebis unars, magram Semdeg kvlav ibruneben: aseTe
bi iyvnen doni, lenglendi, poupi, moris sevi da grifiusi.
reaqcia avtoritarizmze da saxelTa kanonikur nusxaze am
Jamad vlindeba midrekilebaSi Warbi, zedmeti relativizmi
saken da metyvelebs `gemovnebaTa oromtrialis~ Sesaxeb, aki
gaubedavad acxadebdnen kidec gardasuli xanis skeptikose
bi: De gustibus non est disputandum.
saqme gacilebiT ufro rTuladaa, vidre es humanis
tebs an skeptikosebs warmoudgeniaT.
survili, rom garkveuli formiT dasabuTdes lite
raturuli Rirebulebebis obieqturoba, ar iTxovs raime
statikur kanons, romelsac ar daemateba araviTari axali
saxeli da romlis SigniT ar xdeba raime gadanacvleba. alen
teiti samarTlianad uwodebs `iluzoruls~ warmodgenas,
rom `nebismieri mwerlis reputacia erTxel da samudamo
daa dafiqsirebuli~; is edaveba agreTve `ucnaur azrs~ imis
Sesaxeb, rom `kritikis mTavari funqciaa avtorTa rangis,
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da ara maTi mniSvnelobis gansazRvra~.21 eliotis msgavsad

(teiti ixsenebs mis aforizms: `awmyo cvlis warsuls~) te
itic SemoqmedebiTad azrovnebs da grZnobs, rom marTebs
iseve sjerodes inglisuri poeziis awmyosi da momavlis,
rogorc misi warsulisa. adgili `rigSi~ yovelTvis piro
biTia da sakamaTo. rodesac gaiReba kari `axlisTvis,~ yo
velTvis iqneba SesaZlebloba, gamoCndes `ukeTesi~ da es,
Tudac umniSvnelod, magram mainc daCrdilavs sxva nawar
moebTa didebas. uelerma da denhemma erTdroulad gaiTqves
saxeli da daviwyebas miecnen, rodesac poupma ganimtkica
Tavisi pozicia literaturaSi: maT ergoT winamorbedTa
arasaxarbielo roli _ am poetebma gza gaukvales poups
da manve gaauqma isini.
antiakademistebi _ universitetebSi da universi
tetebis gareT _ piriqiT, cdiloben ganamtkicon mud
mivi cvlilebis tirania.22 aris SemTxvevebi es iTqmis, ma
galiTad, kaulize rodesac mTeli Taobebis gemovnebas
ar aRiarebdnen Semdgomi Taobebi, Tumca, aseTi SemTxvevebi
arc ise xSiria. ocdaaTi wlis win, kauli SeiZleba gaeTana
brebinaT skeltonTan, magram amJamad mas `brwyinvales~,
`gulwrfels~ da `Tanamedroves~ uwodeben. magram udide
si reputacia Zlevs gemovnebis stadialurobas: Coseri,
spenseri, Seqspiri, miltoni, Tundac draideni da poupi,
vorsdvorti da tenisoni maT yvelas aqvs mudmivi, Tum
caRa ara `uryevi~ mdgomareoba.
maTi poetikis esTetikuri struqtura iseTi rTuli
da mdidaria, rom ZaluZs daakmayofilos momdevno saukuneebis gemovneba: adisons (Tavis `Spectator~-is eseebSi) da poups moswonT klasicisturi miltoni, magram arsebobs kidev
romantikosTa miltoni, iqneba sulac `miltonebi~, rom
lebic moswondaT bairons, uordsvorTs, kitss, Selis. iyo
agreTve kolrijiseuli Seqspiri, axla ki Cven gvyavs uil
son naitis Seqspiri. yoveli Taoba amCnevs xelovnebis did
nawarmoebSi Seusabamo elementebs, arasakmarisad `lamaz~
an sulac ugvan dones an Sreebs (ase aRiqvamdnen klasi
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literaturis Teoria

cistebi Seqspiris kalamburebs), magram mainc miiCnevs mas,

mTlianobaSi, esTetikurad damakmayofilebel qmnilebad.
SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom am etapze mivadeqiT iseTi
tipis stadialurobis cnebas, romelic gamoricxavs in
dividualuri gemovnebis relativizms. literaturis is
toriaSi is xedavs met-naklebad urTierTsapirispiro es
Tetikur kriteriumTa monacvleobas (ase upirispirebda
velflini renesanssa da barokos); `stadialuroba~ ar gu
lisxmobs araviTar saerTo principebs _ arc am monacv
leobis safuZvliiis, arc misi Sedegis saxiT. Cven mivadeqiT
agreTve, `polivalenturobis`23 cnebas. xelovnebis nawar
moebebi, romlebmac gauZles dros, sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo
mainc moswons sxvadaxva Taobas, anda, rom gavaerTianoT es
ori daskvna, mTavari nawarmoebebi, anu `klasika~ inarCu
nebs Tavis adgils, magram am adgils is inarCunebs imitom,
rom epasuxeba cvalebad moTxovnebs an `mizezebs~. Tumca,
rogorc ganumeorebeli qmnilebebi (mag., donis poezia),
aseve meorexarisxovani nawarmoebebi (magaliTad, Tavisi
droisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca ara umetes amisa, _
praiori an CerCili) maRal Sefasebas iReben, rodesac Ta
namedrove mwerlobas garkveulwilad exmianeba maTi moR
vaweobis xanas literaturis xanis mimarT, da piriqiT, kar
gaven am reputacias, rodesac viTareba xels ar uwyobs aseT
damokidebulebas.24
aSkaraa, rom CixSi SevediT, magram am Cixidan Tavis daR
weva SesaZlebelia. daviwyoT imiT, rom aucilebeli araa da
viyvanoT klasikosTa (homerosis, virgiliusis, miltonis da
sxvaTa) maRali Sefaseba Tanamedrove kritikosebis Sefase
bebze. SeiZleba dabejiTebiT vamtkicoT, rom adreuli xa
nis kritikas ar Seswevda unari, saTanadod ganesaja Tanad
rouli SemoqmedebiTi nawarmoebi, anda sulac sakuTari es
Tetikuri gamocdileba.25 SeiZleba isic davadasturoT, rom
WeSmaritad adekvatur literaturis Teorias SeuZlia Tavi
aaridos `kategoriul~ an stadialur midgomas: xom faqtia,
rom jorj uiliamsons26 metafizikosTa leqsebi ubralod,
362

Sefaseba

karg poeziad miaCnia. saWiro ar aris, moviwonoT, an piriqiT,

SevrisxoT metafizikosTa yvela leqsi, da faqtia, rom am
skolis saukeTeso leqsebi ar aris `yvelaze ufro metafizi
kuri~. magaliTad, amJamad poupi nawilobriv mainc aRi
arebulia rogorc `metafizikosi poeti~, ese igi, namdvi
li, kargi poeti, da ara, ubralod, `prozis xanaSi moRvawe
poeti~.27cxadia, rom iseTi Teoretikosebi, rogorebic arian
riCardsi (Tavis `praqtikul kritikaSi), agreTve _ bruqsi
da uoreni (`poeziis gageba), eZieben poeziis erTian kri
teriums da miaCniaT, rom saWiroa, Tavdapirvelad ganvsa
joT da SevafasoT leqsi da mxolod Semdeg ganvsazRvroT
misi `adgili~ poetis SemoqmedebaSi, epoqis literaturul
situaciaSi; mivakuTvnoT is garkveul `skolas~. amgvari
anTologiuri tipis midgoma, albaT, mogvcems msgavs kri
teriums (daaxloebiT, eliotiseuls) romelic miuRebeli
iqneba bevri mkiTxvelisTvis. da mainc, am kriteriumebis
meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda poeziis mravali movlenis sa
Tanadod Sefaseba: romantikosTa mimarT Zalze uaryofiTi
damokidebulebis miuxedavad, maTi saSualebiT `gadarCnen~
bleikic da kitsic.
Cveni azriT, arc erTi literaturuli kritikosi
ar miemxroba uyoymanod stadialur midgomas, romelic
uaryofs esTetikuri normis arsebobas, da arc mwir sqo
lastikur absolutizms, romelic aRiarebs mweralTa ran
Jirebis princips. zogjer esa Tu is kritikosi iziarebs sta
dialur midgmas protestis grZnobis zegavleniT, an imis
gamo, rom surs Caswvdes warsuli xanis avtors romelime
Tanamedrove avtorTan analogiiT. misi survilia daamtki
cos, rom esa Tu is faseuloba marTlac arsebobs (an poten
ciurad arsebobs) mxatvrul obieqtSi, rom is garedan araa
Setanili an asociaciurad dakavSirebuli masTan, aramed
aRmoCenilia mxolod da mxolod azris maZiebluri Zalisx
mevis wyalobiT.
kritikosi ikiTxavs, sadaa lokalizebuli esTetikuri
faseulobao. leqsSi Tu leqsis mkiTxvelSi, Tu am oris urT
ierTmimarTebaSi? meore pasuxi subieqtivisturia: viRacam
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literaturis Teoria

unda daafasos Rirebuli, magram am pasuxSi ara Cans urTi

erTkavSiri aRqmis bunebasa da aRqmis obieqts Sorisesaa
fsiqologiuri midgoma, im TavalsazrisiT, rom yurad
Reba gadaaqvs aRqmisa da tkbobis obieqtidan ganzogade
bulad ganxiluli individis reaqciebze, emociur gancde
bze. pirveli an mesame Tvalsazrisis SerCeva interpreta
ciis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. profesionali filosofosebis
TvaliT, pirveli pasuxi aucileblad gulisxmobs plato
nizms, anda absoluturi sidideebis nebismier sxva siste
mas, romelic arsebobs adamianis moTxovnilebebisgan da
cnobierebisgan damoukideblad. Tu am dros mtkicdeba _
da amas xSirad sCadian literaturis kritikosebi _ lite
raturuli struqturis obieqturi xasiaTi, dawyebuli
mxatvruli xerxebiT da damTavrebuli `SinaarsiT~, maSin
pasuxis gacema pirvel kiTxvaze kidev ufro Zneldeba.aseT
SemTxvevaSi mxatvruli faseulobebi warmogvidgeba, ro
gorc yvelasTvis gankuTvnili faseulobebi, iseTive sayo
velTao mniSvnelobis mqone Tvisebebi, rogorebicaa siwi
Tle an sicive. sinamdvileSi arc erTi kritikosi ar daeTa
nxmeba amgvar arakvalificirebul `obieqturobas~; longine
da sxva `klasicistebi~ mimarTavden ra yvela droisa da yve
la qveynis adamianebs, malulad dahyavdaT `yvela~ `yvela
kompetentur ganmsjelze~.
formalistebi amtkiceben, rom leqsi aris ara marto
mkiTxvelis `poeturi gamocdilebis~ mizezi an potenciu
ri mizezi, aramed am gamocdilebis specifikuri maRal
organizebuli kontrolic, anu es gamocdileba yvelaze
srulad ganisazRvreba, rogorc `leqsis gamocdileba~. leq
sis Sefaseba niSnavs ganicado da xorci Seasxa im esTetiku
rad Rirebul Tvisebebsa da kavSirebs, romlebic nebismieri
wignieri mkiTxvelisaTvis warmodgenilia leqsSi, rogorc
misi struqtura. `obieqturi relativizmis~ an `perspeqtiu
li realizmis~ koncefciis Camoyalibebisas elizeo vivasi
amgvarad gansazRvravs mSvenierebis arss: `...esaa zogier
Ti movlenis Tviseba, is damaxasiaTebelia maTTvis, magram
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Sefaseba

mJRavndeba mxolod im adamianebisTvis, visac aqvs Sesabamisi

unari da Cvevebi~.28
literaturul struqturebs aqvs potenciuri faseu
loba, romlebic realizdeba mkiTxvelis mier garkveul pi
robebSi. rasakvirvelia, arsebobs tendencia, rom uaryofil
iqnas (demokratiis an mecnierebis saxeliT) obieqturoba an
`faseuloba~, romelic sayovelTaod misawvdomi araa. mag
ram Znelad warmosadgenia iseTi `faseulobebis~ arseboba,
romlebic upirobod xelmisawvdomia yvelasTvis .
Zveli literaturuli saxelmZRvaneloebi, Cveu
lebriv, erTmaneTs upirispireben `miukerZoebel kritikas~
da `impresionistul kritikas~, magram es araswori defi
niciebia, maT mxolod SecdomaSi SevyavarT. marTlac, `miu
kerZoebeli kritika~ emyareboda TiTqosda obieqturad ar
sebul wesebsa da principebs; `impresionistuli kritika~,
piriqiT, aRiarebda wminda subieqtivizms. sinamdvileSi `im
presionistuli kritika~ aris im specialistis SeniRbuli av
toritetuli msjeloba, romlis gemovneba warmoadgens nor
mas bundovani sakiTxebis ganxilvisas. meore mxriv, araerTi
kritikosi miizida macdunebelma rCevam remi de gurmonisa,
romlis azriT, nebismieri gulwrfeli adamianis udidesi
damsaxurebaa `sakuTari STabeWdilebebis dakanoneba~.29
dResdReobiT `kritikad~ wodebuli bevr eseSi ganmartebu
lia nawarmoebebisa da SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebis calkeuli
mxareebi, magram araa warmodgenili saerTo Sefaseba. bevri
ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom amgvari eseebi ayvanil iqnas `kriti
kis~ (rac berZnulad `gansjas~ niSnavda) rangSi. zogjer ga
nasxvaveben kritikis `ganmmartavsa~ da `ganmsjel~ alterna
tiul tipebs.30 magram, rogorc wesi, SeiZleba ganvacalkevoT
Sinaarsis ganmarteba (Deutung) da RirsebaTa gansja (Wertung)
literaturul kritikaSi erTmaneTisgan araa gamijnuli
da es, albaT, SeuZlebelicaa. Cveulebriv, `miukerZoebeli~
kvlevis Sedegia avtorebisa da poemebis tlanqi klasifika
cia, rasac Tan erTvis avtoritetTa citireba anda lite
raturuli Teoriis zogierTi dogmis moxsenieba. Semdgomi
kvleva saWiroebs analizs da analitikur Sedarebas. meore
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literaturis Teoria

mxriv, `ganmartebis~ JanrSi dawerili ese aucileblad Sei

cavs (Tundac minimaluri doziT) Semfaseblur msjelobebs:
Tu, magaliTad, ganimarteba leqsi, es unda iyos esTetikuri
xasiaTis msjeloba da ara istoriuli, biografiuli an fi
losofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilva. saerTod, poetisa an poe
misTvis drois da yuradRebis daTmoba, TavisTavad, ukve
niSnavs Rirebulebis gansjas. magram Zalze iSviaTia SemTx
vevebi, rodesac ganmartebiTi eses avtori, ukve sagnis Ser
Cevis gamo, saWirod miiCnevs gamoTqvas logikurad dasab
uTebuli azri. `poeziis gageba~ Zalze advilad iqceva `poe
ziis gansjad~, romelic detaluricaa da Tanmimdevrulic,
magram masSi ver naxavT daskvnas, msjelobis Sedegs. Tavis
droze eliotis eseebis siaxles warmoadgenda swored is,
rom maTSi ar iyo mocemuli Semajamebeli daskvna an saerTo
idea. am eseebSi garkveuli Tvisebis safuZvelze Sedarebu
li an Sepirispirebuli iyo ori gansxvavebuli poeti, rasac
drodadro sdevda frTxili ganzogadebebi.
rogorc Cans, unda ganvasxvavoT Ria da, meore mxriv,
impliciturad gamoxatuli msjelobebi da ar gavutoloT
isini cnobiersa da aracnobiers msjelobebs. arsebobs
grZnobebze damyarebuli gansja da, agreTve, dasabuTebuli,
logikuri gansja. ar unda vifiqroT, rom isini aucileblad
urTierTsapirispiro xasiaTisaa: `grZnobebi~ ar iqceva
kritikul azrad ise, rom ar daemyaros sakmarisad organi
zebul Teoriuli safuZvels, xolo logikuri gansja lite
raturis sferoSi SeiZleba Camoyalibebul iqnas mxolod
raime grZnobis safuZvelze, romelic damoukideblad war
moiSoba an msjelobis mTeli msvlelobiTaa gamowveuli.

366

Tavi mecxramete

literaturis istoria
*
SeiZleba Tu ara literaturis istoriis dawera
imgvarad, rom is erTdroulad iyos literaturac da is
toriac? unda vaRiaroT, rom literaturis istoriebi
metwilad aris an sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoria, an
sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoria _ met-naklebad qro
nologiuri TanamimdevrobiT dalagebuli gansakuTrebuli
nawarmoebebisgan miRebuli STabeWdilebebi an maTi Sefa
sebebi. inglisuri literaturis istoriis istoriografia
ze erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac ki dasturdeba es Sexeduleba.
tomas uortoni, inglisuri poeziis pirveli `oficialuri~
istorikosi, Zveli literaturis Seswavlas imiT asabuTebs,
rom masSi `sworadaa gadmocemuli droTa Taviseburebani,
asaxulia zne-CveulebaTa yvelaze ufro lamazi, xatovani
da STambeWdavi mxareebi~ da `momaval Taobebs gadascems
cxovrebis WeSmarit suraTs~1. henri morlis literatura
esmis, rogorc `nacionaluri biografia~, an `inglisuri su
liskveTebis istoria~2. lesli stiveni literaturas Tvlis
`mTeli socialuri organizmis gansakuTrebul funqciad~,
socialuri cvalebadobis `erTgvar Tanaproduqtad~3. u.
j. korthoupi, sakuTriv inglisuri poeziis istoriis avto
ri, eyrdnoboda poeziis ganviTarebis erTian koncefcias.
misi gansazRvriT, `inglisuri `poeziis Seswavla, faqtob
rivad, niSnavs, literaturaSi areklili Cveni erovnuli
institutebis ganuwyvetili aRmavlobis Seswavlas~. amitom
korthoupi xedavs Tavisi sagnis erTianobas `zustad iq, sa
dac politikis istorikosi cdilobs moaTavsos Tavisi sa
gani, saxeldobr, eris cxovrebaSi, mis mTlianobaSi~ 4.
zemoCamoTvlili (da kidev mravali sxva) istoriko
sebi literaturas ganixilaven, rogorc erovnuli an so
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literaturis Teoria

cialuri istoriis sailustracio ubralo dokuments; am

mimarTulebis mowinaaRmdegeebs miaCniaT, rom literatu
ra, pirvel yovlisa, xelovnebaa, magram maT, rogorc Cans,
ar xelewifebaT istoriis dawera _ isini gvTavazoben ese
ebis dausrulebul seriebs calkeul avtorTa Sesaxeb, mag
ram ar aqvT realuri istoriuli evoluciis koncefcia.
`Tanamedrove inglisuri literaturis mokle istoriis~
(1897) SesavalSi edmund grosem ganacxada, rom gviCvenebda
`Zvrebs inglisur literaturaSi~, Segviqmnida `inglisuri
literaturis evoluciis gancdas~5. magram, sinamdvile
Si, es iyo mxolod uaxlesi franguli mimdinareobebisgan
nasesxebi frazeologia. praqtikulad, groses wignebi war
moadgens qronologiurad dalagebul kritikul SeniSv
nebs mwerlebsa da maTs nawarmoebebze. SemdgomSi grosem
dakarga interesi tenisadmi da aRiara, rom didad iyo dava
lebuli biografiuli portretis didostatis, sent-bevis
moZRvrebisgan.6 Mutatis mutandis, rac samarTliania jorj
sentsberis mimarT, romlis kritikis koncefcia yvelaze
metad uaxlovdeba peiteris `Rirseuli Sefasebis~ Teo
riasa da praqtikas,7 agreTve _ oliver eltonis `inglisuri
literaturis mimoxilvis~ eqvstomeuls, romelic yvelaze
TvalsaCino miRwevad unda CaiTvalos inglisSi ukanask
nel dros gamoqveynebul literaturis istoriebs Soris.
oliver eltoni gulwrfelad aRiarebs, rom es aris `namd
vili mimoxilva, uSualod kritika~ da ara istoria8. es sia
SeiZleba usasrulod gaizardos. franguli da germanuli
literaturaTa istoriebi, zogierTis gamoklebiT, migvi
yvans TiTqmis identur daskvnamde. ase, magaliTad, tens,
pirvel rigSi, ainteresebda Tavisi Teoriia erovnuli xa
siaTis Sesaxeb da `garemosa~ (`milien~) da rasis miseuli
filosofia; Jiuserani ikvlevda, Tu rogor airekla ing
lisur literaturaSi adaT-wesebis istoria, xolo kaza
mianma gamoigona mTeli Teoria `inglisur erovnul sulSi
moraluri ritmis cvalebadobis Sesaxeb~9. yvelaze wamyvani,
mniSvnelovani literaturis istoriebi aris an civiliza
ciis istoriebi an kritikuli eseebis krebulebii. maTgan
pirvelni ar warmoadgenen xelovnebis istorias, meoreni ki
_ xelovnebis istorias.
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literaturis istoria

ratom aravin scada, Seeswavla literaturis, rogorc

xelovnebis dargis evolucia? amis erTi mizezi isaa, rom
xelovnebis nawarmoebTa winaswari analizi ar ganxorciele
bula Tanamimdevrulad da sistematurad. Cven vkmayofil
debiT Zveli ritorikuli kriteriumebiT, romlebic sakma
od zedapirulia, an vcdilobT maRalfardovani frazebiT
aRvweroT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens mkiTxvelze xelovnebis
nawarmoebi, Tanac Cvens mosazrebebs gamovxatavT im cnebe
biT, romlebic ar Seesabameba TviT xelovnebis nawarmoebebs.
meore siZnele warmoSva mcdarma mosazrebam, romlis
Tanaxmad, literaturis istoriis Seqmna SeuZlebelia, da mi
si axsna SesaZlebelia mxolod adamianis moRvaweobis Tval
sazrisiT. mesame siZnele unda veZioT sityvakazmuli xelov
nebis ganviTarebis saerTo koncefciaSi. mxatvrobisa da
musikis Sinagani, organuli istoriis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba
Si cota vinmes Tu epareba eWvi. Tu gavivliT romelime sam
xatvro galereaSi, romelSic eqsponatebi ganlagebulia
qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT an `skolebis~ mixedviT,
davinaxavT, rom aq ferweris xelovnebis istoria sruliad
gansxvavdeba mxatvrebis istoriisagan, an calkeuli suraTis
Sefasebisa da masze msjelobisagan. sakmarisia movisminoT
koncerti, romelzec nawarmoebebi qronologiulad iqneba
dalagebuli, rom davrwmundeT: arsebobs musikis istoria,
romelsac saerTo TiTqmis araferi aqvs kompozitorTa bio
grafiebTan, im socialur viTarebasTan, romlis drosac es
nawarmoebebi Seiqmna da arc individualur qmnilebaTa Se
fasebasTan. ferwerisa da qandakebis istoriaTa Seqmnas See
cadnen mas Semdeg, rac C. bernim yuradReba gadaitana musi
kaluri formebis istoriaze.
literaturis istoriis winaSe dgas analogiuri prob
lema, kerZod, literaturis istoria unda Camoyalibdes
imgvarad, rom gamoeyos socialur istorias, mweralTa
biografiebsa da calkeul nawarmoebTa Sefasebas. cxa
dia, literaturis istoriis Seqmna (amgvari SezRuduli
gagebiT) Tavisebur dabrkolebebs waawydeba. ferwerasTan
SedarebiT, romlis danaxva Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac
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literaturis Teoria

SeiZleba, literaturuli nawarmoebis, rogorc xelovnebis

qmnilebis aTviseba mxolod garkveuli drois gavlis Sem
deg xerxdeba da amitomac ufro Zneldeba misi Sinagani
wyobis mTlianobaSi Secnoba, magram musikalur formasTan
analogia gviCvenebs, rom garkveuli modeli SesaZlebelia,
da rom literaturuli nawarmoebia droiTi aRqma CixSi
jer kidev ar gvaqcevs. arsebobs sxva specialuri prob
lemebic. literaturaSi arsebobs gardamavali formebi
martivi gamonaTqvamebidan xelovnebis maRalorganize
bul nawarmoebebamde, radganac literaturis mediumi aris
ena, romelic, amave dros, yoveldRiuri urTierTobis sa
Sualebacaa da gansakuTrebiT, mecnierebis enac. amitomac
gacilebiT ufro Znelia literaturuli nawarmoebis esTe
tikuri struqturis gamoyofa. Tumca, ilustracia samedi
cino saxelmZRvaneloebSi da samxedro marSi mowmobs, rom
sxva xelovnebebsac aqvT gardamavali formebi. Sesabamisad,
zRvris gavleba xelovnebasa da araxelovnebas Soris sity
vier gamonaTqvamSi ufro rTuli amocanaa, magram, princi
pulad, SesaZlebeli.
miuxedavad amisa, arseboben iseTi Teoretikosebic,
romlebic, ubralod, martivad acxadeben, literaturas is
toria ara aqvso. u. p. keri, magaliTad, irwmuneba, rom lite
raturis istoria ar gvWirdeba, radganac misi obieqtebi
yovelTvis arseboben, `maradiulni~ arian da, amdenad, ara
viTari gansakuTrebuli istoria ara aqvT10. T. s. elioti,
agreTve, uaryofda, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi warsuls
ganekuTvneba. `homerosiT dawyebuli, mTeli evropis lite
ratura, _ ambobs elioti, _ erTdroulad arsebobs da qm
nis erTdroul mimdevrobas~11. SeiZleba, daveTanxmoT Sopen
haueris mosazrebas, rom xelovneba yovelTvis aRwevs Tavis
mizans. arasodes SeiZleba misi gaumjobeseba, Senacvleba an
ganmeoreba. xelovnebaSi ar unda veZioT, `rogor ityvian~ _
`wie es eigenthich gewesen~, Tumca swored amas miiCnevda ranke
istoriografiis miznad. amitom, literaturis istoria ar
aris istoria, am sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiT, radganac is
warmoadgens awmyos codnas, saerTod awmyos, maradiuli
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awmyos codnas. cxadia, veravin uaryofs, rom namdvilad ar

sebobs sxvaoba politikis istoriasa da xelovnebis isto
rias Soris. istoriuli warsuli gansxvavdeba istoriisgan,
romelic awmyos cocxal Sinaarss warmoadgens.
rogorc adre mogaxseneT, xelovnebis calkeuli nawar
moebi droTa ganmavlobaSi cvlilebebs ganicdis. ra Tqma
unda, struqtura, garkveulwilad, ucvleli rCeba sauku
neTa ganmavlobaSi. magram es struqtura dinamikuria da icv
leba istoriis procesTan erTad, radganac is ganSualebu
lia mkiTxvelis, kritikosebis, xelovnebis muSakTa aRqmiT.
interpretaciis procesi, kritika da Sefaseba arasdros
Sewyvetila da Cans, dausrulebliv gagrZeldeba, an yovel
SemTxvevaSi manamde, sanam ar Sewydeba TviT kulturuli
tradicia. literaturis istoriis daniSnulebaa, aRweros
es procesi, aCvenos mcire an SedarebiT mozrdil jgufebSi
gaerTianebul xelovnebis im nawarmoebTa ganviTareba, rom
lebic SerCeul iqna saerTo wyaros, Janris, stilisturi
tipis, anda lingvisturi tradiciis mixedviT da, zogadad,
literaturis sqemis farglebSi.
magram, rogorc Cans, xelovnebis qmnilebaTa jgufis
ganviTarebis koncefcia araCveulebrivad rTulia. yoveli
mxatvruli nawarmoebis struqtura, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos
ar ukavSirdeba xelovnebis mezobel an momijnave nawarmoebebs.
SeiZleba, daiwyon mtkiceba, rom ar arsebobs ganviTareba erTi
inidividualurobidan meoris mimarTulebiT. iseTi Sexedule
bac gvxvdeba, romelic literaturis istoriasac ki uaryofs
da Tvlis, rom is mweralTa istoriaa12. imave argumentis Tanax
mad, Cven uari unda ganvacxadoT enis istoriis daweraze, vinai
dan mxolod adamianebi warmoTqvamen sityvebs, iseve, rogorc
SeuZlebelia filosofiis istoriis Seqmna, radgan mxolod
adamianebi azrovneben. amgvari ukiduresi `personalizmi~ mig
viyvans im Sexedulebamde, rom xelovnebis yoveli individua
luri nawarmoebi savsebiT izolirebulad arsebobs, rac praq
tikulad niSnavs, misi sazrisis miuwvdomlobas da gaugebrobas.
literatura ufro unda warmovidginoT, rogorc nawarmoebTa
mTliani sistema, romelic mdidrdeba axali nimuSebiT, gamud
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mebiT cvlis urTierTobebs maT Soris, rogorc mzardi cva

lebadi mTlianoba.
magram literaturuli situaciis cvlilebebi erTi
aTwleulis Tu erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi jer kidev ar
gansazRvravs moqmedi literaturuli evoluciis process
_ bunebriv movlenaTa mTeli samyaroc xom icvleba. es
SeiZleba iyos yovel jerze axali gadaadgileba, romelic
ganZarculia azrisa da kavSirebisgan. ase, f. j. tegartis
mier `istoriis TeoriaSi~13 rekomendebuli Seswavla cva
lebadobisa, ubralod, istoriul da bunebriv procesebs
Soris arsebul yvela sxvaobaTa gauqmebas gulisxmobs. is
torikosebs ki tegarti urCevs, isRa dagrCeniaT, saxelmZR
vanelod sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi gamoiyenoTo. Tu
amgvari cvlilebebi absoluturad regularulad meorde
ba, maSin gamoyenebuli unda iqnes kanonis imgvarive koncef
cia, romelsac mimarTaven fizikosebi. da mainc, Spenglerisa
da toinbis brwyinvale hipoTezebis mixedviT, amgvari prog
nozirebadi cvlilebebi arasodes aRmouCeniaT arc erT is
toriul procesSi.
ganviTareba niSnavs raRaca sxvasa da ufro metsac,
vidre cvlilebaa, Tundac regularuli da winaswar nagu
lisxmevi cvlileba. aSkaraa, rom termini `ganviTareba~ im
azriT unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, romelic biologiaSia miRe
buli. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, biologiaSi evoluciis ori
sruliad gansxvavebuli koncefcia arsebobs: pirvel SemTx
vevaSi nimuSad moyvanilia kvercxis ganviTareba frinvelSi,
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi evoluciis nimuSad iTvleba cva
lebadoba Tevzis tvinidan adamianis tvinamde. aq araa gan
viTareba tvinidan tvinamde, warmodgenilia mxolod kon
cefciuri abstraqcia _ `tvini~, romelic gansazRvrulia
misi funqciis TvalsazrisiT. ganviTarebis individualuri
fazebi gaazrebulia, rogorc TandaTanobiTi miaxloeba
idealTan, romelSic `adamianis tvini~ igulisxmeba.
SeiZleba Tu ara gamoviyenoT erT-erTi zemoxsenebuli
Tvalsazrisi literaturis evoluciis mimarT? ferdinand
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literaturis istoria

briunetieri da jon adington saimondsi varaudobdnen, rom

SesaZlebelia orive maTganis gamoyeneba. isini Tvlidnen,
rom literaturuli Janrebi biologiur saxeobaTa analo
giuria14. rodesac literaturuli Janrebi aRweven srul
yofilebis garkveul dones, isini sustdebian, Wknebian da,
bolos, qrebian, _ gvaswavlis briunetieri. ufro metic,
Janrebi gardaiqmneba ufro maRal da gansxvavebul saxecv
lil Janrebad, zustad ise, rogorc, darvinis evoluciis
koncefciis Tanaxmad, xdeba saxeobaTa transformireba.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi termini `evolucia~, ra Tqma unda, mxo
lod maxvilgonivruli metaforaa. magaliTad, briune
tieris mixedviT, franguli tragedia warmoiSva, gaizarda,
dakninda da mokvda. magram tragediis warmoSobisTvis teztium comparationis ubralod gaxlavT is faqti, rom frangul
enaze tragediebi Jodelamde ar dawerila. tragedia mokvda
im azriT, rom araviTari mniSvnelovani tragedia, romelic
briunetieris ideals Seesabameboda, volteris Semdeg ar
dawerila. magram yovelTvis arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba,
rom momavalSi brwyinvale tragedia daiwereba swored fran
gulad. briunetieris Tanaxmad, rasinis `fedra~ qronolo
giurad tragediis dacemis dasawyiss emTxveva; es, SeiZleba
iTqvas, Janris siberea. magram es tragedia gvaocebs Tavisi
sinorCiT, renesansis Rrmaazrovan tragediebTan Sedare
biT, romlebic, am Teoriis Tanaxmad, warmoadgens fran
guli tragediis `axalgazrdobas~. kidev ufro sakamaToa
Janrebis sxva Janrebad gardaqmnis idea: magaliTad, briu
netieris mixedviT, klasicisturi epoqis mWevrmetyveleba
gadaizarda franguli romantizmis lirikaSi. da mainc, ara
viTari realuri `gardaqmna~ ar momxdara. ukeTes SemTxveva
Si SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTi da igive emociebi iyo gadmo
cemuli Tavdapirvelad ritorikaSi, Semdeg ki _ lirikul
poeziaSi; dasaSvebia isic, rom orive maTgani emsaxureboda
erTsa da imave, an msgavs socialur miznebs.
amgvarad, unda uarvyoT analogia literaturis gan
viTarebasa da Caketil biologiur process _ dabadebi
dan sikvdilamde _ Soris (es idea jer kidev cocxalia da
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literaturis Teoria

axlaxan aRadgines Spenglerma da toinbim). amasTan, ganvi

Tarebis meore koncefcia, rogorc Cans, ufro uaxlovdeba
WeSmaritad istoriuli ganviTarebis koncefcias. aq mTa
vari principia ara cvlilebaTa Tanmimdevruloba, aramed
misi mizani. am rigis calkeuli Semadgenlebi procesis
dasrulebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. specialuri
miznisken (Cvens SemTxvevaSi esaa `adamianis tvini~) mimar
Tuli evoluciis koncefcias Seaqvs cvalebadobaTa rigSi
urTierTkavSiri, dasawyisi da dasasruli. da mainc, arse
bobs mniSvnelovani sxvaoba biologiur evoluciasa (meore
gagebiT) da `istoriul evolucias~ Soris. imisTvis, raTa
CavwvdeT biologiurisgan gansxvavebuli istoriuli evo
luciis arss, unda gaviazroT calkeuli istoriuli movle
nebi da, amasTan erTad, ar daviyvanoT istoriuli procesi
Tanamimdevrul, magram urTierTdaukavSirebul movlenaTa
krebulamde.
sakiTxis gadasawyvetad saWiroa ganvixiloT isto
riuli procesi Sefasebis anu normis TvalsazrisiT. mxo
lod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli movlenaTa garegnulad uaz
ro rigis danawevreba arsebiT da ararsebiT elementebad.
mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT, vilaparakoT isto
riul evoluciaze, romelic inarCunebs calkeuli movle
nis individualobas. individualuri realobisa da saerTo
Sefasebis urTierTmimarTebis dadgenisas Cven ar dagvyavs
individualuri zogadi koncefciis upirovno gamovline
bamde, _ piriqiT, individualurs vaniWebT mniSvnelobas,
sazriss. istoria, zogadad, mTavar mniSvnelobebis ubralod
individualizacias ar axdens (cxadia, es ar aris arc wyveti
li uazro nakadi): istoriuli procesi mudam warmoSobs Se
fasebis axal, ucnob formebs, romelTa winaswarmetyvele
ba SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis individualuri nawarmoebis
amgvari Sefardeba faseulobaTa skalasTan sxva araferia,
Tu ara misi individualobis aucilebeli korelati. gan
viTarebis etapebi ganisazRvreba faseulobaTa, anu nor
maTa sqemebis mixedviT, magram es faseulobebi TavisTavad
vlindeba mxolod am procesis ganxilvis Sedegad. simarTle
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rom vTqvaT, esaa logikuri wre: imisTvis, raTa vimsjeloT

istoriuli procesis Sesaxeb, unda gvqondes garkveuli Se
fasebebi; amasTan erTad, SefasebaTa skalis SemuSaveba Sesa
Zlebelia mxolod istoriidan gamomdinare15 rogorc Cans,
es gardauvalia. sxva SemTxvevaSi mogvixdeba imis aRiareba,
rom istoriuli procesi warmoadgens cvalebadobis uazro
nakads, an unda gamoviyenoT raime araliteraturuli stan
dartebi _ vaRiaroT garkveuli absoluti, romelic lite
raturuli procesis mimarT gareSe fenomenia.
literaturis evoluciis problemis Cveneuli ganxil
va ganyenebuli xasiaTisaa. SevecadeT dagvesabuTebina, rom
literaturis evolucia gansxvavdeba biologiurisagan da
rom mas araferi aqvs saerTo zogad warmodgenasTan erTiani
zedrouli modelisken swrafvis Sesaxeb. istoria SeiZleba
daiweros mxolod maSin, Tu gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba fa
seulobaTa cvalebadi skalebi, romlebic abstrahirebulia
TviT istoriidan. am ideis sailustraciod SeiZleba mivmar
ToT zog iseT problemas, romlebic wamoiWreba literatu
ris istoriis winaSe.
aSkara kavSiri xelovnebis nawarmoebTa Soris _ maTi
wyaroebi da gavlenebi _ yvelaze ufro xSirad ganixileba
da Seadgens tradiciuli kvlevis Temas. mweralTa Soris li
teraturuli kavSirebis dadgena jer kidev araa literatu
ris istoria, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani mosamzadebeli
etapia mis dasawerad. ase, magaliTad, Tu gvinda davweroT
meTvramete saukunis inglisuri poeziis istoria, amisTvis
zustad unda vicodeT, ra kavSiri aqvT meTvramete sauku
nis poetebs spenserTan, miltonTan da draidenTan. amgvari
wignia reimond heivensis `miltonis gavlena inglisur poe
ziaze~16, wminda literaturuli gamokvleva, romelSic Tav
moyrilia friad STambeWdavi damadasturebeli masala mil
tonis gavlenis Sesaxeb, garda amisa, Sekrebilia ara marto
meTvramete saukunis poetTa Sexedulebani miltonis Se
saxeb, aramed Seswavlilia teqstebi da mocemulia msgavse
baTa da paralelTa analizic. am bolo dros paralelebis
Zieba didi ndobiT aRar sargeblobs, xolo gamoucdeli mkv
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levrisTvis is saxifaTocaa. pirvel yovlisa, paralelebi

unda iyos namdvili paralelebi da ara bundovani msgavse
bani, romlebic, ubralod, simravlis gamo SeiZleba aRiare
bul iqnan paralelebad. ormocjer ganmeorebuli sisule
le sisuleled rCeba. Semdgom, isini namdvilad unda iyos
paralelebi, ese igi, savsebiT darwmunebulni viyoT imaSi,
rom saerTo wyaros arseboba aq gamoricxulia. mkvlevari
moiZiebs WeSmarit paralels, Tu is aRWurvilia literatu
ris farTo codniT da Tu paraleli sakmarisad rTuli xa
siaTisaa (anu Tu saubari araa calkeuli motivis an sityvis
Sesaxeb). am elementaruli pirobebis darRvevis SemTxvevebi
marTlac Zalze xSiria. zogjer es nakli axasiaTebT gamoCe
nil mecnierebsac, romlebic, ra Tqma unda, kargad unda ic
nobdnen epoqis enas _ kliSeebs, stereotipur metaforebs,
erTi da imave Temis msgavsi xorcSesxmis magaliTebs.17
rogorc unda gavkicxoT es meTodi, is mainc legi
timuri meTodia da misi in toto uaryofa SeuZlebelia. wyaroe
bis kritikuli Seswavlis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia dadgindes
literaturuli urTierTkavSirebi. maT Soris naklebad sain
teresoa citireba, plagiati, mibaZvebi. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,
isini amtkiceben urTierTobis Cveulebriv faqts, Tumca, ar
seboben sternisa da bertonis msgavsi mwerlebi, romlebic
citatebs TavianTi mxatvruli amocanebis gadasawyvetad
iyenebdnen. magram literaturul kavSirTa sakiTxebis um
ravlesoba namdvilad bevrad ufro rTulia da maT gadasaw
yvetad kritikuli analizia saWiro _ amisTvis paralelebis
Tavmoyra ubralod ar kmara. mravali amgvari gamokvlevis
nakli aixsneba swored imiT, rom ugulebelyofilia mniS
vnelovani ram: erTi calkeuli Strixis gamoyofisas li
teraturul nawarmoebs aqucmaceben patar-patara mozai
kur nawilebad. literaturis ori an meti nawarmoebis urT
ierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb nayofieri msjeloba SesaZlebelia
mxolod maSin, rodesac literaturis ganviTarebis sistema
Si maT saTanado adgili ukaviaT. literaturul nawarmoebTa
urTierTkavSiri warmoadgens im ori mTlianobis, ori kon
figuraciis Sedarebis sagans, romelTa danawevreba calkeul
komponentebad dasaSvebia mxolod kvlevis sawyis etapebze.
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rodesac yuradRebis centrSi moeqceva ori das

rulebuli sistema, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom literaturis
istoriis fundamentur problemas, originalurobis prob
lemas vikvlevT. Cvens droSi, Cveulebriv, arasworad esmiT,
ras niSnavs originaluri. miaCniaT, rom originaluri niSnavs,
ubralod, tradiciis darRvevas, an mas eZieben xelovnebis
nawarmoebis masalaSi, an mis garegnul wyobaSi (tradiciuli
siuJeti, tradiciuli konstruqcia). adreul periodebSi
literaturuli Semoqmedebis Taviseburebis saRi, jansaRi
Sefaseba iyo miRebuli. originalur Sinaarss an siuJets
didad rodi afasebdnen. renesansis da klasicizmis epoqa
Si, sruliad marTebulad, udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen
Targmans, gansakuTrebiT poeziis Targmans da `mibaZvas~, im
azriT, rogorc houpi baZavda horaciusis satirebs, an doq
tor jonsoni _ iuvenals18. ernest robert kurciusi Tavis
`evropis literaturasa da laTinur Sua saukuneebSi~ (1948)
damajereblad gviCvenebs literaturis istoriaSi bana
lurobis (topoi) uzarmazar rols, Temebisa Tu saxeebis gan
meorebas, imas, rom isini antikuri xanidan STamomavlobiT
miiRo laTinizebulma Sua saukuneebma da, Semdeg, Tanamed
rove literaturam. arc erTi mwerali ar Takilobda da Ta
vis Tavs ar Tvlida araoriginalur mwerlad `imis gamo, rom
iyenebda, iTvisebda da Taviseburad cvlida Temebsa da sa
xeebs, romlebic tradiciulad memkvidreobiT gadmodioda
da antikuri literaturis avtoritetiT iyo sanqcionirebu
li. amgvari xasiaTis bevri nawarmoebis Sefasebas safuZvlad
daedo mxatvruli procesis mcdari gageba. aseTia, magali
Tad, ser sidni lis naSromebi elisabedis droindeli sone
tebis Sesaxeb, romlebic formis TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda,
tradiciulia, magram (sidni lis Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod)
es ar niSnavs, rom maTSi araa asaxuli gulwrfeli grZnobebi,
da rom isini mdare nawarmoebebia19. garkveuli tradiciisadmi
erTguleba da misi nimuSebis mibaZva ar gamoricxavs suli
eri ganwyobilebis gamoxatvas da nawarmoebis mxatvrul Ri
rebulebas. amgvari Seswavlis dros kritikuli problemebi
wamoiWreba maSin, rodesac viwyebT Sedarebas da Sefasebas
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imis gamosavlenad, Tu rogor iyenebs erTi xelovani meore

xelovanis miRwevebs, _ rodesac warmogvidgeba gardamqmne
li SemoqmedebiTi Zalisxmeva. literaturis istoriis pirve
li amocanaa, zustad daadginos yoveli nawarmoebis adgili
ama Tu im tradiciaSi.
xelovnebis ori an meti nawarmoebis urTierTkavSiris
Seswavlas mivyavarT literaturis istoriis Semdgom prob
lemebamde.xelovnebis nawarmoebTa pirvel da yvelaze uf
ro TvalsaCino rigs miekuTvneba is qmnilebebi, romlebic
dawerilia erTi avtoris mier. aq arc ise Znelia faseu
lobaTa skalis dadgena: Cven SegviZlia SevafasoT erTi an
ramdenime nawarmoebi, romlebic mwerlis saukeTeso, srul
yofili qmnilebebia da am tipis nawarmoebebTan siaxlovis
TvalsazrisiT gavaanalizoT misi danarCeni nawarmoebebi.
bevri monografiis avtorebi isaxavdnen amgvar mizans, Tum
ca mkafiod ver icnobierebdnen warmoSobil rTul prob
lemebs da ufro uSedegod cdilobdnen mwerlis piradi
cxovrebis problemebSi garkvevas.
evoluciuri rigis meore tipi SeiZleba Semdegnairi
iyos: xelovnebis nawarmoebidan gamoyofen garkveul Tvi
sebas da akvirdebian idealisaken mis ganviTarebas idea
lisken (Tumca ideali aq pirobiTi, droebiTi cnebaa). es
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes erTi mwerlis nawarmoebTa
Seswavlisas ise, rogorc magaliTad, klemenma20 gamoikvlia
tropebi SeqspirTan; an SeiZleba Catardes erT periodis,
an sulac mTeli erovnuli literaturis farglebSi. maga
liTad, inglisuri prosodiisa da prozis ritmis21 Sesaxeb
jorj sentsberis naSromebSi gamoyofilia struqturis
garkveuli elementi da misi istoriis gezi, Tumca sents
beris pretenziuli wignebis naklovaneba isaa, rom maT
safuZvlad udevT leqsis zomisa da ritmis Sesaxeb bundo
vani da dromoWmuli koncefciebi, rac cxadyofs, rom WeSma
riti istoriis dawera SeuZlebelia adekvaturi mecnieruli
Sromebis gamoyenebisa da miTiTebis gareSe. amave xasiaTis
problemebi wamoiWreba inglisuri poeturi enis istoria
sTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac mieZRvna mxolod jozefina
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mailzis statistikuri gamokvleva, rac Seexeba inglisuri

poeziis mxatvrul saxeTa istorias, jer misi Seswavla ara
vis ucdia.
SesaZlebelia hamletTan, don JuanTan an agasferTan
dakavSirebuli mravalricxovani motivebisa da Temebisad
mi miZRvnili mravalricxovani istoriuli mimoxilvebis
amgvari sistematizeba. sinamdvileSi es sruliad gansx
vavebuli problemebia. siuJetis sxvadasxvagvari varian
tebi ar gulisxmobs iseTive urTierTkavSirs da uwyvetobas,
rogoric axasiaTebs sazomisa da poeturi enis istorias.
mariam stiuartis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvela literaturuli
siuJetis ganxilva, albaT, sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa
istoriis TvalsazrisiT, saintereso iqneba da, albaT, ga
moavlens gemovnebis cvalebadobas sxvadasxva epoqaSi,
tragediis sxvadasxvagvar koncefciebs. magram aq araa Sina
gani kavSiri da dialeqtika. ar wamoiWreba arc erTi prob
lema da, miT umetes, literaturuli kritikis problema22.
Stoffgeschichte (aq: legenda) yvelaze naklebadaa literaturis
istoria.
literaturuli Janrebisa da tipebis istoria prob
lemaTa sxva jgufs gvTavazobs, magram es problemebi ar
aris gadauWreli; miuxedavad imisa, rom kroCe Seecada, mTe
li koncefciis diskreditireba moexdina, arsebobs bevri
gamokvleva, romlebic SeiZleba CaiTvalos amgvari koncef
ciis Seqmnis mosamzadebel etapad da romlebic TavisTavad
Teoriulad sakmarisad safuZvliania imisTvis, raTa zus
tad moiniSnos istoriuli perspeqtiva. Janris istoriaSi
arsebobs igive dilema, rac literaturis istoriaSi: imisT
vis, raTa mivagnoT mecnierulad damuSavebul miTiTebas
(am SemTxvevaSi Janris Sesaxeb), saWiroa istoriis Seswavla,
magram istorias ver SeviswavliT, Tu gonebaSi ar gveqneba
Camoyalibebuli SerCevis sqema. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs
gamosavali am daxSuli wridan. zog SemTxvevaSi aucilebel
amosaval wertils warmoadgens klasifikaciis garegnuli
myari sqema (magaliTad, garkveuli wesis mixedviT gariT
muli ToTxmeti striqoni sonetSi). sapirispiro SemTxvevaa
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elegia an oda, rodesac SeiZleba daveWvdeT, SeinarCuna Tu

ara odam, saxelwodebis garda, raime niSan Tviseba, romelic
Tanabrad axasiaTebs yvela odas. ben jonsonis `oda saku
Tari Tavisadmi~, kolinzis `oda saRamosadmi~ da uords
vorTis `ukvdavebis winaTgrZnoba~ TiTqos naklebad hgva
nan erTmaneTs, magram maxvili Tvali imTaviTve daadgens
horaciusis da pindares odebTan maT msgavsebas, SeniSnavs
TiTqosda gansxvavebuli tradiciebisa da saukuneebis uwy
vet erTobas. literaturis istoriis Sesaswavlad Janrebis
istoria, udavod, yvelaze mravlisaRmTqmeli sferoa.
SeiZleba da savaldebulocaa `morfologiuri~ mid
goma farTod gamoviyenoT folkloris mimarT, radgan
folklorSi Janrebi xSirad ufro mkafiodaa gaforme
buli, vidre _ mogvianebiT Camoyalibebul sityvakazmul
xelovnebaSi. folklorisadmi amgvari midgoma, bolos da
bolos, iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc `motivebisa~ da siu
Jetebis migraciaTa Seswavla. safuZveli Caeyara karg wamow
yebebs, gansakuTrebiT _ ruseTSi23. Tu ar SegviZlia ro
gorc klasikuri, aseve axali (Sua saukuneebSi warmoSobili)
Janrebis cocxali aRqma, ver CavwvdebiT Tanamedrove lite
raturas _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, im literaturas, romelic
win uZRoda romantikul amboxs. maTi brZola Seadgens li
teraturis istoriis mniSvnelovan nawils 1500-1800 wlebs
Soris. da marTlac, rogorc unda gaebundovnebina roman
tikul saukunes sxvaoba Janrebs Soris da rogori Sereuli
formebic unda Semoetana, didi Secdoma iqneboda, saTa
nadod ar dagvefasebina Janrebis koncefciis avtoriteti
da Zala Tundac uaxles literaturaSi. Janrebis pirveli is
toriebis (romlebic Seqmnes briunetierma da saimonma) nak
lovanebad unda CaiTvalos biologiur paralelebze metis
meti dayrdnoba. magram am bolo aTwleulebSi gamoCnda ise
Ti gamokvlevebi, romlebic meti gulisyuriTaa damuSave
buli. Tumca, maT emuqreba tipebis aRweriT Semofargvlisa
da SemTxveviT diskusiebSi daxarjvis saSiSroeba, rogorc
es mouvida mraval naSroms, romlebsac dramis an romanis
istoriebad miiCneven. magram arsebobs wignebi, romlebSic
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dasmuli da gamokvleulia tipebis ganviTarebis problema.

Seqspiramdeli inglisuri dramis istoriis daweris dros
dauSvebelia imis ugulebelyofa, rom misteriebisa da mo
raliteebis memkvidreobisa da Tanadrouli aRmavali dra
mis gasaocrad Sereuli forma SeiniSneba, vTqvaT, beilis
`mefe jonSi~. Janris kargi istoriis nimuSia u. u. gregis
wigni `pastoraluri poezia da pastoraluri drama~, Tumca
avtori masSi sxva mizans isaxavda;24 mogvianebiT k. s. lu
isma `siyvarulis alegoriaSi~25 Camoayaliba ganviTarebis
mkafiod da kargad gaazrebuli sqema. germaniaSi, sxva rom
ara iyos ra, ori kargi wigni arsebobs: karl vietoris `ger
manuli odis istoria~ da giunTer miuleris `germanuli
simReris istoria~26. orive avtori mwvaved ayenebs im prob
lemebs, romlebsac waawydnen27. vietori garkveviT aRiarebs
daxSuli wris arsebobas, magram mainc ar epueba mas: vieto
ris SexedulebiT, istorikosi intuiciiT, magram mainc unda
mixvdes, ra aris arsebiTi im JanrisaTvis, romelsac ikvlevs
da mere gamoiyenos am Janris nimuSebi Tavisi hipoTezebis
dasasabuTeblad an Sesasworeblad. Tumca Janri istoriaSi
vlindeba calkeul nawarmoebTa saxiT, magram ar SeiZleba
misi aRwera am nawarmoebTa yvela niSnis mixedviT. Cven gavi
azrebT Janrs, rogorc `maregulirebel~ princips, rogorc
fuZemdeblur models; pirobiTobas, romelic realuria, e.
i. qmediTia, radganac ganapirobebs konkretuli nawarmoe
bebis Seqmnas. istorias ar esaWiroeba miRweva specialuri
miznisa, romelic zRvars udebs Janris Semdgom gagrZelebas
an diferenciacias; magram Tu miznad davisaxavT, davweroT
WeSmariti istoria, maSin unda veyrdnobodeT garkveul
droiT mizans an tips.
srulad analogiuri problemebi wamoiWreba periodi
sa da mimdinareobis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT. ganviTare
bis Sesaxeb diskusiam cxadyo, rom Cven ver daveTanxmebiT
or ukidures Sexedulebas: erTia metafizikuri Sexedule
ba, romlis mixedviTac, periodi aris garkveuli arsi da
mis bunebas intuiciiT unda CavwvdeT; meore _ ukiduresad
nominalisturi _ SexedulebiT ki, periodi yovel droSi,
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literaturis Teoria

drois yovel monakveTSi, ubralod, aRweris mizniT gaT

valiswinebuli lingvisturi, stilisturi Taviseburebaa.
ukiduresi nominalizmis mixedviT, periodSi igulisxmeba
TviTneburi Zaldataneba masalaze, romelic sinamdvileSi,
mimarTulebis gareSe, uwyvet dinebad iqceva da amgvarad,
gvrCeba, erTi mxriv, konkretul movlenaTa qaosi da meore
mxriv, wminda subieqturi iarliyebi. Tu davemyarebiT am
Sexedulebas, maSin aSkarad ar eqneba mniSvneloba, Tu sad
gavatarebT gamyof xazs arsebiTad erTian, magram mraval
ferovan realobaSi. amitomac mniSvneloba ara aqvs, perio
dis romel sqemas miviRebT _ xelovnur pirobiTsa Tu
meqanikurs. SeiZleba istoriografiuli wesiT davweroT
literaturis istoria saukuneebis, aTwleulebis an wlebis
mixedviT. SeiZleba miviRoT iseTi kriteriumi, rogoric
gamoiyena arTur saimondsma Tavis wignSi `romantikuli
mimarTuleba inglisur poeziaSi~.28 igi ganixilavs mxolod
im avtorebs, romlebic 1800 wlamde daibadnen da 1800
wlis mere gardaicvalen. gamodis, rom periodi, ubralod,
xelsayreli sityvaa savaldebulo wignis an SerCeuli Te
mis dasayofad. Tumca, xSirad es Sexeduleba gaucnobiere
blad STaagonebs naSromebs, romlebic mowiwebiT ekidebian
saukuneTa mijnebs an Tavs axveven sagans zust droiT (mag
aliTad, 1700-50 wlebi), rac verafriT aixsneba, garda imisa,
rom erTgvari SemosazRvra praqtikulma saWiroebam gamoi
wvia. kalendaruli TariRebisadmi aseTi pativiscema, rasak
virvelia, kanonieria bibliografiuli nusxebis Sedgenisas;
aq is gvexmareba orientaciaSi, iseve, rogorc diuis mier
biblioTekebisaTvis SeTavazebuli decimaluri sistema;
amgvar periodizacias saerTo araferi aqvs literaturis
istoriasTan.
miuxedavad amisa, literaturis istoriebis umete
soba periodebad aris dayofili politikur cvlilebaTa
Sesabamisad. amgvarad, miCneulia, rom literatura mTli
anad determinirebulia politikuri Tu socialuri revo
luciebiT, xolo determinirebuli periodebis problemas
wyveten istorikosebi. inglisuri literaturis SedarebiT
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literaturis istoria

Zvel istoriebs Tu CavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom isini dawerilia

an kalendaruli principiT an erTi martivi politikuri
kriteriumis mixedviT, inglisis monarqTa mefobis drois
Sesabamisad. sulac araa saWiro imis Cveneba, Tu ra aRre
vas gamoiwvevda, bolo drois inglisuri literaturis is
toria rom dagveyo monarqebis gardacvalebis TariRebis
Sesabamisad. seriozulad aravis mosvlia azrad, adreu
li mecxramete saukunis literatura ganesxvavebina er
Timeorisgan georg mesamis, georg meoTxis an uiliam meoT
xis mefobis droTa mixedviT; zogan jer kidev SemorCe
nilia literaturis aseTi xelovnuri dayofa elisabedis,
jeimz pirvelisa da Carlz pirvelis mefobaTa droebis
Sesabamisad.
inglisuri literaturis uaxles istoriebSi sau
kuneebis kalendris Tu mefeTa mmarTvelobis Sesabamisi
dayofa TiTqmis mTlianad moispo da Seicvala axleburi
periodizaciiT, romlis saxelwodebebi emyareba sulieri
cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos movlenebs. Tumca, Cven kvlav
vxmarobT terminebs `elisabedis droindeli~ da `viqtori
anuli~, maT mefobaTa dros Seqmnili es ganmasxvavebeli ter
minebi ki SemogvrCa, magram maT axali mniSvneloba SeiZines
inteleqtualuri istoriis sistemis farglebSi. Cven isini
SevinarCuneT, radgan vgrZnobT, rom es ori dedofali, ro
gorc Cans, TavianTi drois simboloebi iyvnen. Cven katego
riulad aRar moviTxovT, rom drois monakveTi romelime
monarqis taxtze asvlidan mis sikvdilamde gansazRvravdes
literaturuli periodis qronologiuri mijnebs. rodesac
viyenebT termins `elisabedis droindeli~, vgulisxmobT
mwerlebs, romlebic moRvaweobdnen Teatrebis daxur
vamde (1642), im droisTvis ki TiTqmis ormocma welma gan
vlo dedoflis gardacvalebidan. magram, meore mxriv, Cven
iSviaTad vuwodebT oskar uailds `viqtorianels~, Tumca
misi sicocxlis wlebi zustad emTxveva viqtorias mefobis
qronologiur sazRvrebs. politikuri warmomavlobis ter
minebma inteleqtisa da literaturis istoriaSic ki mii
Res gansazRvruli mniSvneloba. miuxedavad amisa, Cveni ax
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landeli dasaxelebebi maTi Seqmnis siWrelis gamo, cota

ar iyos damabnevelia. `reformacia~ momdinareobs saekle
sio istoriidan, `humanizmi~, umTavresad, _ inteleqtua
luri moZraobis istoriidan, `renesansi~ _ xelovnebis
istoriidan, `respublikis literatura da `restavraciis
literatura~ _ garkveuli politikuri movlenebidan.
termini `meTvramete saukune~ Zveli qronologiuri termi
nia, romelic dazustebul iqna literaturuli movlenebis
TvalsazrisiT: `avgustinelebis literatura~ da `klas
icizmis literatura~, `preromantizmi~ da `romantizmi~
imTaviTve literaturuli terminebia, maSin, rodesac `viq
torianuli~, `edvardianuli~ da `georgianuli momdin
areobs monarqTa mefobidan. igive gansacvifrebeli su
raTi xSirad gvxvdeba sxva qveynebis literaturaSi: maga
liTad, `koloniuri periodi~ amerikul literaturaSi
politikuri terminia, xolo `romantizmi~ da `realizmi~
literaturuli terminebia.
terminTa amgvari aRrevis gasamarTleblad unda aRv
niSnoT, rom amis mizezi Tavad istoria gaxlavT. rogorc
literaturis istorikosebma, Cven, pirvel yovlisa, unda
gaviTvaliswinoT TviT mwerlebis mosazrebebi da koncef
ciebi, programebi da personaliebi, ese igi, unda gaviziaroT
sakuTriv maTi Sexeduleba periodizaciis Sesaxeb. ra Tqma
unda, literaturis istoriaSi ar SeiZleba gonivrulad
Camoyalibebuli programebis, manifestebis, SemoqmedebiTi
TviTanalizis mniSvnelobis ugulebelyofa. da safiqrebe
lia, rom moRvaweobas, romelic esoden kargad icnobierebs
sakuTar sazrissa da daniSnulebas, yvelaze ukeT Seesa
bameba termini `mimdinareoba~ (`movement~); misi daxasiaTeba
analogiuri iqneba ama Tu im movlenisa da dekretebis daxa
siaTebisa. rac Seexeba literaturul periods, mis mimarT
es programebi _ mxolod masalaa, iseve, rogorc kritikis
istoria aris mxolod da mxolod literaturis istoriis
Tanmxlebi komentari. epoqis literaturul dokumentebs
CvenTvis damxmare mniSvneloba aqvT, maT ver vaRiarebT
literaturis periodizaciis principebad. es imitom ki ar
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xdeba, rom CvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia ufro Rrma Sexedule

ba movlenebis Taobaze: ubralod, Cven upiratesoba gvaqvs
_ warsuls awmyos poziciidan ganvixilavT.
isic unda iTqvas, rom es sxvadasxva warmomavlobis
terminebi Tavis droze ar gamoiyeneboda. termini `hu
manizmi~ pirvelad gamoCnda 1832 wels, `renesansi~ _ 1840
wels, `elisabedis epoqa~ _ 1817 wels, `avgustusis xana~ _
1819 wels, xolo `romantizmi~ _ 1844 wels. es monacemebi
moyvanilia `oqsfordis leqsikonSi~ da, albaT, sando araa,
radganac termini `avgustusis xana~ sporadulad Cndeba
ukve 1690 wels, karlaili ki termin `romantizms~ iyenebs
1831 wels29. yovelive es mxolod imas aRniSnavs, rom li
teraturuli periodi da misi saxelwodeba sinqronulad
rodi warmoiSoba. cnobilia, rom romantikosebi TavianT
Tavs ar uwodebdnen romantikosebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
inglisSi. rogorc Cans, mxolod daaxloebiT 1849 wels
daukavSires kolriji da uordsvorTi romantikul mim
dinareobebsa da Selis, kiTsisa da baironis jgufs30. misis
olifanti Tavis `meTvramete saukunis dasasrulisa da
mecxramete saukunis dasawyisis inglisuri literaturis
istoriaSi ~ (1882 w.) arsad xmarobs am termins da erTsa da
imave mimdinareobas ar miakuTvnebs `tbis~ poetebs, `koknis~
skolasa da `satanur~ bairons. amgvarad, inglisuri lite
raturis amJamad arsebuli periodizacia araa istoriulad
dasabuTebuli. aSkaraa, rom is sxva araferia, Tu ara poli
tikuri, literaturuli da mxatvruli iarliyebis TviTne
burad SerCeuli erToblioba.
kidec rom gvqondes adamianTa kulturis istoriis _
politikis, filosofiis, sxva xelovnebaTa srulyofili
periodizacia, literaturis istoria mainc ver SeZlebda
iseTi sqemis gamoyenebas, romelic SemuSavebulia, romelic
sxva masalaze muSaobis meSveobiT, specifikuri amocanebis
gadawyvetis procesSi. literatura ar SeiZleba gagebul
iqnes, rogorc kacobriobis politikuri, socialuri an
Tundac inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis pasiuri anarekli
an asli. amdenad, literaturuli periodi unda dadgindes
wminda literaturuli kriteriumis daxmarebiT.
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Tu Cveni Sedegebi daemTxveva politikis, sazo

gadoebis, xelovnebisa da azrovnebis istoriebs, amis sawi
naaRmdego araferi gveqneba. magram Cveni amosavali werti
li iqneba literatura, rogorc literaturis ganviTareba.
maSasadame, periodi aris sayovelTao evoluciis qveda
nayofi. misi istoria SeiZleba daiweros mxolod faseu
lobaTa cvalebad skalis gaTvaliswinebiT, xolo es skala
SemuSavebul unda iqnes Tavad istoriuli procesis gaaz
rebis safuZvelze. amgvarad, periodi aris drois monakveTi,
romelSic dominirebs literaturuli normebi, standarte
bi da pirobiTobebi, romelTa Semotana, gavrceleba, dana
wevreba, integracia da gaqroba SeiZleba davinaxoT, Tvali
mivadevnoT.
cxadia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom aucileblad unda mi
viRoT esa Tu is normatiuli sistema. istoriidan is unda
gamoviyvanoT istoriidan, aRmovaCinoT istoriaSi, rogorc
realoba. magaliTad, `romantizmi~ ar aris erTiani Tviseba,
romelic vrceldeba gadamdebi seniviT an WiriviT, da is
arc ubralo sityvieri iarliyia. es istoriuli kategoria,
an, kantis terminologiiT, `maregulirebeli idea~ (ufro
zustad ki, ideaTa mTeli sistema) gvexmareba movaxdinoT
istoriuli procesis interpretacia. magram ideebis komp
leqsi Cven TviT procesSi aRmovaCineT. termin `periodis~
amgvari koncefcia gansxvavdeba misi sayovelTaod aRiare
buli gagebisgan, romelSic cneba gadatanilia fsiqolo
giur planSi da ganZarculia istoriuli konteqstisgan.
rodesac amgvari fsiqologiuri an mxatvruli tipebis sa
xelwodebaTa SemoReba xdeba istoriulad damkvidrebuli
terminologiis zegavleniT, es araa sababi maTi upirobo
dagmobisTvis; amasTan, kargad unda gavicnobieroT, rom
literaturis aseTi tipologia Zalze Sorsaa Cveni ganxil
vis sagnisgan _ is ar miekuTvneba literaturis istorias,
viwro gagebiT.
amgvarad, periodi aris ara tipi an klasi, aramed _
drois monakveTi gansazRvruli normaTa sistemiT, rom
lebic ganuyofelia istoriuli procesisgan. romantizmis
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ganmartebis uSedego mcdelobebi mowmobs, rom `periodis~

cneba ar ar waagavs logikaSi miRebul `klasis~ cnebas. wi
naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi moxdeboda nawarmoebis individualo
bis waSla, misi STanTqma kategoriis mier. magram es aSkarad
SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis individualuri qmnileba klasis
warmomadgeneli rodia; esaa nawilia, romelic yvela sxva
nawarmoebTan erTad warmoqmnis periodis cnebas. amgvarad,
is TavisTavad gansazRvravs mTlianis koncefcias. `roman
tizmis~31 uamravi sxvadasxvagvari ganmarteba Teoriuli
TvalsazrisiT, rogorc Cans, mcdaria, magram, miuxedavad
amisa, maTSi mainc vlindeba im sqemis sirTule, romelsac See
sabameba TiToeuli amgvari definicia. kargad unda gavicno
bieroT, rom periodi ar aris idealuri tipi, abstraqtuli
modeli an cnebiTi klasifikacia; esaa drois monakveTia
normebis erTiani sistemiT, romlebic xelovnebis arc erT
nawarmoebSi ar aris mTlianad realizebuli. periodis is
toria mdgomareobs imaSi, rom daafiqsiros normaTa erTi
sistemas Secvla meoriT. amgvarad, periodi aris drois
monakveTi, romelic xasiaTdeba garkveuli erTianobiT;
aSkaraa, rom es erTianoba mxolod SefardebiTi xasiaTisaa.
es niSnavs, ubralod, imas, rom drois garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi normebis esa Tu is sqema mTeli sisruliT iqna
realizebuli. erTi romelime periodis erTianoba absolu
turi rom iyos, maSin periodebi qvis blokebiviT erTimeo
ris gverdiT dalagdeba yovelgvari memkvidreobis gareSe.
amitom yovel periodSi aucileblad monawileoben norma
Ta winamorbedi sistemas gadmonaSTebi da momavali sqemis
Canasaxebi32.
periodis istoriis daweris problema, pirvel yovli
sa, aris aRweris problema: saWiroa amovicnoT pirobiToba
Ta erTi sistemisdacema da meoris Casaxva. ratom xdeba mim
dinareobaTa aseTi Secvla garkveul momentSi? _ es aris
istoriuli problema, romelic, zogadad, gadauWrelia.
gamoiTqva varaudi, rom literaturis ganviTareba gamo
fitvis safexurs aRwevs da moiTxovs axali kanonebis Se
moRebas. rusi formalistebi am process aRweren rogorc
`avtomatizaciis~ process, e. i. poeturi ostatobis bevri
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literaturis Teoria

xerxi, Tavis droze efeqturi iyo, iseTi Cveulebrivi da

gacveTili xdeba, rom axali mkiTxveli maT veRar aRiqvams.
mas sWirdeba raRac gansxvavebuli, raRac sruliad sapir
ispiro. aseT SemTxvevaSi ganviTarebis sqema waagas qanqaras
rxevas: erTi ukiduresobidan meorisken moZraoba adre Tu
gvian ganapirobebs axleburi poeturi metyvelebis, Temebi
sa da yovelgvari sxva mxatvruli xerxebis `aqtualizacias~.
magram Teoria ver ganmartavs, Tu ratom miemarTeba gan
viTareba konkretuli mimarTulebiT _ procesis mTeli
sirTule namvilad ar daiyvaneba rxevaTa martiv sqemamde.
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, literaturis gan
viTarebis mimarTuleba ganisazRvreba gareSe pirobebiT da
sazogadoebrivi garemos moTxovnebiT. maSin yoveli cvli
leba literaturul situaciaSi gamowveuli iqneba axali
klasis an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebrivi dajgufebis
warmoSobiT: magaliTad, ruseTSi 1917 wlamde yvelaze mkve
Trad iyo gamoxatuli klasobrivi struqtura, amitom cvl
ilebebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi iq xSirad Seesabameboda
literaturul evolucias. magram dasavleTSi am urTierT
mimarTebis gamovlena Zneldeba, da sruliad SeuZlebelic
xdeba im epoqebis ganxilvisas, romlebic ar xasiaTdeba mka
fiod gamokveTili socialuri dapirispirebebiT da isto
riuli katastrofebiT.
literaturuli situaciis cvlilebebs ganmartavd
nen agreTve axali Taobis SeWriT literaturaSi. kurnos
wignis _ `mosazrebani ideaTa ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~ (1872)
_ gavleniT am Teorias bevri mimdevari gamouCnda. is gul
modgined iqna damuSavebuli, gansakuTrebiT germaniaSi,
petersenisa da veqsleris mier33. magram ver daveTanxmebiT
imas, rom Taobis, rogorc biologiuri erTeulis cneba
problemas gadaWris saSualebas gvaZlevs. Tu miviCnevT,
rom erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs enacvleba
sami Taoba, magaliTad, 1800-33, 1834-69, 1870-1900, maSin
dasaSvebia iseTi seriebis arsebobac, rogorebicaa 18011834, 1835-70, 1871-1901 da a. S. biologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
es seriebi savsebiT Tanabaruflebiania da Tu adamianTa
jgufebma, romlebic 1800-iani wlebis periodSi daibadnen,
388

literaturis istoria

ufro Rrma gavlena moaxdines literaturis ganviTareba

ze, vidre 1815-iani wlebis periodSi dabadebul adamianTa
jgufebma, es unda mivaweroT ara wminda biologiur, aramed
sxva mizezs. ra Tqma agaliTad,unda, zogjer literaturis
istoriaSi cvlileba erTi da imave Taobis axalgazrdaTa
jgufs Seaqvs, risi aSkara magaliTicaa germanuli `qariS
xali da Seteva~ da, saerTod, romantizmis epoqa. TaobaTa
erTianobas, rogorc Cans, ayalibebs iseTi istoriuli da
socialuri faqtebi (magaliTad, safrangeTis revolucia
an orive msoflio omi), romelTa srulad aRqma yoveli asa
kis adamianebs rodi ZaluZT da amas yvelaze ukeT gaarTves
Tavi mgrZnobiare axalgazrdebma. magram es swored imis
magaliTia, rom literaturisTvis zogjer gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zegavlenas.
SeiZleba davasaxeloT sapirispiro xasiaTis uamravi mov
lena _ rodesac literaturis cvlilebaze Rrma da Zlieri
gavlena moaxdina xandazmuli mwerlebis Semoqmedebam. saer
Tod ki, Taobebisa da socialuri klasebis cvla sakmarisi ar
aris literaturul cvlilebaTa asaxsnelad. es aris komp
leqsuri procesi, romelic yovelTvis erTnairad rodi
mimdinareobs; nawilobriv, es gamofitviTa da ganaxlebis
surviliT gamowveuli Sinagani procesia, magram, nawilob
riv, garegnulic, romelic ganpirobebulia cvlilebebiT
socialur da kulturul cxovrebaSi, kulturaSi.
Tanamedrove literaturis istoriis mTavari pe
riodebi dausrulebeli polemikis sagans warmoadgens.
terminebi _ `renesansi~, `klasicizmi~, `romantizmi~, `sim
bolizmi~, bolo xanebSi ki `barokoc~ _ ganmartes, Semdeg
daazustes, Semdeg gadaiazres.34 rogorc Cans, veraviTari
SeTanxmeba ver miiRweva manamde, sanam Tavidan ar avicilebT
bundovanebas zemoganxilul Teoriul sakiTxebSi, sanam
oponentebi daJinebiT cdiloben Tavs moaxvion definici
ebs cnebiTi gvareobrivi Sinaarsi (logikis analogiiT),
erTmaneTSi ureven `periodisa~ da `tipis~ terminebs, ter
minTa semantikur istorias da stilis realur istorias.
savsebiT gasagebia, rom a. o. lavjoi da sxvebi gvTavazoben,
389

literaturis Teoria

uarvyoT iseTi termini, rogoricaa `romantizmi~. magram

kamaTi periodis Sesaxeb, sxva rom ara iyos ra, wamoWris li
teraturis istoriis yvela iseT sakiTxs, romlebic exeba
terminis istorias, kritikul programebs, iseve, rogorc
realur stilistur cvlilebebs, literaturuli periodis
urTierTkavSirebs adamianis moRvaweobis sxva sferoebTan;
saerTaSoriso literaturul kavSirebs gansaxilveli pe
riodis farglebSi. `romantizmi~, rogorc termini, gvian
Semovida inglisSi, magram ukve uordsvorTisa da kolri
jis TeoriebSi arsebobda axali programa, romelic unda
ganvixiloT uordsvorTisa da kolrijis, agreTve maTi Ta
namedrove sxva poetebis SemoqmedebasTan mimarTebaSi. meT
vramete saukunis dasawyisSi ukve SeiniSneboda axali stilis
Canasaxebi. Cven SegviZlia SevadaroT inglisuri romantizmi
romantikul moZraobas safrangeTsa da germaniaSi, Seviswav
loT paralelebi romantikuli mimdinareobis gamovline
bebTan saxviT xelovnebaSi. yovel droSi da yovel adgilas
sxvadasxva problema iCens Tavs, amitom SeuZlebelia zog
adi wesebis Camoyalibeba. swori araa kazamianis mosazreba,
rom periodebi mzardi siCqariT enacvleboda erTmaneTs
vidre dRemde, rodesac maTi rxevebis stabilizacia moxda.
aseve mcdaria imis dasabuTebis mcdelobebi, Tu xelovnebis
romelma dargma (an romelma erma) aiTvisa pirvelad axali
stili. ra Tqma unda, didi imedebi ar unda davamyaroT ter
minologiur garkveulobaze periodebis daxasiaTebisas, _
SeuZlebelia erTi sityva mravali konotaciis matarebeli
iyos. magram aseve gaumarTlebelia skeptikuri damokide
buleba da problemis ugulebelyofa, radganac periodis
cneba istoriuli Semecnebis erT-erTi mTavari iaraRia.
kidev ufro rTulia iseTi farTo problemis ganxi
lva, rogoric aris erovnuli literaturis istoria. Zne
lia Tvali mivadevnoT erovnul literaturis istorias,
Tuki gamokvlevis struqtura moiTxovs, arsebiTad, ara
literaturuli orientirebis gamoyenebas, msjelobas
erovnuli zneobisa da erovnuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb, rasac
cota ram aqvT saerTo sityvakazmul xelovnebasTan. mravali
390

literaturis istoria

problema warmoiqmneba, magaliTad, amerikul literaturas

Tan dakavSirebiT: vinaidan is iqmneba imave enaze, romelze
dac _ sxva erovnuli literatura, amitom literaturis
ganviTareba amerikaSi absoluturad damoukideblad rodi
mimdinareobs, is, nawilobriv, imarTeba ufro Zveli da Zli
eri tradiciebiT. nebismieri erovnuli literaturis ganvi
Tareba aSkarad warmoadgens problemas, romelsac istor
ikosi ver ugulebelyofs, Tumca is TiTqmis arc arasdros ar
gamoukvleviaT sistematuri wesiT. zedmetia imis aRniSvna,
rom literaturis jgufebis istoria, Seswavlis Tvalsaz
risiT, kidev ufro Sorsaa idealisagan. arsebuli nimuSebi,
rogoricaa ian maxalis `slavuri literaturebi~ an leo
nardo olSkis cda, daewera Sua saukuneebis yvela romanuli
literaturis istoria, warmatebuli ar aRmoCnda35. msoflio
literaturis istoriaTa umetesoba warmoadgens mcdelobas,
gamovlenil iqnas mTavari tradicia evropis literaturisa,
romelsac aerTianebs saerTo warmomavloba Zveli berZnuli
da romauli literaturebidan, magram verc erTi ver gascda
ideologiuri ganzogadebebisa da zerele kompilaciebis
dones, garda Zmebi Slegelebis brwyinvale narkvevebisa,
romlebic Tanamedrove problemebis gadawyvetisas, albaT,
ar gamogvadgeba. bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom literaturis
zogadi istoria jer kidev metad Soreuli idealia. arse
buli mcdelobebi, magaliTad jon braunis `poeziis Casax
visa da ganviTarebis istoria~, romelic 1763 wliT iwyeba,
metismetad gonebaWvretiTi da sqematuria,xolo CaduikTa
samtomeuli, `literaturis ganviTareba~TiTqmis mTlianad
eZRvneba folklorSi asaxuli statikuri tipebis ganxilvas.36
yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, Cven mxolod axla
viwyebT imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor unda gavaanalizoT xe
lovnebis nawarmoebi mTlianad. saamisod ki Cveni meTodebi
metismetad mouqnelia da arc maTi Teoriuli safuZvelia
myari. amgvarad, bevri samuSao mogvelis. ar unda SegvaSi
nos iman, rom literaturis istorias, warsulis garda, aqvs
momavali, romelic ver SeZlebs da arc unda ecados, rom
ubralod amoavsos xarvezebi, romlebic Zveli meTodebis
391

literaturis Teoria

`damsaxurebaa~. Cven unda veZioT literaturis istoriis axa

li ideali da meTodebi, romlebic am idealis realizaciis
SesaZleblobas mogvcems. SeiZleba aq SemoTavazebuli idea
li zedmetad `puristulad~ mogeCvenoT (radgan literatu
ris istoriaze rogorc xelovnebazea aqcenti gadatanili),
magram, Cveni azriT, marTlzomieria nebismieri sxva meTodis
gamoyeneba. erTaderTi ram, raSic darwmunebuli varT, isaa,
rom literaturis istoriisaTvis, romelmac ukanasknel
dekadebSi eqspansionizmis Semoteva ganicada, sWirdeba kon
centracia.sxvadasxva meTodis urTierTmimarTebaTa gaaz
reba exmareba mkvlevars, Tavidan aicilos cnebaTa aRrevis
safrTxe, _ im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac misi meTodologia
moicavs gansxavebul meTodebs.

392

SeniSvna

393

394

SeniSvna

SeniSvna
*
Tavi pirveli

literatura da literaturuli swavla

1. Advocated in Stephen Potters The Muse in Chains, London
1937.
2. ix. bibliografia. 19, section IV.
3. I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism, London 1924, pp.
120, 251.
4. Wilhelm Dilthey, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften, Berlin
1883.
5. Wilhelm Windelband, Geschichte und Naturwissenschaft,
Strassburg 1894. Reprinted in Prludien, fourth ed., Tbingen 1907,
Vol. II, pp. 136-60.
6. Heinrich Rickert, Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichen
Begriffsbildung, Tbingen 1913; also Kulturwissenscbaft und Naturwissenscbaft, Tbingen 1921.
7. A. D. Xnopol, Les Principes fondamentaux de lhistoire, Paris
1894; second ed., under title La Thiorie de Ihistoire, Paris 1908; Benedetto Croce, History, lis Theory and Practice, New York 1921, and History as the Story of Liberty, New York 1940 (new ed., 1955).
8. Fuller discussions of these problems in Maurice Mandelbaum,
The Problem of Historical Knowledge, New York 1938; Raymond Aron,
La Philosophie critique de Ihistoire, Paris 1938.
9. Louis Cazamian, Lvolution psychologique de la littrature en
Angleterre, Paris 1920, and the second half of . Legouis and L. Cazamian, Histoire de la littrature anglaise, Paris 1924 (English translation
by H. D. Irvine and W. D. Maclnnes, two vols., London 1926-7).
10. See W. K. Wimsatt, Jun., The Structure of the Concrete
Universal in Literature,PMLA, 1x11(1947), pp. 262-80 (reprinted in
The Verbal Iton, Lexington Ky 1954, pp. 69-83); Scott Elledge, The
395

SeniSvna

Background and Development in English Criticism of the Theories

of Generality and Particularity, ibid., pp. 147-82.
11. R. G. Collingwood, Are History and Science Different Kinds
of Knowledge?, Mind, xxxi (1922), pp. 449-50, and Pitirim Sorokin,
Social and Cultural Dynamics, Cincinnati 1937, Vol. 1, pp. 168-74, etc.

Tavi meore

literaturis buneba
1. Edwin Greenlaw, The Province of Literary History, Baltimore
1931, p. 174.
2. Mark van Doren, Liberal Education, New York 1943.
3. Thomas C. Pollock, The Nature of Literature, Princeton 1942.
4. Most of the work of E. E. Stoll is relevant here. See also L.
L. Schcking Charakterprobleme bei Shakespeare, Leipzig 1919 (English
tr., London 1922 and L. C. Knights, How Many Children Had Lady
Macbeth ?, Cambridge 1933 (reprinted in Explorations, London 1946,
pp. 15-54). Recent treatments conventionalism v. naturalism in the
drama are S. L. Bethell, Shakespeare and the Popular Dramatic Tradition,
Durham, N. C. 1944, and Eric Bend The Playwright as Thinker, New
York 1946.
5. SeniSvnebisTvis ix. Edwin Muir, The Structure of the Novel,
London 1928. sxva Janrebis damuSavebisTvis, ix. T. Zielinski,
Die Behandlung gleichzeitiger Vorgnge im antiken Epos Philologus, Supplementband, vii (1899-1901), pp. 405-99; Leo Spitzer ber
zeitliche Perspektive in der neueren franzsischen Lyrik, Die neueren Sprachen, xxxi (1923), pp. 241-66 (reprinted, Stilstudien, ii, Munich
1928 pp. 50-83); Oskar Walzel, Zeitform im lyrischen Gedicht, Das
Wort-kunstwerk, Leipzig 1926, pp. 277-96. Tanamedrove wlebSi
(partly owing to the influence of Existentialist philosophy) didi
mniSvneloba eniWeboda drois problemas literaturaze.
ix. Georges Poulet, tudes sur le temps humain, Paris, English tr. Baltimore 1956, and La Distance intrieure, Paris 1952, English tr. Baltimore 1959; A. A. Mendilow, Time and the Novel, London 1952; Hans
396

SeniSvna

Meyerhoff, Time in Literature, Berkeley, Cal. 1955! agreTve ix. Emil

Staiger, Die Zeit als Einbildungskraft des Dichters, Zrich 1939, second
ed. 1953; Gnther Mller, Die Bedeutung der Zeit in der Erzhlkunst,
Bonn 1946.
6. Wordsworths We Are Seven is an instance of a non-figurative poem. Robert Bridgess I love all beauteous things, I seek and
adore them is an example of an imageless poem. The term poetry of
statement was used first by Mark van Doren in defence of Drydens
poetry. (See John Dryden, A Study of his Poetry, New York 1946, p. 67;
originally published in 1920.) One can, however, argue that metaphor in a broad sense is the principle of all poetry. See e.g. William
K. Wimsatt and Cleanth Brooks, Literary Criticism. A Short History,
New York 1957, pp. 749-50.
7. Adolf von Hildebrand, Das Problem der Form in der bildenden
Kunst, third ed., Strassburg 1901 (English tr. New York 1907). See also
Hermann Konnerth, Die Kunsttheorie Conrad Fiedlers, Munich 1909;
Alois Riehl, Bemerkungen zu dem Problem der Form in der Dichtkunst, Vierteljahrschrift fr wissenschaftliche Philosophie, xxi (1897), pp.
283-306, xxii (1898), pp. 96-114 (an application of the concept of pure
visibility to literature); Benedetto Croce, La teoria dellarte come pura
visibilit, Nuovi saggi di estetica, Bari 1920, pp. 239-54.
8. Theodor A. Meyer, Das Stilgesetz der Poesie, Leipzig 1901.
9. ix. am Tavis bibliografia CamoTvlil wignebSi, rom
lebzec damyarebulia es diskusia.

Tavi mesame

literaturis funqcia
1. Horace (Ars poetica, lines 353-44): Horace faqtiurad, poe
ziis sam alternatiul variants gvawvdis:
Aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetae
Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci,
Lectorem delectando pariterque monendo ...
The polar heresies - erT-erTi alternatiuli varian
397

SeniSvna

tis aReba TavisTavad _ uaryofilia R. G. Collingwood-is

Principles of Art-Si, Oxford 1938 (Tavebi Art as Magic da Art as
Amusement).
2. Mortimer Adler, Art and Prudence, New York 1937, p. 35 and
passim; K. Burke, Counterstatement, New York 1931, p.151
3. G. Boas, Primer for Critics, Baltimore 1937; T. S. Eliot, Use of
Poetry, Cambridge, Mass. 1933, pp. 113, 155.
4. W. T. Stace, The Meaning of Beauty, London 1929, p. 161.
5. Flat and round are terms from Forsters Aspects of the Novel,
London 1927, pp. 103 ff.
6. Karen Horney, Self-Analysis, New York 1942, pp. 38-9; Forster,
op. cit., p. 74.
7. Max Eastman, The Literary Mind: Its Plate in an Age of Stiente,
New York 1935, esp. p. 155 ff.
8. ix. Bernard C. Heyl, New bearings in Esthetics and Art Criticism,
New Haven 1943, pp. 51-87.
9. ix. Dorothy Walsh, The Cognitive Content of Art, Philosophical Re-view, LII (1943), pp. 433-51.
10. Eliot, Selected Essays, New York 1932, pp. 115-17: poeti,
romelic `fiqrobs~, wers elioti, aris ubralod poeti, vi
sac SeuZlia gamoxatos fiqris emocionaluri ekvivalenti,,
diadi poezia gvaZlevs iluzias sicocxlis Sexedulebaze.
rodesac SevdivarT homerosis, sofokles, an virgiliusis,
an dantes, an Seqspiris samyaroSi, vijerebT, rom Cven vimec
nebT raRacas, rac SeiZleba gamoxatuli iyos inteleqtua
lurad; yoveli zusti,namdvili emocia inteleqtualuri
formulaciisaken ixreba.
11. Susanne K. Langer, Philosophy in a New Key, Cambridge,
Mass. 1942, Discursive Forms and Presentational Forms, p. 79 ff.
12. op. cit., p. 288.
13. faqti, rom biblioTekarebi iketebian da rom kri
tikosebi krZalaven zogierTi wignis gayidvas, ar amtkicebs
imas rom is wignebi TavisTavad propagandistulia, popu
larulobis mxrivac ki. es ufro imas amtkicebs, rom akrZal
uli wignebi propagandistulia im mizezebis gamo, romlebic
ar moiwona wamyvanma sazogadoebam.
398

SeniSvna

14. Eliot, Poetry and Propaganda, in Literary Opinion in America

(ed. Zabel) New York 1937, p. 25 ff.
15. Stace, op. cit., p. 164 ft.
16. Goethe, Dichtung und Wahrheit, Bk xiii. Collingwood (op. cit.,
pp.121-4) ansxvavebs `emociis gamoxatvas~ (xelovneba) `emo
ciis gamocemisagan~ non-artis erTi forma.
17. Plato, Republic, x, 606 d; Augustine, Confessions, 1, p. 21; A.
Warren Literature and Society, Twentieth-Century English (ed. W. S.
Knickerbocker), New York 1946, pp. 304-14.
18. Spingarns History of Literary Criticism in the Renaissance
(New York, rev ed., 1924) ikvlevs Cvens Temas poeziis `funq
cionirebis~ da `safuZvlis~ terminebis saxelwodebiT.
19. A. C. Bradley, Poetry for Poetrys Sake, Oxford Lectures on
Poetry Oxford 1909, pp. 3-34.

Tavi meoTxe

literaturuli Teoria, kritika da istoria

1. Philip August Boeckh, Encyklopdie und Metbodologie der philogischen Wissenschaften, Leipzig 1877 (second ed., 1886).
2. F. W. Bateson, Correspondence, Scrutiny, iv (1935), pp. 181-5.
3. Ernst Troeltsch, Der Historismus und seine Probleme, Tbingen
1922; Der Historismus und seine berwindung, Berlin 1924.
4. Hardin Craig, Literary Study and the Scholarly Profession, Seattle, Wash. 1944, p 70.ix. agreTve gv. 126-7: `bolo Taobam sakmaod
moulodnelad gadawyvita, rom Tavad aRmoaCenda Zveli av
torebis mniSvnelobas da Rirebulebebs da es rwmena daukav
Sires ideas, magaliTad, rom Seqspiris sakuTari mniSvneloba
aris udidesi Seqspiruli mniSvnelobebidan.
5. e.g. in Poetsand Playwrights, Minneapo is1930,p.217; and From
Shekespeare to Joyce, New York 1944, p. ix
6. e.g. in Lily Campbell, Shakespeares Tragic Heroes: Slaves of Passion, Cambridge 1930; also Oscar J. Campbell, What is the Matter
with Hamlet? Yale Review, xxxii (1942), pp. 309-22. Stoll-i isto
399

SeniSvna

ricizmis sxva gansxvavebulobas uWers mxars, romelic da

JinebiT moiTxovs scenuri Sekrebis rekonstruqcias, magram
Tavs esxmis fsiqologiuri Teoriebis rekonstruqcias. ix.
Jaques and the Antiquaries, From Shakespeare to Joyce, pp. 138-45.
7. Imagery and Logic: Ramus and Metaphysical Poetics, Journal of the History of Ideas, III (1942), pp. 363-400.
8. F. A. Pottle, The Idiom of Poetry, Ithaca, N. Y. 1941 (second ed.,
1946)
9. The example comes from Harold Cherniss, The Biographical
Fashion in Literary Criticism, University of California Publications in
Classical Philology, xii (1943). pp. 279-93.
10. R. G. Collingwood, Principles of Art, Oxford 1938, p. 4. ro
gorc Allen Tate aRniSnavs `moswavle, romelic ambobs, rom
igebs Dryden-s, magram Hopkins-isgan da Yeats-isgan verafers
iRebs, imaze metyvelebs, rom mas ar esmis frideni~ in Miss
Emily and the Bibliographer (Reason in Madness, New York 1941 p.
115).
11. Norman Foerster, The American Scholar, Chapel Hill 1929, p.
36.

Tavi mexuTe

ZiriTadi, SedarebiTi da nacionaluri literatura

1. ix. Fernand Baldensperger, Littrature compare Le mot et la
chose, Revue de littrature compare, 1 (1921), pp. 1-29.
2. F. C. Green, Minuet, London 1935.
3. Hans Naumann, Primitive Gemeinschaftskultur, Jena 1921.
4. sakmaod Seusabamo Seqspiris swavlaSi aris msoflio
maStabis paralelebi hamletis istoriaze, Tavmoyrili
Schick-is Corpus Hamleticum-Si, five vols.,Berlin 1912-38.
5. es aris simarTle Alexander Veselovsky-is Sromis Sesa
xeb, daTariRebuli 1870-iani wlebiT; mogvianebiT Sesrule
buli J.Polivka-s Sroma rusul zRaprebze; da Gerhard Gesemann-is nawarmoebebi iugoslaviis eposze. ix. instruqciuli
400

SeniSvna

moxseneba e.g. Studien zur sdslavischen Volksepik, Reichenberg 1926).

ixileT instruqciuli moxseneba Margaret Schlauch- is, Folklore in the Soviet Union, Science and Society, vii (1944) pp. 203-22;
Stith Thompson, The Folktale, New York 1946; Vladimir I. Propp, Morphology of the Folk-Tale, tr. Laurence Scott, Bloomington Indiana 1958;
Albert B. Lord, The Singer of Tales, Cambridge, Mass. 1960.
6. ix. P. Bogatyrev and Roman Jakobson, Die Folklore als eine
besondere Form des Schaffens, Donum Natalicium Schrijnen, Nijmegen,
Utrecht 1929, pp. 900-13. es narkvevi qmnis gansxvavebas folklo
rul literaturas da umaRles literaturas Soris.
7. ix. bibliografia.
8. See Benedetto Groces La letteratura comparata in Problemi
di Estetica Bari 1910, pp. 73-9, Tavdapirvelad gamowveuli iyo
George Woodberry-is pirveli moklevadiani JurnaliT Journal of Comparative Literature, New York 1903 See R. Wellek, The Crisis of Comparative Literature in Compara Literature. Proceedings of
the Second Congress of the International Compara Literature Association,
ed. W. P. Friederich, Chapel Hill 1959, Vol. I, 149-59.
9. Goethes Gesprche mit Eckermann, 31 January 1827; Kunst und
Altertum (1827); Werke, Jubilumsausgabe, Vol. xxxviii, p. 97 (a review
of Duvals Le Tasse).
10. Paul Van Tieghem, La Synthse en histoire littraire: littrature compare et littrature gnrale, Revue de synthse historique,
xxxi (1921) pp. 1-27; Robert Petsch, Allgemeine Literaturwissenschaft, Zeitscbrift fur Astbelik, xxviii (1934), pp. 254-60.
11. August Wilhelm Schlegel, ber dramatische Kunst undLiteratur, three vols., Heidelberg 1809-11; Friedrich Schlegel, Geschichte
der alten und neuen Literatur, Vienna 1815; Friedrich Bouterwek, Geschichte der sie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts, thirteen vols., Gttingen 1801-19; Simonde de Sismondi, De
la littrature du midi de IEurope four vols., Paris 1813; Henry Hallam,
meTxuTmete, meTeqvsmete da meCvidmete saukuneebis liter
aturis Sesavali, four vols., London 1836-9.
12. germaniaSi H. Steinthal, damaarsebeli Zeitschrift fr
Vlkerpsychologie-is (1860 wlidan) rogorc Cans iyo pirveli,
romelmac gamoiyena literaturis sistematuri swavlis
401

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evoluciuri principebi. A. Veselovsky, romelmac ruseTSi

uzarmazari mecnieruli cda Caatara `evoluciur poetika~ze iyo Steinthal-is moswavle. safrangeTSi, evoluciuri
koncefciebi cnobilia. e.g. in Edelstand du Meril, Histoire de
la comedie, two vols., 1864. Brunetire-m gamoiyena isini Taname
drove literaturebze, rogorc es gaakeTa John Addington
Symonds-ma inglisSi (see bibliography, chap. 19, section iv).
13. Europische Literatur und Lateinisches Mittelalter, Bern, 1948
(English tr., New York 1953); Mimesis. Dargestellte Wirklichkeit in der
abendlndischen Literatur, Bern 1946 (English tr., Princeton 1953). See
review by Ren Wellek, in Kenyon Review, xvi (1954), pp. 279-307,
and E. Auerbach, Epilegomena zu Mimesis in Romanische Forschungen txv (1953), pp. 1-18.
14. Leonardo Olschki, Die romanischen Literaturen des Mittelalters, Wildpark-Potsdam 1928 (a volume of O. Walzels Handbuch der
Literaturwissenschaft).
15. Andreas Heusler, Die altgermanische Dichtung, WildparkPotsdam 1923 (also in Walzels Handbuch), is an excellent sketch.
16. Jan Mchal, Slovansk literatury, three vols., Prague 1922-9
(unfinished), aris yvela slavuri literaturis istoriis
daweris yvelaze axali mcdeloba. SesaZlebloba, slavuri
SedarebiTi literaturis istoriis ganxilulia Slavische
Rundschau-Si, Vol. iv. slavuri literaturebis saerTo mem
kvidreobis damajerebeli mtkicebuleba warmodgenili iyo
Roman Jakobson-is mier, The Kernel of Comparative Slavic Literature, in Harvard Slavic Studies (ed. H. Lunt) Vol. 1, pp. 1-71, Cambridge, Mass. 1953 and by Dmitry Cizevsky, Outline of Comparative
Slavic Literatures, Boston, Mass. 1952.
17. e.g. A. O. Lovejoy, On the Discrimination of Romanticisms
in PMLA, xxxix (1924), pp. 229-33. (Reprinted in Essays in the History of Ideal, Baltimore 1945, pp. 228-53.) Henri Peyre (Le Classicisme
franais, New York 1942) mtkiced asabuTebs franguli klas
icizmis mkveTr gansxvavebas yvela sxva neo-klasicizmisgan.
Erwin Panofsky - Renaissance and Renascences, Kenyon Review, vi
(1944), pp. 201-36 - favours the traditional view of the Renaissance.
18. Josef Nadler, Literaturgeschichte der deutschen Stamme und
402

SeniSvna

Landschaften Regensburg, three vols., 1912-18 (second ed., four vols.,

1923-8; a fourth, and Nazi, edition under the title, Literaturgeschichte
des deutschen Volkes fourth vols., Berlin 1938-40). See Berliner Romantik, Berlin 1921, and the theoretical discussion, Die Wissenschaftslehre der Literaturgeschichte in Eupborion, xxi (1914), pp. 1-63. ix.
aseve H. Gumbel, Dichtung und (Dta, in Philosophie der Literaturwissenschaft (ed. E. Ermatinger), 1930, - 43-9 - a foggy interpretation.

Tavi meeqvse

samxilis mowesrigeba da aRdgena

1, Henry Medwall, Fulgens and Lucrece (ed. Seymour de Ricci),
Ney 1920 (Critical ed. by F. S. Boas and A. W. Reed, Oxford 1926);
The book of Margery Kempe, 1436 (modern version by W. Buder-Bowden, I 1936. originali teqstis redaqtireba gaakeTa Sanford
B. Meech-ma. Vol. I gamoica Zveli inglisuri teqstis sazoga
doebis mier, London 1940); Chris Smart, Rejoice in the Lamb (ed. W.
F. Stead), London 1939.
2. Leslie Hotson, The Death of Christopher Marlowe, London 1925,
Shakespeare versus Shallow, Boston 1931; The Private Papers of James
Boswell Malahide Castle (ed. Geoffrey Scott and F. A. Pottle), eighteen
Oxford 1928-34; The Yale Edition of the Private Papers of James Boswell
F. A. Potte et al.) New York 1950 ff.
3. ixileT maxvilgonieri rCeva J. M. Osborn-is, The Search
for English Literary Documents, English Institute Annual, 19)9, New
York 1940, pp. 31-55.
4. yvelaze sasargeblo inglisuris studentebisTvis
aris J. W. Spargo, A Bibliog Manualfor Students, Chicago 1939 (second ed., 1941); Arthur G. Kennedy, A Concise Bibliography for Students of English, third ed., Stanford Un Press 1954.
5. e.g. W. W. Greg, A Bibliography of the English Printed Dram to
the Restoration, Vol. 1, London 1939; F. R. Johnson, A Critical Bibliography of the Works of Edmund Spenser Printed before 1770, Baltimore
1933 Macdonald, John Dryden: A Bibliography of Early Editions and
Drydeniama Oxford 1939; see James M. Osborn, Macdonalds Bib403

SeniSvna

liography of Dryden, Modern Philology, xxxix (1942), pp. 312-19; R.

H. Griffith, A Pope: A Bibliography, two parts, Austin, Texas 1922-7.
6. R. B. McKerrow, An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary
Students, Oxford 1927.
7. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.
8. inglisuri literaturuli dokumentebis paleogra
fiaSi, ix.Wolfgang Angelschsische Paleographie, two vols., Berlin
1906 (Palaestrat, 43a On Elizabethan handwriting, see Muriel St
Clare Byrne, Elizabethan Handwriting for Beginners, Review of
English Studies, 1(1925), pp. 1 Hilary Jenkinson, Elizabethan Handwritings, Library, fourth Se (922), pp. 1-34; McKerrow, loc. cit. (for
Appendix on Elizabethan handwriting); Samuel A. Tannenbaum,
The Handwriting of the Renaissance, New York 1930. xelnawerebis
gamokvlevis teqnikuri mowyobilobebi (microscopes, ultraviolet rays, etc.) aRwerilia R. B. Haselden-Si, Scientific Aids for
theStudy of Manuscripts, Oxford 1935.
9. sabolood SemuSavebul genealogias vxvdebiT iseT
wignebSi, rogorebicaa R. K. Roots The Textual Tradition of Chaucers Troilus, Chaucer Society, London 1916
10. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.
11. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.
12. W. S. MacCormick and J. Haseltine, The MSS. of the Canterbury tales Oxford 1933; J. M. Manley, The Text of the Canterbury Tales,
eight Chicago 1940; R. W. Chambers and J. H. Grattan, The Text of
Piers Plowman: Critical Methods, Modern Language Review, xi (1916),
pp.257-75 and The Text of Piers Plowman, ibid., xxvi (1926), pp. 1-51.
13. ufro detalurad ganxiluli gansxvavebebisTvis ixi
leT Kantorowicz-i, mocemuli bibliografiaSi, nawili 1.
14. ix. Sculley Bradley, The Problem of a Variorum Edition of
Whitmans Leaves of Grass, English Institute Annual, 1941, New York
1942, pp.129-58; A. Pope, The Dunciad (ed. James Sutherland), London 1943.
15. Sigurd B. Hustvedt, Ballad Books and Ballad Men, Cambridge, Mass. 1930
16. ix. bibliografia, nawili II.
17. Shakespeares Hand in The Play of Sir Thomas More, Cambridge
404

SeniSvna

1923 (contributions by A. W. Pollard, W. W. Greg, Sir E. M. Thompson, J. D. Wilson, and R. W. Chambers); S. A. Tannenbaum, The
Booke of Sir Thomas More, New York 1927.
18. he Tempest (ed. Sir A. Quiller-Couch and J. D. Wilson),
Cambridge 1921, p. xxx.
19. E. K. Chambers, The Integrity of The Tempest, Review of English Studies, 1 (1923), pp. 129-50; S. A. Tannenbaum, How Not to
Edit Shakespeare: A Review, Philological Quarterly, x (1931), pp. 97137; H. T. Price, Towards a Scientific Method of Textual Criticism
in the Elizabethan Drama, Journal of English and Germanic Philology,
xxxvi (1937), pp. 151-67 (namdvilad gatacebuli Dover WilsoniT, Robertson, etc.).
20. Michael Bernays, Zur Kritik und Geschichte des Goetheschen
Textes, Munich 1866, iyo dasawyisi Goethe-philologie-is. ixi
leT aseve R. W. Chapman, The Textual Criticism of English Classics, The Portrait of a Scholar, Oxford 1922, pp. 65-79.
21. ix. bibliografia, nawili III.
22. Michael Bernays, Zur Lehre von den Zitaten und Noten,
Schriften zur Kritik und Literaturgeschichte, Berlin 1899, Vol. iv, pp.
253-347; Arthur Friedman, Principles of Historical Annotation in
Critical Editions of Modern Texts, English Institute Annual, 1941,
New York 1942, pp. 115-28.
23. Edmond Malone, An Essay on the Chronological Order of
Shakespeares Plays, George Steevens-is Seqspiris piesebis ga
mocema (meore gamoc., 1788, Vol. I, pp. 269-346) iyo pirveli war
matebuli mcdeloba. sazomi tabulebi dafuZnebuli Sromaze
Fleay, Furnivall, and Knig in . M. Parrotts Shakespeare. Twenty-three
Plays and the Sonnets, New York 193 8, p. 94, and in E. K. Chambers,
William Shakespeare, Oxford 1930, Vol. 11, pp. 397-408.
24. James Hurdis, Cursory Remarks upon the Arrangement of the
Plays of Shakespeare, London 1792.
25. Wincenty Lutoslawski, The Origin and Growth of Platos Logic
with an Account of Platos Style and the Chronology of His Writings, London 1897; for comment see John Burnet, Platonism, Berkeley 1928,
pp. 9-12.
26. Giles Dawson, Authenticity and Attribution of Written Mat405

SeniSvna

ter, English Institute Annual, 1942, New York 1943, pp. 77-100; G. E.
Bentley, Authenticity and Attribution of the Jacobean and Caroline
Drama, ibid., pp.101-18; see E. H. C. Oliphant, Problems of Authorship in Elizabethan Dramatic Literature, Modern Philology, vii
(1911), pp. 411-59.
27. August Wilhelm Schlegel, Anhang, ber die angeblich
Shakespearen unterschobenen Stcke, ber dramatische Kunst und
Literatur, Heidelberg 1811, Zweiter Theil, Zweite Abtheilung, pp.
229-42.
28. J. M. Robertson, The Shakespeare Canon, four parts, London
1922-32; An Introduction to the Study of the Shakespeare Canon, London
1924; E. K. Chambers, The Disintegration of Shakespeare, Proceedings of the British Academy, xi (1925), pp. 89-108 (reprinted in Shakespearean Gleanings, Oxford 1944, pp. 1-21).
29. E. N. S. Thompson, Elizabethan Dramatic Collaboration,
Englische Sttudien, xl (1908), pp. 30-46; W. J. Lawrence, Early Dramatic Collaboration, Pre-Restoration Stage Studies, Cambridge, Mass.
1927; E. H. C. Oliphant, Collaboration in Elizabethan Drama: Mr
W. J. Lawrences Theory, Philological Quarterly, vii (1929), pp. 1-10.
ganxilvis kargi magaliTebisTvis Diderot ze da Pascal-ze
ixileT Andr Morize, Problems and Methods of Literary History, Boston 1922, pp. 157-93.
30. E. H. C. Oliphant, The Plays of Beaumont and Fletcher. An Attempt to Determine Their Respective Shares and the Shares of Others,
New Haven 1927; The Authorship of The Revengers Tragedy, Studies in Philology, xxiii (1926), pp. 157-68.
31. John Robert Moore, in Daniel Defoe: Citizen of the Modern
World, Chicago 1958, claims 541 titles for Defoe.
32. New Essays by Oliver Goldsmith (ed. R. S. Crane), Chicago
1927.
33. G. Udny Yule, The Statistical Study of Literary Vocabulary,
Cambridge 1944.
34. J. S. Smart, James Macpherson, London 1905; G. M. Fraser, The
Truth about Macphersons Ossian,Quarterly Review, ccxlv (1925),
406

SeniSvna

pp. 331-45; Derick S. Thomson, The Gaelic Sources of Macphersons Ossian, Edinburgh 1952; W. W. Skeat (ed.), The Poetical Works of Thomas
Chatterton with an Essay on the Rowley Poems, two vols., London 1871;
Thomas Tyrwhitt, Appendix to Poems supposed to have been written.
..by Thomas Rowley, second ed., London 1778, and A Vindication of the
Appendix to the Poems called Rowleys, London 1782; Edmond Malone,
Cursory Observations on the Poems atributed to Thomas Rowley, London
1782; Thomas Warton, An Enquiry into the Authenticity of the Poems
attributed to Thomas Rowley, London 1782; J. Mair, The Fourth Forger,
London 1938; George Chalmers, An Apology for the Believers in the
Shakespeare Papers, London 1797.
35. Zoltn Haraszti, The Works of Hroswitha, More Books, xx
(1945) 87-119, pp. 139-73; Edwin H. Zeydel, The Authenticity of
Hroswithas Works, Modern Language Notes, lxi (1946), pp. 50-55;
Andr Mazon, Le Slovo dIgor, Paris 1940; Henri Grgoire, Roman
Jakobson, et al. (ed.), La Geste du Prince Igor, New York 1948.
36. saukeTeso cnobebi inglisurad aris Paul Selver-is
Masaryk-Si: A Biography London 1940.
37. John Carter and Graham Pollard, An Enquiry into the Nature
of Certain Nineteenth-Century Pamphlets, London 1934; Wilfred Partington, Forging Ahead: The True Story of.. .T.J. Wise, New York 1939;
Letters of Thomas J. Wise to J. H. Wrenn (ed. Fannie E. Ratchford), New
York 1944 (the introduction implicates H. Buxton Forman and, unconvincingly, Edmund Gosse).
38. am wignebis CamonaTvali aris bibliografiaSi, Ta
vi.19 nawili 1.
Tavi meSvide

literatura da bibliografia
1. S. T. Coleridge, in a letter to Thomas Poole, Feb. 1797, Letters
(ed. E. H. Coleridge), London 1895, Vol. 1, p. 4.
2. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.
3. Georg Brandes, William Shakespeare, two vols., Copenhagen
1896 (English tr., two vols., London 1898); Frank Harris, The Man
407

SeniSvna

Shakespeare, New York 1909.

4. C. J. Sisson, The Mythical Sorrows of Shakespeare, British Academy Lecture, 1934; E. E. Stoll, The Tempest, Shakespeare and other
Masters, Cambridge, Mass. 1940, pp. 281-316.
5. John Keats, Letter to Richard Woodhouse, 27 October 1818,
Letters (ed. M. B. Forman), fourth ed., Oxford 1952, pp. 226-7. See
W. J. Bate, Negative Capability: The Intuitive Approach in Keats, Cambridge, Mass. 1939; T. S. Eliot, Tradition and the Individual Talent,
The Sacred Wood, London 1920, pp. 42-53.
6. Brandes, op. cit., p. 425; H. Kingsmill, Matthew Arnold, London 1928, pp. 147-9.
7. Ramon Fernandez, LAutobiographie et le roman: lexemple
de Stendhal, Messages, Paris 1926, pp. 78-109 (English tr., London
1927, pp- 91 136); George W. Meyer, Wordsworths Formative Years,
Ann Arbor, Mich.1943.
8. Wilhelm Dilthey, Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung, Leipzig 1907;
Friedricn Gundolf, Goethe, Berlin 1916 (a distinction is made between
Urerlebnis and Bildugserlebnis).
9. V. Moore, The Life and Eager Death of Emily Bront, London
1936; Edith E. Kinsley, Pattern for Genius, New York 1939 ( bio
grafia aerTianebs citirebebs Bronts-s novelebidan namd
vili saxelebiT, romlebic anacvlebs gamogonil saxelebs) ;
Romer Wilson, The Life and Private History of Emily Jane Bront, New
York 1928 (Wuthering Heights ganxilulia, rogorc namdvili
avtobiografia).
10. The example is taken from . B. Tinker, The Good Estate of
Poetry, Boston 1929. p.30.
Tavi merve

literatura da fsiqologia
1. ix. Alfred Adler, Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Physical
Compensation, 1907 (English tr. 1917); Wayland F. Vaughan, The
Psychology of Compensation, Psych. Review, xxxiii (1926), pp. 46779; Edmund Wilson, The Wound and the Bow, New York 1941; aseve
L. MacNiece, Modern Poetry, London 1938, p. 76; L. Trilling, Art and
408

SeniSvna

Neurosis, Partisan Review, xn (1945), pp. 41-9 (xelaxla dabeWdi

li The Liberal Imagination, New York 1950, pp. 160-80).
2. ix. bibliografia.
3. W. H. Auden, Lettersfrom Iceland, London 1937, p. 193; see L.
MacNiece, Modern Poetry, London 1938, pp. 25-6; Karen Horney, The
Neurotic Personality of our Time, New York 1937; Eric Fromm, Escape
from Freedom, New York 1941, and Man for Himself, New York 1947.
4. ix. W. Silz, Otto Ludwig and the Process of Poetic Creation,
PMLA, lx (1945), pp. 860-78, romelic gamoscems Temebis umrav
lesobas mwerlis siqologiaSi, Seswavlili Tanamedrove
germanul kvlevaSi; Erich Jaensch, Eidetic Imagery and Typological Methods of Investigation, London 1930; also Psychological and
Psychophysical Investigations of Types . .. in Feelings and Emotions,
Worcester, Mass. 1928, p. 355 ff.
5. On synaesthesia, see Ottokar Fischer, ber Verbindung
von Farbe und Klang: Eine literar-psychologische Untersuchung,
Zeitschrift fur Asthetik, 11 (1907), pp. 501-34; Albert Wellek, Das
Doppelempfinden in der Geistesgeschichte, Zeitschrift fr sthetik,
xxiii (1929), pp. 14-42; Renaissance-und Barock-synasthesie, Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift fr Literaturwissenschaft, ix (1931), pp. 534-84;
E. v. Erhardt-Siebold, Harmony of the Senses in English, German,
and French Romanticism, PMLA, xlvii (1932), pp. 577-92; W. Silz,
Heines Synaesthesia, PMLA, l v 11 (1942), pp. 469-8 8; S. de Ullman, Romanticism and Synaesthesia, PMLA, lx (1945), pp. 811-27;
A. G. Engstrom, In Defense of Synaesthesia in Literature, Philological Quarterly, xxv (1946), pp.1-19.
6. ix. Richard Chase, The Sense of the Present, Kenyan Review,
vi (1945), p. 218 ff. citirebebi T. S. Eliot-is The Use of Poetry aris
on pp. 118-19,155,and 148 and n. narkvevi, romelsac Eliot-i
exeba, Le Symbolisme et Fame primitive, gamoCnda Revue de littrature compares-Si, xii (1932), pp. 356-86. ix. aseve mile Caillets
Symbolisme et amtes primitives, Paris 1936, the conclusion of which
reports a conversation with Eliot.
7. Carl G. Jung, On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetic Art Contributions to Analytical Psychology, London 1928, and Psychological Types (tr. H. G. Baynes), London 1926; and see J. Jacobi, The
409

SeniSvna

Psychology of Jung (tr. Bash), New Haven 1943. British philosophers,

psychologists, and aestheticians publicly indebted to Jung include
John M. Thorburn, Art and the Unconscious, 1925; Maud Bodkin, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry Psychological Studies of Imagination, 1934;
Herbert Read, Myth, Dream, and Poem, Collected Essays in Literary
Criticism, London 1938, pp. iot-jg. H. G. Baynes, Mythology of the Soul,
London 1940; M. Esther Harding Womens Mysteries, London 1935.
8. xasiaTis tipologiebze, ixileT, istoriuli cno
bebisTvis, A. A. Roback, The Psychology of Character with a Survey
of Temperament, New York 1928-Eduard Spranger, Types of Men: the
Psychology . . .of Personality (tr. Pigors)] Halle 1928; Ernst Kretschmer,
Physique and Character ... (tr. Sprott), London 1925; The Psychology of
Men of Genius (tr. Cattell), London 1931. On the maker and the possessed, see W. H. Auden, Psychology and Art, The Arts Today (ed.
G. Grigson), London 1935, pp. 1-21.
9. F. W. Nietzsche, Die Geburt der Tragdie, 1872; Th. Ribot, Essai
sur limagination cratrice, Paris 1900 (tr. Baron, London 1906); Liviu
Rusu, Essai sur la criation artistique, Paris 1935. The daemonic modis
Goethe-dan (first used in Urworte, 1817) da aris cnobili koncef
cia Tanamedrove germanul TeoriaSi; ix. M. Schutze, Academic
Illusions in the Field of Letters, Chicago 1933, p. 91 ff.
10. C. S. Lewis, The Personal Heresy..., London 1939, pp. 22-3; W.
Dilthey, Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung ... , Leipzig 1906; see Schutze,
op. cit., p. 96 ff.
11. Norah Chadwick, Poetry and Prophecy, Cambridge 1942 (on
shamanism); Ribot, Creative Imagination (tr., London 1906), p. 51.
12. Elisabeth Schneider, The Dream of Kubla Khan, PMLA,
lx (1945), pp. 784-801, detalurad damuSavebuli Coleridge, Opium, and Kubla Khan, Chicago 1953. See also Jeanette Marks, Genius
and Disaster: Studies in Drugs and Genius, New York 1925.
13. Aelfrida Tillyard, Spiritual Exercises and Their Results .. .,
London 1927; R. van Gelder, Writers and Writing, New York 1946;
Samuel Johnson, Lives of the Poets, Milton.
14. On Hemingway and the typewriter: R. G. Berkelman, How
to Put Words on Paper, Saturday Review of Literature, 29 Dec. 1945.
On dictation and style: Theodora Bosanquet, Henry James at Work
410

SeniSvna

(Hogarth Essays), London 1924.

15. germaneli esTetikisoebi umetesad Goethe da Otto
Ludwig-is citirebas akeTeben; the French, Flaubert (the correspondence) and Valery; American critics. Henry James (the prefaces to the New York edition) and Eliot. An excellent. franguli
Sexedulebis nimuSi aris Valry on (P. Valry, Situation de
Baudelaire, Varit ii, Paris 1937, pp. 155-60 - English tr., Variety, second series, New York 1938, pp. 79-98).
16. niSnebze da simboloebze, ix. S. K. Langer, Philosophy in
a New Key, Cambridge, Mass. 1942, pp. 53-78, and Helmut Hatzfeld,
The Language of the Poet, Studies in Philology, xliii (1946), pp.
93-120.
17. J. L. Lowes, The Road to Xanadu: A Study in tbe Ways of the
Imagination, Boston 1927.
18. W. Dibelius, Charles Dickens, Leipzig 1926, pp. 347-73.
19. Albert R. Chandler, Beauty and Human Nature: Elements of
Psychological Aesthetics, New York 1934, p. 328; A. Thibaudet, Gustave Flaubert, Paris 1935, pp. 93-102; Frederick H. Prescott, The Formation of Imaginary Characters, The Poetic Mind, New York 1922, p.
187 ff.; A. H. Nethercot, Oscar Wildeon His Subdividing Himself,
PMLA, lx (1945), pp.616-17.
20. The Utters of John Keats (ed. M. B. Forman), fourth ed., New
York 1935, p. 227. momdevno teqstualuri Sesworeba rekomen
direbulia Formans-is SeniSvnaSi.
21. A. Feuillerat, Comment Proust a tomposi son roman, New Haven 1934; ix. aseve naSromebi Karl Shapiro-sa da Rudolf Arnheim-is in Poets at Work (ed. C. D. Abbott), New York 1948.
22. ix. James H. Smith, The Reading of Poetry, Boston 1939 (sare
daqcio variantebi ikavebs avtoris mier uaryofili varian
tebis adgils).
23. Lily B. Campbell, Shakespeares Tragic Heroes: Slaves of Passion, Cambridge 1930; Oscar J. Campbell, What is the Matter with
Hamlet?, Yale Review, xxxii (1942), pp. 309-22; Henri Delacroix, La
Psychologiede Stendhal, Paris 1918; F. J. Hoffman, Freudianism and the
Literary Mind, Baton Rouge 1945, pp. 256-88.
24. ix. L. . T. Forest, A Caveat for Critics against Invoking
411

SeniSvna

Elizabethan Psychology, PMLA, lxi (1946), pp. 651-72.

25. ix. the writings of E. E. Stoll, passim, especially From Shakespeare to Joyce, New York 1944, p. 70 ff.

Tavi mecxre

literatura da sazogadoeba
1. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.
2. ix. Morris R. Cohens excellent discussion, American Literary Criticism and Economic Forces, Journal of the History of Ideas, 1
(1940), pp. 369-74.
3. On De Bonald, see Horatio Smith, Relativism in Bonalds Literary Doctrine, Modern Philology, xxxn (1934). pp. 193-210; B. Croce,
La letteratura come espressione dclla societ, Problemi di estetica,
Bari 1910,pp. 56-60.
4. Introduction to Histoire de la littirature anglaise (1863): Si elles
fournissent des documents, eest quelles sont des monuments, p.
xlvii, Vol. 1 of second ed., Paris 1866.
5. ix. e.g. Havelock Ellis, A Study of British Genius, London 1904
(rev. ed Boston 1926); Edwin L. Clarke, American Men of Letters: Their
Nature and Nurture, New York 1916 (Columbia Studies in History,
Economics, and Public Law, Vol. 72); A. Odin, Gense des grands
hommes, two vols., Paris 1895.
6. Sakulin, N. P., Die russische Literatur, Wildpark-Potsdam 1927
(in Oskar Walzels Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaff).
7. e.g. D. Blagoy, Sotsiologiya tvorchestva Pushkina (The Sociology
of Pushkins Creation), Moscow 1931.
8. Herbert Schoeffler, Protestantismus und Literatur, Leipzig 1922.
socialuri warmoSobis sakiTxebi SesamCnevad axlosaa ad
reul STabeWdilebebTan, mwerlis adreul fizikur da so
cialur garemosTan. rogorc Schoeffler-i GgviCvenebs, qveynis/
soflis sasuliero pirebis Svilebma bevri iSromes, rom
SeeqmnaT meTvramete saukunis britanuli pre-romantiuli
literatura da gemovneba. sofelSi TiTqmis eklesiis ezoSi
cxovrebam, ganawyo isini peizaJis da saflavis poeziisaken,
412

SeniSvna

sikvdilze da ukvdavobaze fiqrisTvis.

9. L. C. Knights, Drama and Society in the Age of Jonson, London
1937 and Penguin Books 1962.
10. Lily Campbell, Shakespeares Histories: Mirrors of Elizabethan
Policy, San Marino 1947; Sir Charles Firth, The Political Significance
of Swifts Gullivers Travels, Essays: Historical and Literary, Oxford
1938, pp. 210-41.
11. Prosper de Barante, De la littrature franaise pendant le dixhuitime sicle, Paris, third ed., 1822, p. v. winasityvaoba ar aris
pirvel gamocemaSi, 1809 wlis. Barante-is Teoria brwyinva
ledaa SemuSavebuli Harry Levin is mier in Literature as an
Institution, Accent, vi (1946), pp. 159-68. Reprinted in Criticism (ed.
Schorer, Miles, McKenzie), New York 1948, pp. 546-53.
12. Ashley H. Thorndike, Literature in a Changing Age, New York
1921, p. 36.
13. Q. D. Leavis, Fiction and the Reading Public, London 1932.
14. ramodenime namuSevari am sakiTxebze: Alfred A. Harbage, Shakespeares Audience, New York 1941; R. J. Allen, The Clubs of
Augustan London, Cambridge, Mass. 1933; Chauncey B. Tinker, The
Salon and English Letters, New York 1915; Albert Parry, Garrets and
Pretenders: a History of Bobemianism in America, New York 1933.
15. ix. Grace Overmeyer, Government and the Arts, New York
1939. On Russia, see the writings of Freeman, Max Eastman, W.
Frank, etc.
16. Georgi V. Plekhanov, Art and Society, New York 1936, pp. 43,
63. umTavresi ideologiuri msjelobebi aris: A. Cassagne,
La Thorie de Iart pour lart en France, Paris 1906, reprinted 1959; Rose
R. Egan, The Genesis of the Theory of Art for Arts Sake in Germany and
England, two parts, Northampton 1921-4; Louise Rosenblatt, Lldie de
Iart pour Iart dans la littrature anglaise, Paris 1931.
17. L. L. Schcking, Die Soziologie der literarischen Geschmacksbildung, Munich 1923 (second ed., Leipzig 1931. English tr., The Sociology of Literary Taste, London 1941); ix. Schcking, Die Familie im
Puritanismus, Leipzig 1929.
18. ix. T. A. Jackson, Charles Dickens, The Progress of a Radical,
London 1937.
19. Mrs Leavis, quoted in note 13; . C. Link and H. Hopf, People
413

SeniSvna

and Books, New York 1946; F. Baldensperger, La Littrature: cration,

succs, dure, Paris 1913; P. Stapfer, Des rputations littraires, Paris,
1893; Gaston Rageot, Le Succs: auteurs et public - essai de critique sociologique, Paris 1906; mile Hennequin, La Critique scientifique, Paris
1882. socialuri Sedegebi sxva xelovnebis, moZravi naxatebi,
gonivruladaa Seswavlili Adler-is mier in Art and Prudence,
New York 1937. brwyinvale dialeqtikuri proeqti aesthetic
function, norm and value as social facts gvxvdeba Jan Mukarovskis, Estetick funkce, norma a hodnota jako socilnifakt-Si, Prague 1936.
20. Thomas Warton, History of English Poetry, London 1774, Vol.
1, p. 1.
21. E. Kohn-Bramstedt, Aristocracy and the Middle Classes in Germany, London 1937, p.4.
22. ix. Andr Monglond, Le Hros prromantique, Le Prromantisme franais, Vol. 1, Grenoble 1930; R. P. Utter and G. B. Needham,
Pamelas Daughters, New Yorit 1937. aseve E. E. Stoll-is nawermoe
bebi, e.g. Heroes and Villains: Shakespeare, Middle ton, Byron,
Dickens, in From Shakespeare to Joyce, Garden City 1944, pp. 307-27.
23. Charles Lamb, On the Artificial Comedy, Essays of Elia,
1821; . B. Macaulay, The Dramatic Works of Wycherley, Congreve,
Vanbrugh, and Farquhar, Edinburgh Review, lxii (1841); J. Palmer,
The Comedy of Manners, London 1913; . M. Lynch, The Social Mode of
Restoration Comedy, New York 1926.
24. E. E. Stoll, Literature and Life, Shakespeare Studies, New
York 1927, and several papers in From Shakespeare to Joyce, Garden
City 1944.
25. John Maynard Keynes, A Treatise on Money, New York 1930,
Vol. 11, p.154.
26. A. V. Lunacharsky, quoted by L. C. Knights, loc. cit., p. 10,
from the Listener, 27 December 1934.
27. Einfhrung zur Kritik der politischen konomie (1857, xel
naweri, romelic Marx-ma miatova da romelic gamoica uc
nob recenziaSi/periodul JurnalSi 1903 wels. xelaxla
daibeWda Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels-Si, ber Kunst und Literatur,
ed. M. Lipschitz, Berlin 1948, pp. 21-2. es pasaJi srulad ambobs
uars marqsistul pozociaze. recenziaSi aris sxva frTxili
414

SeniSvna

cnobebi, , e.g. Engels-is mier miwerili werili Starkenburgisadmi, 1894 wlis 25 ianvari. politikuri, legaluri, fi
losofiuri, religiuri, literaturuli, artistuli da
a.S. ganviTareba efuZneba ekonomikur ganviTarebas. magram
yvela maTgani gavlenas axdens, erToblivad da cal-calke,
erTi meoreze, da ekonomikur principebze (Marx-Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, p. 391) . werilSi Joseph Bloch-is mimarT, 1890
wlis 21 seqtembers, Engels eTanxmeba, rom man da Marx-ma
zedmeti yuradReba miaqcies ekonomikis faqtors da Seamci
res sapirispiro qmedebis roli; da werilSi Mehring-isadmi,
1893 wlis 14 ivliss, is ambobs rom maT ignorireba gauke
Tes formalur mxares, gza, romelSic ideebi viTardeba
(See Marx-Engels, Selected Works, Vol pp. 383, 390.) saguldagulo
swavlisaTvis ixileT Peter Demetz, Marx, Engels und die Dichter,
Stuttgart 1959.
28. From Die Deutsche Ideologie (1845-6), in Karl Marx and F.
Engels, Historisch-kritische Gesamtausgabe (ed. V. Adoratskij), Berlin
1932, Vol. v, pp. 21, 373.
29. A. A. Smirnov, Shakespeare: A Marxist Interpretation, New
York 1936 p. 93.
30. Max Scheler, Probleme einer Soziologie des Wissens, Versuch zu einer Soziologie des Wissens (ed. Max Scheler), Munich and
Leipzig 1924, Vol. 1 pp. 1-146, and Probleme einer Soziologie des
Wissens, Die Wissensformen und die Gesellschaft, Leipzig 1926, pp.
1-226; Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia (tr. L. Wirth and Z. Shils),
London 1936 (xelaxla dabeWdili New York 1955). aris zogi
erTi ganxilva: H. Otto Dahlke, The Sociology of Knowledge, in
H. E. Barnes, Howard Becker, and F. B. Becker, Contemporary Social
Theory, New York 1940, pp. 64-99; Robert K. Merton, The Sociology
of Knowledge, Twentieth-Century Sociology (ed. Georges Gurvitch
and Wilbert E. Moore), New York 1945, pp. 366-405; Gerard L. De
Gre, Society and Ideology: an Inquiry into the Sociology of Knowledge,
New York 1943; Ernst Gruenwald, Das Problem der Soziologie des
Wissens, Vienna 1934; Thelma Z. Lavine, Naturalism and the Sociological Analysis of Knowledge, Naturalism and the Human Spirit
(ed. Yervant H. Krikorian), New York 1944, pp. 183-209; Alexander
415

SeniSvna

C. Kern, The Sociology of Knowledge in the Study of Literature,

Sewanee Review, l (1942), pp. 505-14.
31. Max Weber, Gesammelte Aufstze zur Religions soziologie, three
vols., Tbingen 1920-21 (partially translated as The Protestant Ethic
and the Spirit of Capitalism, London 1930); R. H. Tawney, Religion and
the Rise of Capitalism, London 1926 and Penguin Books 1938 (new ed.
with Preface, 1937) Joachim Wach, The Sociology of Religion, Chicago
1944.
32. ix. kritika Pitirim A. Sorokin-is, Contemporary Sociological
Theories, New York 1928, p. 710.
33. P. A. Sorokin, Fluctuations of Forms of Art, Social and Cultural
Dynamic, Vol. 1, New York 1937, especially chapter 1.
34. Edwin Berry Burgum, Literary Form: Social Forces and Innovations, The Novel and the Worlds Dilemma, New York 1947, pp.
3-18.
35. Fritz Bruggemann, Der Kampf um die brgerliche Welt und
Lebensauf-fassung in der deutschen Literatur des 18. Jahrhunderts,
Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift fr Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 111 (1925),pp. 94-127.
36. Karl Bcher, Arbeit und Rhythmus, Leipzig 1896; J. E. Harrison, Ancient Art and Ritual, New York 1913; Themis, Cambridge 1912;
George Thomson, Aeschylus and Athens, A Study in the Social Origins
of the Drama, London 1941, and Marxism and Poetry, London 1945 (a
small pamphlet of great interest, with application to Irish materials);
Christopher Caudwell, Illusion and Reality, London 1937; Kenneth
Burke, Attitudes toward History, New York 1937; Robert R. Marett
(ed.), Anthropology and the Classics, Oxford 1908.

Tavi meaTe

literatura da ideebi
1. Hermann Ulrici, ber Shakespeares dramatische Kunst, 1839.
2. George Boas, Philosophy and Poetry, Wheaton College, Mass.
1932, p. 9.
416

SeniSvna

3. T. S. Eliot, Selected Essays, New York 1932, pp. 115-16.

4. e.g. `RmerTi~ samoTxeSia; samyaroSi yvelaferi kar
gadaa aris mtkicebuleba, rom RmerTma Seqmna yvelaze uke
Tesi samyaro yvela SesaZlebeli samyaroebidan. dedami
waze damsxvreuli rkali; samoTxeSi, srulyofili wre aris
argumenti limitirebulidan usasrulobamde, arasru
lyofilebis codnidan srulyofilebis SesaZleblobamde,
da a.S.
5. ix. bibliografia.
6. ix. bibliografia.
7. Leo Spitzer, Milieu and Ambiance: An Essay in Historical Semantics, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 111 (1942), pp.
1-42, pp. 169-218 (reprinted in Essays in Historical Semantics, New
York 1948, pp. 179-316); Classical and Christian Ideas of World Harmony: Prolegomena to an Interpretation of the Word Stimmung,
Traditio: Studies in Ancient and Medieval History, Thought and Religion,
11 (1944), pp. 409-64, and in (1945), pp. 307-64. Expanded version,
Baltimore 1963.
8. Etienne Henri Gilson, Les Ides et les lettres, Paris 1932.
9. Paul Hazard, La Crise de la conscience europenne, three vols.,
Paris 1934; La Pense europenne au X VIII sicle de Montesquieu Lessing, three vols..Paris 1946 (English translations: The European Mind:
The Critical Years, 1680-1715, New Haven 1953; European Thought in
the Eighteenth Century, New Haven 1954).
10. M. O. Gershenzon, Mudrost Pushkina (Pushkins Wisdom),
Moscow 1919.
11. For metaphysical studies of Dostoyevsky, see V. Rozanov,
Legenda o Velikom inkvizitore, St Petersburg 1894; D. Merezhkovsky,
Tolstoy i Dostoyevsky, two vols., St Petersburg 1912 (incomplete English tr. as Tolstoi as Man and Artist, with an Essay on Dostoyevsky, New
York 1902); Leo Shestov, Dostoyevsky i Nietzsche, St Petersburg 1905
(German tr. Berlin 1931); Nikolay Berdyaev, Mirosozertsanie Dostoevskovo (Dostoyevskys World-view), Prague 1923 (English tr. from
French, New York 1934), Vyacheslav Ivanov, Freedom and the Tragic
Life: A Study in Dostoyevsky, New York 1952.
12. Hermann Glockner, Philosophie und Dichtung: Typen ihrer
417

SeniSvna

Wechsel-wirkung von den Griechen bis auf Hegel, Zeitschrift fur sthetik, xv (1920-21), pp. 187-204.
13. ix. Ren Wellek, Literary Criticism and Philosophy: A Note
on Revaluation. Scrutiny, v (1937), pp.375-83 and F. R. Leavis, Literary Criticism and Philosophy: A Reply, ibid., vi (1937), pp. 5970 (xelaxla dabeWdili The Importance of Scrutiny, ed. E. Bentley,
New York 1948, pp. 23-40).
14. Rudolf Unger, Philosophische Probleme in der neueren Literaturwissenshaft, Munich 1908; Weltanschauung und Dichtung, Zurich
1917; Literaturgeschichte als Problemgeschichte, Berlin 1924; Literaturgeschichte und Geistesgeschichte, Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift fr Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, iv (1925), pp. 177-92. yvela
wina dokumentebi Segrovebulia Aufstze zur Prinzipienlehre der
Literaturgeschichte-Si, two vols., Berlin 1929.
15. Rudolf Unger, Herder, Novalis, Kleist: Studien ber die Entwicklung des Todesproblem, Frankfurt 1922; Walther Rehm, Der
Todesgedanke in der deutschen Dichtung, Halle 1928; Paul Kluckholn,
Die Auffassung der Liebe in der Literatur des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts
und in der Romantik, Halle 1922
16. Mario Praz, La carne, la morte e il diavolo nella letteratura romantica, Milano 1930 (English tr. by Angus Davidson, The Romantic
Agony, London 1933)
17. C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love, Oxford 1936; Theodore
Spencer, Death and Elizabethan Tragedy, Cambridge, Mass. 1936.
18. Hoxie Neale Fairchild, Religious Trends in English Poetry, four
vols. New York 1939-57.
19. Andr Monglond, Le Prromantisme franais, two vols., Grenoble 1930; Pierre Trahard, Les Maltres de la sensibilit franaise au
XVIII sicle, four vols., Paris 1931-3.
20. ix. kvlevis brwyinvale gegma The Use of Color in Literature by Sigmund Skard, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society xc (No. 3, July 1946), pp. 163-249. 1183 Temebis bibliogra
fia aseve vrceli literaturis CamonaTvals akeTebs peiza
Jis grZnobaze.
21. Balzac, Cousine Bette, ch. ix.
22. Gellert, Letter to Count Hans Moritz von Brhl, 3 April 1755
(in Yale University Library).
418

SeniSvna

23. Dr Johnson, Prayers and Meditations, Letters to Miss Boothby, etc.

24. ix. Dilthey-is pirveli versia misi Teoriis Die drei
Grundformen der Systeme in der ersten Hlfte des 19. Jahrhunderts,
Archiv fr Geschichte der Philosophie, xi (iSg8), p. 557-86 (reprinte din
Gesammelte Schriften, Leipzig 1925, Vol. iv, pp. 528-54). mogvianebi
Ti versiebi Das Wesen der Philosophie in Paul Hinnebergs Die
Kulturder Gegenwart (Teil 1, Abteilung vi, Systematische Philosophie, Berlin 1907, pp. 1-72, reprinted in Gesammelte Schriften, loc. cit.,
Vol. v, Part 1, pp. 339-416), and Die Typen der Weltanschauung und
ihre Ausbildung in den philosophischen Syste-men, Weltanschauung, Philosophie, Religion (ed. Max Frischeisen-Kohler) Berlin 1911,
pp. 3-54 (reprinted loc. cit., Vol. vm, pp. 75-120).
25. Herman Nohl, Die Weltanschauungen der Malerei, Jena 1908;
Typische Kunst stile in Dichtung und Musik, Jena 1915.
26. Unger in Weltanschauung und Dichtung, Aufstze...,op.
cit., p. 77 ff.
27. O. Walzel, Gehalt und Gestalt im dichterischen Kunstwerk, Berlin-Babelsberg 1923, p. 77.ff
28. H. W. Eppelsheimer, Das Renaissanceproblem, Deutsche
Vierteljahrschrif fr Literaturwissensc haft und Geistesgeschichte, 11
(1933), p. 497.
29. H. A. Korff, Geist der Goethezeit: Versuch einer ideellen Entwicklung der klassisch-romantischen Literaturgeschichte, four vols., Leipzig
1923-53; Herbert Cysarz, Erfahrung und Idee, Vienna 1921; Deutsche
Barockdichtung, Leipzig 1924; Literaturgeschichte als Geisteswissenschaft, Halle 1926; Von Schiller bis Nietzsche, Halle 1928; Schiller, Halle
1934; Max Deutschbein, Das Wesen des Romantischen, Coethen 1921;
George Stefansky, Das Wesen der deutschen Romantik, Stuttgart 1923;
Paul Meissner, Die geisteswissenschaftlichen Grundlagen des englischen
Literaturbarocks, Berlin 1934.
30. Ernst Cassirer, Freiheit und Form,Berlin 1922; Idee und Gestalt,
Berlin 1921. ix. Cysarz, op. cit.
31. B. Croce, Lapoesia di Dante, Bari 1920.
31 B. Croce, Goethe, Bari 1919 (English tr. London 1923, pp.
185-6).
419

SeniSvna

Tavi meTerTmete

literatura da sxva xelovneba

1. mile Legouis, Edmund Spenser, Paris 1923; Elizabeth W. Manwaring, Italian Landscape in Eighteenth-Century England, New York
1925; Sir Sidney Colvin, John Keats, London 1917.
2. Stephen A. Larrabee, English Bards and Grecian Marbles: The
Relationship between Sculpture and Poetry especially in the Romantic Period, New York 1943.
3. Albert Thibaudet, La Posie de Stphane Mallarm, Paris 1926.
4. ix. bibliografia, nawili 1.
5. ix. Bruce Pattison, Music and Poetry of the English Renaissance,
London 1948; Germaine Bontoux, La Chanson en Angleterre au temps
dElizabeth, Paris 1938; Miles M. Kastendieck, Englands Musical Poet:
Thomas Campion, New York 1938; John Hollander, The Untuning of
the Sky, Princeton 1961.
6. Erwin Panofsky, Studies in Iconology, New York 1939, xelax
la daibeWda 1962 wels, and Meaning in the Visual Arts, Garden
City, N. Y. 1955. ixileT aseve the Warburg Institute-is gamocema,
of Fritz Saxl-is, Edgar Wind-is, da sxvebis nawarmoebebi. ufro
meti samuSaoa warmodgenili ilustrirebul gamosaxulebe
bze (vazebze) Homer-is da the Greek tragedies, e.g. Carl Robert,
Bild und Lied, Berlin 1881; Louis Sechan, tudes sur la tragdie grecque
dans ses rapports avec la cramique, Paris 1926.
7. Larrabee, loc. cit., p. 87. A fuller discussion by R. Wellek in a
review, Philological Quarterly, xxni (1944), pp. 382-3.
8. W. G. Howard, Ut Pictura Poesis, PMLA, xxiv (1909), pp.
40-123, Cicely Davies, Ut Pictura Poesis, Modern Language Review,
xxx (1935), pp. 159-69; Rensselaer W. Lee, Ut Pictura Poesis: The
Humanistic Theory of Painting, Art Bulletin, xxu (1940), pp. 197-269;
Jean H. Hagstrum, The Sister Arts: The Tradition of Literary Pictorialism
and English Poetry from Dry den to Gray, Chicago 1958.
9. mis Una Ellis-Former gvaZlevs iseT detalurad damu
Savebul musical analysis of Jonsons Volpone in her Jacobean Dra420

SeniSvna

ma, London 1936; and George R. Kernodle tried to find The Symphonic Form of King Lear in Elizabethan Studies and Other Essays in
Honor of George C. Reynolds, Boulder, Colorado, 1945 pp. 185-91.
10. ix. Erwin Panofsky, The Neoplatonic Movement and
Michelangelo Studies in Iconology, New York 1939, p. 171 ff.
11. Charles de Tolnay, Pierre Bruegel IAncien, two vols., Bruxelles 1935; see also Die Zeichnungen Peter Breugels, Munich 1925; Carl
Neumanns criticism in Deutsche Vierteljabrscbrift, iv (1926), p. 308 ff.
12. ix. winamdebare Tavi, Literature and Ideas.
13. Benedetto Croce, Aesthetic (tr. D. Ainslie), London 1029, pp.
62,110, 188, et passim.
14. John Dewey, Art As Experience, New York 1934, p. 212.
15. . M. Greene, The Arts and the Art of Criticism, Princeton 1940,
p. 213 ff., especially pp. 221-6; John Dewey, op. cit., pp. 175 ff., 218
ff. argumentebi plastikur xelovnebaSi ritmis gamoyenebis
winaaRmdeg gvxvdeba in Ernst Neumann, Untersuchungen zur Psychologie und Aesthetik des Rhythmus, Leipzig 1894; and in Fritz Medicus, Das Problem einer vergleichenden Geschichte der Knste, in
Philosophie der Literaturwissenschaft (ed. E. Ermatinger), Berlin 1930,
p. 195 ff.
16. George David Birkhoff, Aesthetic Measure, Cambridge, Mass.
1933.
17. e.g. in John Hughess Preface to his edition of the Faerie
Queene (1715) and in Richard Hurds Letters on Chivalry and Romance
(1762).
18. Oswald Spengler, Der Untergang des Abendlandes, Munich
1923, Vol. 1, pp. 151,297,299,322,339.
19. ix. R. Wellek-is statia mocemuli bibliografiaSi, se
qcia r , da misi The Concept of Baroque in Literary Scholarship,
Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, v (1946), pp. 77-108. There are
many concrete examples and further references.
20. H. Wlfflin, Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe, Munich 1915
(English tr. by M. D. Hottinger, New York 1932).
21. ix. Hanna Lvy, Henri Wllfflin, Sa thorie. See prdcesseurs,
Rottweil 1936 (a Paris thse).
22. H. Wlfflin, Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Eine Revi421

SeniSvna

sion, Logos, xxii (1933), pp. 210-24 (reprinted in Gedanken zur Kunstgeschichte, Basel 1941), pp. 18-24.
23. O. Walzel, Shakespeares dramatische Baukunst, Jahrbuch
der Shakes-pearegesellschaft, LII(1916), pp. 3-35 (reprinted in Das
Wortkunstwerk, Mittel seiner Erforschung, Leipzig 1926, pp. 302-25).
24. ibid. (Berlin 1917), esp. Gehalt und Gestalt im Kunstwerk des
Dichters, Wildpark-Potsdam 1923, pp. 265 ff. and 282 ff.
25. Fritz Strich, Deutsche Klassik und Romantik, oder Vollendung
und Unendlichkeit, Munich 1922. ix. also the criticism in Martin Schiitze, Academic Illusions, Chicago 1933, reprinted Hamden, Conn.
1962, pp. 13,16.
26. ix. Christopher Hussey, The Picturesque: Studies in a Point of
View, London 1927, p.5.
27. Jakob Burckhardt, Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien (ed. W.
W. Kaegi) Bern 1943, p. 370.
28. am Teoriebis kargi ganxilva mocemulia in Pitirim
Sorokins Social and Cultural Dynamics, Vol. 1, Cincinnati 1937. ix.
aseve W. Passarge, Die philosophie der Kunstgeschichte in der Gegenwart, Berlin 1930.
29. . Legouis and L. Cazamian, Histoire de la littrature anglaise,
Paris 1924, p. 279.

ivaaA

Taavis Sesavali

1. Sir Sidney Lee, The Place of English Literature in the Modern

University, London 1913 (reprinted in Elizabethan and Other Essays,
London 1929, p. 7)
2. ix. bibliografia, nawili III.
3. e.g. Oskar Walzel, Wechselseitige Erhellung der Knste, Berlin
1917; Gehalt und Gestalt im Kunstwerk des Dichters, Potsdam 1923; Das
Wortkunstwerk Leipzig 1926.
4. rusuli moZraobisaTvis ixileT Victor Erlich, Russian
Formalism, The Hague 1955.
5. ix. esp. William Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity, London
1930 and Penguin Books 1962; F. R. Leavis, New Bearings in English
422

SeniSvna

Poetry, London 1932; Geoffrey Tillotson, On the Poetry of Pope, 1938.

6. ix. bibliografia, nawili IV.
7. L. C. Knights, How many Children had Lady Macbeth?, London 1933, pp 15-54 (xelaxla dabeWdili Explorations-Si, London
1946, pp. 15-54) ayenebs faqts dramis da cxovrebis uwes
rigobis winaaRmdeg. E. E. Stoll, L. L. Schcking-is da sxvebis
naSromebma nawilobriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba miani
Wes tradiciebis rols da distancias, romelic arsebobs si
cocxlesa da dramas Soris.
8. nawarmoebebi Joseph Warren Beach-is and Percy Lubbocks
The Craft of Fiction, London 1921, cnobilia. In Russia, Viktor Shklovskys O Teoriyi prozy (The Theory of Prose), 1925, da bevri nawar
moebi V. V. Vinogradov da . M. Eikhenbaum iyeneben sfor
malistur midgomas.
9. Jan Mukarovsk, winasityvaoba Mchv Mj (Mchas May)is, Pragu 1928, pp. iv-vi.
10. ix. `romanis faqtiuri siuJeti Tavs aridebs the
epitomist-s iseve srulad, rogorc xasiaTs mxolod rogorc
mexsierebis grafikebi aris Sinaarsi an realuri xasiaTi; mx
olod gadawyvetilebaSi aqvT maT emociuri valenturoba~
valency (. H. Rid word, A Note on Fiction, Toward Standards of
Criticism, ed. F. R. Leavis, London 1935, p. 33).

Tavi meTormete

xelovnebis literaturuli namuSevris arsebobis

forma
1. ixileT bibliografiis nawili I.
2. Ernest Fenollosa, The Chinese Written Character at a Medium for
Poetry, New York 1936; Margaret Church, The First English Pattern
Poems, PMLA, lxi (1946), pp. 636-50; A. L. Korn, Puttenham and the
Oriental Pattern Poem, Comparative Literature, iv (1954), PP- 289-303.
3. ix. Alfred Einstein, Augenmusik im Madrigal, Zeitschrift der
423

SeniSvna

internationalen Musikgesellschaft, xiv (1912), pp. 8-21.

4. I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism, London 1924, pp.
125, 248. ixileT Practical Criticism, London 1929, p. 349.
5. Richards, Principles, pp. 225-7.
6. ix. bibliografiis nawili V.
7. magaliTebi Walzels statiidan CamoTvlilia biblio
grafiis V nawilSi.
8. spingarnis sityvebiT, `poetis mizanze SeiZleba vim
sjeloT Tavad Semoqmedebis momentidan gamomdinare, anu
TviT poemis mxatvrulobis aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT~ (`ax
ali kritika~, Criticism and America, New York, 1924, gv. 24-5.
9. E. M. Tillyard and C. S. Lewis, The Personal Heresy: A Controversy, London 1934; Tillyards Milton, London 1930, p. 237.
10. parizSi, 1925 wels gamocemul, Tavis Biographie de
luvre littraire-Si, pPier Audiati amtkicebda, rom xelovnebis
nawarmoebi `ganasaxierebs mwerlis cxovrebis monakveTs,
da Sesabamisad, CarTuli aRmoCndeba savsebiT SeuZlebel
da savsebiT zedmet, arasaWiro dilemebSi.
11. Jan Mukarovsk, Lart comme fait smiologique, Actes de
buitme congrs international dephilosophie Prague, Prague 1936, pp.
1065-72.
12. Roman Ingarden, Das literarische Kunstwerk, Halle 1931.
13. Esp. in De Saussures Cours de linguistique gnrale, Paris
1916.
14. ix. E. Husserls Mditations cartsiennes, Paris 1931, pp.
38- 9
15. ix. SeniSvna 7 IV nawilis SesavalSi.
16. ix. bibliografiis II nawili.
17. ix. Louis Teeter, Scholarship and the Art of Criticism, ELH,
v (1938), pp. 173-93.
18. ix. Ernst Troeltschs Historiography, in Hastingss Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburgh 1913, Vol. vr, p. 722.
19. Ortega y Gaseti agreTve iyenebs am termins, Tumca ki
gansxvavebulad.

424

SeniSvna

Tavi mecamete

hangebi, riTmi da zoma

1. Birkhoff, Aesthetic Measure, Cambridge, Mass., 1933.
2. rusuli instrumentovka iTargmneba instrumentation-dan
rene gilis mier mis Trait du verbe (Paris 1886)-Si, sadac igi
upiratesobas aniWebs mis poeziis ganacxads (ix. gv. 18). gili
mogvianebiT SeuTanxmda valeri briusovs, rus simbolist
poets (ix. Lettres de Ren Ghil, Paris 1935, pp..13-16, 18-20.)
3. ix. Carl Stumpf, Die Sprachlaute-is eqsperimentuli na
muSevrebi Berlin 1926, esp. p. 38 ff.
4. W. J. Bate, The Stylistic Development of John Keats, New York
1945.
5. Osip Brik, Zvukovie povtory (Sound-figures), in Poetika, St
Petersburg 1919.
6. Henry Lanz, The Physical Basis of Rime, Palo Alto 1931.
7. W. K. Wimsatt, One Relation of Rhyme to Reason, Modern
Language Quarterly, v (1944) PP- 32338 (reprinted in The Verbal
Icon, Lexington, Ky. 1954, pp-153-66).
8. H. C. Wyld, Studies in English Rhymes from Surrey to Pope, London 1923. ixileT aseve Frederick Ness, The Use of Rhyme in Shakespeares Plays, New Haven 1941.
9. V. Zhirmunsky, Rifma, ee istoria i teoriya (Rhyme, Its History
and Theory), Petrograd 1923; Valery Bryusov, O rifme (On Rhyme),
Pachat i revolutsiya 1924 (I, pp. 144-23)reviews Zhirmunskys book
and suggests many further problems for the investigation of rhyme.
Charles F. Richardson, A study of English Rhyme, Honover, N. H.,
1909, is a modest beginning in the right direction.
10. Wolfgang Kayser, Die Klangmalerei bei Harsdrffer, Leipzig
1932 (Palaestra, vol. 179); I. A. Richards, Practical Criticism, London
1929, pp. 232-3.
11. j. k. rensomi, The Worlds Body, New York, 1938, gv. 957. aq SeiZleba imaze vidavoT, rom Mr rensomis Semotanili
cvlileba, mxolod Cans, rom odnavi da mcirea. d- Ti m-is
Senacvleba murmuring-Si, arRvevs bgeraTa m-m saxes, ris
425

SeniSvna

gamoc sityva innumerable amovardnili aRmoCndeba im bgera

Ta saxidan, romelSic is iyo Setanili. cxadia, rom calke,
gamoyofilad aRebuli es sityva innumerable, onomatopo
etikis TvalsazrisiT, araefeqturi warmogvidgeba.
12. M. Grammont, L Vers franais, ses moyens dexpression, son
harmonie, Paris 1913.
13. Ren Etiemble, Le Sonnet des Voyelles, Revue de littrature
compare, xix (1939), pp. 235-61, discusses the many anticipations in
A. W. Schlegel and others.
14. Albert Wellek, Der Sprachgeist als Doppelempfinder,
Zeitschrift fr sthetik, xxv (1931), pp. 226-62.
15. ix. Stumfvi da volfgang kioleris `Akustische Untersuchungen, Zeitsschrifrt fr Psychologie, LIV (1910), pp. 241-89, LVIII
(1911), pp. 59-140, LXIV (1913), pp. 92-105, LXXII (1915), pp. 1-192. am
Sedegebs mxars uWers roman iakobsoni im magaliTebiT da
dasabuTebiT, rac man amoiRo bavSvTa enidan da afaziis Sem
Txvevidan da gamoaqveyna Tavis KIndersprache, Aphasie und
allgemeine Lautgesetze, Upsala, 1941.
16. ix. e.g. E. M. Hornbostel, Laut und Sinn, in Festschrift
Meinhof, Hamburg 1927, pp. 329-48; Heinz Werner, Grundfragen der
Sprachphysiognomik, Leipzig 1932. Katherine M. Wilson, Sound and
Meaning in English Poetry, London 1930, is rather a general book on
metrics and sound-patterns.
17. Sesabamisi wina mimoxilva aris A. W. de Groot, Der
Rhythmus, Neophilologus, xvii (1932), pp. 81-100, 177-97, 241-65;
and Dietrich SeckeL Hlderlins Sprachrhythmus, Leipzig 1937 (Palaestra 207), wigni, romelic moicavs riTmisa da sruli biblio
grafiis zogad diskusias.
18. e.g. in W. K. Wimsatts The Prose Style of Samuel Johnson, New
Haven I941, pp. 5-8.
19. Joshua Steele, Prosodia Rationalis, or an Essay towards Establishing the Melody and Measure of Speech, London 1775.
20. Eduard Sievers, Rhythmisch-melodische Studien, Heidelberg
1912; Ottmar Rutz, Musik, Wort und Krper als Gemtsausdruck,
Leipzig 1911, Sprache, Gesang und Krperhaltung, Munich 1911, Menschheitstypen und Kunst, Jena 1921; Gunther Ipsen and Fritz Karg,
426

SeniSvna

Schallanalytische Versuche, Heidelberg 1938, lists the literature on this

question.
21. O. Walzel, Gehalt und Gestalt im dichterischen Kunstwerk,
Potsdam 1923, pp. 96-105, 391-94. Gustav Becking, Der musikalische
Rhythmus als Erkenntnis-quelle, Augsburg 1923, is an admired, but
fantastic attempt to use Sieverss theories.
22. W. M. Patterson, The Rhythm of Prose, New York 1916.
23. G. Saintsbury, A History of English Prose Rhythm, London
1913.
24. Oliver Elton, English Prose Numbers, A Sheaf of Papers,
London 1922; Morris W. Croll, The Cadence of English Oratorical
Prose, Studies in Philology, xvi (1919), pp. 1-55.
25. B. Tomashevsky, Ritm prozy (po Pikovey Dame) (Prose
Rhythm, according to The Queen of Spades), Stikhe. Statyi. (Essays
on Verse), Leningrad 1929.
26. Eduard Norden, Die antike Kunstprosa, Leipzig 1898, stand
artuli ortomeuli. aseve ixileT Albert de Groot, A Handbook
of Antique Prose Rhythm, Groningen 1919.
27. ix. William K. Wimsatts The Prose Style of Samuel Johnson,
New Haven 1941.
28. G. Saintsbury, History of English Prosody, three vols., London
1906-10.
29. Bliss Perry, A Study of Poetry, London 1920, p. 145.
30. T. S. Omond, English Metrists, Oxford 1921; Pallister Barkas,
A Critique of Modern English Prosody, Halle 1934 (Studien zur englischen Philologie, cd. Morsbach and Hecht, lxxxii).
31. ix. esp. M. W. Croll, Music and Metrics, Studies in Philology,
xx (1923), pp. 388-94; G. R. Stewart, Jun., The Technique of English
Verse, New York 1930.
32. moxseniebuli notacia momdinareobs moris v. kro
lis statiidan `inglisuri leqsis ritmi~ (mimeografiuli
werili, prinstoni, 1929) gv. 8, romelic imdenad xelovnur
STabeWdilebas tovebs, rom ver Secvlis danarCen publika
ciebs pirveladi aqcentis sakiTxze.
33. The most elaborate theoretical book, with hundrets of exam427

SeniSvna

ples, is William Thomsons The Rhythm of Speech, Glasgow 1923. A

recent subtle exponent is John C. Pope, The Rhythm of Beowulf, New
Haven 1942.
34. e.g. Donald Stauffer, The Nature of Poetry, New York 1946,
pp. 203-4.
35. George R. Stewart, Jun., Modern Metrical Technique as Illustrated by ballad Meter (1700-1920), New York 1922.
36. ix. bibliogragis nawili III, 2.
37. W. L. Schramm, University of Iowa Studies, Series on Aims
and Progress of Research, No. 46, Iowa City, la. 1935.
38. ixileT The title-page of Henry Lanz, The Physical Basis of
Rime, Stanford Press 1931.
39. Vittorio Benussi, Psychologie der Zeitauffassung, Heidelberg
1913, pp. 215 ff.
40. G. R. Stewart, The Technique of English Verse, New York 1930,
p. 3.
41. Saran, Deutsche Verslehre, loc. cit., p. 1; Verrier, Essai. .., Vol.
1, p. ix.
42. stiuartma SemoiRo termini `fraza~, rac mniSvnelo
bis gagebas niSnavs.
43. ix. bibliografia da Victor Erlich, Russian Formalism, The
Hague 1955.
44. Jan Mukarovsk, Intonation comme facteur de rythme potique, Archives nerlandaises de phontique exprimentale, viii-ix (1933),
pp. 153-65.
45. Eduard Fraenkel, Iktus und Akzent im lateinischen Sprechvers,
Berlin 1928.
46. zogierTi sawyisi nanaxia Albert H. Licklider, Chapters on
the Metric of the Chaucerian Tradition, Baltimore 1910.
47. A. Meillet, Les Origines indo-europennes des mtres grecs, Paris
1923.
48. Roman Jakobson, ber den Versbau der serbokroatischen
Volksepen, Archives nerlandaises de phontique exprimentale, viii-ix
(1933), pp. 13553.
428

SeniSvna

49. Thomas MacDonagh (Thomas Campion and the Art of English

Poetry, Dublin 1913) distinguishes between song, speech, and chant
verse.
50. Boris E. Eikhenbaum, Melodika lyricheskovo stikha (The Melody
of Lyrical Verse), St Petersburg 1922.
51. ix. the criticism of Eikhenbaum in Viktor Zhirmunskys Voprosy teorii literatury (Questions of the Theory of Literature), Leningrad
1928.
Tavi meToTxmete

stili da stilistika
1. F. W. Bateson, English Poetry and the English Language, Oxford
1934, p. vi.
2. K. Vossler, Gesammelte Aufstze zur Sprachphilosophie, Munich
1923, p. 37.
3. Vossler, Frankreichs Kultur im Spiegel seiner Sprachentwicklung,
Heidelberg 1913 (new cd., 1929, as Frankreichs Kultur undSprache);
Viktor Vinogradov, Yazyk Pushkina (Pushkins Language), Moscow
1935.
4. aq aris Sedegebi P. Verrier-is mier mocemuli eqsperi
mentebis Essai sur les principes de la mtrique anglaise, Paris 1909-10,
Vol. i, p. 113.
5. a.h. kingi, The Language of Satirized Characters in Poetaster:
a Socio-Stylistic Analysis, 1597-1602, Lund Studies in English, Vol. X,
Lund, 1941; viliam franci, `Seqspiris gramatika~, halle, 18981900 (axali gamocema haidelbergi, 1924), lazar seneani,
`rables ena~, or tomad, parizi, 1922-3. ufro sruli bibli
ografia motanilia gerlen de geris `mwerlis enaSi~: Quen
sont les tudes de Franais?, parizi 1935, gv. 227-337.
6. ix. bibliografiis nawili I.
7. From Tennysons Edwin Morris, drawn from H. C. Wyld,
Some Aspects of the Diction of English Poetry, Oxford 1933. There is a
highly historical discussion of the problem in the Preface to Geoffrey
Tillotsons Essays in Criticism and Research, Cambridge 1942.
429

SeniSvna

8. Marvells To His Coy Mistress.

9. Louis Teeter, Scholarship and the Art of Criticism, ELH, v
(1938), p. 183.
10. 1909 w. Sarl balis mier haidelbergSi gamocemul
gamokvlevaSi, `mimdinareobebi frangul stilistikaSi,
agreTve, leo spitceris mier dawerili adreuli periodis
kvlevebSi, stilistika sintaqsTn aris gaigivebuli: ix. `ber
syntaktische Methoden auf romanischen Gebiet, Die neueren
Sprachen, XXV (1919) p. 338.
11. On Grand Style, see Matthew Arnolds On Translating
Homer and G. Saintsburys Shakespeare and the Grand Style, Milton and the Grand Style, and Dante and the Grand Style, Collected
Essays and Papers, London 1923, Vol. iii.
12. Friedrich Kainz, Hhere Wirkungsgestalten des sprachlichen Ausdrucks im Deutschen, Zeitschrift fr sthetik, xxviii (1934),
pp. 305-57.
13. Wimsatt, op. cit., p. 12.
14. Wilhelm Schneider, Ausdruckswerte der deutschen Sprache:
Eine Stilkunde, Leipzig I931,p. 21.
15. ix. bibliografiis V nawili.
16. ix. Morris W. Crolls Introduction to Harry Clemonss edition of Lylys Euphues, London 1916.
17. ix. Henry C. Wyld, Spensers Diction and Style, London 1930;
B. R. McElderry, Jun., Archaism and Innovation in Spensers Poetic Diction, PMLA, xlvii (1932), pp. 144-70; Herbert W. Sugden, The
Grammar of Spensers Fairie Queene, Philadelphia 1936.
18. Austin Warren, Instress of Inscape, Gerard Manley Hopkins,
By the Kenyan Critics, Norfolk, Conn., 1945, pp. 72-88, and in Rage for
Order, Chicago 1948, pp. 52-65.
19. J. M. Robertson, The Shakespeare Canon, four vols., London
1922-32.
20. ix. bibliografiis II nawili.
21. Josephine Miles, The Sweet and Lovely Language, Gerard
Manley Hop-kins, By the Kenyon Critics, Norfolk, Conn. 1945, pp.
55-71.
22. Geoffrey Tillotson, Essays in Criticism and Research, Cam430

SeniSvna

bridge 1942, p. 84.

23. Friedrich Gundolf, Goethe, Berlin 1915.
24. Herman Nohl, Die Kunst stile in Dichtung und Musik, Jena
1915, and Stil und Weltanschauung, Jena 1920.
25. Motiv und Wort, Studien zur Literatur- und Sprachpsychologie,
Hans Sperber, Motiv und Wort bei Gustav Meyrink, Leo Spitzer, Die
groteske Gestaltungs- und Sprachkunst Christian Morgensterns, Leipzig
1918; Josef , Arthur Schnitzlers Gestalten und Probleme, Munich,
1921. ix. aseve Josef Korner, Erlebnis-Motiv-Stoff, Vom Geiste netier Literaturforschung. Festchrift fur Oskar Walzel, Wildpark-Potsdam
1924, pp. 80-9; Leo Spitzer, Sfudien zu Henri Barbusse, Bonn 1920.
26. Leo Spitzer, Zu Charles Pguys Stil, Vom Geiste neuer Liferaturforsthung: Festschrift fr Oskar Walzel, Wildpark-Potsdam 1924,
pp. 162-83 (reprinted in Stilstudien, loc. cit., Vol. 11, pp. 301-64); Dcr
Unanimismus Jules Romains im Spiegel seiner Sprache, Archivum
Komanicum, viii 1924), pp. 59-123 (reprinted in Stilstudien, loc. cit., 11,
pp. 208-300). On Morgenstern, sec note 25.
27. Spitzer, Die Wortbildung als stilistisches Mittel (bei Rabelais),
Halle 1910; Pseudo-objektive Motivierung bei Charles-Louis
Philippe, Zeitschrift fr franzosische Sprache und Literatur, xlvi (1923),
pp. 659-85 (reprinted in Stilstudien, loc. cit., Vol. n, pp. 166-207).
28. Spitzer, Zur sprachlichen Interpretation von Wortkunstwereken, Neue Jahrhbcher fr Wissenschaft und Jugendbildung, vi
(1930), pp. 632-51 (reprinted in Romanische Stil und Literaturstudien,
Marburg 1931, Vol. 1); ix. aseve Wortkunst und Sprachwissenschaft, Germanisch-romanische Monatsschrift, xiii (1925), pp. 169-86
(reprinted in Stilstudien, loc. cit., Vol. n, pp. 498-536); Linguistics
and Literary History, Linguistics and Literary History, Princeton 1948,
pp. 1-40.
29. From Comparative Literature X (1958), 371. See my article Leo
Spitzer (1887-1960) in Comparative Literature, xn (i960), 310-34. With
full bibliography of Spitzers numerous writings.
30. e.g. Fritz Strich, Der lyrische Stil des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts, Abhandlungen zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte, Franz Muncker
... dargebracht, Munich 1916, pp. 21-53, esp.p. 37.
31. ix. Morris W. Crolls excellent essay, The Baroque Style in
431

SeniSvna

Prose, Studies in English Philology: A Miscellany in Honor of F. Klaeber,

Minneapolis 1929, pp. 427-56; also George Williamson, The Senecan
Amble, Chicago 1951.
32. ix. bibliografiis IV nawili.
33. ix. bibliografiis IV nawili.
Tavi meTxuTmete

gamosaxuleba, metafora, simbolo, miTi

1. maqs istmani, `literaturuli Segneba mecnierebis xa
naSi~, niu iorki 1931, gv. 165.
2. `diskursis tipebTan~ dakavSirebuli Tematika ix.
Carlz morisis wignSi, `niSnebi, enebi da qceva~, niu iorki
1946, gv. 123. morisi asaxelebs `diskursis~ Tormet tips,
romelTagan am Tavs da Cven mier dasaxelebul oTx pirobas
epasuxeba Semdegi: `mxatvruli~, anu `romanis samyaro~, `mi
Tologiuri~ da `poeturi~.
3. 1940 wels dabeWdil statiaSi, `poeziis semantika~,
filip uilraiti xmarobs terminebs: `mono-niSani~ da `plu
ra-niSani~, Kenyon Review, II, gv. 263-83. plura-niSani `seman
tikurad refleqsuria, rameTu igi aris nawili imisa, rasac
is Tavad aRniSnavs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom plura-niSani, po
etikuri simbolo, garda imisa, rom gamoiyeneba, kidev sia
movnebis momgvrelad unda viguloT; xolo misi Rirebuleba
ganisazRvreba ara misi qmediTobiT, aramed misi esTetikuri,
organuli aspeqtiT~.
4. ix. G. Boring, Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology, New York 1942; June Downey, Creative Imagination: Studies in the Psychology of Literature, New York 1929; Jean-Paul
Sartre, LImagination, Paris 1936.
5.I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism, London 1924,
Chapter xvi, The Analysis of a Poem.
6. Ezra Pound, Pavannesand Divisions, New York 1918; T. S. Eliot,
Dante, Selected Essays, New York 1932, p. 204; Eliot, A Note on the
Verse of John Milton, Essays and Studies by Members of tbe English As432

SeniSvna

sociation, xxi, Oxford 1936, p. 34.

7. Tanamedrove fsiqologiam gvaswavla, rom `saxis~,
rogorc terminis, es ori mniSvneloba erTi-meoreze gada
dis; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom spontanurad gaCenili yoveli az
robrivi saxe garkveulwilad simboluria. Sarl boduini,
`fsiqoanalizi da esTetika~, niu iorki, 1924, gv. 28.
8. J. M. Murry, Metaphor, Countries of the Mind, second series,
London 1931, pp. 1-16; L. MacNiece, Modern Poetry, New York 1938,
p. 113.
9. An admirable study of one literary movement and its influence upon another is Ren Taupins LInfluence du symbolisme franais
sur la posie amricaine ..., Paris 1929.
10. terminologia mocemulia , ixileT Craig la Drire, The
American Bookman, 1 (1944), pp. 103-4.
11. s. t. kolriji, `saxelmwifo moRvawis saxelmZRvane
lo: TxzulebaTa krebuli~ (red. Sedi), niu iorki 1853, t. I,
gv. 427-8. es sxvaoba simbolosa da alegorias Soris pirve
lad goeTem warmoaCina. ix. kurt rixard miuleris `Die geschichtlichen Voraussetzungen des Symbolbegriffs in Goethes Kunstanschauung, Leipzig 1937.
12. j. h. vikstidi, bleikis `umankoeba da gamocdileba~,
londoni 1928, gv. 23; v. b. ieitsi, Essays, londoni 1924, gv. 95,
Selis `warmmarTvel simboloebze~. rodis iqcevian meta
forebi simboloebad? (a) rodesac metaforis `matarebeli~
aris konkretul-grZnobieri, rogorc magaliTad, kravi.
jvari metafora ki ar aris, aramed metonimuri simbolo
(rac ganasaxierebs mas, vinc jvarcmaze gardaicvala, ro
gorc wminda lorensis gridironi da wminda katarinas bor
bali (orive sawamebeli iaraRia), an tanjvis gamomxatvelia
da am SemTxvevaSi TviT iaraRi aRniSnavs imas, rasac akeTebs,
anu Tavis moqmedebis Sedegs. (b) Tu metafora meordeba da
centraluria, rogorc amas vxvdebiT kreSousTan, ieitsTan
da eliotTan, Cveulebrivi sqema gulisxmobs saxeTa ga
daqcevas metaforebad, xolo metaforebisa simboloebad,
rogorc amas vxvdebiT henri jeimsTan.
13. m.o. persivalis sityvebiT, rasac vxvdebiT mis
433

SeniSvna

`bleikiseul bedisweris wreSi~ (niu iorki 1938, gv. 1), `blei

kis heterodoqsia iseve tradiciuli iyo, rogorc dantes
orTodoqsia~. xolo niu iorkSi 1946 wels gamocemul wignSi,
`viliam bleiki~, mark Soreri wers: `ieitsis msgavsad, blei
kic poulobs im metaforul sayrdens, romelsac emyareba
misi dialeqtikuri TvalTaxedva. es aris svedenborgisa da
boemes Sesabamisobis sistema, kabalistebis Sesatyvisi Zie
bani da paracelsusis da agripas alqimia~.
14. ix.komentarebi Frost of Cleanth Brooks, Modern Poetry and
the Tradition, Chapel Hill 1939, p. 110 ff.
15. ix. Nietzsche, Die Geburt der Tragdie, Leipzig 1872.
16. gansazRvrebis mocemuli jgufisTvis ixileT Lord
Raglans The Hero ..., London 1937.
17. ix. Fritz Strich, Die Mythologie in der deutschen Literatur von
Klopstock bis Wagner, ortomeuli, Berlin 1910.
18. S. H. Hooke, Myth and Ritual, Oxford 1933; J. A. Stewart, The
Myths of Plato, London 1905 ; Ernst Cassirer, Philosophie der symbolischen Formen, Vol. ii, Das mythische Denken, Berlin 1925, p. 271 ff.
(English tr. NewHaven 1955).
19. Georges Sorel, Reflexions on Violence (tr. . E. Hulme), New
York 1914; Reinhold Niebuhr, The Truth Value of Myths, The Nature of Religious Experience . . . , New York 1937.
20. gansakuTrebiT ix. R. M. Guastalla, Le My the et le livre: essai
sur Iorigine de la litterature, Paris 1940.
21. ix. Donald Davidson, Yeats and the Centaur, Southern Review, vil (1941), pp. 510-16.
22. artur meiCenis `ieroglifika~, londoni 1923, qmedi
Tad icavs (SeiZleba arateqnikurad, magram Zalze romanti
ulad) im Tvalsazriss, rom religia (e.i. miTi da rituali)
SigniT qmnis ufro did klimats, romlis gulSi mxolod
poezias (e.i. simbolizms, esTetikur mWvretelobas) ZaluZs
isunTqos da ganviTardes.
23. kvintilianes `oratorobis institutebSi warmod
genilia Zveli standartuli klasifikacia sqemebisa da
tropebis. yvelaze ufro daxvewil, dedofal elisabedis
xanis midgomis gasacnobad, ixileT putenhemiseuli `ing
434

SeniSvna

lisuri poeziis xelovneba (red. uilkoki da uokeri), kem

briji 1936.
24. Karl Bhler, Sprachtheorie, Jena 1934, p. 343; Stephen J.
Brown, The World of Imagery, p. 149 ff.; Roman Jakobson, Randbemerkungen zur Prosa des Dichters Pasternak, Slavische Rundschau,
vii (1935), pp. 357-73.
25. D. S. Mitsky, Walt Whitman: Poet of American Democracy,
Critics Group Dialectics, No. 1, 1937, pp. 11-29.
26. G. Campbell, Philosophy of Rhetoric, London 1776, pp. 321,
326.
27. i. a. riCardsis `ritorikis filosofiaSi~ (londoni
1936, gv. 117), kempbelis pirveli tipi moixsenieba rogorc
`verbaluri metafora~, vinaidan avtors miaCnia, rom lit
eraturuli metafora verbalur kavSirs ki ar warmoadgens,
aramed is aris erTgvari SeTanxmeba konteqstebs Soris,
obieqtebs Soris gavlebuli analogia.
28. ix. milmen paris `tradiciuli metafora homerosTan~
klasikuri filologia, XXVIII, 1933, gv 30-43. pari miuTiTebs
homerosis metaforizmis aristoteleseul araistoriul
identifikaciaze ufro gviandeli poemebis konteqstSi, da
adarebs homerosis `dafiqsirebul metaforebs~ imas, rasac
gviCvenebs Sedareba Zveli inglisis poetebTan da (ufro
SezRudulad) XVIII saukunis augustinelebTan.
29. ix. k. balis `mimdinareobebi frangul stilistikaSi~
/haidelbergi 1909, t. 1, gv. 184/, `figuratiuli ena~ /gv. 1945/: bali msjelobs ara rogorc literaturis Teoretikosi,
aramed rogorc lingvisti, da ase axdens metaforebis kla
sifikacias: `konkretuli saxeebi, rasac warmosaxva `ita
cebs~, da afeqtiT ganpirobebuli saxeebi, rasac win uZRvis
erTgvari inteleqtualuri operacia~. mis sam kategorias
me vuwodebdi: (1) poetur metaforas, (2) ritualis (anu fiq
sirebul metaforas) da (3) lingvistur (anu etimologiur,
anda damarxul) metaforas.
30. For a defence of ritual metaphor and guild images in the
style of Milton, sec C. S. Lewis, Preface to Paradise Lost, London 1942,
pp. 39 ff.
435

SeniSvna

31. ix. Heinz Werner, Die Ursprnge der Metapher, Leipzig 1919.
32. Hermann Pongs, Das Bild in der Dichtung. 1: Versuch einer
Morphologie der metaphorischen Formen, Marburg 1927. 11: Vorutersuchungen zum Symbol, Marburg 1939.
33. L. B. Osborn (ed.), The . . . Writings of John Hoskyns, New Haven 1937, p. 125 ; George Campbell, Philosophy of Rhetoric, pp. 335-7;
A. Pope, The Art of Sinking; A. Dion, LArt dcrire, Quebec 1911, pp.
111-12.
34. Thomas Gibbons, Rhetoric .. ., London 1767, pp. 15-16.
35. John Dryden, Essays (ed. W. P. Ker), Oxford 1900, Vol. 1, p.
247 (Dedication of The Spanish Friar).
36. ix. i. a. riCardsis `ritorikis filosofia~/londoni
1936. gv. 117-18/: `is metaforebsa, romelTa moqmedeba eyrd
noba raRac uSualo msgavsebas or sagans Soris, tenorsa
da matarebels Soris Zalian farTod gansxvavdeba im meta
forebisgan, romelTa zemoqmedeba emyareba raRac saerTo
damokidebulebas, rac SeiZleba gagviCndes orives mimarT~.
37. gviandeli periodis Seqspiris nawarmoebebSi War
badaa swrafad moZravi figurebi, rasac ufrosi Taobis
maswavleblebi moixseniebdnen, rogorc `narev metaforas~.
volfgang klemenis azriT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Seqspiri
ufro swrafad fiqrobs, vidre metyvelebs /`Seqspiris sax
eebis ganviTareba~, kembriji, masaCuzeTsi, 1951/.
38. h. j. uelsi, `poeturi saxovaneba~, niu iorki 1924,
gv. 127: pasaJi citirebulia donis Txzulebidan: `pirveli
wlisTavi: qveynis anatomia~, 409-12.
radikaluri saxovanebis tipur gamomyeneblebad, uelsi
asaxelebs (savaraudo citatebi gv. 136-7) dons, vebsters,
merstons, turners da Seqspirs, xolo XIX s-is gviandeli
periodidan jorj meredits (romlis `Tanamedrove siyva
ruls~ is uwodebs `simboluri azrovnebis araCveulebrivad
SekumSul da saintereso magaliTs~) da frensis tompsons.
39. The imagery of Macbeth is brilliandy considered by Cleanth
Brooks in The Naked Babe and the Cloak of Manliness, The Well
Wrought Urn, New York 1947, pp. 21-46.
436

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40. jer kidev kvintilianes (`institutebis~, wign. VIII,

Tavi 6.) xanidan, igrZnoboda, rom sxvaoba metaforebis
tipebs Soris uTanabrdeba sxvaobas organulsa da
araorganuls Soris. kvintilianiseuli oTxi kategoria
moicavs: erTi tipis cocxali arsebis miCneva meore tipad,
erTi tipis usulo sagnis meore usulo saganTan gaigiveba,
usulo sagnis gamoyeneba sulieris nacvlad, xolo cocxali
sagnis gamoyeneba usulos nacvlad.
pirvel am tips pongi Beseeltypus-s uwodebs, xolo meores
Erfhltypus-s; pirvelis funqcia gulisxmobs `sulis Cadg
mas~ an anTropomorfias, xolo meorisa empathizes.
41. raskinis TvalsazrisSi gasarkvevad `paTetikur Sec
domaze~, ix. `Tanamedrove mxatvrebi~, londoni 1856, T. III, 4,
moyvanili magaliTebi xsnian erTgvar `braldebas~ simile
sagan, vinaidan igi gamohyofs bunebriv faqtebs grZnobieri,
emociluri varaudisagan.
anTropomorfizmis da simbolizmis sapirispiro ere
sis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ix. m. t. l. penidos SesaniSnavi
wigni: `analogiis roli dogmatur TeologiaSi~, parizi
1931, gv. 197.
42. M. A. Ewer, Survey of Mystical Symbolism, London 1933, p.
164-6.
43. Vossler, Spengler, . E. Hulme {Speculations, London 1924),
and Yeats, as well as Pongs, have been stimulated by Wilhelm
Worringers Abstrak-tion und Einfhlung, Berlin 1908 (English tr.,
Abstraction and Empathy, New York 1953).
Our first quotation comes from Joseph Franks admirable study
ofSpatial Form in Modern Literature, Sewanee Review, liii (1945), p.
645; our second from Spengler, who quotes Worringer in his discussion of the Magian culture, Decline of the West, New York 1926, Vol.
1, pp. 183 ff., 192.
44. ix. Ernest Kris, Approaches to Art, in Psychoanalysis Today
(ed. S. Lorand), New York 1944, pp. 360-2.
437

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45. W. B. Yeats, Autobiography, New York 1938, pp. 161, 219-25.

46. k. vosleris `enis suli civilizaciaSi~ (londoni
1932), gv. 4. karl vosleri aRniSnavs, rom magebi da mis
tikosebi warmoadgenen maradiul sapirispiro tipebs. `ma
giursa da misticizms Soris mudmivi brZola mimdinareobs:
magiuri iaraRad iyenebs enas da amitom cdilobs, rom Tavis
kontrolis qveS rac ASeiZleba meti moiqcios, RmerTic ki,
xolo misticizmi arRvevs da texs formas, arTmevs mas Rire
bulebas da saerTod uaryofs~.
47. H. Pongs, Das Bild, Vol. 1, p. 296.
48. Emily Dickinson, Collected Poems, Boston 1937, pp. 192,
161; see also p. 58 ( I laughed a wooden laugh) and p. 215 (A clock
stopped - not the man-tels)
49. For the significance of Byzantium, see Yeats A Vision, London 1938, pp. 279-81.
50. Herman Nohl, Stil und Weltanschauung, Jena 1920.
51. ix. emil kaies `simbolizmi da primitiuli suli~,
parizi 1936; wigni saocrad gabedulad atarebs paralels
da aRiarebs igeveobas erTi mxriv, primitiuli xalxebis
`logikamdel~ azrovnebasa da meore mxriv, simbolisti po
etebis miznebs Soris.
52. MacNiece, op. cit., p. III.
53. ix. Harold Rosenberg, Myth and Poem, Symposium,
11(1931), pp. 179 ff.
54. Gladys Wade, Thomas Traherne, Princeton 1944, pp. 26-37.
See the critical review of the book by E. N. S. Thompson, Philological
Quarterly, xxiu (1944),pp. 383-4.
55. Dr Johnson, Lives of the Poels, Thomson.
On the argument from imagistic silence, including the examples we cite, ix. L. H. Hornsteins penetrating Analysis of Imagery,
PMLA, lvii (1942), pp. 638-53.
56. Mario Praz, English Studies, xviii (1936), pp. 177-81, wittily
reviews Caroline Spurgcons Shakespeares Imagery and What It Tells
Us (Cambridge 1935), gansakuTrebiT pirveli nawili, The
Revelation of the Man, with its fallacy of trying to read . . . into
Shakespeares images his senses, tastes, and interests, and rightly
438

SeniSvna

praises Clemen (whose book appeared in 1936) for thinking that

Shakespeares use and choice of images is not so much conditioned
by his own personal tastes as by what are in each case his artistic
intentions.....
57. Caroline Spurgeons essay is reprinted in Anne Bradbys
Shakespeare Criticism, 1919-35, London 1936, pp. 18-61.
On autobiography and Hamlet, see C. J. Sisson, The Mythical Sorrows of Shakespeare, London 1936.
58. T. S. Eliot, Hamlet, Selected Essays, London 1932, pp. 141-6.
59. G. Wilson Knight: Myth and Miracle: An Essay on the Mystic Symbolism of Shakespeare, London 1929; The Wheel of Fire, London
1930; The Imperial Theme, London 1931; The Christian Renaissance,
Toronto 193 3; The Burning Oracle, London 1939; The Starlit Dome,
London 1941.
60. Wolfgang Clemen, Shakespeares Bilder, Bonn 1936 (English tr.
Cambridge, Mass. 1951).

Tavi meTeqvsmeTe

naturaluri mxatvruli
prozis Tavisebureba da nairsaxeobani
1. sidnei: `rac Seexeba poets, is arafers asabuTebs da am
denad arasodes tyuis~.
2. Wilson Follett, The Modern Novel, New York 1918, p. 29.
3. mkiTxvelis rwmena, rom romanists `cxovreba gaegeba~,
xSirad aris Segoneba, raTa mecxramete saukunis mxavruli
prozis zogierTi pirobiToba iyos Semonaxuli~.
4. D. McCarthy, Portraits, London 1931, pp. 75, 156.
5. J. Frank, Spatial Form in Modern Literature, Sewanee Review,
LIII (1945), pp. 221-40, 433-56. Reprinted in Criticism (Schorer, Miles,
McKenzie), New York 1948, pp. 379-92.
6. `siamaye da crurwmenis~ pirveli ori Tavi TiTqmis
mTlianad gansakuTrebul dialogs warmoadgens, im dros,
rodesac mesame Tavi iwyeba Sejamebuli TxrobiT, mere
439

SeniSvna

ubrundeba `scenur~ meTods.

7. Clara Reeve, Progress of Romance, London 1785.
8. houTornis `Svidfrontoniani saxlisa~ da `marmari
los favnis~ winasityveobebi.
9. pos `kompoziciis filosofia~ iwyeba citatiT diken
sidan: `iciT Tu ara Tqven, rom godvinma `kaleb uiliamsi~
dawera ukuRma?~ ufro adre `barnebi rejis~ mimoxilvaSi,
pom magaliTad moiyvana godvinis romani, rogorc mWidrod
Sekruli ostaturi Sinaarsis nawarmoebi.
10. Wkvianurad asabuTebs, rom Cven inglisurad vxma
robT `motivs~ nacvlad franguli formisa, romelmac Ta
vis mxriv mniSvneloba SeiZina germanuli `motivis~ gavle
niT. `motivi~, Cveulebriv, ixmareba inglisur kritikul
literaturaSi.
11. ix. Aarne -Thompson, Types of the Folk-Tale, Helsinki 1928.
12. ix. G. Polti, Thirty-six Dramatic Situations, New York 1916; P.
Van Tieghem, La Littrature compare, Paris 1931, p. 87 ff.
13. mohyavs ser uolter skotis sityvebi da `motivacias~
uwodebs teqnikur termins, romelic gulixmobs Sinaarsis
moZraobis mizezobriobas, gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs, rom
igi Segnebulad da ostaturad aris dalagebuli.
`siamaye da crurwmenis~ pirveli winadadeba `motivaci
is~ eqsplicituri gamoxatvis kargi magaliTia: `es saerTod
aRiarebuli WeSmaritebaa, rom karga didi qonebis patron
martoxela kacs usaTuod esaWiroeba coli~.
14. Dibelius, Dickens, second ed., Leipzig 1926, p. 383.
15. Cven aq gansakuTrebiT mivmarTavaT
16. ix. diskusia tempo in Carl Grabos Technique of the Novel,
New York 1928, pp. 214-36, and Zeit in Petschs Wesen und Formen
der Erzhlkunst, Halle 1934, p. 92 ff.
17. ix. e. berendi, Die Namengeburg bei Jean Paul, PMLA,
LVII (1942), pp. 820-50; E.H. Gordon, The Naming of Characters
in the Works of Dickens, University of Nebraska Studies in Language,
etc., 1917; also John Forsters Life of Dickens, Bk ix, Ch. 7, mocemulia
saxelebis sia mwerlis /dikensis/ memorandumidan.
henri jeimzi Tavisi daumTavrebeli romanebis `spilos
440

SeniSvna

Zvlis koSkisa~ da `warsulis gancdis~ dasasrulSi, rome

lic dabeWdilia memorandumSi, yveba, Tu rogor arqmevda
saxelebs Tavis gmirebs. ix. balzakis xasiaTTa saxelebis
Sesaxeb ix. gogolis xasiaTTa Sesaxeb ix. nabokovis Sesaxeb.
18. brtyeli da mrgvali daxasiaTebani: ix.E. M. Forser, Aspects of the Novel, London 1927, pp. 103-4.
19. ingliseli gmiri qalebis tipurobis Sesaxeb ix. R.P.
Utter and G. B Needham, Pamelas Daughters, New York 1936. qera
da Savgvremani gmirTa qalebis Sesaxeb ix. F. Carpenter, Puritans Preferred Blondes, New England Quarterly, ix (1936), pp. 253-72;
Philip Rahv, The Dark Lady of Salem, Partisan Review, viii (1941),
pp. 362-81.
20. Dibelius, Dickens, Leipzig 1916.
21. Mario Praz, The Romantic Agony, London 1933.
22. ix. Arthur Sewell, Place and Time in Shakespeares Plays,
Studies in Philology, xlii (1945), pp.205-24.
23. ix. P. Lubbock, Craft of Fiction, London 1921, pp. 205-35.
24. Otto Ludwig, Romanstudien, Gesammelte Schriften, vi
(1891), p. 59 ff.; Maupassant, Introduction to Pierre et Jean (1887); H.
James, Prefaces to the New York Edition (collected as The Art of the
Novel, New York 1934). aseve ix. Oskar Walzels Objektive Erzhlung, in Das Wortkunstwerk, Leipzig 1926, p. 182 ff., and J. W. Beach,
The Twentieth-Century Novel, New York 1932.
25. iqve, ludvigi gv. 66-67: dikensis romanebis struqtu
ra piesebis analogiuria. jeimzisa da ibsenis ix. Francis Fergusson, James Idea of Dramatic Form, Kenyon Review, v(1943),
pp. 495-507.
26. jeimzis `suraTisa~ da `scenis~ Sesaxeb ixile jeimzis
`romanis ostatoba~ ix.
27. iqve, jeimzi uaryofs Txrobas pirvel pirSi, iseve
rogorc `ubralod abda-ubdobis upasuxismgeblo Tavxedo
bas~ /yovlismcodne mTxrobelsa/
28. R. Fernandez, La Mthode de Balzac: le rckit et lesthtique
du roman, Messages, Paris 1926, p. 59 ff. (English tr. London 1927,
pp. 59-88).
29. Oskar Walzel, Von erlebter Rede, Das Wortkunstwerk,
441

SeniSvna

Leipzig 1926, p. 207 ff.; Albert Thibaudet, Flaubert, Paris 1935, pp.
229-32; E. Dujardin, Le Monologue intrieur ..., Paris 1931; Albrecht
Neubert, Die Stilformen der erlebten Rede in neueren englischen Roman, Halle 1957 (with bibliography); William James, Principles of
Psychology, New York 1890, Vol. 1, p. 243: chap, ix, in which the
phrase appears, is called The Stream of Thought uiliam jeimzis
`fsiqologiis principebSi~ IX TavSi Cndeba fraza `fiqris
nakadi~
30. laboki ambobs, ix. roca streTeris goneba daZabu
lia, araferi araa naCvenebi, mxolod saxeTa dineba, rasac
yvela SeniSnavs, roca dainaxavs, rom goneba TandaTanobiT
SesamCnevi xdeba.
31. ixileT L. E. Bowling, What Is the Stream of Consciousness Technique? PMLA, lxv (1950), pp. 337-45, Robert Humphrey,
Stream of Consciousness in the Modern Novel, Berkeley, Calif., 1954,
and Melvin Friedman, Stream of Consciousness: A Study in Literary
Method, New Haven 1955.

Tavi meCvidmete

literaturis Janrebi
1. Croce, Aesthetic (tr. Ainslie), London 1922. See Chs. ix and xv.
2. N. H. Pearson, Literary Forms and Types ..., English Institute
Annual, 1940 (1941), p. 59 ff., especially p. 70.
3. W. P. Ker, Form and Style in Poetry, London 1928, p. 141.
4. Harry Levin, Literature as an Institution, Accent, vi (1946),
pp. 159-68 (reprinted in Criticism, New York 1948, pp. 546-53).
5. A. Thibaudet, Physiologie de la critique, Paris 1930, p. 184 ff.
6. But see . E. Whitmore, The Validity of Literary Definitions,
PMLA, xxxix (1924), pp. 722-36, especially pp. 734-5.
7. Karl Vitor, Probleme der literaischen Gattungsgeschichte,
Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift fr Literaturwissenschaft ... , ix (1931), pp.
42J-47 (reprinted in Geist undForm, Bern 1952, pp. 292-309): an admirable discussion which avoids positivism on the one hand and
442

SeniSvna

metaphysicalism on the other.

8. odas, baladas da msgavs formebs, goeTe Dichtarten-s
uwodebs, xolo eposs, lirikas da dramas - Naturformen der
Dichtung: inglisur terminologias gaugebroba Semoaqvs:
Cven Tavisuflad SegviZlia `tipi~ vuwodoT mTavar kat
egoriebs (rogorc amas akeTebs n. h. parsoni), xolo kate
goriis `Janrs~ tragedia, komedia, oda da a.S.
sityva `Janri~ gvian damkvidrda inglisurSi. misi lit
eraturuli aspeqti ar aris Setanili `axal inglisur
leqsikonSi~ (iseve rogorc kind); `literaturuli tipis~,
rogorc terminis gamosaxatavad, XVIII s-is mwerlebi ZiriTa
dad xmarobdnen `jiSs~-a da `kategorias~. 1910 w. irving be
bitma moixsenia `Janri~ (`axali laokoonis~ winasityvaoba)
rogorc inglisur kritikul enaSi damkvidrebuli termini.
9. `platons mSvenivrad esmis, Tu ra eTikur xifaTs Sei
cavs gansaxiereba, radgan kaci sakuTar mowodebas avnebs,
Tuki mas darTes sxvaTa mowodebis imitirebis neba~. jeims j.
donahiu, `literaturuli tipebis Teoria~, diubuki, aiova,
1943, gv. 88; aristoteles azri iqve, gv. 99.
10. Hobbes, in Critical Essays of the Seventeenth Century (ed. J.
E. Spingarn), Oxford 1908, pp. 54-5.
11. E. S. Dallas, Poetics: An Essay on Poetry, London 1852, pp.
81, 91,105.
12. John Erskine, The Kinds of Poetry, New York 1920, p. 12.
13. Roman Jakobson,Randbemerkungen zur Prosa des Dichters
Pasternak, Slavische Rundschau, vii (1935), pp. 35773.
14. poeziis zepir wakiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT, jon er
skini miuTiTebs (`elisabedis xanis lirika~, niu iorki,
1903, gv. 3), rom am tradiciam lamis vordsvortamde gaZlo,
romelmac Tavisi leqsebis winasityvaobaSi aRniSna: `zogi
es leqsi arsebiTad lirikulia da amis gamo maT ver eqnebaT
kuTvnili Zala, Tuki moklebulni iqnebian savaraudo musi
kalur akompanements; magram umTavresad, me mainc arafers
sxvas ar viTxov, garda cocxali anda auRelvebeli deklam
ciisa, rac sagangebod iqneba gaTvlili aseTi TemisaTvis,
443

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rogorc klasikuri qnaris an lirikuli arfis erTgvari

Sesanacvlebeli.
15. maSin rodesac Soum da barim, faqtobrivad, gazar
des mayurebelTa auditoria TavianTi winasityvaobebiT da
iseTi sasceno remarkebiT, romelTa detaluroba ufro ro
manis Janrs Seesabameba da amave dros aCvenebs mdidar war
mosaxvas, dResdReobiT, mTeli dramaturgiuli doqtrina
ewinaaRmdegeba piesis nebismier Sefasebas, rac ganxiluli
iqneba saTeatro da sasceno xelovnebisTan erTad, da ara
gancalkevebulad: franguli tradicia kokleni da sarsi;
xolo rusebi amas eTanxmebian (stanislavski da moskovis
samxatvro Teatri).
16. Veit Valentin (Poetische Gattungen, Zeitschrift fr vergleichende Litteraturgeschichte, Vol. v, 1892, p. 34 ff.) also, on different
grounds, questions the canonical three. One should, he says, distinguish die epische, die lyrischce, und die reflektierende Gattung . .
. die Dramatik ist keine poetisehe Gattung, sondern eine poetische
Form.
17. Thibaudet, op. cit., p. 186.
18. Aristotle, Poetics, Chap. 14: One should not seek every pleasure from tragedy but only that proper to it.
19. ufro davazustoT: XVIII s-s hqonda ori rvamarcv
lovani Tanamimdevroba: - komikuri (misi fesvebi `hudibrass
swvdeba, xolo Semdeg sviftsa da greis da meditaciur-aR
weriTi (igulisxmeba `Allegro da `l Penseroso).
20. Not till 1849, apparently, were the Lake Poets first definitely grouped with Shelley, Keats, and Byron as English Romantics. See
Wellek, The Concept of Romanticism in Literary History, Comparative Literature, Vol. 1 (1949), csp. p. 16.
21. Paul Van Tieghem, La Question des genres littraires, Helicon, 1 (1938), p. 95 ff.
22. There are already many monographs on the Gothic genre
- e.g. Edith Birkhead, The Tale of Terror . . . , London 1921; A. Killen, Le Roman terrifiant on roman noir . . . , Paris 1923; Eino Railo, The
Haunted Castle, London 1927; Montague Summers, The Gothic Quest.
. ., London 1938.
444

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23. Poetics, Chap. 24.

24. ix. Arthur Mizeners reply to Ransom: The Structure of
Figurative Language in Shakespeares Sonnets, Southern Review, v
(1940), pp. 730-47.
25. ix. Irving Babbitt, The New Laokon, 1910. Andr Chnier
(1762-94) held the distinction between genres to be a phenomenon
of nature. In Livention, he writes:
La nature dicta vingt genres opposs
Dun fil lger entre cux chez les Grecs diviss;
Nul genre, schappant de ses bornes prescrites,
Naurait os dun autre envahir les limites.
26. The social implications of the Renaissance genre hierarchy,
long familiar, are specifically studied in Vernon Halls Renaissance
Literary Criticism, New York 1945.
27. Van Tieghem, op. cit., p. 99.
28. ix. e.g. Warner F. Pattersons Three Centuries of French Poetic
Theory ..., Ann Arbor 1935, Part 111, for a list of medieval verse genres and sub-genres.
29. ix. bibliografia.
30. For the rebarbarization of literature, see the brilliant article,
Literature by Max Lerner and Edwin Mims, Jun., Encyclopaedia of
the Social Sciences, ix(1933). pp. 523-43.
31. Andr Jolles, Einfache Formen, Halle 1930. Jolless list corresponds roughly to the list of folk-types, or forms of popular literature, studied by Alexander H. Krappe in his Science of Folk-Lore,
London 1930: the Fairy Tale, the Merry Tale (or Fabliau), the Animal
Tale, the Local Legend, the Migratory Legend, the Prose Saga, the
Proverb, the Folk-Song, the Popular Ballad, Charms, Rhymes, and
Riddles.
32. Ferdinand Brunetire, Lvolution des genres dans Ihistoire de
la littrature . . . , Paris 1890.
33. Van Tieghem, Helicon, 1 (1938), p. 99.
34. Vitor has held both positions in turn: see his Geschichte
der deutschen Ode (Munich 1923) and essay cited in note 7; sec also
445

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Gnther Mller, Bemer-kungen zur Gattungspoetik, Philosophischer

Anzeiger, 111 (1929), pp. 129-47.
Tavi meTvramete

Sefaseba
1. s. k. peperi, `kritikis safuZvlebi~, kembriji, masaCu
setsi, 1945, gv. 33: `gansazRvreba, rogorc esTetikuri gan
sjis xarisxobrivi kriteriumi, romelic wyvets, ra aris,
da ra ar aris esTetikuri Rirebuleba, da dadebiTia Tu
uaryofiTi misi Rirebuleba. arsebiTi standartebi, ro
gorc raodenobrivi kriteriumi, romelic gansazRvravs
esTetikuri Rirebulebis odenobas... Sesabamisad, stand
artebi gansazRvrebidan, definiciidan iwarmoeba da raode
nobrivi kriteriumi xarisxobrividan momdinareobs.
2. Cven axla `literaturaze~ vlaparakobT da am sityvas
viyenebT `xarisxobriv kriteriumad~ (Tu ramdenad aris is
literaturuli Tavisi bunebiT literatura, da ara mec
niereba an socialuri mecniereba an filosofia); am sityvas
Cven ar viyenebT `didi literaturis~ honorifuli, Sedar
ebiTi mniSvnelobiT.
3. pepers ase Semoaqvs paraleluri sakiTxi (cit. gv. 87)
`sawinaaRmdegod ganwyobil avtors SeuZlia wamoayenos
dilema: an unda iyos kargad Camoyalibebuli praqtikuli
mizani, rasac Tan sdevs konceptualuri mizani, anda pasiuri
umizno siamovneba. kantis antinomia da bertran moris para
doqsi esTetikur mizanze, romelic ar warmoadgens dasmul
mizans, `texavs~ am dilemas da warmoaCens mentaluri meobis
mesame tipis STambeWdav suraTs, romelic ar aris arc kone
cia (anu nebelobiTi moZraobis unari) da SegrZneba, aramed
aris specifikuri esTetikuri moqmedeba.~
4. Tu vaRiarebT bevris momcvel warmodgenas, amiT ki ar
uarvyofT literaturaSi esTetikur Rirebulebas, aramed
vamtkicebT sxva Rirebulebebs, romlebic masTan Tanaarse
boben; literaturaze aseTi gansja imas iwvevs, rom an erT
maneTSi vurevT eTikur-politikursa da esTetikurs, anda
ormagi daskvnis mowmeni vxdebiT. ix. n. forsteri, `esTeti
446

SeniSvna

kuri da eTikuri gansja~, `kritikosis survili~, prinstoni,

1941, gv. 85.
5. . M. Greene, The Arts and the Art of Criticism, Princeton 1940,
p. 389.
6. literaturis `sidiades~ ver davadgenT mxolod
da mxolod literaturuli standartebiT, Tumc ki unda
gvaxsovdes, rom mxolod literaturuli standartebiT vx
elmZRvanelobT, rodesac vadgenT, aris Tu ara is litera
tura, `Zveli da axali esseebi~, niu iorki, 1936, gv. 93.
7. cnobisTvis ixileT W. P. Ker, Form and Style in Poetry, London 1928, gansakuTrebiT pp. 95-104 and pp. 137-45; C. La Drire,
Form, Dictionary of World Literature, p. 250 ff.; R. Ingarden, Das Iiterarische Kunstwerk, Halle 1931; Das Form-Inhalt Problem im literarischen Kunstwerk, Helicon, 1 (1938), pp. 51-67.
8. Emil Luckas brilliant essay, Das Grundproblem der Dichtkunst, Zeitschrift fr sthetik, xxn (1928), pp. 129-46, studies wie
sich Welt in Sprache verwandelt.... In an unsuccessful poem or novel, says Lucka, fehlt die Identitt von Welt und Sprache.
9. ix. Dorothy Walsh, The Poetic Use of Language, Journal of
Philosophy, xxxv (1938), pp. 73-81.
10. J. Mukarovsk, Aesthetic Function, Norm, and Value as Social
Facts, Prague 1936, in Czech.
11. aq upriani iqneba gavixsenoT peperis konteqstual
isturi kritika, sadac sicxovele pirvelad cdad aris nax
senebi, xolo misi aqcenti Tanamedrove xelovnebaze aucile
blad Seesabameba aseTi gamocdis pirobebs: `Tu adrindeli
xanis xelovneba misaRebia gviandel xanaSi, es xSirad im mize
zebiT rodi xdeba, ris gamoc es xelovneba warmatebuli iyo
Tavis droze, amitom kritikosebs moeTxovebaT, rom aRniS
non sakuTari xanis esTetikuri Tvalsazrisi. (cit. gv. 68).
12. George Boas, A Primer for Critics, Baltimore 1937, p. 136 and
passim.
13. T. S. Eliot, Use of Poetry, Cambridge, Mass. 1933, p. 153.
14. This is Peppers organistic criticism (op. cit., esp. p. 79), earlier represented by Bosanquets Three Lectures on Aesthetic, London
1915.
447

SeniSvna

15. ix. Lascelles Abercrombies Theory of Poetry (1924) and his

Idea of Great Poetry (1925).
16. L. A. Reid, A Study in Aesthetics, London 1931, p. 225 if., Subject-matter, Greatness, and the Problem of Standards.
17. . M. Greene, The Arts and the Art of Criticism, Princeton 1940,
pp. 374 ff., 461 ff.
18. ix. gansakuTrebiT E. E. Stolls Milton a Romantic, From
Shakespeare to Joyce, New York 1944, and Mario Prazs The Romantic
Agony, London 1933.
19. Eliot, op. cit., p. 96.
20. ix. Jacques Barzun, Our Non-Fiction Novelists, Atlantic
Monthly, clxxviii (1946), pp. 129-32, and J. E. Baker, The Science of
Man, College English, vi (1945), pp. 395-401.
21. Tate, Reason in Madness, New York 194, pp. 114-16.
22. E. E. Kellett, The Whirligig of Taste, London 1929, and Fashion in Literature, London 1931; F. P. Chambers, Cycles of Taste, Cambridge, Mass. 1928, and The History of Taste, New York 1932; Henri
Peyre, Writers and Their Critics: a Study of Misunderstanding, Ithaca
1944.
23. Multivalence: ix. George Boas, A Primer for Critics, Baltimore 1937.
24. F. Pottle, The Idiom of Poetry, Ithaca 1941; new ed., 1947.
25. maTvramete saukunis kritikosebi uZlurebi iyvnen
aexsnaT adreuli periodis poeziis virtuozebisa da saku
Tari periodis arsic.
26. doqtor jonsonma scada aRewera donis poezia misi
naklidan gamomdinare: `yvelaze kargi da samarTliani msj
eloba maT (metafizikos poetebis) naklovanebebze maSin
iqneba, Tu Cven vimsjelebT kargi poeziis normatiuli stan
dartebiT, da ar vecdebiT vapatioT maT raRac ucnauroba
an inteleqtualuri zedapiruloba. de, jonsoni iyos ase
Ti standarti da aRmoCndeba, rom donis tradicia Seicavs
leqsis sagulisxmo Sres, romelic mTlianad pasuxobs ing
lisuri leqsis Cveulebriv moTxovnebs, xolo zogjer ki
Segvxvdeba saukeTeso nimuSebi.~ (jorj viliamsoni, `donis
tradicia~, kembriji, mas. 1930, gv. 21, 211.)
448

SeniSvna

27. F. R. Leavis, Revaluation: Tradition and Development in English

Poetry, London 1936, p. 68 ff.
28. e. vivasi, `esTetikuri msjeloba, `filosofiis Ju
rnali~ XXXIII (1936), gv. 57-69. `axali poza esTetikasa da xe
lovnebis kritikaSi~, niu heiveni 1943, gv. 91, gansakuTrebiT
123: heili gamoricxavs `obieqtivizmis~ da (gacilebiT
ufro advilad) `subieqtivizmis~ ukiduresobebs, raTa
Camoayalibos relativizmi, rac gaazrebulia rogorc
gonivruli via media.
29. riger en lois ses impressions personnelles, cest le grand
effort dun homme sil est sincre. Eliot quotes this, from de Gourmonts Lettres Lamazon, as epigraph to his essay, The Perfect Critic, The Sacred Wood, 1920.
30. As does Mr Heyl (New Bearings, p. 91).

Tavi mecxrameteme

literaturuli istoria
1. Thomas Warton, History of English Poetry, 1 (1774), p. ii. A
fuller discussion may be found in Ren Welleks Rise of English Literary History, Chapel Hill 1941, pp. 166-201.
2. Henry Morley, Preface to English Writers, 1, London 1864.
3. Leslie Stephen, English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth
Centuryt London 1904, pp. 14, 22.
4. W. J. Courthope, A History of English Poetry, London 1895, Vol.
1, p. xv.
5. Edmund Gosse, A Short History of Modern English Literature
(London 1897), Preface.
6. ix. werili F. C. Roe, 19 March 1924, quoted by Evan Charteris, The Life and Letters of Sir Edmund Gosse, London 1931, p. 477.
7. ix. citata Oliver Eltons lecture on Saintsbury, Proceedings
of the British Academy, xix (1933), and Dorothy Richardson, Saintsbury and Art for Arts Sake, PMLA, lix (1944), pp. 243-60.
8. Oliver Elton, A Survey of English Literature, 1780-1830, London
449

SeniSvna

1912, Vol. 1, p. vii.

9. L. Cazamian, Lvolution psychologique de la littrature en Angleterre, Paris 3 1920, and the second half of . Legouis and L. Cazamian, Histoire de la littrature anglaise, Paris 1924.
10. W. P. Ker, Thomas Warton (1910), Essays, London 1922,
Vol. i, p. 100.
11. T. S. Eliot, Tradition and the Individual Talent, The Sacred
Wood, London 1920, p. 42.
12. R. S. Crane, History Versus Criticism in the University
Study of Literature, The English Journal, College Edition, xxiv (1935),
pp. 645-67.
13. F. J. Teggart, Theory of History, New Haven 1925.
14. ix. bibliografia, nawili IV.
15. ix. bibliografia, nawili IV.
16. R. D. Havens, Miltons Influence on English Poetry, Cambridge,
Mass. 1922.
17. ix. es diskusiebi: R. N. E. Dodge, A Sermon on Sourcehunting, Modern Philology, ix (1911-12), pp. 211-23; Louis Cazamian, Goethe en Angleterre. Quelques rflexions sur les problmes
dinfluence, Revue Germanique, xn (1921), 371-8; Hardin Craig,
Shakespeare and Wilsons Arte of Rhetorique: An Inquiry into the
Criteria for Determining Sources, Studies in Philology, xxviii (1931),
pp. 86-98; George C. Taylor, Montaigne-Shakespeare and the Deadly Parallel, Philological Quarterly, xxn (1943), pp. 330-37 (giving a
curious list of the seventy-five types of evidence actually used in
such studies); David Lee Clark, What was Shelleys Indebtedness
to Keats? PMLA, lvi (1941), pp. 479-97 (an interesting refutation of
parallels drawn by J. L. Lowes); Ihab H. Hassan, The Problem of Influence in Literary History, Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, xiv
(1955), 66-76; Haskell M. Block, The Concept of Influence in Comparative Literature, Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature, vii
(1958), 30-36; Claudio Guilln, The Aesthetics of Influence Studies
in Comparative Literature in Comparative Literature: Proceedings of
the Second Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association, ed. W. P. Fricdcrich, Chapel Hill, N. C, 1959, Vol. 1, pp. 175-92.
18. ix. H. O. White, Plagiarism and Imitation during the English
450

SeniSvna

Renaissance, Cambridge, Mass. 1935; Elizabeth M. Mann, The Problem of Originality in English Literary Criticism, 1750-1800, Philological Quarterly, xvni (1939), pp. 97-118; Harold S. Wilson, Imitation,
Dictionary of World Literature (cd. J. T. Shipley), New York 1943, pp.
315-17.
19. Sidney Lee, Elizabethan Sonnets, two vols., London 1904.
20. Wolfgang Clemen, Shakespeares Bilder, ihre Entwicklung und
ihre Funktionen im dramatischen Werk, Bonn 1936 (English tr. Cambridge, Mass. 1951).
21. George Saintsbury, A History of English Prosody, three vols.,
1906-10; A History of English Prose Rhythm, Edinburgh 1912.
22. Benedetto Croce, Storia di temi e storia letteraria, Problemi
di Estetica, Bari 1910, pp. 80-93.
23. e.g. Andr Jolles, Einfache Formen, Halle 1930; A. N. Veselovsky, Istoricheskaya Poetika (cd. V. M. Zhirmunsky), Leningrad
1940 (a selection from writings dating back, in part, to the 1870s); J.
Jarcho, Organische Struktur des russischen Schnaderhpfels (caStuska), Germano-Slavica, iii (1937), pp. 31-64 (an elaborate attempt to
state the correlation between style and theme by statistical methods,
drawing the evidence from a popular genre).
24. W. W. Greg, Pastoral Poetry and Pastoral Drama, London 1906.
25. C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love, Oxford 1936.
26. Karl Vitor, Geschichte der deutschen Ode, Munich 1923;
Gnther Mller, Geschichte des deutschen Liedes, Munich 1925.
27. ix. bibliografia. Tavi 17.
28. Arthur Symons, The Romantic Movement in English Poetry,
London 1909.
29. ix. J. Isaacs in The Times Literary Supplement, 9 May 1935, p.
301.
30. rogorc Cans, pirveli iyo Thomas Shaw in Outlines of
English Literature, London 1849.
31. ix. bibiliografia nawili III. 4.
32. ix. bibliografia nawili I.
33. Wilhelm Pinder, Das Problem der Generation, Berlin 1926; Julius Petersen, Die literarischen Generationen, Philosophie der Literaturwissenschaft (ed. Emil Ermatinger), Berlin 1930, pp. 130-87; Edu451

SeniSvna

ard Wechssler, Die Generation als Jugendreihe und ihr Kampf um die
Denkform, Leipzig 1930; Detlev W. Schumann, The Problem of Cultural Age-Groups in German Thought: a Critical Review, PMLA, li
(1936), pp. 1180-1207, and The Problem of Age-Groups: A Statistical
Approach, PMLA, lii (1937), pp. 596-608; H. Peyre, Les Gnrations
littraires, Paris 1948.
34. ix. bibiliografia nawili II.
35. Jan Mchal, Slovansk literatury, three vols., Prague 1922-9,
and Leonardo Olschki, Die romanischen Literaturen des Mittelalters,
Wildpark-Potsdam 1928 (in Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft, ed.
Oskar Walzel).
36. H. M. and N. K. Chadwick, The Growth of Literature, three
vols., London 1932, 1936.1940.

452

bibliografia

453

454

bibliografia
pirveli Tavi

Lliteratura da literaturaTmcodneoba

I. zogadi msjeloba literaturis Teoriisa da lite

raturaTmcodneobis meTodebis Sesaxeb
Baldensperger, Fernand, La Littrature: cration, succs, dure,
Paris 1913; new ed., Paris 1919
Billeskov, J an sen, F. J., Esthtique de Iauvre dart littraire, Copenhagen 1948
Croce, Benedetto, La critica litteraria: questioni teoriche, Rome
1894; reprinted in Primi saggi (2nd ed., Bari 1927, pp. 77-199)
Daiches, David, A Study of Literature, Ithaca 1948
Dragomirescou, Michel, La Science de la littrature, four vols.,
Paris 1928-9
Eckhoff, Lorentz, Den Nye Litteraturforskning. Syntetisk Metode,
Oslo 1930
Elster, Ernst, Prinzipien der Literaturwissenschaft, two vols.,
Halle 1897 and 1911
Ermatinger, Emil (ed.), Die Philosophie der Literaturwissenschaft,
Berlin 1930
Foerster, Norman; McGalliard, John .; Wellek, Ren ; Warren, Austin; Schramm, Wilbur Lang, Literary Scholarship: Its Aims and
Methods, Chapel Hill 1941
Gurard, Albert L., A Preface to World Literature, New York 1940
Hytier, Jean, Les Arts de littrature, Paris 1945
Kayser, Wolfgang, Das sprachliche Kunstwerk. Eine Einfiihrung
in die Literaturwissenschaft, Bern 1948 (Portuguese and Spanish
translations)
Kridl, Manfred, Wstep do badan nad dzielem literackiem, Wilno
455

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1936

The Integral Method of Literary Scholarship, Comparative Lite

rature 111 (1951), pp. 18-31
Marckwardt, A.; Peckham, M.; Wellek, R.; Thorpe, J., The Aims,
Methods, and Materials of Research in the Modern Languages and
Literatures, PMLA lxvii (1952), No. 6, pp. 1-37
Michaud, Guy, Introduction une science de la littrature, Istanbul
1930
Momigliano, Attilio (ed.), Problemi ed orientamenti critici di lingua e di litteratura italiana and Tecnica e teoria letteraria, Milano 1948
Moulton, R. G., The Modern Study of Literature, Chicago 1915
Oppel, Horst, Die Literaturwissenschaft in der Gegenwart: Metho
dologie und Wissenschaftslehre, Stuttgart 1939
Methodenlehre der Literaturwissenschaft, Deutsche Philologie
im Aufrisss (ed. Wolfgang Stammler), Berlin 1951, Vol. 1, pp. 39-78
Petersen, Julius, Die Wissenschaft von der Dichtung: System und
Methodenlehre der Literaturwissenschaft - i, Werk und Dichter, Berlin
1939
Reyes, Alfonso, El Deslinde: Prolegmenos a la teoria literaria,
Mexico City 1944
Shipley, Joseph T. (ed.), Dictionary of World Literature: Criticism Forms -Technique, New York 1943; 2nd ed., 1954
Tomashevsky, Boris, Teoriya literatury: Poetika, Leningrad 1925;
2nd ed., 1931
Torre, Guillermo de, Problemtica de la literatura, Buenos Aires
1951
Walzel, Oskar, Gehalt und Gestalt im dichterischen Kunstwerk,
Berlin 1923
Wosnessensky, A. N., Der Aufbau der Literaturwissenschaft,
Idealistische Philologie, 111 (1928), pp. 337-68
II. literaturaTmcodneobis istoriis sakiTxebi
Gayley, Charles Mills, The Development of Literary Studies
During the Nineteenth Century, Congress of Arts and Science: Universal Exposition: St Louis, 1904, Vol. III, Boston 1906, pp. 323-53
Getto, Giovanni, Storia delle storie letterarie [in Italy only], Mi456

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lano 1942
Klemperer, Viktor, Die Entwicklung der Neuphilologie, Romanische Sonderart, Munich 1926, pp. 388-99
Lempicki, Sigmund von, Geschichte der deutschen Literaturwissenschaft, Gottingen 1920
Mann, Maurycy, Rozwj syntezy literackiej od jej poczatkw
do Gervinusa, Rozprawy Akademii Umiejetnosci, Serja 111, Tom 111,
Cracow 1911, pp. 230-360 (a history of literary historiography from
antiquity to Gervinus)
OLeary, Gerard, English Literary History and Bibliography, London 1928
Rothacker, Erich, Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften, Tbi
ngen 1920 (2nd ed., 1930, contains sketch of the history of German
literary history in the nineteenth century)
Unger, Rudolf, Vom Werden und Wesen der neueren deutschen Literaturwissenschaft, Aufstze zur Prinzipienlehre der
Literaturgeschichte, Berlin 1929, Vol. 1, pp. 33-48
Wellek, Ren, The Rise of English Literary History, Chapel Hill
1941; a history of English literary historiography up to Warton (1774)
A History of Modern Criticism 1750-1950, four vols., Vol. 1, The
Later Eighteenth Century; Vol. II, The Romantic Age, New Haven 1955
(contains much on growth of literary history)
III. literaturis Seswavlis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba
1. zogadi
Lunding, Erik, Strmungen und Strebungen der modernen
Literaturwissenschaft, Aarhus, Denmark, 1952
Richter, Werner, Strmungen und Stimmungen in den Litera
turwissenschaften von heute, Germanic Review, xxi (1946), pp.
81-113
Van Tieghem, Phillipe, Tendances nouvelles en histoire littraire
(tudes franaises, No. 22), Paris 1930
Wehrli, Max, Allgemeine Literaturwissenschaft, Bern 1951
Wellek, Ren, The Revolt against Positivism in Recent European Literary Scholarship, Twentieth-Century English (ed. William
457

bibliografia

S. Knickerbocker), New York 1946, pp. 67-89

2. ramdenime inglisuri Sexeduleba
Holloway, John, The Charted Mirror. Literary and Critical Essays,
London 1960
Knights, L. C., The University Teaching of English and History:
A Plea for Correlation, Explorations, London 1946, pp. 186-99
Leavis, F. R., Education and the University, London 1944
The Literary Discipline and Liberal Education, Sewanee Review, lv (1947), PP. 586-609
Lee, Sir Sidney, The Place of English Literature in the Modern
University, Elizabethan and Other Essays, Oxford 1929 (this particular essay dates from 1911), pp. 1-19
McKerrow, Ronald ., A Note on the Teaching of English Language
and Literature (English Association Pamphlet No. 49), London 1921
Potter, Stephen, The Muse in Chains: A Study in Education, London 1937
Sutherland, James, English in the Universities, Cambridge 1945
Tillyard, E. M. W., The Muse Unchained: An Intimate Account of
the Revolution in English Studies at Cambridge, London 1958
3. germanel mecnierTa Sexeduleba
Benda, Oskar, Der gegenwrtige Stand der deutschen Literaturwissenschaft, Vienna 1928
Bruford, W. H., Literary Interpretation in Germany, Cambridge
1952
Mahrholz, Werner, Literaturgeschichte und Literaturwissenschaft,
Berlin 1923 (2nd ed., 1932)
Merker, Paul, Neue Aufgaben der deutschen Literaturgeschichte,
Leipzig 1921
Oppel, Horst, Die Literaturwissenschaft in der Gegenwart, Stuttgart 1939
Rossner, H., Georgekreis und Literaturwissenschaft, Frankfurt 1938
Schtze, Martin, Academic Illusions in the Field of Letters and the
Arts, Chicago 1933 (new ed. Hamden, Conn., 1962)
458

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Schultz, Franz, Das Schicksal der deutschen LiteraturgeschichFrankfurt a. M. 1929

Vitor, Karl, Deutsche Literaturgeschichte als Geistesgeschichte: ein Rckblick, PMLA, lx (1945), pp. 899-916
te,

4. informacia rusuli formalizmis Sesaxeb

Erlich, Victor, Russian Formalism: History - Doctrine (with pre
face by Ren Wellek), The Hague 1955
Gourfinkel, Nina, Les nouvelles mthodes dhistoire littraire
en Russie, Le Monde Slave, vi (1929), pp. 234-63
Kridl, Manfred, Russian Formalism, The American Bookman,
I(1944), pp. 19-30
Neumann, F. W., Die formale Schule der russischen Literaturwissenschaft, Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift fr Literaturwissenschaft und
Geistesgeschichte, xxix (1955), pp. 99-121
Setschkareff, Vsevolod, Zwei Tendenzen in der neuen russischen Literaturtheorie, Jahrhuch fr sthetik, III (1955-7), PP- 94-107
Tomashevsky, Boris, La nouvelle cole dhistoire littraire en
Russie, Revue des tudes slaves, viii (1928), pp. 226-40
VanTieghem, Phillipe, and Gourfinkel, Nina, Quelques produits du formalisme russe, Revue de littrature compare, xii (1932),
pp. 425-34
Vosnesensky, A., Die Methodologie der russischen Literaturforschung in den Jahren 1910-25, Zeitschrift fr slavische Philologie,
iv (1927), pp. 145-62, and v (1928), pp. 175-99
Problems of Method in the Study of Literature in Russia, Slavonic Review, vI (i927), PP- 168-77
Zhirmunsky, Viktor, Formprobleme in der russischen
Literaturwissenschaft, Zeitschrift fr slavische Philologie, 1 (1925),
pp.117-52

IV. amerikuli Sexeduleba literaturaTmcodneobisa

da kritikis Sesaxeb
Babbitt, Irving, Literature and the American College, Boston 1908
Crane, Ronald S., The Languages of Criticism and the Structure of
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Poetry, Toronto 1953

Foerster, Norman, The American Scholar: A Study in Litterae Inhumaniores, Chapel Hill 1929
The Study of Letters, Literary Scholarship: Its Aims and Methods,
Chapel Hill 1941, pp. 3-32
Foster, Richard, The New Romantics: A Reappraisal of the New
Criticism, Bloomington, Indiana 1962
Gauss, Christian, More Humane Letters, PMLA, lx (1945),
pp.1306-12
Hyman, Stanley Edgar, The Armed Vision: A Study in the Methods
of Modern Literary Criticism, New York 1948 (new ed. 1955)
Jones, Howard Mumford, Literary Scholarship and Contemporary Criticism, English Journal (College edition), xxiii (1934),
pp.740-66
Krieger, Murray, The New Apologists for Poetry, Minneapolis
1957
La Drire, James Craig, Directions in Contemporary Criticism and
Literary Scholarship, Milwaukee, Wis. 1953
Leary, Lewis (ed.), Contemporary Literary Scholarship: A Critical
Review, New York 1958
Levin, Harry, Criticism in Crisis, Contexts of Criticism, Cambridge, Mass. 1957, pp. 251-66
Millet t, Fred ., The Rebirth of Liberal Education, New York 1946
OConnor, William Van, An Age of Criticism, 1900-19)0, Chicago
1952
Peyre, Henri, Writers and Their Critics, Ithaca 1944
Schtze, Martin, Towards a Modern Humanism, PMLA, li
(1936), pp. 284-99
Sherman, Stuart P., Professor Kittredge and the Teaching of
English, Nation, xcvii (1913), pp. 227-30 (reprinted in Shaping Men
and Women, Garden City, N.Y. 1928, pp. 65-86)
Shorey, Paul, American Scholarship, Nation, xcii (1911),
pp.466-9 (reprinted in Fifty Years of American Idealism, Boston 1915,
pp. 401-13)
Spitzer, Leo, A New Program for the Teaching of Literary History, American Journal of Philology, lxiii (1942), pp. 308-19
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Deutsche Literaturforschung in Amerika, Monatshefte fr

deutschen Unterricht, xxxviii (1946), pp. 475-80
Stallman, Robert W., The New Critics, in Critiques and Essays
in Criticism 1920-1948, New York 1949, pp. 488-506
Tate, Allen, Miss Emily and the Bibliographer, Reason in Madness, New York 1941, pp. 100-16
Wellek, Ren, Literary Scholarships, in American Scholarship
in the Twentieth Century (ed. M. Curti), Cambridge, Mass. 1953, pp.
m-45
The Main Trends of Twentieth-Century Criticism, Yale Review,
li (1961), pp.102-18
Wimsatt, W. K., Chariots of Wrath: Recent Critical Lessons, Essays in Criticism, xn (1962), pp. 1-17
Wimsatt, William K., Jun. and Brooks, Cleanth, Literary Criticism: A Short History, New York 1957
Zabel, Morton D., Introduction: Criticism in America, in Lite
rary Opinion in America (revised ed.), New York 1951, pp. 1-43 Summary in Criticism, in Literary History of the United States (ed. R. Spiller, et al.), New York 1948, Vol. 11, pp. 1358-73
meore Tavi

literaturis buneba
zogierTi Sexeduleba literaturis bunebisa da poe
ziis Sesaxeb
Beardsley, Monroe C., Aesthetics: Problems in the Philosophy of
Criticism, New York 1958
Blanchot, Maurice, LEspace littraire, Paris 1955
Brooks, Cleanth, Jun., Modern Poetry and the Tradition, Chapel
Hill 1939
The Well Wrought Urn, New York 1947
Bhler, Karl, Sprachtheorie, Jena 1934
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tica generale, Bari 1902 (English tr. by Douglas Ainslie, London 1929)
La Poesia, Bari 1936
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tica, Bari 1920, pp.239-54
Dessoir, Max, Aesthetik und allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft, Stuttgart 1906
Eastman, Max, The Literary Mind, New York 1931
Eliot, T. S., The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism, Cambridge,
Mass. 1933
Frye, Northrop, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays, Princeton
1957
Greene, Theodore Meyer, The Arts and the Art of Criticism, Princeton 1940
Hamburger, Kthe, Die Logik der Dichtung, Stuttgart 1957
Ingarden, Roman, Das literarische Kunstwerk, Halle 1931
James, D. G., Scepticism and Poetry, London 1937
Ltzeler, Heinrich, Einfhrung in die Philosophie der Kunst, Bonn
1934
Meyer, Theodor A., Das Stilgesetz der Poesie, Leipzig 1901
Mukarovsky, Jan, La dnomination esthtique et la fonction
esthtique de la langue, Actes du quatrime congrs international des
linguistes, Copenhagen 1938, pp.98-104
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Unified Science, viii (1940), pp. 131-50
Foundations for the Theory of Signs, International Encyclopedia
of Unified Science, Vol. 1, No. 2 Signs, Language and Behaviour, New
York 1946
gden, . K., and Riards, I. A., The Meaning of Meaning: A
Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of
Symbolism, London 1923; seventh ed., New York 1945
Osborne, Harold, Aesthetics and Criticism, London 1955
Pollock, Thomas C., The Nature of Literature, Princeton 1942
Pottle, Frederick A., The Idiom of Poetry, Ithaca 1941; new enlarged ed. 1946
Press, John, The Fire and the Fountain. An Essay on try, London
1955
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Ransom, John Crowe, The New Criticism, Norfolk, Conn. 1941

The Worlds Body, New York 1938
Richards, Ivor Armstrong, Principles of Literary Criticism, London 1924
Sartre, J.-P., Quest-ce que la littrature? in Situations 11, Paris
1948 (English tr. by B. Frechtman, New York 1949)
Sewell, Elizabeth, The Structure of Poetry, New
York 1952
Skelton, Robin, The Poetic Pattern, London 1956
Smith, Chard Powers, Pattern and Variation in Poetry, New York
1932
Stauffer, Donald, The Nature of Poetry, New York 1946
Tate, Allen (ed.), The Language of Poetry, Princeton 1942 (essays
by Philip Wheelwright, I. A. Richards, Cleanth Brooks and Wallace
Stevens)
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Marx, K., and Engels, F., ber Kunst und Literatur (ed. M. Lifschitz), Berlin 1948
Novitsky, Pavel J., Cervantes and Don Quixote (tr. from Russian;
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Group Series), New York 1936; new enlarged ed. London 1953
Sakulin, N. P., Die russische Literatur, Potsdam 1930 (in series
Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft, ed. O. Walzel) (tr. from Russian)
Smirnov, A. A., Shakespeare (tr. from Russian; Critics Group Series), New York 1936
Smith, Bernard, Forces in American Criticism, New York 1939
Thomson, George, Aeschylus and Athens. A Study in the Social
Origin of the Drama, London 1941 Marxism and Poetry, London 1945
Trotsky, Leon, Literature and Revolution, New York 1925
meaTe Tavi

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Teoriuli msjeloba
Boas, George, Some Problems of Intellectual History, Studies in
Intellectual History, Baltimore 1953, pp. 3-21
Crane, Ronald S., Literature, Philosophy, and Ideas, Modern
Philology, LII (1954), 78-83
Gilson, tienne, Les Ides et Us lettres, Paris 1932
Glockner, Hermann, Philosophie und Dichtung: Typen ihrer
Wechselwirkung von den Griechen bis auf Hegel, Zeitschrift fr sthetik, xv (1920-21), pp. 187-204
Jockers, Ernst, Philosophic und Literaturwissenschaft, Germanic Review, x (1935), pp. 73-97 166-86
Laird, John, Philosophical Incursions into English Literature, Cambridge 1946
Lovejoy, Arthur O., Essays in the History of Ideas, Baltimore 1948
The Great Chain of Being, Cambridge, Mass. 1936
The Historiography of Ideas, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, lxxvii (1937-8), pp. 529-43
Present Standpoint and Past History, Journal of Philosophy,
xxxvi (1939), pp. 471-89
Reflections on the History of Ideas, Journal of the History of
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Nicolson, Marjorie, The History of Literature and the History
of Thought, English Institute Annual, 1939, New York 1940, pp. 56-89
Nohl, Herman, Stil und Weltanschauung, Jena 1923
Santayana, George, Tragic Philosophy, Works (Triton ed.),
New York 1936, pp. 275-88 (reprinted in Literary Opinion in America,
M. D. Zabel, ed. New York 1937, pp. 129-41)
Spitzer, Leo, Geistesgeschichte vs. History of Ideas as applied to
Hitlerism, Journal of the History of Ideas, (1944), pp. 191-203
Stace, W. ., The Meaning of Beauty. A Theory of Aesthetics, London 1929, especially pp. 164 ff.
Taylor, Harold A., Further Reflections on the History of Ideas, Journal of Philosophy, xl (1943), pp. 281-99
Trilling, Lionel, The Meaning of a Literary Idea, The Liberal
Imagination, New York 1950, pp. 281-303
Unger, Rudolf, Aufstze zur Prinzipienlehre der Literaturgeschichte, two vols., Berlin 1929. (Vol. 1 contains Literaturgeschichte,Phi
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Walzel, Oskar, Gehalt und Gestalt im dichterischen Kunstwerk,
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Wechssler, Eduard, ber die Beziehung von Weltanschauung
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Brown, Calvin S., Music and Literature: A Comparison of the Arts,

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Combarieu, Jules, Les Rapports de la musique et de la posie, Paris
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Greene, Theodore Meyer, The Arts and the Art of Criticism, Princeton 1940
Hatzfeld, Helmut A., Literary Criticism Through Art and Art
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Hourticq, Louis, LArt et littratture, Paris 1946
Maury, Paul, Arts et littrature compars: tat prsent de la question, Paris 1933
MEDICUS, FRITZ, Das Problem einer vergleichenden Geschichte
der Knste, Philosophie der Literaturwissenschaft (ed. Emil Ermatin
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Read, Herbert, Parallels in English Painting and Poetry, In Defence of Shelley and other Essays, London 1936, pp. 233-48
Sachs, Curt, The Commonwealth of Art: Style in the Arts, Music
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Souriau, tienne, La Correspondence des arts. Elments desthtique
compare, Paris 1947
Vossler, Karl, ber wechselseitige Erhellung der Knste, Festschrift Heinrich Wlfflin zum 70. Geburtstag, Dresden 1935, pp. 160-7
Walzel, Oskar, Gehalt und Gestalt im Kunstwerk des Dichters,
Berlin-Potsdam 1923, csp. pp. 265 ff. and 282 ff.
Wechselseitige Erhellung der Knste, Berlin 1917
Wais, Kurt, Symbiose der Knste, Stuttgart 1936
Vom Gleichlauf der Knste, Bulletin of the International Committee of the Historical Sciences, ix (1937), pp. 295-304
II. ramdenime naSromi literaturasa da xelovnebas So
ris istoriuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb
aldensperger, F., Sensibilit musicale et romantisme, Paris 1925
Bontoux, Germaine, La Chanson en Angleterre an temps dElizabeth,
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Fairchild, Arthur H. R., Shakespeare and the Arts of Design (Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting), Columbia, Miss. 1937
Fehr, Bernhard, The Antagonism of Forms in the Eighteenth
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Hatzfeld, Helmut A., Literature Through Art: A New Approach to
French Literature, New York 1952
Hautecoeur, Louis, Littrature et peinture en France du XVII au
XX sicle, Paris 1942
Hautmann, Max, Der Wandel der Bildvorstellungen in der
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Hollander, John, The Untuning of the Sky: Ideas of Music in English Poetry 1500-1700, Princeton 1961
Larrabee, Stephen A., English Hards and Grecian Marbles: The
Relationship between Sculpture and Poetry, New York 1943
Manwaring, Elizabeth W., Italian Landscape in Eighteenth Century England, New York 1925
Meyer, Herman, Die Verwandlung des Sichtbaren. Die Bedeutung der modernen bildenden Kunst fr Rilkes spte Dichtung,
Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift fr Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesge
schichte, xxxi (1957), pp. 465-505
Pattison, Bruce, Music and Poetry of the English Renaissance, London 1948
Seznec, Jean, Flaubert and the Graphic Arts, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, viii (1945), pp. 175-90
Smith, Warren H., Architecture in English Fiction, New Haven
1934
Tinker, Chauncey Brewster, Painter and Poet: Studies in the Lite
rary Relations of English Painting, Cambridge, Mass. 1938
Webster, Thomas B. L., Greek Art and Literature 530-400 b.c., Oxford 1939
Wind, Edgar, Humanittsidee und heroisches Portrt in der
englischen Kultur des achtzenhten Jahrhunderts, Vortrge der Bibliothek Warburg, 1930-31, Leipzig 1932, pp. 156-229

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wesi
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ontologiaze

literaturis

arsebobis

wessa

da

Bilsky, Manuel, The Significance of Locating the Art Object,

Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, xiii (1935), pp. 531-36
Bonati, Flix Martinez, La estructura de la obra literaria, Santiago
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Dufrenne, Mikel, Phnomnologie de Iobjet esthtique, Paris 1950
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Hirsch, E. D., Jun., Objective Interpretation, PMLA, lxxv
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Husserl, Edmund, Mditations cartsiennes, Paris 1931
Ingarden, Roman, Das literarische Kunstwerk, Halle 1931
Joad, . E. M., Guide to Philosophy (New York 1935), pp. 267-70
Kahn, Sholom J., What Does a Critic Analyze? Philosophy and
Phenomenological Research, xiii (1952), pp. 237-45
Lalo, Charles, The Aesthetic Analysis of a Work of Art: An
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Mller, Gnther, ber die Seinsweise von Dichtung, Deutsche
Vierteljahrschrift fr Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, xvn
(1939), pp. 137-53
Mukaovsk, Jan, LArt comme fait smiologique, Actes de huitime congrs international de philosophie Prague, Prague 1936, pp.
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Souriau, tienne, Analyse existentielle de loeuvre dart, a section of La Correspondance des arts, Paris 1947
Vivas, Eliseo, What Is a Poem? Creation and Discovery, New
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Brunot, F., Explications franaises, Revue universitaire, iv
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Lanson, Gustave, Quelques mots sur lexplication de textes,
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Vigneron, Robert, Explication de Textes and Its Adaptation to the
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III. msjeloba close readingis Sesaxeb da misi meTodebis
nimuSebi
Blackmur, Richard P., Language as Gesture, Essays in Poetry,
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The Lion and the Honeycomb, New York 1955
Bloom, Harold, The Visionary Company. A Reading of English Romantic Poetry, New York 1961
Brooks, Cleanth, Modern Poetry and the Tradition, Chapel Hill
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The Well Wrought Urn, New York 1947
Brower, Reuben A., The Fields of Light. An Experiment in Critical
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Burger, Heinz Otto (ed.), Gedicht und Gedanke, Halle 1942
Burnshaw, Stanley (ed.), The Poem Itself, New York i960
Cohen, Gustave, Essai dexplication du Cimetire marin, Paris
1933
Crane, Ronald S.,Interpretation of Texts and the History of
Ideas, College English, II (1941), pp. 755-65
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Hartman, Geoffrey H., The Unmediated Vision. An Interpretation
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Goodman, Paul, The Structure of Literature, Chicago 1954
Kommerell, Max, Gedanken ber Gedichte, Frankfurt 1943
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Leavis, F. R., New Bearings in English Poetry, London 1932
Revaluation. Tradition and Development in English Poetry, London
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Martini, Fritz, Das Wagnis der Sprache: Interpretationen deutscher
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Ransom, John Crowe, The Worlds Body, New York 1938
Richards, I. A., Practical Criticism, London 1929, New York 1955
Spitzer, Leo. See list of works under chapter 14, section 1, below
Staiger, Emil, Die Kunst der Interpretation, Zrich 1955
Meisterwerke deutscher Sprache aus dem neunzehnten Jahrhundert,
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Tate, Allen, On the Limits of Poetry. Selected Essays: 1928-1948,
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Unger, Leonard, Notes on Ash Wednesday, Southern Review, iv
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Wain, John (ed.), Interpretations: Essays on Twelve English Poems,
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Walzel, Oskar, Gehalt und Gestalt im dichterischen Kunstwerk,
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IV. literaturul
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intention`-is

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Coomaraswamy, Amanda K., Intention, American Bookman, 1

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Walcutt, Charles Child, Critics Taste and Artists Intention,
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Bate, Walter Jackson, The Stylistic Development of Keats, New
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Brik, Osip, Zvukovie povtory (Sound-patterns), Poetika, Petersburg 1919
Chapin, Elsa, and Russell, Thomas, A New Approach to Poetry,
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Ehrenfeld, A., Studien zur Theorie des Reims, two vols., Zrich
1897, 1904
Frye, Northrop (cd.), Sound and Poetry. English Institute Essays
1956, New York 1957
Gabrielson, Arnid, Rime as a Criterion of the Pronunciation of
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Lanz, Henry, The Physical Basis of Rime, Stanford University
Press, 1931
Oras, Ants, Lyrical Instrumentation in Marlowe, Studies in
Shakespeare (ed. A. D. Matthews and . M. Emery), Coral Gables,
Fla, 1953
'Surrey's Technique of Phonetic Echoes', Journal of English and
Germanic Philology, l (1951), pp. 289-308
Richardson, Charles F., A Study of English Rhyme, Hanover, N.
H. 1909
Servien, Pius, Lyrisme et structures sonores, Paris 1930
Snyder, Edward D., Hypnotic Poetry: A Study of Trance-Inducing
Technique in Certain Poems and its Literary Significance, Philadelphia
1930
Vossler, Karl, Stil, Rhythmus und Reim in ihrer Wechselwirkung bei Petrarca und Leopardi, Miscellanea di studi critici ... in
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Wilson, Katherine M., Sound and Meaning in English Poetry,
London 1930
Wimsatt, W. K., Jun., One Relation of Rhyme to Reason, Mo
dern Language Quarterly, v (1944), pp. 323-38, reprinted in The Verbal
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Wyld, Henry C, Studies in English Rhymes from Surrey to Pope,
London 1923
Zhirmunsky, Viktor, Rifma, istoria i teoriya (Rhyme, its History
and Theory), Petrograd 1923
Zschech, Fritz, Die Kritik des Reims in England, Berlin 1917
(Berliner Beitrge zur germanischen und romanischen Philologie,
Vol.50)
II. ritmi da prozis ritmi
Baum, Paull F., The Other Harmony of Prose, Durham, N. C. 1952
Blass, Fr., Die Rhythmen der antiken Kunstprosa, Leipzig 1901
Chrel, A., La Prose potique franaise, Paris 1940
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Clark, A. C., The Cursus in Medieval and Vulgar Latin, Oxford

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Classe, Andr, The Rhythm of English Prose, Oxford 1939
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Elton, Oliver, English Prose Numbers, A Sheaf of Papers, London 1922, pp. 130-63
Fijn van Draat, P., Rhythm in English Prose, Anglia, xxxvi
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Voluptas Aurium, Englische Studien, xlviii (1914-15),
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Groot, A. W. de, A Handbook of Antique Prose-Rhythm, Groningen 1919, Vol. 1
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Martin, Eugne-Louis, Les Symmtries du franais littraire, Paris
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Norden, Eduard, Die antike Kunstprosa, two vols., Leipzig 1898
Patterson, W. M., The Rhythm of Prose (Columbia University
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Sekel, Dietrich, Hlderlins Sprachrhythmus, Leipzig 1937
Servien, Pius, Les Rythmes comme introduction physique
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Vinogradov, Viktor, Ritm prozy (po Pikovei dame) (Prose
Rhythm, according to the Queen of Spades), Stikhe, Statyi (On Verse,
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Williamson, George, The Senecan Amble. A Study of Prose Form
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Pope, John C., The Rhythm of Beowulf, New Haven 1942
Schramm, Wilbur Lang, Approaches to a Science of Verse (University of Iowa Studies, Series on Aims and Progress of Research,
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2. naSromebi frangul, germanul, rusul da Cexur enebze

Benoist-Hanappier, Louis, Die freien Rhythm en in der deutschen
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Eikhenbaum, Boris, Melodika lyricheskovo stikha (The Melody of
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Bateson, F. W., English Poetry and the English Language, Oxford
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La poesia de San Juan de la Cruz, Madrid 1942
Poesia espaola. Ensayo de mtodos y limites estilicos, Madrid 1950
Auerbach, Erich, Mimesis: Dargestellte Wirklichkeit in der abendlndischen Literatur, Bern 1946 (English tr. by Willard Trask, Princeton 1953)
Croll, Morris W., Introduction to Harry Clemonss edition of
Lylys Euphues, London 1916
Dyboski, Roman, Tennysons Sprache und Stil, Vienna 1907
Hatzfeld, Helmut, Don Quijote als Wortkunstwerk. Die einzelnen
Stilmittel und ihr Sinn, Leipzig 1927 (Spanish tr. Madrid 1949)
Leo, Ulrich, Fogazzaros Stil und der symbolische Lebensroman,
Heidelberg 1928
Jirt, Vojtch, Platens Stil, Prague 1933
Mukaovsk, Jan, Mchv Maj: Estetick studie (Mchas May: An
Aesthetic Study), Prague 1928 (with French rsum)
Sayce, R. A., Style in French Prose, Oxford 1953
Ullmann, Stephen, Style in the French Novel, Cambridge 19J7
Vinogradov, Viktor, Stil Pushkina, Moscow 1941
Wimsatt, William K., The Prose Style of Samuel Johnson, New Haven 1941
II. kvlevebi poeturi enisa da stilis Sesaxeb
Barfield, Owen, Poetic Diction: A Study in Meaning, London 1925
Berry, Francis, Poets Grammar: Person, Time, and Mood in Poetry,
London 1958
Davie, Donald, Purity of Diction in English Verse, New York 1953
Groom, Bernard, The Diction of Poetry from Spenser to Bridges,
492

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Toronto 1956
Hatzfeld, Helmut, The Language of the Poet, Studies in Philology, XL III (1946), pp. 93-I2O
Hungerland, Isabel ., Poetic Discourse, Berkeley, Calif. 1958
Miles, Josephine, The Vocabulary of Poetry, Berkeley, Calif. 1946
The Continuity of Poetic Language, Berkeley, Calif. 1951
Nowottny, Winifred, The Language Poets Use, New York 1962
Quayle, Thomas, Poetic Diction: A Study of Eighteenth Century
Verse, London 1924
Raymond, Marcel, Le Pote et la langue, Trivium. Schweizerische Vierteljahrschrift fr Literaturwissenschaft und Stilistik, II
(1944), pp. 2-25
Rube l, Ver L., Poetic Diction in the English Renaissance from Skelton through Spenser, New York 1941
Rylands, George, Words and Poetry, London 1928
Tate, Allen (ed.), The Language of Poetry, Princeton 1942
Tillotson, Geoffrey, Eighteenth-Century Poetic Diction, Essays in Criticism and Research, Cambridge 1942, pp. 53-85
Wheelwright, Philip, On the Semantics of Poetry, Kenyon Review, II (1940), pp. 263-83
Wyld, H. ., Some Aspects of the Diction of English Poetry, Oxford
1933
IV. ramdenime Sroma stilistikis Sesaxeb
Bally, Charles; Richter, Elise; Alonso, Amado; Lida, Raymondo,
El impresionismo en el lenguaje, Buenos Aires 1936
arat, Emmanuel, Le Style potique et la rvolution rmantique,
Paris 1904
Gautier, Ren, Deux aspects du style classique. Bossuet, Voltaire,
La Rochelle 1936
Hatzfeld, Helmut, Der Barockstil der religsen klassischen
Lyrik in Frankreich, Literaturwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch der Grresgesellschaft, iv (1929), pp. 30-60
Die franzsische Klassik in neuer Sicht, Tijdschrift voor Taal en
Letteren, xxvii (1935), pp. 213-82
493

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Rokoko als literarischer Epochenstil, Studies in Philology, xxxiii

(1938), pp.532-65
Croll, Morris W., The Baroque Style in Prose, Studies in English Philology: A Miscellany in Honor of F. Klaeber (eds. K. Malone and
M. B. Ruud), Minneapolis 1929, pp. 427-56
Heinzel, Richard, ber den Stilder altgermanischen Poesie, Strassburg 1875
Petrich, Hermann, Drei Kapitel vom romantischen Stil, Leipzig
1878
Raymond, Marcel, Classique et Baroque dans la posie de
Ronsard, Concinnitas: Festschrift fr Heinrich Wlfflin, Basel 1944,
pp.137-73
Strich, Fritz, Der lyrische Stil des 17. Jahrhunderts, Abhandlungen zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte. Festschrift fr Franz Muncker,
Munich 1916, pp.21-53
Thon, Luise, Die Sprache des deutschen Impressionismus, Munich
1928

meTxuTmete Tavi

saxe, metafora, simbolo, miTi

I. saxe, metafora
Aish, Deborah, La Mtaphore dans Iauvre de Mallarm, Paris 1938
Brandenburg, Alice S., The Dynamic Image in Metaphysical
Poetry, PMLA, lvi 1 (1942), pp. 1039-45
Brooke-Rose, Christine, A Grammar of Metaphor, London 1958
Brooks, Cleanth, Shakespeare as a Symbolist Poet, Yale Review, xxxiv (1945), pp. 642-65 (reprinted as The Naked Babe and
the Cloak of Manliness, The Well Wrought Urn, New York 1947,
pp.21-46)
Brown, Stephen J., The World of Imagery: Metaphor and Kindred
Imagery, London 1927
Burke, Kenneth, Four Master Tropes (metaphor, metonymy,
synecdoche, and irony), A Grammar of Motives, New York 1946,
pp.503-17
494

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Clemen, Wolfgang, Shakespeares Bilder: Ihre Entwicklung und ihre

Funktionen im dramatischen Werk..., Bonn 1936 (English tr. The Deve
lopment of Shakespeares Imagery, Cambridge, Mass., 1951)
Fogle, Richard H., The Imagery of Keats and Shelley, Chapel Hill
1949
Foster, Genevieve W., The Archetypal Imagery of T. S. Eliot ,
PMLA, LX(I945), pp. 567-85
Goheen, Robert F., The Imagery of Sophocles Antigone, Princeton
1951
Heilman, Robert, Magic in the Web. Action and Language in
Othello, Lexington, Ky 1956
This Great Stage, Baton Rouge 1948 (on King Lear)
Hornstein, Lillian EL, Analysis of Imagery: A Critique of Lite
rary Method, PMLA, lvii (1942), pp. 638-53
Jakobson, Roman, Randbemerkungen zur Prosa des DichtersPasternak, Slavische Rundschau (ed. F. Spina), vn (1935), pp. 357-74
Konrad, Hedwig, tude sur la mtaphore, Paris 1939
Lewis, Cecil Day, The Poetic Image, London 1947
Marsh, Florence, Wordsworths Imagery: A Study in Poetic Vision,
New Haven 1952
Murry, J. Middleton, Metaphor, Countries of the Mind, second
series, London 1931, pp. 1-16
Parry, Milman, The Traditional Metaphor in Homer, Classical
Philology, xxviii (1933), pp. 30-43
Pongs, Hermann, Das Bild in der Dichtung, 1: Versuch einer Morphologie der metaphorischen Formen, Marburg 1927, 11: Voruntersu
chungen zum Symbol, Marburg 1939
Praz, Mario, Studies in Seventeenth-Century Imagery ( Studies of
the Warburg Institute, 111), London 1939
Rugoff, Milton, Donnes Imagery: A Study in Creative Sources,
New York 1939
Spurgeon, Caroline, Shakespeares Imagery and What it Tells Us,
Cambridge 1935
Stanford, William ., Greek Metaphor: Studies in Theory and Practice, Oxford 1936
Tuve, Rosemond, Elizabethan and Metaphysical Imagery: Renais495

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sance tic and Twentieth-Century Critics, Chicago 1947

A Reading of George Herbert, London 1952
Wells, Henry W., Poetic Imagery: Illustrated from Elizabethan Literature, New York 1924
Werner, Heinz, Die Ursprnge der Metapher, Leipzig 1919
Wheelwright, Philip, Metaphor and Reality, Bloomington, Indiana 1962
II. simbolo, miTi
Allen, Don Cameron, Symbolic Color in the Literature of the
English Renaissance, Philological Quarterly, xv (1936), pp. 81-92
(with a bibliography for heraldry and liturgy)
Bachelard, Gaston, LEau et les rves... , Paris 1942
La Psychoanalyse de feu (fourth ed.), Paris 1938
Block, Haskell M., Cultural Anthropology and Contemporary
Literary Criticism, Journal of Aesthetics, xi (1952), pp. 46-54
Bodkin, Maud, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry, Oxford 1934
Bush, Douglas, Mythology and the Renaissance Tradition in English Poetry, Minneapolis 1932
Mythology and the Romantic Tradition in English Poetry, Cambridge, Mass. 1937
Cailliet, Emile, Symbolisme et mes primitives, Paris 1936
Caillois, Roger, Le Mythe et I'Homme (Collection' Les Essais'),
Paris 1938
Cassirer, Ernst, Die Philosophie der symbolischen Formen, 11: Das
mythische Denken, Berlin 1924 (English tr. New Haven 1955)
Wesen und Wirkung des Symbolbegriffs, Darmstadt 1956
ase, Richard, Quest for Myth, Baton Rouge 1949
Danielou, Jean, The Problem of Symbolism, Thought, xxv
(1950), pp. 423-40
Dunbar, Helen Flanders, Symbolism in Mediaeval Thought and its
Consummation in the Divine Comedy, New Haven 1929
mrich, Wilhelm, Die Symbolik von Faust II, Berlin 1943
Symbolinterpretation und Mythenforschung, Euphorion, xlvii
(1953), pp. 38-67
Feidelson, Charles, Jun., Symbolism and American Literature, Chi496

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cago 1953
Friedman, Norman, Imagery: From Sensation to Symbol, Journal of Aesthetics, XII (1953), pp. 24-37
Foss, Martin, Symbol and Metaphor in Human Experience, Prin
ceton 1949
Frye, Northrop, Three Meanings of Symbolism, Yale French
Studies, No. 9 (1952), pp. 11-19
Fearful Symmetry: A Study of William Blake, Princeton 1947
Guastalla, Ren M., L Mythe et le livre: essai sur I'origine de la
littrature, Paris 1940
Hungerford, Edward, Shores of Darkness, New York 1941
Hunt, Herbert J., The Epic in Nineteenth-Century France: A Study
in Heroic and Humanitarian Poetry from Les Martyrs to Les Sicles
morts, Oxford 1941
Kernyi, Karl, and Mann, Thomas, Romandichtung und Mythologie. Ein Briefwechsel, Zurich 1945
Knight, G. Wilson, The Wheel of Fire: Essays in Interpretation of
Shakespeares Sombre Tragedies, with an introduction by T. S. Eliot,
London 1930
Langer, Susanne K., Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art, Cambridge, Mass. 1942
Feeling and Form. A Theory of Art Developed from Philosophy in a
New Key, New York 1953
Niebuhr, Reinhold, The Truth Value of Myths, The Nature of
Religious Experience: Essays in Honor of Douglas C. Macintosh, New
York 1937
ODonnell, G. M., Faulkners Mythology, Kenyan Review,
I(1939), pp. 285-99
Prescott, Frederick C., Poetry and Myth, New York 1927
Raglan, Lord, The Hero: A Study in Tradition, Myth, and Drama,
London 1937, New York 1956
Schorer, Mark, William Blake, New York 1946
Stewart, John A., The Myths of Plato, London 1905
Strich, Fritz, Die Mythlogie in der deutschen Literatur von Klopstock bis Wagner, two vols. Berlin 1910
Troy, William, Thomas Mann: Myth and Reason, Partisan Re497

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view, V (1938), pp. 24-2, 51-64

Wheelwright, Philip, Poetry, Myth, and Reality, The Language
of Poetry (ed. Tate), Princeton 1942, pp. 3-33
The Burning Fountain: A Study in the Language of Symbolism,
Bloomington, Ind. 1954
Wimsatt, W. K., Jun., Two Meanings of Symbolism: A Grammatical Exercise, Catholic Renascence, viii (1955), pp. 12-25

meTeqvsmete Tavi

naratiuli literaturis buneba da modusebi

I. eposi, novela da araki
Aarne, A., and Thompson, S., Types of the Folk-Tale, Helsinki 1928
Aldridge, J. W. (ed.), Critiques and Essays in Modern Fiction, 19201911, New York 1952
Ames, Van Meter, Aesthetics of the Novel, Chicago 1928
Beach, Joseph Warren, The Twentieth-Century Novel: Studies in
Technique, New York 1932
Bonnet, H., Roman et posie. Essai sur Iesthtique des genres, Paris
1951
Booth, Wayne C., The Rhetoric of Fiction, Chicago 1961
Brooks, Cleanth, and Warren, R. P., Understanding Fiction, New
York 1943
Caillois, Roger, Sociologia de la novela, Buenos Aires 1942
Dibelius, Wilhelm, Englische Romankunst: Die Technik des englischen Romans im achtzehnten und Anfang des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, Vols. I and II (Palaestra, Nos. 92 and 98), Berlin and Leipzig
1922
Charles Dickens, Leipzig 1916 (second ed. 1926), Chap.
12, Erzhlungskunst und Lebensbild; Chap. II, Dickens als
Menschendarsteller
Follett, Wilson, The Modern Novel: A Study of the Purpose and
Meaning of Fiction, New York 1918
Forster, E. M., Aspects of the Novel, London 1927
Frank, Joseph, Spatial Form in Modern Literature (esp. the novel) Sewanee Review, liii (1945), pp. 221-40, 433-56 (reprinted in Criti498

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cism, eds. Schorer, Miles, and McKenzie, New York 1948, pp. 379-92)
Friedemann, Kte, Die Rlle des Erzhlers in der Epik, 1911
Hamilton, Clayton, Materials and Methods of Fiction, Norwood,
Mass. and London 1909
Hatcher, Anna G., Voir as a Modern Novelistic Device, Philological Quarterly, xxiii (1944), PP- 354-74
Irwin, William R., The Making of Jonathan Wild: A Study in the
Literary Method of Henry Fielding, New York 1941
James, Henry, The Art of the Novel: Critical Prefaces, New York
1934
Keiter, Heinrich, and Keller, Tony, Der Roman: Geschichte, Theorie, und Technik des Romans und der erzhlenden Dichtkunst, third ed.,
EssenRuhr 1908
Koskimies, R., Theorie des Romans, Annals of the Finnish Aca
demy, Series , xxxv (1935), Helsinki
Lmmert, Eberhard, Bauformen des Erzhlens, Stuttgart 1955
Leavis, F. R., The Great Tradition: George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph
Conrad, London 1948 (new ed. New York 1955; Penguin Books 1962)
Levin, Harry, The Novel, Dictionary of World Literature (ed. J. T.
Shipley), New York 1943, pp. 405-7
Lubbock, Percy, The Craft of Fiction, London 1921
Ludwig, Otto, Studien (incl. Romanstudien), Gesammelte Schriften, vi, Leipzig 1891
Lukcs, Georg, Die Theorie des Romans: Eingeschichtsphilosophischer Versuch ber die Formen der grossen Epik, Berlin 1920
Mauriac, Franois, Le Romancier et ses personnages, Paris 1933
Meyer, Herman, Das Zitat in der Erzhlkunst, Stuttgart 1961
Muir, Edwin, The Structure of the Novel, London 1929
Myers, Walter L., The Later Realism: A Study of Characterisation
in the British Novel, Chicago 1927
OConnor, William V. (ed.), Forms of Modern Fiction, Minneapolis 1948
Ortega y Gasset, Ideas sobra la novela, Madrid 1925 (Eng. tr. Notes
on the Novel, Princeton 1948)
Petsch, Robert, Wesen und Formen der Erzhlkunst, Halle 1934
Praz, Mario, La crisi delleroe nel romanzo vittoriano, Florence
499

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1952, English tr. The Hero in Eclipse in Victorian Fiction, Oxford 1956
Prevost, Jean (ed.), Problmes du roman, s.d. Paris
Rickword, . H., A Note on Fiction, The Calendar, A Quarterly
Review, in (1926-7), pp. 226-33 (reprinted in OConnor, op. cit., pp.
294-305)
Riemann, Robert, Goethes Romantechnik, Leipzig 1902
Spielhagen, Friedrich, Beitrge zur Theorie und Technik des Romans, Leipzig 1883
Stanzel, Franz, Die Typischen Erzhlsituational im Roman, Vienna 1955
Tate, Allen, Techniques of Fiction, Sewanee Review, LII (1944),
pp. 210-25 (reprinted in OConnor, op. cit., pp. 30-45)
Thibaudet, Albert, Le Liseur de romans, Paris 1925
Rflexions sur le roman, Paris 1938
Tillotson, Kathleen, The Tale and the Teller, London 1959
Wenger, J., Speed as a Technique in the Novels of Balzac,
PMLA, LV (1940), pp. 241-52
Wharton, Edith, The Writing of Fiction, New York 1924
Whitcomb, Selden L., The Study of a Novel, Boston 1905
Whiteford, R. N., Motives in English Fiction, New York 1918
meCvidmete Tavi

literaturuli Janrebi
Behrens, Irene, Die Lehre von der Einteilung der Dichtkunst: Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fr Romanische Philologie, xcii, Halle 1940
Beissner, Friedrich, Geschichte der deutschen Elegie, Berlin 1941
, Franz J., Begriff und Wesen des Genre, Zeitschrift fr
sthetik, xxii (1928), pp. 186-91
Bond, Richmond P., English burlesque Poetry, Cambridge, Mass.
1932
Brie, Friedrich, Englische Rokoko-Epik (1710-30), Munich 1927
Brunetiere, Ferdinand, LEvolution des genres dans Ihistoire de la
littrature..., Paris 1890
Burke, Kenneth, Poetic Categories, Attitudes toward History,
New York 1937, Vol. 1, pp. 41-119
500

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Crane, Ronald S. (ed.), Critics and Criticism: Ancient and Modern,

Chicago 1952 (contains Elder Olson, An Outline of Poetic Theory)
Donohue, James J., The Theory of Literary Kinds. I: Ancient Classifications of Literature; II: The Ancient Classes of Poetry, Dubuque, Iowa
1943, 1949
Ehrenpreis, Irwin, The Types Approach to Literature, New York
1945
Fubini, Mario, Genesi e storia dei generi letterari, Tecnica e teoria letteraria (a volume of A. Momigliano, ed., Problemi ed orientamenti
critici di lingua e di letteratura italiana, Milano 1948). Also in Critica e
poesia, Bari 1956
Grabowski, ., La Question des genres littraires dans ltude
contemporaine polonaise de la littrature, Helicon, II (1939),
pp.211-16
Hankiss, Jean, Les Genres littraires et leur base psychologique,
Helicon. II (1939), pp. 117-29
Hartl, Robert, Versuch einer psychologischen Grundlegung der
Dichtungsgattungen, Vienna 1923
Jolles, Andr, Einfache For men: Legende, Sage, Mythe, Rtsel,
Spiel, Kasus, Memorabile, Mrchen, Witz, Halle 1930
Kayser, Wolfgang, Geschichte der deutschen Ballade, Berlin 1936
Kohler, Pierre, Contribution une philosophie des genres,
Helicon, I (1938), pp. 233-44; 11 (1940), pp. 135-47
Kridl, Manfred, Observations sur les genres de la posie
lyrique, Helicon, II (1939), pp. 147-56
Mautner, Franz H., Der Aphorismus als literarische Gattung,
Zeitschrift fr sthetik, xxxii (1938), pp. 132-75
Muller, Gunther, Bemerkungen zur Gattungspoetik, Philosophischer Anzeiger, 111 (1929), pp. 129-47
Geschichte des deutschen Liedes..., Munich 1925
Pearson, N. H., Literary Forms and Types,..., English Institute
Annual, 1940, New York (1941), pp. 61-72
Petersen, Julius, Zur Lehre von den Dichtungsgattungen, Festschrift fiir August Sauer, Stuttgart (1925), pp. 72-116
Staiger, Emil, Grundbegriffe der Poetik, Zrich 1946
Valentin, Veit, Poetische Gattungen, Zeitschrift fr ver501

bibliografia

gleichende Litteraturgeschichte, v (1892), pp. 35-51

Van Tieghem, P., La Question des genres littraires, Helicon, I
(1938), pp. 95-101
Vitor, Karl, Geschichte der deutchen Ode, Munich 1923
Probleme der literarischen Gattungsgeschichte, Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift fr Uteraturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, ix (1931),
pp. 425-47 (reprinted in Geist und Form, Bern 1952, pp. 292-309
Whitmore, Charles E., The Validity of Literary Definitions,
PMLA, xxxix (1924), pp. 722-36
meTvramete Tavi

Sefaseba
Alexander, Samuel, Beauty and Other Forms of Value, London
1933
Beriger, Leonhard, Die literarische Wertung, Halle 1938
Boas, George, A Primer for Critics, Baltimore 1937 (revised ed.
Wingless Pegasus, Baltimore 1950)
Dingle, Herbert, Science and Literary Criticism, London 1949
Garnett, A. C., Reality and Value, New Haven 1937
Heyde, Johannes, Wert: eine philosophische Grundlegung, Erfurt
1926
Heyl, Bernard C., New Bearings in Esthetics and Art Criticism: A
Study in Semantics and Evaluation, New Haven 1943
Laird, John, The Idea of Value, Cambridge 1929
Osborne, Harold, Aesthetics and Criticism, London 1955
Pell, Orlie A., Value-Theory and Criticism, New York 1930
Pepper, Stephen ., The Basis of Criticism in the Arts, Cambridge,
Mass., 1945
Perry, Ralph ., General Theory of Value, New York 1926
Prall, David W., A Study in the Theory of Value (University of
California Publications in Philosophy, Vol. in, No. 2), 1921
Reid, John R., A Theory of Value, New York 1938
Rice, Philip Blair, Quality and Value, Journal of Philosophy, xl
(1943), pp.337-48
502

bibliografia

Towards a Syntax of Valuation, Journal of Philosophy, xli

(1944), pp. 331-63
Shumaker, Wayne, Elements of Critical Theory, Berkeley, Calif.
1952
Stevenson, Charles L., Ethics and Language, New Haven 1944
Vivas, Eliseo, A Note on Value, Journal of Philosophy, xxxiii (193
6), pp. 568-75
The Esthetic Judgment, Journal of Philosophy, xxxiii (i936),
pp.57-69
Urban, Wilbur, Valuation: Its Nature and Laws, New York 1909
Walsh, Dorothy, Literature and the Literary Judgment, University of Toronto Quarterly, xxiv (.1955), pp. 341-50
Wimsatt, William K., Explication as Criticism, The Verbal Icon,
Lexington, Ky, 1954, pp. 235-52
Wutz, Herbert, Zur Theorie der literarischen Wertung, Tbingen
1957
mecxramete Tavi
literaturis istoria
I. zogadi msjeloba literaturis istoriis Sesaxeb
Curtius, Ernst Robert, Europische Literatur und lateinisches Mittelalter, Bern 1948 (English tr. European Literature and the Latin Middle
Ages, New York 1953).
Cysarz, Herbert, Literaturgeschichte als Geisteswissenschaft, Halle
1926
Greenlaw, Edwin, The Province of Literary History, Baltimore
1931
Lacombe, Paul, Introduction a Ihistoire littraire, Paris 1898
Lanson, Gustave, Histoire littraire, De la mthode dans les sciences, Paris (second scries, 1911), pp. 221-64
Mthodes de Ihistoire littraire, Paris 1925
Morize, Andre, Problems and Methods of Literary History, Boston
1922
503

bibliografia

1900

Renard, Georges, La Methode scientifique dhistoire littraire, Paris

Rudler, Gustave, Les Techniques de la critique et dhistoire littraire

en littrature franaise moderne, Oxford 1923
Sanders, Chauncey, An Introduction to Research in English Literary History, New York 1952
Wellek, Ren, The Theory of Literary History, Travaux du Cercle linguistique de Prague, iv (1936), pp. 173-91

II. Teoriuli msjeloba periodizaciis Sesaxeb

Cazamian, Louis, La Notion de retours priodiques dans
lhistoire littraire, Essais en deux langues, Paris 1938, pp. 3-10
Les Priodes dans lhistoire de la littrature anglaise moderne, Ibid., pp. 11-22
Cysarz, Herbert, Das Periodenprinzip in der Literaturwissenschaft, Philosophie der Uteraturwissenschaft (ed. E. Ermatinger), Berlin 1930, pp. 92-129
Friedrich, H., Der Epochebegriff im Lichte der franzsischen
Prromantismeforschung, Neue Jahrbcher fr Wissenschaft und Jugendbildung, X (1934), pp. 124-40
Meter, Richard Moritz, Prinzipien der wissenschaftlichen
Periodenbildung, Euphorion, viii (1901), pp. 1-42
Miles, Josephine, Eras in English Poetry, PMLA, lxx (1955),
pp.853-75
Le Second Congrs international dhistoire littraire, Amsterdam 1935: Les Priodes dans lhistoire littraire depuis la Renaissance, bulletin of the International Committee of the Historical Sciences,
ix (1937), pp. 255-398
Teesing, H. P. H., Das Problem der Perioden in der Literaturgeschichte, Groningen 1949
Wellek, Ren, Periods and Movements in Literary History,
English Institute Annual, 1940, New York 1941, pp. 73-93
Wiese, Benno von, Zur Kritik des geisteswissenschaftlichen
504

bibliografia

Perioden-begriffes, Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift fr Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, xi (1933), pp. 130-44

III. ramdenime Sexeduleba ZiriTadi periodebis Sesaxeb

1. renesansi
Borinski, Karl, Die Weltwiedergeburtsidee in den neueren Zeiten. 1:
Der Streit um die Renaissance und die Entstehungsgeschichte der historischen Beziehungsbegriffe Renaissance und Mittelalter, Munich 1919
Burdach, Konrad, Sinn und Ursprung der Worte Renaissance
und Reformation, Reformation, Renaissance, Humanismus, Berlin
1926, pp. 1-84
Eppelsheimer, H. W., Das Renaissanceproblem, Deutsche
Vierteljahrschrift fr L.iteraturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte,
II(1933), pp. 477-500
Ferguson, Wallace K., The Renaissance in Historical Thought,
Boston 1948
Fife, R. H., The Renaissance in a Changing World, Germanic
Review, ix (1934), PP-73-95
Huizinga, J., Das Problem der Renaissance, Wege der Kulturgeschichte (tr. Werner Kaegi), Munich 1930, pp. 89-139
Panofsky, Erwin, Renaissance and Renascences, Kenyon Review, vi (i944), PP- 201-36
Philippi, A., Der Begriff der Renaissance: Daten zu seiner Geschichte,
Leipzig 1912

2. klasicizmi
:
Levin, Harry, Contexts of the Classical, Contexts of Criticism,
Cambridge, Mass. 1957, pp. 38-54
Luck, Georg, Scriptor classicus, Comparative Literature, x
(1958), pp, 150-58
Moreau, Pierre, Quest-ce quun classique? Quest-ce quun romantique? Le Classicisme des Romantiques, Paris 1932, pp. 1-22
505

bibliografia

Peyre, Henri, Le Classicisme franais, New York 1942 (contains

chapter Le Mot classicisme and annotated bibliography)
Van Tieghem, Paul, Classique, Revue de synthse historique, xli
(1931), pp.238-41

3. baroko:
alcaterra, ., 'II problema del barocco', Questioni e correnti di
storia letteraria (a volume of Problemi ed orientamenti critici di lingua e
di letteratura italiana, ed. A. Momigliano), Milano 1948, pp. 405-501
Coutinho, Afrnio, Aspectos de literatura barroca, Rio de Janeiro
1950
Getto, Giovanni, La polemica sul Barocco, Letteratura e critica
nel tempo, Milano 1954, pp. 131-218
Hatzfeld, Helmut, A Clarification of the Baroque Problem in
the Romance Literatures, Comparative Literature I (1949), pp. 113-39
Der gegenwrtige Stand der romanistischen Barockforschung, Munich 1961
The Baroque from the Viewpoint of the Literary Historian,
Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, xiv (1955), pp. 156-64
Kurz, Otto, Barocco: storia di una parola, Lettere italiane, xn
(1960), pp 414-44
Macri, Oreste, La historiografia del barroco literario espaol,
Bogota, 1961
Migliorini, Bruno, Etimologia e storia del termine Barocco, in
Manierismo, Barocco, Rococ: Concetti e termini. Convegno Internationale, Accade mia dei Lincei, Rome 1962, pp. 39-49
Mourgues, Odette de, Metaphysical, Baroque, and Prcieux Poetry,
Oxford 1953
Nelson, Lowry, Jun., Baroque: Word and Concept, Baroque
Lyric Poetry, New Haven 1961, pp. 1-17
Sayce, R. A., The Use of the Term Baroque in French Literary
History, Comparative Literature, x (1958), pp. 246-53
Wellek, Ren, The Concept of Baroque in Literary Scholarship,
Journal of Aesthetics, v (1946), pp. 77--109 (with full bibliography)

4. romantizmi:
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Aynard, Joseph, Comment dfinir le romantisme?, Revue de littrature compare, v (1925), pp. 641-58
Baldensperger, Fernand, Romantique - ses analogues et qui
valents, Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature, xiv
(1937), pp. 13-105
Barrre, Jean-Bertrand, Sur quelques dfinitions du Roman
tisme, Revue des sciences humaines, lxii-lxiii (1951), pp. 93-110
Peckham, Morse, Toward a Theory of Romanticism, PMLA,
lxvi (1951), pp. 5-23; Toward a Theory of Romanticism: II.
Reconsiderations, Studies in Romanticism, I (1961), 1-6
Petersen, Julius, Die Wesensbestimmung der deutschen Romantik,
Leipzig 1926
Remak, Henry H. H., West European Romanticism: Definition
and Scope, Comparative Literature: Method and Perspective (ed. Newton P. Stallknecht and Horst Frenz), Carbondale, III. 1961, pp. 223-59
Schultz, Franz, Romantik und Romantisch als literaturgeschichtliche Terminologie und Begriffsbildungen, Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift fr Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, II (1924),
pp.349-66
Smith, Logan P., Four Words: Romantic, Originality, Creative, Ge
nius (Society for Pure English, Tract No. 17), Oxford 1924 (reprinted
in Words and Idioms, Boston 1925)
Ullmann, Richard, and Gotthard, Helene, Geschichte des Begriffs
Romantisch in Deutschland, Berlin 1927
Wellek, Ren, The Concept of Romanticism in Literary Scho
larship, Comparative Literature I (1949), pp. 1-23, 147-72

5. realizmi
Borgerhoff, E. . O., Ralisme and Kindred Words: Their Use
as a Term of Literary Criticism in the First Half of the Nineteenth
Century, Publications of the Modern Language Association, liii (1938),
pp. 837-43
Brinkmann, Richard, Wirklichkeit und Illusion: Studien ber Gehalt und Grenzen des Begriffs Realismus, Tbingen 1957
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Watt, Ian, Realism and the Novel Form, The Rise of the Novel:
Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding, London 1960, pp. 9-34
Weinberg, Bernard, French Realism: The Critical Reaction, 1830-70,
Chicago 1937
Wellek, Ren, The Concept of Realism in Literary Scholarship,
Neophilologus, xl (1960), pp. 1-20

6. simbolizmi
Barre, Andr, Le Symbolisme, Paris 1911
Lehmann, A. G., The Symbolist Aesthetic in France 1885-1895, Oxford 1950
Martino, Pierre, Parnasse et symbolisme: 1850-1900, Paris 1925,
pp. 150- 55

IV. msjeloba ganviTarebis Sesaxeb literaturasa da

istoriaSi
Abercrombie, Lascelles, Progress in Literature, London 1929
Brunetire, Ferdinand, Lvolution des genres dans Ihistoire de la
littrature, Paris 1890
Cazamian, Louis, Lvolution psychologique de la littrature en Angleterre, Paris 1920
Croce, Benedetto, Categorismo e psicologismo nella storia
della poesia, Ultimi saggi, Bari 1935, pp. 373-79
La riforma della storia artistica e letteraria', Nuovi saggi di este
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Driesch, Hans, Logische Studien ber Entwicklung (Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie, Philosophisch-historische
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Kantorowicz, Hermann, Grundbegriffe der Literaturgeschichte, Logos, xviii (1929), pp. 102-21
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Manly, John Matthews, Literary Forms and the New Theory of
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Mannheim, Karl, Historismus, Archiv fr Sozialwissenschaft
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Meinecke, Friedrich, Kausalitten und Werte in dcr Geschichte, Historische Zeitschrift, cxxxvii (1918), pp. 1-27 (reprinted in Stoat
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Rickert, Heinrich, Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichen
Begriffsbildung, Tbingen 1902 (fifth ed., 1929)
Kulturwissenschaft und Naturwissenschaft, Tbingen 1921
Riezler, Kurt, ber den Begriff der historischcn Entwicklung,
Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift fr Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, iv (1926), pp.193-225
Symonds, John Addington, On the Application of Evolutionary
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Troeltsch, Ernst, Der Historismus und seine Probleme, Tbingen
1922, new ed 1961
Wellek, Ren, The Concept of Evolution in Literary History
Fo. Roman Jakobson, The Hague 1956, pp. 653-61

509

510

indeqsi

511

512

indeqsi

aarne, anti, 441

aberkrombi, daSelesi, 448
aboti, Carlzi d., 412
agripa, korneliusi, 299, 435
adisoni, jozefi, 143, 145, 282
adleri, alfredi, 409
adleri, mortimeri, 39, 398,
414
adoracki, v., 415
avgustine, wmida, 49, 399
avTenturoba, 77-8, 88, 93
avtoroba, 78
azari, poli, 162, 418
aikeni, konradi, 128
aixendorfi, Josef von, 175
ainli, duglasi, 429, 451
ainStaini, alberti, 424
aleni, r. j., 413
alonso, amado, 264
alonso, damaso, 264
amerikuli literatura, 134
amieli, henri frederiki, 322
ampere, j.-j., 63
apelesi, 186
apolineri, giliomi, 207
ariosto, ludoviko, 182
aristotele, 20, 41, 48, 53,
193, 276, 284, 310, 331, 333, 336,
340, 436, 444
arnhaimi, rudolfi, 412
arnoldi, meTiu, 40, 63, 88,
107, 259, 280, 309, 408, 431
aroni, reimondi, 395
asociacia, 123-4

auerbaxi, erixi, 69, 402

baironi, jorj gordoni,

lordi, 105, 109, 112, 139, 232,
306, 338, 358, 385, 414, 445
baldenspergeri, fernani, 65,
400, 414
balzaki, onore de, 31, 32, 43,
118, 120, 136, 145-6, 168, 169,
311, 319, 322, 356, 419, 441, 442
banzuni, Jaki, 457
bara, emili, 269
baranti, prosper de, 139, 413
barbiusi, anri, 266, 432
bari, jeimsi, 452
barkasi, palisteri, 240, 428
barneti, joni, 414
barnsi, h. e., 424
baroko, 173-4, 191-4, 207, 214,
260, 268, 288-90
bartasi, diu, 290
basano, jakopo, 195
batleri, samueli, 162
batleri, josefi, 24
batler-boudeni, v., 403
bebiti, irvingi, 181, 444, 446
bede, Jan-alberti, 116
bedie, jozefi, 81
beTeli, s. l., 396
beThoveni, ludvig van, 169
beikeri, j. e., 449
beiti, uolter jeqsoni, 235,

513

indeqsi

416, 434
beitsoni, f. v., 54, 252-4, 399,
430
beili, joni, 381
beinsi, h. g., 418
bekeri, f. b., 416
bekeri, hovardi, 416
bekingi, gustavi, 427
bekoni, frensisi, 294, 296
beli, andrei, 239
beli, Sarli, 264, 438, 444
beljioni, montgomeri, 47
beneti, arnoldi, 145
beniani, joni, 325
bentli, eriki, 406
bentli, jeraldi e., 418
benusi, vitorio, 429
bergsoni, henri, 25, 41, 266
berdiaevi, nikolai, 163, 426
berendi, e., 441
berkelmani, r. g., 411
berkli, jorji, 24, 162, 279,
296
berliozi, heqtori, 169
bernai, maikli, 405
bernei, fani, 321
bernini, jiovani, 215
bernsi, roberti, 136, 299
bertoni, roberti, 376
bexi, filip augusti, 51-2, 399
birkhedi, ediTi, 445
birkhofi, g. d., 190, 229, 422,
425
birni, muriel st. kleri, 404
biuleri, karli, 284, 435
biuheri, karli, 155, 424
biCi, jozef uoreni, 423, 442
blagoi, d., 413
bleiki, uiliami, 33, 171, 186,

253, 275-6, 299, 300, 358, 363,

434
bleri, hiu, 335, 336
bleqmuri, r. p., 53
bloki, aleqsandre, 344
bloxi, jozefi, 415
bogatirevi, petre, 401
bodleri, Carlzi, 66, 86, 116,
287, 411
bodkini, maudi, 410
boduini, Sarli, 433
boeme, iakobi, 171, 435
boesi, f. s., 403
boesi, jorji, 40, 157-8, 354,
398, 417, 448-9
bomonti, 55, 92, 305, 406
bonaldi, lui g. a., 132, 412
bonto, jermeini, 421
boringi, e. g., 433
bosanke, bernardi, 355, 356,
448
bosanke, Teodora, 411
bosiue, Jak-beni, 32, 239
bosueli, jeimsi, 78, 403
boulingi, lorensi, 443
bouterveki, fridrixi, 69,
401
braiti, timoTi, 42
brandesi, jorji, 104, 408
brauni, stiven j., 435
brauni, ser tomasi, 237, 239,
294, 296
brauni, joni, 391
brauningi, roberti, 158, 162,
213, 230, 232, 243
bredbi, eni, 439
bredli, a. s., 50, 399
bredli, skali, 404
breigeli, piteri, ufrosi,

514

indeqsi

gibonsi, Tomasi, 289, 437

gilbi, Tomasi, 41
gisingi, jorji, 315
glokneri, hermani, 164, 418
gogoli, nikolai, 135-6, 215,
239, 319, 325, 349, 441
godvini, uiliami, 162, 165,
316, 441
goeTe, iohan volfgang von,
48, 65, 67, 85, 105, 106, 113, 118,
121, 125, 139, 143, 163, 164, 169,
170, 171, 178, 184, 188, 194, 264,
266, 399, 401, 405, 408, 410, 420,
431, 434, 443, 451
goldsmiti, oliveri, 73, 92,
407
golzuorTi, joni, 145
gongora, luis de, 264
gonCarovi, aleqsandre, 135
gordoni, e. h., 441
gose, edmundi, 407, 450
gotie, Teofile, 180-1
gurmoni, remi de, 365, 450
grabo, karli, 441
gramoni, morisi, 234, 426
gratani, j. h., 404
gregi, u. u., 79, 81, 84, 85, 381,
404, 452
galtoni, frensisi, 271
greguari, anri, 415
gariki, devidi, 87
gaskeli, elizabed kleghor grei, Tomasi, 161, 282, 338, 445
gribi, v., 152
ni, 150
grigsoni, jefri, 410
gelderi, r. van, 411
gelerti, iohan fiurxtego grini, Teodor meieri, 189,
351, 356, 422, 448, 449
ti, 168, 419
grini, roberti, 91, 263
george, stefani, 300
grini, f. s., 63, 400
geri, gerlen de, 430
grinlou, edvini, 22, 51, 396
gerSenzoni, m. o., 418
grifiti, r. h., 79, 404
gesemani, gerhardi, 401
grifiusi, andreasi, 360
giboni, edvardi, 24, 239
188, 429
bremoni, abati henri, 167
brehti, berToldi, 344
briki, osipi, 230, 426
briuli, grafi hans moritci,
419
briusovi, valeri, 425
brijesi, roberti, 177
bronte, emili, 108, 273, 408
bronte, patriki, 108
bronte, Sarlota, 108, 150
bruge, pieri. ix. breigeli
brugemani, fritci, 416
brunetieri,
ferdinandi,
344, 402, 446
bruno, jordano, 162, 164
bruqsi, klinT, juni, 33, 363,
397, 435, 437
bualo, nikolasi, 334-5
buTbi, hili, 419
burgumi, edvini b., 154-5, 416
burki, edmundi, 24
burki, keneti, 39, 398, 417
burkhardti, iakobi, 195, 423
buSe, fransua, 180

515

indeqsi

321, 326, 343, 359, 360, 411, 414,

441, 442
dikinsoni, emili, 300, 439
dilTai, vilhelmi, 16, 17, 118,
165, 169, 266, 395, 408, 410, 419
dioni, a., 437
diuvali, aleqsandre, 409
diui, joni, 189, 382, 421, 422
diuma, aleqsandre, 143
diuJardeni, eduardi, 327-8
davenanti, ser uiliami, 332
doiCbaini, maqsi, 172, 261, 420
dalasi, e. s., 332, 444
donahiu, jeimsi j., 444
dalke, h. oto, 416
doni, joni, 56, 161, 296, 302,
dans skotusi, 162
dante, 32, 45, 48, 58, 67, 118, 303, 360, 362, 437, 449
157, 162, 164, 186, 259, 267, 273, dostoevski, Tedore, 33, 43,
293, 357, 398, 420, 431, 433, 434 112, 117, 118, 125, 135, 163, 177,
178, 343, 418
darvini, Carlzi r., 25, 373
dousoni, jailsi, 406
dauni, juni, 433
doji, n. i., 451
de gre, jerard l., 416
draideni, joni, 54, 66, 79, 161,
de quinsi, Tomasi, 119, 242
290, 336, 361, 375, 397, 400, 404,
devidsoni, angusi, 419
437
devidsoni, donaldi, 435
draizeri, teodore, 123, 228
devisi, siseli, 421
dekeri, Tomasi, 18
delakrua, anri, 412
deloni, Tomasi, 145
egani, rouzi f., 414
demokrite, 169
evripide, 58, 137
denieli, semiueli, 294
eixenbaumi, borisi, 251, 424,
denisi, joni, 280
429
denhemi, joni, 335, 361
destiu, antuani, de trasi, eleji, skoti, 396
elioti, Tomas stirnsi, 40,
128
defo, denieli, 92, 310, 322, 45, 47, 48, 106, 115, 116, 117,
118, 121, 157, 162, 273, 290, 305,
353, 406-7
dibeliusi, vilhelmi, 317, 338, 343, 352, 355, 359, 361, 363,
366, 370, 398-9, 408, 410-11, 417,
411, 441, 442
didro, denisi, 113, 414dik 425, 433-4, 440, 448-9, 450, 451
ensi, Carlzi, 114, 118, 124, elioti, jorji, 164, 177
143, 145, 237, 312, 316, 318, 319, elisabedi, dedofali, 13, 18,
gruenvaldi, ernsti, 416
gruti, alberti de, 427-8
guastala, r. m., 435
gumbeli, hermani, 403
gundolfi, fridrixi, 266,
408, 431

516

indeqsi

vebsteri, joni, 92, 437

velaskesi, diego, 169
veltmani, a., 325
verdi, juzepe, 184
verie, poli, 243, 251, 437, 438
verleni, poli, 183-4
verneri, hainci, 286, 427, 436
veroneze, paolo, 196
veselovski, aleqsandre n.,
400, 402, 452
veqsleri, eduardi, 261, 388
vietori, karli, 331, 337, 381,
454
vivasi, elizeo, 364, 450
viko, jiambatista, 162, 277
viliamsoni, jorji, 355, 432,
449
vindelbandi, vilhelmi, 17,
159, 395
virgiliusi, 46, 108, 138, 234,
362, 398
vitruviusi, 215
voeni, veilend f., 417
voeni, henri, 288
vageri, riCardi, 187, 443
volteri, 139, 346, 373
valentini, viti, 445
vulfi, tomasi, 112
valeri, poli, 121, 287, 411
volflini, hainrixi, 170, 191,
valceli, oskari, 170, 191, 422
193, 202, 396, 402, 413, 420, 422, vreni, j. h., 407
vudberi, jorji, 401
423, 424, 427, 432, 442, 453
vudhausi, riCardi, 408
van deiki, antuani, 191
vundti, vilhelmi, 285
van doreni, marki, 396, 397
van tigemi, poli, 68, 339, 342,
344, 401, 441, 445, 446
zabeli, morton d., 399
vanbruxi, ser joni, 415
zeidel, edvin h., 407
vato, antuani, 185
zilinski, t., 396
vaxi, ioakime, 416
zola, emili, 215, 322
veberi, maqsi, 147, 153, 416
vebleni, Torstaini, 141
20, 42, 55-6, 79, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89,
91,93, 103, 127-8, 160
elisi, haveloki, 412
elis-formeri, una, 421
eltoni, oliveri, 368, 427,
450
emersoni, ralfi u., 32, 49, 51,
160, 239, 277, 314
empedokle, 164
empsoni, uiliami, 331, 423
engelsi, fridrixi, 415
engstromi, a. g., 409
epelSaimeri, h. u., 420
erlixi, viqtori, 423, 429
ermatingeri, emili, 403, 422,
453
erskine, joni, 332, 444
erhardt-siboldi,
erika
von, 409
esqile, 36, 137, 155, 277, 417
etimbli, rene, 426

517

indeqsi

Tauni, r. h., 416

Tekerei, uiliam meiqfisi, 33,
145, 186, 331
Teobaldi. luisi, 84
Toma aqvineli, 162
Toma kempieli, 92
Torberni, jon m., 410
Torndaiki, eSli, 413
Toro, henri, 294

iaenSi, erihi, 114, 409

ibseni, henriki, 32, 43, 320,
326, 345, 442
ieitsi, 33, 162, 275, 276, 279,
299, 300, 301, 400, 434, 435, 438,
439
ivanovi, viaCeslavi, 163, 418
iveri, m. a., 438
ingardeni, romani, 218-9, 226,
425, 448
ipseni, giunTeri, 427
iraseki, aloisi, 144
irvingi, vaSingtoni, 323
irvini, h. d., 395
istmeni, maqsi, 43-4, 398, 413
iuli, adni, 92, 407
iume, devidi, 24
iungi, karli j., 112, 116, 162,
410

kazamiani, luisi, 18, 368, 390,

395, 403, 423, 451
kaie, emili, 116, 439
kainzi, fridrixi, 431
kaiseri, volfgangi, 426
kanti, imanueli, 25, 38, 161-3,
169, 175, 223, 351, 386, 447
kantoroviCi, hermani, 404
kargi, fritci, 427
kardineri, abrami, 114
karlaili, Tomasi, 66, 134,
135, 263, 385
karpenteri, f. i., 442
karteri, joni, 94, 407
kasani, a., 414
kasireri, ernsti, 174, 420,
435
kastendieki, mailsi m., 421
kauli, abrahami, 361
kafka, franci, 112, 312, 317,
343, 359, 360
keinsi, jon meinardi, 150, 415
keleri, gotfridi, 311
keleri, volfgangi, 235
keleti, e. e., 449
kempbeli, lili, 127, 399, 412,
413
kempbeli, luisi, 90
kempbeli, oskari, 127, 400, 412
kempbeli, jorji, 285, 289,
436, 437
kempi, marjeris wigni, 78, 403
kempioni, Tomasi, 421, 429
kenedi, arturi g., 403
keri, v. p., 329, 370, 437, 443,
448, 451
kerni, aleqsandre k., 416
kernodli, jorji r., 421
keroli, luisi, 266

518

indeqsi

keTeri, vila, 312

kvintiliane, 297, 435, 437
kidi, Tomasi, 91, 263, 292
kileni, a., 445
kilmeri, joisi, 19
kingi, a. h., 256, 430
kingsli, Carlzi, 150
kingsmili, hiu, 107, 408
kinsli, editi e., 408
kioleri, volfgangi, 427
kionigi, gosvini, 413
kiorneri, iosebi, 266, 431
kitsi, joni, 32, 86, 106, 108,
112, 125, 127, 158, 180, 230, 361,
363, 385, 408, 411, 420, 426, 445,
451
kiuvie, jorji, baroni, 63
klaisti, hainrix von, 163,
175, 418
klarki, devid li, 451
klarki, edvin l., 412
kleberi, f., 440
klemeni, volfgangi, 307-8,
378, 437, 439, 440, 452
klemons, hari, 431
klodeli, poli, 238
klopstoki, fridrix got
libi, 435
klukhoni, pauli, 166, 418
knikerbokeri, v. s., 399
koeni, moris r., 412
koldueli, kristoferi, 155,
417
kolvini, ser sidnei, 420
kolingvudi, r. g., 60, 396, 398,
399, 400
kolinzi, uiliami, 182, 358,
380
kolinzi, uilki, 316

kolriji, ernest hartli,

408
kolriji, samuel teilori,
103, 116, 119, 124, 143, 161-2,
270, 274, 332, 353, 385, 390, 334,
408, 411
kongrevi uiliami, 414
konerTi, hermani, 397
konradi, jozefi, 312, 397
konradi, hedvigi, 285
kon-bramsteti, ernsti, 146,
414
korneli, pieri, 193
korni, a. l., 424
korthoupi, uiliami, j., 367,
450
korfi, herman avgusti, 172,
173, 420
krape, aleqsandre h., 446
kreigi, hardini, 55, 399, 451
kreini, ronaldi s., 407, 451
kreSo, riCardi, 431
kreCmeri, ernsti, 116, 410
krikoriani, iervant h., 416
krisi, ernsti, 438
kroli, morisi u., 427, 431,
432
kroCe, benedeto, 17, 118, 178,
179, 189, 268, 329, 357, 379, 395,
397, 412, 420, 421, 443, 452
kuzaneli, nikolausi, 188
kuperi, jeimsi f., 123
kurno, a. a., 388
kurciusi, ernst roberti,
69, 377

519

indeqsi

la drieri, kreigi j., 434, 448

laboki, persi, 219, 326, 328,
423, 442-3,
lavjoi, arturi o., 158-9,
160, 174, 389, 402
laibnici, gotfridi, 27, 169
langer, siuzan k., 46, 398, 411
landori, uolter seveji,
181
lanci, henri, 231, 426, 429
larabi, stiven a., 180, 420, 421
le bosiu, rene, 38, 239
legua, emili, 196, 395, 420,
423, 451
levi, hana, 430
levini, Telma z., 416
levini, hari, 144, 413, 443
lemi, Carlzi, 148, 414
lenglendi, uiliami, 145, 360
lenieri, sidni, 241
lerneri, maqsi, 446
lesingi, gothold efraimi,
181, 182, 418
li, renseler v., 421
li, ser sidni, 201, 377, 423,
452
lidgeiti, joni, 250
livisi, frenk reimondi, 418,
423, 424, 449
livisi, q. d., 139, 413
liklideri, alberti h., 429
lili, joni, 262, 431
lindzi, veiCeli, 279
linki, k. s., 414
linCi, k. m., 415
loki, joni, 128, 161, 328
longinusi, 259
loreni, klodi, 180

lorenco, magnifiko, 195

loueli, jeimsi r., 309
louisi, jon livingstoni,
124, 419, 459
lourensi, v. j., 406
ludvigi, oto, 325-6, 409, 411,
442
luisi, k. s., 118, 166, 216, 381,
410, 419, 425, 436, 452
luisi, sinkleri, 145, 323
luka, emili, 448
lukreciusi, 48, 169
lunaCarski, anatoli v., 415
lutoslavski, vinsenti, 90,
406

mazerueli, uiliami, 83
mazoni, andre, 407
maiakovski, vladimiri, 344
mailsi, jozefina, 264, 378,
413, 431, 440
maisneri, poli, 172-3, 420
makarTi, desmondi, 312, 440
makdonaldi, hiu, 79, 404
makdonaxi, Tomasi, 429
makelderi, b. r., jun., 431
makenzi, gordoni, 413, 440
makenzi, komftoni, 339
makinesi, v. d., 395
makleiSi, arCibaldi, 46
maknisi, luisi, 301, 409, 434,
439
makolei, Tomas bebingtoni,
148, 206, 414
makormiki, v. s., 404

520

indeqsi

makfersoni, jeimsi, 93, 407

makqerou, ronald b., 85, 404
maxali, iani, 391, 402, 453
malarme, stefani, 180, 207,
279, 420
malouni, edmundi, 90, 93, 405,
407
mandelbaumi, morisi, 395
manveringi, elisabed v., 420
mani, Tomasi, 33, 178
manhaimi, karli, 153, 416
mareti, roberti r., 417
marveli, endriu, 257-8, 430
marksi, janeti, 411
marlo, kristoferi, 78, 91,
161, 263, 292, 403
marstoni, joni, 92
marqsi, karli, 59, 114, 132,
135, 149, 150-4, 415, 417
masariki, tomaS gariga. 94,
407
matisi, anri, 353
mautneri, fritci, 266
maSo, giliomi, 303
medikusi, fritci, 422
meduoli, henri, 78, 403
meie, antuani, 250, 429
meieri, g. v., 107, 408
meieri, Teodor a., 397
meieri, konrad ferdinandi,
86, 172
meierhofi, hansi, 32, 397
meiri, j., 407
meirinki, gustavi, 431
meiCeni, arturi, 280, 435
melvili, hermani, 177, 239,
319
mendilou, a. a., 32, 397
merediti, jorji, 88, 243,

263, 312, 437

mereJkovski, dimitri, 163,
418
meri, jon midltoni, 273, 306
merili, edelstand du, 402
meringi, franci, 415
mertoni, robert k., 416
midltoni, Tomasi, 92
mizeneri, arturi, 445
miltoni, joni, 60, 105, 108,
116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 139, 161,
167, 216, 255, 259, 262, 264, 265,
273, 282-3, 290, 293, 306, 314,
329, 330-1, 336, 356-9, 361, 362,
375, 411, 425, 431, 433, 436, 449,
451
mimsi, edvini, 446
mitski, dimitri s., 284, 436
miuleri, giunTeri, 381, 397,
446, 452
miuleri, vilhelmi, 184
miuleri, kurt rixardi, 434
miunkeri, franci, 432
miqelanjelo,
buonarati,
169, 186, 421
miCi, senfordi b., 403
molieri, 42, 147, 311, 321, 343
mongloni, andre, 167, 414, 419
monteni, miSel de, 32, 161,
166, 267, 451
monteski, 418
mopasani, gi de, 325, 442
morgenSterni,
kristiani,
266, 431-2
mori, pol elmeri, 109
morizi, andre, 94, 406
morike, eduardi, 170
morisi, bertrani, 447
morisi, Carlzi, 433

521

indeqsi

morli, henri, 367, 450

morsbaxi. lorenci, 428
mocarti, volfgang amadeu
si, 185
muiri, edvini, 31, 396
mukarovski, iani, 414, 424,
425, 429, 448
muri, virjinia, 108, 408
muri, Tomasi, 110
muri, meriani, 310
muri, uilbert e., 416

odeni, v. h., 114, 338, 343-4,

409, 410
odini, s., 412
overmeieri, greisi, 413
ovidiusi, 138
olifanti, e. h. k., 406
olifanti, margreti, 385
olSki, leonardo, 70, 391,
402, 453
omondi, t. s., 240, 428
ortega i gaseti, xose, 425
nabokovi, vladimeri, 441
osborni, l. b., 436
nadleri, iosefi, 72, 403
naiTsi, l. s., 136, 396, 413, 415, osborni, jeims marSali, 403,
404
423
naiti, g. uilsoni, 306, 361, osiani, 66, 68, 93, 238, 407
ostini, jeini, 85, 116, 145-6,
440
315, 322
naumani, hansi, 64, 400
nezerkoti, a. h., 411
neruda, pablo, 264
nesi, frederiki, 426
neSi, Tomasi, 256
niburi, reinholdi, 278, 435
palmeri, j., 415
nidhemi, g. b., 414, 442
nicSe, fridrixi, 117, 153, panofski, ervini, 181, 403, 421
160, 162, 239, 277, 279, 410, 418, paracelsusi vn hohenhaimi,
188, 299, 435
420, 435
novalisi (fridrix von hard pareto, vilfredo, 153
paroti, Tomas marki, 405
enbergi), 174-5, 418
partingtoni, vilfredi, 407
noimani, ernsti, 422
pasarJi, v., 423
noimani, karli, 421
noli, hermani, 169, 266, 419, paskali, blezi, 85, 160, 162,
406
431, 436, 439
pasternaki, borisi, 435, 444
nordeni, eduardi, 428
patersoni, v. m., 237, 427
522

indeqsi

patersoni, uorner f., 446

patisoni, briusi, 420
paundi, ezra, 272, 433
pegui, Carlzi, 432
peiri, henri, 402, 449, 453
peiteri, uolteri, 14, 263,
353, 368
penido, m. t. l., 438
peperi, s. k., 447, 448
pepvelmani, daniel adami, 215
peri, alberti, 413
peri, blisi, 428
persi, Tomasi, 83
persivali, m. o., 434
peterseni, iuliusi, 388, 452
petrarka, franCesko, 138
petSi, roberti, 401, 441
pili, jorji, 91, 263
pindare, 137, 263, 380
pinderi, vilhelmi, 452
pirsoni, norman h., 443
plavte, 321
platoni, 32, 36, 44, 49, 90, 159,
161, 162, 165, 169, 187, 221, 310,
331, 364, 399, 406, 421, 435, 444
plexanovi, giorgi, 142, 414
plotini, 163, 203
po, edgar alani, 37, 66, 116,
117, 118, 122, 190, 193, 232, 273,
306, 322, 324, 330, 328, 449
polardi, a. v., 84, 85, 94, 405
polardi, grehemi, 94, 407
polivka, jiri, 401
poloki, Tomas klarki, 26,
396
polti, jorji, 441
pongsi, hermani, 297, 300, 301,
436, 438, 439
poteri, stiveni, 395

potli, frederik a., 56, 400,

403, 449
poupi, aleqsandre, 13, 54, 57,
60, 66, 79, 83, 105, 112, 139, 161,
165, 232, 233, 242, 265, 289, 290,
306, 360, 361, 363, 404-5, 423,
426, 437
poupi, jon s., 428
praiori, meTiu, 362
praisi, herevard t., 405
praci, mario, 166, 304, 321,
419, 439, 442, 449
preskoti, frederik h., 411
prusti, marseli, 112, 120,
126, 128, 146, 182, 266, 343, 360
pule, jorji, 396
puli, Tomasi, 408
putenhami, jorji, 424
puSkini, aleqsandre, 135, 163,
238, 253, 264, 413, 418, 430

Jidi, andre, 325

Jilsoni, etieni, 162, 417
Jirmunski, viqtori, 233, 426,
429, 452
Jiuserani, Jan Jaki, 368
Jodeli, etieni, 346, 373
Joli, andre, 344, 446, 452

rable, fransua, 162, 256, 2667, 430, 432

raglani, fitsroi riCard
somerseti, lordi, 435
ravi, filipi, 442

523

indeqsi

railo, eino, 445

ranke, leopoldi, 370
ranki, oto, 112
raJo, gastoni, 414
rasini, jini, 116, 193, 320, 343,
346, 373
redklifi, eni, 315, 322
reinoldsi, jorji j., 421
rembo, arturi, 235, 287
rembranti, van rini, 196
remi, valteri, 166, 418
rensomi, jon krou, 41, 234,
426, 445
reskini, joni, 167, 237, 239,
297
reCfordi, feni, 407
ribo, Teodul armani, 117-8,
410, 411
ridi, a. v., 403
ridi, l. a., 356-8, 449
ridi, ser herberti, 424
rivi, klara, 315, 440
rikerti, hainrixi, 17, 395
rikvordi, k. h., 432
rili, aloisi, 33, 397
riCardsi, ivor armstrongi,
16, 202, 212, 213, 234, 272, 280,
284-5, 363, 395, 424, 433, 436,
437
riCardsoni, doroTi, 450
riCardsoni, samueli, 168
riCardsoni, Carlzi f., 426
riCi, seimori, 403
rixteri, Jan-poli, 175, 325
ro, f. s., 450
robaki, a. a., 410
roberti, karli, 421
robertsoni, jeims makkino
ni, 91, 263, 405, 406, 431

robinsoni, f. n., 80
rozanovi, vasili, 163, 418
rozenblati, lui, 414
romeni, Jiuli, 266, 432
rosa, salvatore, 180
rosenbergi, haroldi, 439
roseti, dante gabrieli, 186
rubensi, piter pauli, 169,
196
rugofi, miltoni, 302
rudleri, gustavi, 94
rusu, liviu, 118, 410
ruti, robert kilberni, 404
ruci, otmari, 236, 427

sazerlendi, jeimsi, 405

saimondsi, jon adingtoni,
14, 373, 382, 402
saimonsi, arturi, 14, 382
sakulini, p. n., 135, 413
samersi, montegi, 445
sandersi, Consi, 94
sandi, JorJi, 177
sarani, franci, 243, 246, 429
sarsi, franciski, 445
sartre, Jan-poli, 433
sauTi, roberti, 233
saqsli, frici, 181, 421
sevi, morisi, 360
seviji, riCardi, 303
sekeli, ditrixi, 427
selveri, poli, 407
selinkuri, ernest de, 87
seneani, lazare, 256, 430
senkeviCi, henriki, 144
sent-bevi, avgusti, 53, 368

524

indeqsi

sentsberi, jorji, 237, 240,

259, 368, 378, 427, 428, 431, 450,
452
ser Tomas mori, 84, 405
servantesi, migel de saave
dra, 67
seSani, lui, 421
svedenborgi, emanueli, 434
svinborni, alJernoni, 88, 162
svifti, jonaTani, 138, 279,
322, 413, 445
sidni, ser filipi, 167, 250,
289, 292
siversi, eduardi, 236, 243,
427
silvesteri, joSua, 290
silci, uolteri, 409
sismondi, Jan-Carlz-leon
ard simon de, 69, 401
sisoni, k. j., 408, 440sora, de
nisi, 358
siueli, arturi, 442
skaligeri, iulius keisari,
333
skardi, sigmundi, 419
skeltoni, joni, 250, 256, 361
skiti, u. u., 93, 407
skoti, ser uolteri, 68, 83,
121, 123, 139, 144, 315, 317, 319,
321, 344, 441
skoti, jefri, 403
skripCeri, e. v., 244
smarti, kristoferi, 78, 253,
292, 403
smarti, j. s., 407
smirnovi, a. a., 152, 415
smiti, adami, 24
smiti, logen perseli, 357
smiti, jeimsi h., 412

smiti, horacio, 412

smoleti, tobiasi, 145, 322
sokrate, 164, 277, 279
soreli, jorji, 128, 278, 435
sorokini, pitirimi, 154, 396,
416, 423
sosiuri, ferdinand de, 220
sofokle, 46, 356, 398
spargo, jon vebsteri, 403
spenseri, edmundi, 161, 180,
190, 196, 250, 262, 282, 290, 293,
319, 331, 361, 375, 404, 420
spenseri, Teodore, 166, 431
spenseri, herberti, 79
sperberi, hansi, 431
sperjeni, qerolaini, 104,
304, 305, 306, 439
spingarni, j. e., 50, 399, 424,
444
spinoza, baruxi, 162, 163, 169,
188, 355
spiri, m. e., 339
sprangeri, eduardi, 410
staini, hertruda, 60, 239
stanislavski, konstantin s.,
445
stedi, u. f., 403
steinbeki, joni, 146
steisi, u. t., 41, 398, 399
stendali, 107, 128, 169, 408,
412
sterni, lorensi, 73, 128, 161,
207, 325, 328, 376
stiveni, lesli, 367, 450
stivensi, jorji, 405
stivensoni, r. l., 88
stili, joSua, 236, 427
stiuarti, j. a., 435
stiuarti, jorj ripli, 246,

525

indeqsi

428, 429
stoli, edgar elmeri, 55, 148,
305, 396, 400, 408, 412, 414, 415,
423, 449
stou, hariet biCeri, 143, 145
sugdeni, herbert w., 431
surei, henri hovardi, 426

tanenbaumi, samuel a., 404,

405
tegarti, f. j., 372, 451
teilori, jeremi, 239
teilori, jorj s., 451
teiti, aleni, 360-1, 400, 449
teni, ipolite, 133, 148, 149,
368
tenisoni, alfredi, lordi,
162, 234, 257, 361, 430
terenciusi, 321
teri, eleni, 108
tveni, marki, 120
tibode, alberi, 180, 327, 411,
420, 442, 443, 445
tiki, ludvigi, 118, 180, 183,
325
tiliardi, aelfrida, 411
tiliardi, e. m., 216, 425
tilotsoni, jefri, 265, 423,
430, 431
tinkeri, Consi briusteri,
408, 413
tirviti, Tomasi, 90, 93, 407
titeri, lui, 257, 258, 425, 430
ticiani (ticiano veCeli),
191, 196
toinbi, arnoldi, 372, 374

tolnei, Carlz de, 188, 421

tolstoi, levi, 33, 118, 135,
146, 163, 264, 359, 418
tomarsi, adolf sigfridi,
131
tomaSevski, borisi, 238, 428
tompsoni, e. n. s., 405, 406, 439
tompsoni, ser e. m., 413
tompsoni, frensisi, 437
tomsoni, uiliami, 271, 428
tomsoni, jeimsi, 161, 167, 265,
303, 336
tomsoni, jorji, 155, 425, 439
toni, luisi, 269
toskanini, arturo, 210
trari, pieri, 167, 419
traherni, Tomasi, 108, 303,
439
trilingi, lioneli, 409
trolopi, ertoni, 85, 116,
145, 312, 313, 315
troltSi, ernsti, 55, 399, 425
tuvi, rozmondi, 56
tupini, rene, 434
turgenevi, ivani, 135, 145,
146, 239
turneri, sirili, 92, 437

uaizi, t. j., 94, 407

uaiTi, h. o., 451
uaildi, oskari, 44, 391, 411
uatsi, isaaki, 289
udiati, pieri, 425
ueidi, gledis i., 303, 439
ueleki, alberti, 409, 426
ueleki, rene, 401, 402, 418,
421, 422, 445, 450

526

indeqsi

ueleri, edmundi, 361

uelsi, h. j., 145, 437
uelsi, henri, v., 291-3, 296,
307,
343
uikstidi, j. h., 275, 434
uildi, henri sesili, 426,
430, 431
uilkoki, gledis doiji, 435
uilraiti, filipi, 280, 466
uilsoni, edmundi, 409
uilsoni, romeri, 408
uilsoni, qeTrin m., 427
uilsoni, j. doveri, 84, 85,
405
uilsoni, harold s., 452
uimsati, uiliam kurci, 395,
397, 426, 427, 428, 431
uindi, edgari, 421
uirTi, l., 418
uistleri,
jeims
abot
maknili, 44, 183
uitmeni, uolti, 82, 284, 405,
436
uitmori, k. e., 443
uiCerli, uiliami, 414
ulmani, s. de, 409
ulrici, hermani, 157, 417
ungeri, rudolfi, 165, 166,
167, 168, 170, 171, 418, 419
uokeri, elisi, 435
uoltoni, isaaki, 303
uolSi, doroTi, 398, 448
uordsuorTi, uiliami, 58,
86, 87, 106, 107, 120, 162, 171,
264, 397, 408, 444
uoreni, ostini, 399, 431
uoreni, robert, peni, 363
uoringeri, vilhelmi, 298,

438
uortoni, tomasi, 93, 145, 367,
407, 414, 450, 451
uots-dantoni, Teodori, 353
uteri, r. p., 411, 414, 442

fareli, jeimsi t., 145

farquhari, jorji, 415
fearCaildi, hoqsi n., 186, 419
fenoloza, ernesti, 207, 424
fergiusoni, frencisi, 442
fernandesi, ramoni, 107, 327,
408, 442
fidleri, konradi, 33, 192,
397
fildingi, henri, 145, 319, 322
filipi, Sarl-lui, 266, 432
firTi, ser Carlzi, 413
forsteri, joni, 441
fiSeri, otokari, 409
fiSeri, fridrix Teodori,
33
fiCino, marsilio, 164
fixte, iohan gotlibi, 163,
168, 174-5
fletCeri, joni, 55, 92, 305,
406
fli, frederik garti, 405
floberi, gustavi, 121, 125,
316, 325, 411, 442
foiera, alberti, 126
foierbaxi, ludvigi, 162
foleti, uilsoni, 440
folkneri, uiliami, 129, 144,
318
foresti, l. k. t., 412
formani, baqstoni h., 407,

527

indeqsi

Saftsberi, entoni eSli ku

peri, lordi, 161
Sekstouni, uiliami, 338
Seleri, maqsi, 153, 416
Seli, persi biSi, 45, 87, 116,
135, 162, 165, 171, 275, 338, 358,
361, 385, 434, 445, 451
Selingi, f. v., 159, 161, 163,
169, 171, 174, 194
Senie, andre, 446
Separdi, uiliam p., 81
Seridani, riCard b., 73
Sestovi, leo, 163, 418
Seqspiri, 18, 31, 32, 41, 43, 45,
58, 60, 66, 67, 84, 85, 87, 89-90,
91, 93, 104, 105, 107, 108, 113,
117, 118, 125, 136, 140, 145, 147,
150, 151, 152, 157, 161, 163, 164,
184, 193, 214, 256, 259, 273, 281,
294, 296, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308,
322, 328, 343, 345, 354, 356, 361,
362, 378, 381, 396, 398, 399, 400,
403, 405, 406, 407, 408, 412, 413,
414, 415, 417, 420, 422, 426, 430,
431, 439, 440, 442, 445, 449, 451,
452
Siki, iosebi, 400
Sileri, fridrixi, 66, 120,
qvorelzi, frensisi, 283
121, 163, 169, 194, 420
qsenopoli, 17, 395
Silsi, z., 416
quentini, dom henri, 81
quiler-kauCi, ser arturi, Sipli, j. t., 452
Sirli, jeimsi, 282
405
Sklovski, viqtori, 343, 353,
424
Slauxi, margareti, 401
Slegeli, avgust vilhelmi,
69, 91, 172, 174, 194, 332, 391,
Sapiro, karli, 412
Satobriani, fransua-rene, 401, 406, 426
Slegeli, fridrixi, 69, 172,
167, 182, 239
408, 411
forsteri, edvard morgani,
43, 398
forsteri, normani, 398, 447
fosleri, karli, 253, 261,
430, 438
franki, valdo, 413
franki, jozefi, 31, 313, 438,
440
franci, vilhelmi, 430
freizeri, g. m., 407
frenkeli, eduardi, 429
fridmeni, arturi, 405
fridmeni, melvini, 443
frimeni, josefi, 413
friSaisen-kioleri,
maqsi,
419
froidi, zigmundi, 112-4, 128,
153, 162, 281, 412
fromi, erixi, 114, 409
frosti, roberti, 276, 435
furnivali, frederiki j.,
405

528

indeqsi

175, 194, 391, 401

Snaideri, elizabeTi, 119, 411
Snaideri, vilhelmi, 260, 431
Snicleri, arturi, 266, 431
So, Tomasi, 452
So, jorj bernardi, 162
Soefleri, herberti, 413
Soloxovi, mixeili, 146
Sopenhaueri, arturi, 370
Soreri, marki, 413, 434, 440
Spitceri, leo, 160, 266-7,
396, 417, 430, 431, 432
Srami, uilbur l., 244, 428
Staigeri, emili, 397
StainTali, h., 402
Starkenburgi, hansi, 415
Stauferi, donaldi, 428
Stafveri, p., 414
Stefanski, georgi, 172, 420
Strausi, david fridrixi,
162
Strixi, fritci, 193-4, 422,
432, 435
Stumpfi, karli, 235, 425
Suberti, franci, 169, 184
Sukingi, levin l., 143, 396,
414, 423
Sumani, detlevi v., 453
Sumani, roberti, 184
Sutse, martini, 410

Caildi, frensisi, 83
Calmersi, jorji, 93, 407
Carteri, evani, 450
Cedviki, nora k., 411, 453
Cedviki, h. m., 453

Ceizi, riCardi, 410

Cembersi, edmund k., 405
Cembersi, r. v., 404, 405
Cembersi, f. p., 449
Cendleri, albert r., 411
Cepmani, r. v., 405
Cerni, haroldi, 400
CerCi, margareti, 424
CerCili, Carlzi, 362
Cesterfildi, lordi (fil
ip dormer stenhoufi), 139
Cetertoni, Tomasi, 93, 94, 407
Cexovi, antoni, 135, 146, 316,
340, 345
Coseri, jefri, 58, 62, 80, 90,
145, 250, 263, 361, 404, 429

celtesi, konradi, 93
cimermani, roberti, 192
cisarJi, herberti, 172, 174,
420
ciceroni, 32, 259

jakobi, j., 410

jakobsoni, romani, 401, 402,
407, 429, 435, 444
jeims I, Sotlandiis mefe, 138
jeimsi, uiliami, 442
jeimsi, henri, 33, 121, 124, 219,
529

indeqsi

haqsli, aldo, 325

haqsli, Tomas henri, 25
hebeli, fridrixi, 163
hegeli,
georg
vilhelm
fridrixi, 33, 38, 101, 104, 133,
149, 151, 159, 163, 169, 170, 171,
172, 418
hezliti, uiliami, 104
heivudi, Tomasi, 18
heili, bernard k., 398, 450
heminguei, ernesti, 121, 144,
326, 333, 411
hendeli, frederiki, 208
henekini, emili, 414
henkinsi, Tomasi, 334
henri, o., 340
havensi, reimond d., 451
heraklite, 169
haine, hainrixi, 184, 409
herberti, jorji, 207
halami, henri, 69, 401
herderi, iohan gotfridi,
halsi, fransi, 169
418
hamondi, jeimsi, 338
heredia, xose-maria de, 181
haraJti, zoltani, 407
harbage, alfredi a., 140, 413 hesiode, 36
hexti, hansi, 428
hardi, riCardi, 422
hardi, tomasi, 162, 312, 316, hildebrandi, adolfi von,
33, 192, 397
323
hinebergi, poli, 419
hardingi, m. esTeri., 410
hiugo, viqtori, 180, 289
hardisi, jeimsi, 89, 406
hiusi, joni, 422
harvi, gebrieli, 250
hobsi, Tomasi, 169, 252, 332,
harisi, frenki, 104, 408
336
harisoni, j. e., 416-7
harsdiorferi, georg fili hovardi, v. g., 421
hoTorni, naTanieli, 315, 316,
pi, 426
320
hartli, devidi, 162
holderlini, fridrixi, 163,
hartmani, eduard fon, 33
427
haseldeni, r. b., 404
holi, vernoni, 446
haseltini, j., 404
holci, arno, 207
hastingsi, jeimsi, 425
homerosi, 32, 38, 67, 69, 139,
hatsfeldi, helmuti, 411
225, 239, 265, 285, 286, 331, 333,
hausmeni, a. e., 212
263, 275, 411, 434, 442
jenkinsoni, hilari, 404
jeqsoni, t. a., 414jonsoni, f.
r., 404
joisi, jeimsi, 69, 73, 129, 162,
239, 399, 400, 412, 414, 415, 449
jonsoni, beni, 125, 136, 145,
256, 259, 262, 380, 421, 429
jonsoni, samueli, 20, 41, 42,
79, 84, 120, 138, 168, 239, 303,
310, 319, 321, 335, 343, 355, 377,
411, 419, 427, 428, 439

530

indeqsi

344, 354, 362, 370, 398, 421, 431,

436
hopkinsi, jerard menli, 162,
230, 255, 262, 265, 355, 400, 431
hopfi, h., 414
horaciusi, 37, 38, 42, 138, 182,
331, 336, 347, 377, 380, 397
hornbosteli, e. m., 427
horni, kareni, 43, 114, 398, 409
hornstaini, liliani h., 304,
439
hoskinsi, joni, 288, 436
hotsoni, lesli, 78, 79, 403
hotingeri, m. d., 422
houelsi, uiliam dini, 145,
146, 311, 327
housi, stiveni, 250
hofmani, e. T. a., 118, 175, 323
hofmani, frederiki j., 12
hrosvita ganderSaimidan, 93,
407
huki, s. h., 435
hulme, t. e., 435, 438
huserli, edmundi, 219, 425
husleri, andreasi, 402
hustveti, zigurdi b., 405

531