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Chapter 7 In-Class Problems 1. (a) What is the frequency of light having a wavelength of 456 nm?

(b) What is the wavelength (in nanometers) of radiation having a frequency of 2.45 X 109 Hz? 2. When copper is bombarded with high-energy electrons, X-rays are emitted. Calculate the energy (in joules) associated with the photons if the wavelength of the X-rays is 0.154 nm. 3. The work function of potassium is 3.68 X 10-19 J. (a) What is the minimum frequency of light needed to eject electrons from the metal? (b) Calculate the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons when light of frequency equal to 8.62 X 1014 s-1 is used for irradiation. 4. The retina of a human eye can detect light when radiant energy incident on it is at least 4.0 X 10-17 J. For light of 600-nm wavelength, how many photons does this correspond to? 5. Consider the following energy levels of a hypothetical atom: E4 _________-1.0 X 10-19 J E3 _________-5.0 X 10-19 J E2 _________-10 X 10-19 J E1 _________-15 X 10-19 J (a) What is the wavelength of the photon needed to excite an electron from E1 to E4? (b) What is the energy (in joules) a photon must have in order to excite an electron from E2 to E3? (c) When an electron drops from the E3 level to the E1 level, the atom is said to undergo emission. Calculate the wavelength of the photon emitted in this process. 6. An electron in the hydrogen atom makes a transition from an energy state of principal quantum number ni to the n = 2 state. If the photon emitted has a wavelength of 434 nm, what is the value of ni? 7. In an electron microscope, electrons are accelerated to great velocities. Calculate the wavelength of an electron traveling with a velocity of 7.0 103 kilometers per second. The mass of an electron is 9.1 1031 kg. 8. For hydrogen-like ions, that is, ions containing only one electron, Equation (7.5) is modified as follows: En =-RHZ2(1/n2), where Z is the atomic number of the parent atom. The figure here represents the emission spectrum of such a hydrogenlike ion in the gas phase. All the lines result from the electronic transitions from the excited states to the n = 2 state. (a) What electronic transitions correspond to lines B and C? (b) If the wavelength of line C is 27.1 nm, calculate the wavelengths of lines A and B. (c) Calculate the energy needed to remove the electron from the ion in the n = 4 state. (d) What is the physical significance of the continuum?

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