II BLMNN MHAZR QEYDLR: BEYNLXALQ MK BLGS

Fnn: Beynlxalq qtisadi Mnasibtlr

Tqdimatlarda Paul R. Krugman ve Maurice Obstfeld trfindn yazlm International Economics: Theory and Policy, James Gerber trfndn yazlm International Economics v Halil Seyidolu trfndn yazlm Uluslararas ktisat: Teori, Politika ve Uygulama adl drsliklr sas gtrlmdr.

Ml. Eln BAIRZAD

Azrbaycan Dvlt qtisad Universiteti Beynlxalq qtisadi Mnasibtlr Kafedras Bak - 2011

Mndricat

Giri ....................................................................................................................... ...... 3 xtisaslamann Tiplri ................................................................................................ 4 mk Blgs ndir? .................................................................................................. 5 mk Blgsnn Formalar ...................................................................................... 6 mk Blgsnn stnlklri............... ..................................................................10 mk Blgsnn atmazlqlar ........................................................................... 11 mk Blgs Haqqnda Nzri Baxlar................................................................. 12 Beynlxalq mk Blgs (BB) Ndir?................................................................. 18 Beynlxalq mk Blgsnn Nvlri..................................................................... 19 Beynlxalq xtisaslamann Nvlri........................................................................... 20 Beynlxalq mk Blgsnn stnlklri.............................................................. 21 Beynlxalq mk Blgs v Qarlql Asllq ...................................................... 22 lknin Beynlxalq mk Blgsnd tirakn Myyn Edn Amillr............... 24 lknin BB-d tirak Gstricilri ........................................................................ 27 lklrin ixtisaslamalarna nmunlr ................................................................... 28 Qlobal mk Blgs ............................................................................................... 29 II Blmnin sas anlaylar ...................................................................................... 30 Mnblr .................................................................................................................... 31
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Giri
mk blgs (division of labour) ixtisaslamann
nvdr. Bizim resurslarmz sonsuz istklrimizi tmin etmk baxmndan mhduddur. Buna gr biz bu resurslar n yksk mhsul ymna imkan vern mk blgs yolu il tkil etmliyik.

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xtisaslamann Tiplri
Corafi ixtisaslama (Geographical Specialisation):
Torpaqdan istifadnin tbii olaraq xsusi sahlr
uyun olmas.

myin ixtisaslamas (Labour Specialisation):

stehsal prosesind myin konkret mqsdlr
istiqamtind ayrlmas.

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mk Blgs Ndir?

mk blgs (division of labour) kooperativ myin mk mhsuldarln artrmaa imkan vern xsusi, konkretlmi vzif v funksiyalar baxmndan ixtisaslamasdr (specialisation). mk blgs ayr-ayr tsrrfat subyektlrinin mxtlif mt v xidmtlr istehsalnda ixtisaslamalar v sonradan bu mt v xidmtlrl mbadilnin ba verdiyi myin tkili sistemi v ya suludur.

Tarixn mk blgsnn daha da mrkkblmsi, mcmu mhsul istehsalnn v ticartin genilnmsin, kapitalizmin inkiaf etmsin v snayelm prosesinin drinlmsin sbb olmudur.
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mk Blgsnn Formalar
mk blgsnn 3 tipi vardr:
Sad mk blgs (simple division of labour)

Mrkkb mk blgs (complex division of labour)

Regional v beynlxalq mk blgs (regional and
international division of labour)

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mk Blgsnn Formalar
Sad mk blgs:
inin v ya mssisnin xsusi mhsul v xidmtin
istehsal sahsind ixtisaslamas btidai cmiyytlrd daha geni yayalmdr. Msln, kinilikd

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mk Blgsnn Formalar
Mrkkb mk blgs :
inin v ya mssisnin mhsul v xidmt istehsal
prosesinin myyn bir hisssi zr ixtisaslamas. Masir cmiyytlrd daha geni yayalmdr.

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mk Blgsnn Formalar

Regional v beynlxalq mk blgs:

Mxtlif lklr konkret tip mhsul istehsal zr ixtisaslar.

Msln, geyim istehsal

lk B
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lk A
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mk Blgsnn stnlklri
Tcrb mkmmllir (practice makes perfect), i grmk n n bacarql olanlar seilir (choosing the best person to do a job) Vaxta qnat olunur (economy of time) Kapital resurslarna qnat olunur (economy of capital goods) Mexaniklm ba verir (possibility of mechanization)

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mk Blgsnn atmazlqlar
i monotonladrr Daha yksk qarlql asllq yaradr Daha yksk isizlik risqi yaradr

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mk Blgs Haqqnda Nzri Baxlar

Platon:
Respublika adl srind dvltin mnyind mk
blgs il nticlnn insann tbii qeyribrabrliyinin dayandn gstrir.

(428-348)

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mk Blgs Haqqnda Nzri Baxlar

Ulyam Petti:
mk Blgsn ilk toxunan modern iqtisad
olmudur. Petti ilk df Hollandiya trsanlri timsalnda mk blgsnn mvcudluu v faydalarn gstrmidir

(1623-1687)
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-13

mk Blgs Haqqnda Nzri Baxlar

Adam Smit:
lk df 1776-c ild nr etdirdiyi Xalqlarn srvti
srind mk blgs, beynlxalq mk blgs, xsusil onun snayelmd v mhsuldarln artrlmasndak rolunu sistemli kild thlil etmidir.

(1723-1790)

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mk Blgs Haqqnda Nzri Baxlar

Karl Marks:
Drinln ixtisaslamann iilrin mumi
bacarqlarn zifldcyini v ilril bal entuziazmlarnn aradan qalxacan gstrir. Daha drin ixtisaslaan v eyni ilri tkrar edn iilrin cmiyyt qar yadlaacaqlarn da qeyd edir. Ancaq btn bunlara baxmayaraq, mhsuldarl artracan etiraf edir.

(1818-1883)
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-15

mk Blgs Haqqnda Nzri Baxlar

Ludvig von Mises:

Marksn mk blgs il bal fikirlrini ciddi kild
tnqid etmidir. mk blgsnn faydalarnn zrrlrindn ox olduunu gstrmkl, masir cmiyytlrd iilrin idn sonra bo vaxtlarnn olduunu v ntic etibaril yadlama mddasnn ox romantik olduunu gstrmidir.

(1881-1973)
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-16

mk Blgs Haqqnda Nzri Baxlar

Masir dvrd mk blgs il bal nzri

mzakirlr daha ox menecment mktblri zr aparlmaqdadr.

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Beynlxalq mk Blgs Ndir?

BB mxtlif lklrin myyn mt v xidmtlrin

istehsal zr ixtisasladqlar v sonradan bu mt v xidmtlrl mbadilni hyata keirdiklri qarlql surtd asl olan istehsaln tkili sistemi v ya suludur. BB ictimai mk blgsnn xsusi nvdr, lkdaxili mk blgsndn frqli olaraq BB mxtlif lklrin tsrrfat subyektlri arasnda ba verir. BB istehsaln beynlxalq ixtisaslamas v mbadilsin saslanr.

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Beynlxalq mk Blgsnn Nvlri

Beynlxalq mk Blgsnn nvlri:

Beynlxalq ixtisaslama Beynlxalq kooperasiyalama

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Beynlxalq mk Blgsnn Nvlri

Beynlxalq ixtisaslamann inkiaf istiqamtlri:

stehsal
- Sahlraras - Sahdaxili - Firmalararas

Firma
- Ayr-ayr lklr - lk qruplar - Regionlar

Texnologiya
- Mrhl ixtisaslamas - Detal zr ixtisaslama - Predmet ixtisaslamas
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-20

Beynlxalq mk Blgsnn stnlklri

BB-d itirak etmkl hr bir lk myyn

iqtisadi maraq, mnft gdr. Bu zaman sas stnlklr aadaklar hesab olunur:

xrac ediln mt v xidmtlrin beynlxalq v

daxili qiymtlri arasnda frqdn ld olunan stnlk. Daha ucuz idxaldan istifad etmkl milli istehsaldan imtinann daxili xrclrin qnatin gtirib xarmas.

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Beynlxalq mk Blgs v Qarlql Asllq (interdependency)

Beynlxalq iqtisadi cmiyytin n nzr arpacaq

xsusiyyti lklrin qarlql olaraq bir-birlrindn asl olmasdr. Bu mal, xidmt v faktor axnlarnn tbii nticsidir. Beynlxalq ticartdn aslln sas gstricisi:

(xracat/DM)x100, n qdr ykskdirs, asllq da o

qdr ykskdir. Milli iqtisadiyyatda olduu kimi beynlxalq iqtisadi cmiyytd d sas prinsip mk blgs (division of labor) v ixtisaslamadr (specialization).
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-22

Beynlxalq mk Blgs v Qarlql Asllq

mk blgs v ixtisaslama azad ticartin (free trade)

olmasn zruri edir. mk blgs, ixtisaslama v azad ticart lk rifahn artrmann sas rtlridir. Bzn ifrat ixtisaslama ifrat asllq dourur ki, bu da milli iqtisadiyyatlarn xarici bazarlardak proqnozladrlmayan proseslr qarsnda tin vziyyt dmsin sbb olur. Msln, Birlmi Kralln emal olunmu neft baxmndan Sinqapurdan asll. Sinqapurun emal mqsdil xam neftin idxalndan asll.
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lknin Beynlxalq mk Blgsnd tirakn Myyn Edn Amillr

lklr arasndak tbii-corafi frqlr:

Tbii-iqlim raiti Tbii resurslar razinin miqyas halinin say lknin iqtisadi-corafi mvqeyi

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lknin Beynlxalq mk Blgsnd tirakn Myyn Edn Amillr

lklriin sosial-iqtisadi xsusiyytlri:

lknin dnya iqtisadiyyatnda yeri Tarixi inkiafn, istehsal nnlrinin v xarici
iqtisadi laq nnlrinin xsusiyytlri qtisadiyyatn v elmi-texniki inkiafn mvcud sviyysi Tsrrfat tipi(bazar v ya planl) Xarici laqlrin qanunvericilik bazas

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lknin Beynlxalq mk Blgsnd tirakn Myyn Edn Amillr

Beynlxalq amillr:

ETT-nin dnya zr inkiaf sviyysi Dnya bazar konyukturas Beynlxalq hesablamalar sisteminin sviyysi Ekoloji problemlrin gclnmsi

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lknin BB-d tirak Gstricilri

lknin ixrac kvotas = Ixracat / DM xracn artm tempinin DM-nin artm tempini
stlmsi msal dxal kvotas = dxalat / DM dxaln artm tempinin DM-nin artm tempini stlmsi msal Xarici ticart kvotas = (dxalat + xracat) /DM v.s

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lklrin ixtisaslamalarna nmunlr

Neft v neft mhsullar S.rbistan, Kveyt, raq, Iran, Liviya, Rusiya, Azrbaycan v.s
Qaz v qaz mhsullar Rusiya, Trkmnistan, ran, Qazaxstan, Azrbaycan, Norve Knd tsrrfat mhsullar srail, Pola, Holandiya, taliya, Fransa, Avstraliya, AB v.s Turizm Trkiy, talya, sve, Misir, Fransa Xammal tutumlu sahlr

nkiaf etmkd olan lklr

Elm tutumlu sahlr

nkiaf etmi lklr

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-28

Qlobal mk Blgs
Deon Filmerin hesablamalarna gr 1990-c iilrin
ortalarnda 2,474 milyard insan ev tsrrfatlar xaricind qlobal i qvvsin qoulmudur. Bunlarn strukturu aadak kimidir:

379 milyon insan snayed almdr (15%) 800 milyon insan xidmt sektorunda almdr (33%) 1,074 milyard insan knd tsrrfatnda almdr (40%)

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II Blmnin sas anlaylar

mk blgs (Division of labour) Corafi ixtisaslama (Geographical Specialisation) myin ixtisaslamas (Labour Specialisation) Beynlxalq mk blgs (International division of
labour) Qarlql asllq (Interdependency)

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Mnblr

P. Krugman and M. Obstfeld, International Economics: Theory and Policy, Seventh Edition Pearson Addison Weasley. James Gerber, International Economics, Third Edition, Pearson Education , 2005. H. Seyidolu, Uluslararas ktisat: Teori, Politika ve Uygulama, XV. Bask, stanbul, 2003. R. Karluk, Uluslararas Ekonomi: Teori ve Politika, VI. Bask, stanbul, 2002.
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