CU B NG (passive voice) BI 1

Cu b ng l g ? Cu b ng l cu m trong ch t khng thc hin hnh ng m ngc li b tc ng ln bi mt yu t khc V d: Ti n ci bnh ( cu ch ng : v ch t "ti" thc hin hnh ng "n" ) Ci bnh c n bi ti ( cu b ng : v ch t "ci bnh" khng thc hin hnh ng"n" m n b "ti' n ) Trong ting vit chng ta dch cu b ng l "b" (nu c hi) hoc " c" ( nu c li)
Khi chng ta hc v passive voice, theo bi bn chng ta s c cc thy c cho hc mt cng thc khc nhau cho mi th. V d nh th hin ti n th chng ta c cng thc : S + is /am /are + P.P Qa kh n th c : S + was / were + P.P C th chng phi cng c ra m nh hng lot cc cng thc ( t ra cng 13 cng thc). Nh vy chng ta rt d qun v hu qu l mi khi lm bi gp passive voice l li lng tng. Vy c cng thc no chung cho tt c cc th khng nh ? Cu tr li l C ! Qua qu trnh nghin cu ti thy tt c cc cng thc trn u c mt im chung, t ti tm gn li cho ra mt cng thc duy nht ! Nu nm vng cng thc cc em c th lm c tt c cc loi passive thng thng, cng thc li n gin. Vy cng thc nh th no m gh gm th? Mi cc em cng tham kho nh. ( xem hnh v )

Cng thc ny gm 3 bc nh sau: cho d lm cc em nn lm ngc nh sau: Trc ht cc em phi tin hnh chn ng t passive, lu khng c chn HAVE v GO nh. Sau cc em ch vic tin hnh 3 bc chnh sau y: 1) i ng t chnh ( chn trn) thnh P.P. 2) Thm (BE) vo trc P.P, chia (BE) ging nh ng t cu ch ng. 3) Gia ch t v ng t c g th em xung ht. Nh vy l xong 3 bc quan trng nht ca cu b ng (trong bc 2 l quan trng nht v hu ht cc em u thng hay b sai bc ny ). Nm vng 3 bc ny cc em c th lm c ht cc dng b ng thng thng, cc bc cn li th d hn: 4) Ly tc t ln lm ch t : Thng thng tc t s nm ngay sau ng t, nu pha sau ng t c nhiu ch th phi dch ngha xem nhng ch c lin quan nhau khng, nu c th phi em theo ht, nu khng c lin quan th ch em 1 ch ra u m thi. 5) em ch t ra pha sau thm by :

6) Cc yu t cn li khc th em xung khng thay i v d minh ha : Hy i cu sau sang b ng: Marry will have been doing it by tomorrow. Chn ng t: xem t ngoi vo ta thy c will (b qua) tip n l have (b qua , v nh trn ni khng c chn have ), been (ng nhin l b qua ri), going (cng b qua lun, l do nh have) n doing : ! n y ri chn doing lm ng t chnh) 1) i V => P.P : doing => done ......done.............. 2) Thm (be) v chia ging V cu trn : (BE) =>BEING (v ng t thm ING nn be cng thm ING) ......being done.............. 3) Gia Marry v doing c 3 ch ta em xung ht (will have been). .....will have been being done....

4) Tm ch t: sau ng t c ch it , ta em ln u : It will have been being done.... 5) em ch t (Mary) ra pha sau thm by : It will have been being done by Mary 6) Cc yu t cn li khc th em xung khng thay i It will have been being done by Mary by tomorrow. Vy l xong, cc em c theo cc bc m lm khng cn bit n l th g ( y l th tng lai hon thnh tip din). D cha ! Ghi ch: - Nu c thi gian th phi thi gian cui cu nh - Nu ch t l : people, something, someone, they th c th b i (ring cc i t : I ,you, he... th ty theo cu , nu thy khng cn thit th c th b ) - Nu c no u cu th lm nh bnh thng, xong i sang ph nh - Nu c tr ng t do, does, did th be s nm ti v tr ca nhng tr ng t ny v d: Did your mother cook the meal? => Was the meal cooked by your mother ? They don't take the book. => The book isn't taken.

BI 2
Nh vy l n y cc em nm cch thc lm cu b ng dng thng thng ri , by gi chng ta tip tc hc cch lm cu hi nh. i vi cu hi cc em cn phn ra lm 2 loi : loi cu hi yes/no v loi cu hi c ch hi (cn gi l WH question) 1) I VI CU HI YES / NO: Cu hi yes / no l cu hi c ng t t bit hoc tr ng t do,does,did u cu Bc 1 :

i sang cu thng Bc 2: i sang b ng ( lc ny n tr thnh cu thng, cch i nh hc.) Bc 3: i tr li thnh cu hi yes / no Em no qun cch i sang cu hi yes / no (cu nghi vn) th VO Y xem nh y cc em phi lm quen vi cm t "i sang cu thng" ( v thy s dng n trong nhiu cu trc vn phm khc na) . Cch i sang cu thng nh sau : Nu cc em bit cch i sang cu nghi vn th cng s bit cch i sang cu thng: lm ngc li cc bc ca cu nghi vn, c th nh sau: - Nu c do, does , did u cu th b - chia ng t li cho ng th (da vo do,does, did ) - Nu c ng t c bit u cu th chuyn ra sau ch t. V d minh ha 1: ( tr ng t u cu) Did Mary take it ? Bc 1 : i sang cu thng : b did, chia ng t take thnh qu kh v did l du hiu ca qu kh => Mary took it. Bc 2 : i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1 => It was taken by Mary Bc 3: i tr li cu hi nghi vn

=> Was it taken by Mary? Cc em cng c th lm theo cch th to be vo do,does, did nh "mo" bi 1 V d minh ha 2: ( ng t c bit u cu)

Is Mary going to take it ? Bc 1 : i sang cu thng : chuyn ng t c bit (is) ra sau ch t : => Mary is going to take it. Bc 2 : i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1 => It is going to be taken by Mary Bc 3: i tr li cu hi nghi vn ( em is ra u ) => Is it going to be taken by Mary ? 2) I VI CU HI C CH HI: Cch lm cng chia ra cc bc nh dng trn, nhng khc bit nm bc 2 v 3

Bc 1 : i sang cu thng Bc ny phc tp hn dng 1, lm c bc ny cc em phi bit chia n lm 3 loi - Loi ch hi WH lm ch t : ( sau n khng c tr ng t do,does,did m c ng t + tc t)

What made you sad? (iu g lm bn bun ?) Who has met you ? (ai gp bn ? ) Loi ny khi i sang cu thng vn gi nguyn hnh thc m khng c bt c s thay i no - Loi ch hi WH lm tc t: ( sau n c tr ng t do, does, did hoc ng t c bit + ch t ) What do you want ? Who will you meet ? Khi i sang cu thng s chuyn WH ra sau ng t - Loi ch hi WH l trng t : l cc ch : when, where, how , why When did you make it ? Gi nguyn ch hi , i ging nh dng cu hi yes/no Bc 2 : i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1

Bc 3: i tr li cu hi c ch hi ( em WH ra u cu)

V d minh ha:1 ( WH l tc t, c tr ng t) What did Mary take ? Bc 1 : i sang cu thng : C tr ng t did => What l tc t :b did, chia ng t take thnh qu kh v did l du hiu ca qu kh, em what ra sau ng t :

=> Mary took what. Bc 2 : i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1 => What was taken by Mary Bc 3: i tr li cu hi nghi vn : (v lc ny what l ch t ri nn khng c g thay i na ) => What was taken by Mary ? V d minh ha:2 ( WH l tc t, c ng t c bit) Who can you meet ? Bc 1 : i sang cu thng : C ng t c bit can , Who l tc t : chuyn ra sau ng t meet , you l ch t :chuyn can ra sau ch t you => you can meet who. Bc 2 : i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1 => Who can be met by you ? Bc 3: i tr li cu hi nghi vn : (v lc ny who l ch t ri nn khng c g thay i na ) =. Who can be met by you ?

V d minh ha:3 ( WH l ch t )

Who took Mary to school ? Bc 1 : i sang cu thng : Sau who l ng t + tc t => who l ch t => i sang cu thng vn gi nguyn hnh thc => Who took Mary to school Bc 2 : i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1 => Mary was taken to school by who Bc 3: i tr li cu hi nghi vn : (v lc ny l cu hi nn who phi u cu ) => Who was Mary taken to school by ? Nu By em ra u th who phi i thnh whom: => By whom was Mary taken to school ?

BI 3

I VI CU KP : D vng v cch lm cu n nhng i khi cc em li lng tng khi gp phi nhng cu c nhiu mnh . Cch lm cng khng kh nu cc em bit phn tch ra thnh tng cu ring ri lm bnh thng, gi li cc t ni. V d: When I came, they were repairing my car.

Nhn vo l thy r rng c 2 mnh , cc em c vic tch chng ra ri lm b ng tng mnh : When I came : mnh ny khng i sang b ng c v khng c tc t

they were repairing my car. lm b ng nh bnh thng => my car was being repaired Cui cng ta ni li nh c : When I came, my car was being repaired Dng ny suy cho cng cng l cch lm tng cu nh ta hc trn, cn mt dng na phc tp hn m trong cc bi kim tra cng thng hay cho, cc em cn lu . l dng mt ch t lm 2 hnh ng khc nhau, v d : They opened the door and stole some pictures dng ny cc em cng tch lm 2 phn nhng nh thm ch t cho phn sau: They opened the door and they stole some pictures Lc ny cc em ch vic i sang b ng tng cu ring bit v gi li lin t and l xong.
=> The door was opened and some pictures were stolen.

NHNG DNG C BIT BI 4

Cho cc em, trong cc bi 1,2,3 bn trn cc em hc c cng thc chung ca cc loi b ng c bn, tuy nhin nu gp cc dng c bit th cc em phi bit s dng cng thc ring cho tng loi. Di y l cc dng c bit thng gp.

DNG 1: People say that ....

Dng ny cu ch ng ca n c dng sau:

People/ they + say/think/believe... + (that) + S + V + O

Dng ny c 2 cch i sang b ng nh sau: (xem s TI Y )

Cch 1: - Bc 1: Ly ch t mnh sau em ra u cu - Bc 2: Thm (be) vo : (be) chia ging ng t say/think.... -Bc 3: Ly ng t say/think.. lm P.P sau (be) - Bc 4:Ly ng t mnh sau i thnh to INF. ri vit li ht phn sau ng t ny. LU : Nu ng t trong mnh sau trc th so vi say/think.. th bc 4 khng dng to INF m dng : TO HAVE + P.P V d1: People said that he was nice to his friends - Bc 1: Ly ch t mnh sau em ra u cu (he )

=> He.... - Bc 2: Thm (be) vo : (be) chia ging ng t say/think.... Said l qu kh nn (be) chia thnh was => He was... -Bc 3: Ly ng t say/think.. lm P.P sau (be) P.P (ct 3) ca said cng l said : => He was said.. - Bc 4:Ly ng t mnh sau i thnh to INF. ri vit li ht phn sau ng t ny. So snh th 2 mnh , ta thy said v was cng l th qu kh nn i ng t mnh sau l was thnh to be , vit li phn sau ( nice to his friends) => He was said to be nice to his friends. V d 2: People said that he had been nice to his friends 3 bc u lm ging nh v d 1 nhng n bc 4 th ta thy said l qu kh nhng had been l qu kh hon thnh ( trc th ) nn ta p dng cng thc to have + P.P ( P.P ca was l been ) => He was said to have been nice to his friends. Cch 2: - Bc 1: Dng IT u cu - Bc 2: Thm (be) vo : (be) chia ging ng t say/think.... -Bc 3: Ly ng t say/think.. lm P.P sau (be) - Bc 4: Vit li t ch that n ht cu.

V d: People said that he was nice to his friends - Bc 1: - Bc 1: Dng IT u cu => It.... - Bc 2: Thm (be) vo : (be) chia ging ng t say/think.... Said l qu kh nn (be) chia thnh was => It was... -Bc 3: Ly ng t say/think.. lm P.P sau (be) P.P (ct 3) ca said cng l said : => It was said... - Bc 4: Vit li t ch that n ht cu. => It was said that he was nice to his friends

Nhn xt: - Bc 2 v 3 ging nhau c 2 cch - Cch 2 d hn do khng phi bin i ng t pha sau do khi ngi ta ku i sang b ng m khng cho sn t u tin th cc em dng cch 2 cho d

BI 5
Cho cc em, mt iu quan trng khi lm cu b ng l phi nm 3 yu t cn bn bin i, l : ch t, ng t v tc t . Cc dng trn, cc em u d dng tm ra 3 yu t ny. Tuy nhin c nhng cu trogn c hn 2 ng t

th vn chn ng t no i sang p.p v cc ng t cn li c g thay i khng ? N s lm cc em bi ri. Di y cc em s c hc v nhng mu nh vy.

DNG 2: Mu V O V
L dng 2 ng t cch nhau bi 1 tc t, ta gi V th nht l V1 v V th 2 l V2, i vi mu ny ta phn lm cc hnh thc sau:

a) Bnh thng khi gp mu VOV ta c vic chn V1 lm b ng nhng

quan trng l :Nu V2 bare.inf. ( nguyn mu khng TO) th khi i sang b ng phi i sang to inf. (tr 1 trng hp duy nht khng i l khi V1 l ng t LET ) V d: They made me go => I was made to go. ( i go nguyn mu thnh to go ) We heard him go out last night => He was heard to go out last night. They let me go. => I was let go. ( vn gi nguyn go v V1 l let )
Lu : i vi let ngi ta thng i sang allow. V d: They let me go out. => I was allowed to go out.

b) Khi V1 l cc ng t ch s thch nh : want, like, dislike,

hate... th cch lm nh sau: - Chn V2 lm b ng ri lm theo cc bc c bn nh bi 1.

- Ch t v V1 vn gi nguyn, khng c g thay i.

- Nu phn O trong (by O ) trng vi ch t ngoi u cu th b i. V d: I hate people laughing at me. Chn 3 yu t cn bn : S- V- O lm b ng l : people laughing me. I hate gi nguyn, me cui em ln trc ng t, nhng v n vn ng sau hate nn phi vit l me => I hate me .... i ng t laughing thnh p.p, thm (be) trc p.p v chia ging ng t cu trn (thm ing) => I hate me being laughed at. ( by people b ) Me v I trng nhau nn b me : => I hate being laughed at.

BI 6 B ng ca cu mnh lnh
Trc ht cc em cng nn bit cch nhn dng ra cu mnh lnh. l cu khng c ch t, m l ng t nguyn mu ng u cu. Cng thc: xem s TI Y

- Thm Let u cu - em tc t cu trn xung - Thm be vo sau tc t (be nguyn mu khng chia)

- i ng t thnh P.P - Cc phn cn li (nu c ) vit li ht V d:

Write your name on the blackboard.

- Thm Let u cu: Let..... - em tc t cu trn xung: (your name) Let your name ..... - Thm be vo sau tc t (be nguyn mu khng chia): Let your name be..... - i ng t thnh P.P ( write => written)

Let your name be written..... - Cc phn cn li vit li ht (on the blackboard ) Let your name be written on the blackboard

BI 7 NHNG DNG B NG RING L

Mu 1 :
Mu ny c dng :

It is sb's duty to inf. => Sb (be) supposed to inf.

V d: It's your duty to do this work. => You are supposed to do this work.

Mu 3:
Mu ny c dng :

It is impossible to do sth => Sth can't be done.

V d: It is impossible to repair that machine.

=> That machine can't be repaired

Mu 4:
Mu ny c dng : S + enjoy + Ving + O => S + enjoy + O being + P.P V d: We enjoy writing letters. => We enjoy letters being written.

Mu 5:
Mu ny c dng : S + recommend / suggest + Ving + O => S + recommend / suggest that S + should be p.p V d: He recommends building a house. He recommends that a house should be built

Ghi nh: Cc ng t dng with thay cho by : Crowd , fill , cover V d: Clouds cover the sky. => The sky is covered with clouds.