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stress is horizontal; therefore, the fracture faces will be vertical. For shallow
formations, where the minimum principal stress is vertical, horizontal (pancake) fractures will be created.
test is conducted immediately after a casing has been set and cemented. The only
difference between the tests is the point at which the test is stopped. The procedure is as follows: 1. Run and cement the casing string 2. Run in the drillstring and drillbit for the next hole section and drill out of the casing shoe 3. Drill 5 - 10 ft of new formation below the casing shoe 4. Pull the drillbit back into the casing shoe (to avoid the possibility of becoming stuck in the openhole)
of
test
the
operation
is
terminated when the pressure no longer continues to increase linearly as the mud is pumped
determine whether the rock in the open hole section of the well will withstand predetermined a specific, This
pressure.
pressure represents the maximum pressure that the formation will be exposed to while drilling the next wellbore section.
used to compute the observed fracture pressure, Pff, from the observed leakoff
pressure Plo. The pressure required to initiate circulation is obtained by equation:
Therefore, the change in pressure due to the change in the volume of drilling fluid is
Hubbert and Willis Equation: They introduced a principle: the minimum wellbore pressure required to extend an existing fracture was given as the pressure needed to overcome the minimum principle stress
Pff m in Pf
Based on the experimental data from the laboratory, they suggested that the minimum principle stress in the shallow sediments is approximately one-third the matrix stress resulting from weight of the overburden
Pff
Pff
ma
3
Pf
Pf
ob Pf
3
Pff
ob 2 Pf
3
ob gr g DS
g r g r l o K
1 e
KD S
ob 2660 psi
Pff
Pff
ob 2 Pf
3
2660 2 1395 1817 psi 3
m in F ma
where the stress coefficient was determined empirically from field data taken in normally pressured formations.
For simplicity, Matthews and Kelley assumed that the average overburden stress
is 1 psi/ft and an average normal pressure gradient is 0.465 psi/ft. To calculate abnormal fracture pressure, they introduced the depth Di. Di is the equivalent normal pressure depth which represents for the abnormally pressured formation of interest depth.
Di
m in F ma
Pennebaker called the coefficient F the effective stress ratio and correlated this ratio with depth, regardless of pore pressure gradient. Thus, the actual depth of the formation always is used in the Pennebaker correlation, which is shown in Fig. 6.48.
F 0.8
Pff
When planning a well the formation pore pressures and fracture pressures can
3. Calculate a typical overburden gradient using density logs from offset wells.
4. Calculate formation pore pressure gradients from equations. 5. Calculate the fracture gradient at any depth.