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'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH $FFXUDWH (IIHFWLYH /HQJWK )DFWRU
IRU %XFNOLQJ 'HVLJQ RI 3ODQH )UDPHV
>B^'

Jin, Man-Sik Kyung, Yong-Soo Kim, Moon-Young

Abstract
The goal of this paper is to determine the accurate effective length factor (K factor) for buckling design of plane frames and
to point out the practical limitations of the alignment chart which provides the approximate effective length factor. At present,
the most general method to obtain K factors is to use the alignment chart which is given in the form of nomograph in LRFDAISC specification commentaries. However it should be realized that various simplifications and assumptions were used in
obtaining the alignment chart. Therefore, a simple but effective method to obtain accurate K-factors through the stability analysis of plane frames is developed in this study. To demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the present scheme, K-factors
by system buckling analysis of frames are calculated and compared with those calculated by the alignment chart.
Keywords : effective length factor, alignment chart, plane frame, eigenvalue problem, buckling design

;(steel) *. & 8J B, LRFD-AISC specification commentariesB alignment chart

~ F>(K-factor) ;~ Oj ~
. Of & z
& *.
&~
''~ 8 & . O;bV N W~ OK" N~ A *. & F>~
;j 
V ~ &
. ~, alignment chartf
B >~  p &;j ~
 B~ ;{ F> 8j B~
.   * *. Cj B
f ~%bB F> ;~ alignment chart ~ ;* F>f jv
. 8B,
alignment chart '~8 *B &; \  > RB  ~ O" alignment chart
~ O ~ F>~ N {~ alignment chart '~ Wj 
.
 : F>, *., F~ ^B, J

1.

* V

* LRFD-AISC(American Institute of Steel Construction)

commentaryB &z
(side sway) ~
~ p *.j J r ; -V~ F
>( K-factor ) ;~V *~ *
alignment chart ~
. alignment chart

' K-factor ;~ & 6  Ob

rJ^ b, - ; K-factor ~ OK
" N~ A -V~ ~Kj >
.
Alignment chart
r . BB  B~ &; ~
F>b, f 
f f ?f &; ~
>'b 6  > *. ~ ~%" F

^ ;~ N B~ f
Kj V&
. Galambos(1988)f alignment chart
~ *.~ n;Wj ~
Bf
1
&;" *z r^ &' *. &'
~% ~~ B '>, ;W ~%" &'
jf&& *.~ %j " 

 /~&
. r^ f 
f alignment chart
9 ' >  Bj ~J
K~&
. Duan" Chen(1989), Bridgef Fraser(1987), Yura
(1971) & ;Wj (G factor) >;~ Oj B~
&, LeMessurier(1977), Chuf Chow(1969) Alignment
chartB N " 8j ;~ Oj B~V ~&

. $ LRFD Commentary(AISC 1993)B j&


JZ, (E-mail: jackofall@hanmail.net)
W&&v ~" ;";(E-mail: sosory@dreamwiz.com)
;W&&v ~" v>, ;(E-mail: kmye@skku.ac.kr)

( )



*24. *3A= 2004+ 5

509

" J > * V*V"(Leaning Column

Effect) B~&, Roddis(1998)f
B>
alignment chart ~ K-factorf * *.
Cj f K-factor 8~ N jv~&, O
~ V~' ~ { J~ ~& $ 
& b &z
& *.~ B
>
.
 B K-factor ;~ B ' ~
;f > ; ~ > > &w
~ ^& B ~B F^ 
6
On~, alignment chart~ Bj "'b
B > *~  ;{ ;Oj B

. *~ b& ~7j A -V~ n;

> ~ & 7F;Rj ;~, 7;
"~ * *. ~ ;Rj
.
r j J 7F;R~ R ' >
2zV ;bB ' ~ ~7 5 F
^ ; >
. C.B ~ alignment
chart ~ "f  O ~ " jv,
~  ~ ;Wj
.
2. Alignment chart

&z
& *. &B, > ~ >
&~ .6~ *f Of >&,  V ? 

.
5. &z
& *. &B, B ~ >&
~ .6~ *f Of >&,  V ? 

.
6. V;W parameter =L P/E I  V &B
?
.
7. .6 f vB~ V~ I/L ~ jB .6~ j
f *~ V B
.
8.  Vf  B
.
9. ~ OKf Z ;
.
&z
& *.( 1(a))" &z
&
*.( 1(b)) '' &~ *~ &;j J~
'O;j '~ ;~ 'b -V
& .O; (1), (2) j >
.
4.

G A G B 2 G A + G B
/K
-------------- ---- + ------------------- 1 ---------------------
4 K 2 tan ( /K )
2 tan ( /2K )
+ ---------------------------- 1= 0
/K

(1)

BB / alignment chartf * *.
~ K-factor ;~V * & 6 > O

.  B Oj * ~
. r
V~ jW " J~ p
. Alignment chart
f  1" ?f &z
& *.(braced
frame)" &z
& *.(unbraced frame)~ v
& Vj J~ K-factor
.
B &;f
r" ?
(AISC-LRFD 2001).
1. f B> W
.
2.  ~ f ;~
.
3.  .6f ;.
.

GA GB( /K ) 36 ( /K )
------------------------------------------ ---------------------- =0
6 ( GA + GB )
tan ( /K)
EIc

(2)

EIc

------Lc

------Lc

- , G --------------VB, G -------------EI
EI
A

------Lb

------Lb
b

B G , G = .6~ &; >, K = F

>
. f ?f &bV nomograph W
> b, ~ K-factor ~ B
.
V~ j&Wb V*V" J~
AISC-LRFD Specification(1993)B  (3) 
& >;B K-factor ~
.
A

Pu Ii Ki = ------------- ---------------------2
Pui
(I /K )

(3)

VB, P = i[B~  V ~ {K~

, P = i[B~ "~ ~ {K, I = i
[B~ "~ ~ N~, (I /K ) = i [
B~  V~ (I /K )~
.
V~ & G 8f 'b Z
8j <, V JB B
~ G 8j 10b 
. V~ & ;
B 'b G 8f ', *
'b ;
u

ui

2
i

2
i

R 1. ~ >;^(L ' )
&z
&
~ &z
&
*.
*.
1.5L
;(fixed)
L /2
(pinned)
2.0L
L /1.5
b

 1. &Rz
& (a)f (b)~ V
510

b
b

L%

f z* &; G 8j 1 
. "~
 {( 1~ c2) ;* ~ (far end)
B {  $ ; ~ ^ R
1" ? >;~
.
$ &z
& *.B &;j G 

;{~ ~J ~ ^
r  (4) ~ >
;~
.
M
Lb =Lb 2 -------F-
MN

(4)

VB, M = ~7b ~ ~, M = ~

7b ~ "(near end)~. r  N~
M /M ~ ^ >& *
.
, G 5 G B R 1 $  (4)
~
B ~ ^ L & >;^ L ' '
~ ~ 
;{ K-factor 8j >
.
F

3.

;{R K-factor ;

~ ~ *
r" ? >
.
k

ki = -----i- , gi = -----i- , kj = -----j- , gj = -----jEI

EI
EI
EI

(7)

B  (5)~ >
r" ?
.
v(x) = Asinkx + Bcoskx + Cx + D

(8)

VB, ^ f J  f 1N >B '' ~

;* 5 ;*
.  *;f
; 'V H^ ~7 'j " p
.
>~ f v  f ~ ;j B
bB sine, cosine>~ b j r
>
. 8B > j '~ ;j
~&j H B 6 &w~ 6" 6
~ F^ >
( 2(b) ^).
B  (8)~ >  (6) &~ ;~
r
" ?f O; ;~  (9)j
.
2

=0

ki B+k C+kiD

 B * *. Cj ~ B ~
K-factor ;{ ;~ O 5 BLj J
.
9B -8 ~ K-factor ;
 2(a) OK P A -V& B
5 ** ~~ > ;j

. VB EI, Lf '' N;W" ^ ~

.
$ k , g '' ~ 5 * *>
.
H ~ VO;f  (5)f ?
.
3.1

( kj sin kL)A+ (kj cos kL)B( k kj L )C+ kjD

v( x) +k v ( x ) =0

*~ O;j R; : jf ?
>
.

(5)

VB, k = P/EI
$ f
r  (6)" ?
.

=0

( kgj cos kL k kj sin kL)A( gjk sin kL + k cos kL )B+gj C = 0 (9)

=0

gi kA+k B+ gi C

ki

gik

ki

gi

kj sin kL

kj cos kL

(10)

kj L k k j

k gj cos kL k sin kL (gjk sin kL k cos kL )

gj

VB, kLj u R*~  (10)~ Rj ~

r  (11)" ?
.

[ EIv (0 ) + Pv( 0 ) ] =k iv ( 0 )
[EIv (0 )
]=g v ( 0)
i

[ EIv (L ) + Pv( L ) ] =k i v (0 )
[EIv (0 )
]=g v ( L )

(6)

u
u
u
( ki + kj ) ----- +[ gi gi( ki + kj ) + ki kjL ] ----- +kikj (gi + gj gigj L ) ----- sin
6
4
2
L
L
L
5

u
u
u
u+ (ki + kj )(gi + gj) -----5 kkkjL (gi + gj )-----3 2kikjgigj --- cos
L

u+ 2kikj gi gj --u- =0

(11)

f ?f .O;f & f ~ ", u j

. b  (12)f ? B WB {
~ ~7 P j >
.
cr

 2. (a) ;.* *.

cr

ucr EI
Pcr = -----------2
L

 2. (b) ;.* *. ~ F^(L )

*24. *3A= 2004+ 5
E

(12)

*B / :f ?  3B 6 ~
&
B F ^& B
. 8B K-factor 
(13) b8 >
.
EI- $ K=
I
(13)
P = -------------- E
-----L P
2

cr

511

(K L)

R 2. n;>(B , 1990)
F1 < 0

> 0.01

 3. (a) *.~ .6K

0 < < 0.01

sin
1 = ------------------12

1 = 1 2/10

 3. (b) *.~ .6* 8

( 1 cos )
2 = -------------------------------6

2 = 1 2/60

{ sin cos }
3 = --------------------------------------------4
{ sin }
4 = ------------------------------2

3 = 1 2/30

F1 > 0

*.~  ~% # F^ ;
 3" ? ^& L ~7 * ;
~ .6K 8(a)f .6* 8(b) R
.
V*, *;j Z 2N~ N & ~
* 8f K 8,  7.; Rf ''
 (14a,b)f  (15)
(f" , 1990).

> 0.01

3.2

u , v , , u , v ,
p

(14a)
q

F1, F2, M , F1, F2, M

(14b)

a a

b1 b2 b1 b2

b 3 b2 b 4

Ke =

b 1 b 2

b3

(15)

1 = 1 2/10

( cosh 1)
2 = ----------------------------------6
{ cos h sinh }
3 = ---------------------------------------------------4
{ sinh ( ) }
4 = -------------------------------------2+

2 = 1 2/60
3 = 1 2/30
4 = 1 + 2/60

V*, = 2 2cos sin,

+ = 2 2cosh sinh.
*jf~7 ~728 ~ ; K
&~ ' ~ K P ;
. V*, P
8 1 ~ Kj
.
2.  (15)f (16)j ~ b *~ ;Rj
;
.
3.  2* ;R* j '~
Rj ;
. r (bisection method)j ~
R ' > & f 8j ;
.
e

b = 6 EI/L
b = 4 EI/L
b = 2 EI/L
3

sin h
1 = ---------------------12 +

1.

b1 = 121 EI/L3
2

0 < < 0.01

=L F1 /EI

V*, a = EA/L
2

4 = 1 + 2/60

cr

R 2 n;> f , (i = 1, 2, 3, 4)
. & 'b
7" V n;> ; > ~ n
;>
j & Taylor *B ~ 2N r 
J~
. n;> ~ * * *
>
.
 (15)~ 7.; Rf B~ ~ R
* ;9Rj
. V* +~ ~
b~ * ;9Rj 9~V ** j~  (16)"
? *R* ;R ~*
.
i

det K ( ) =0

(17)

'b ' ~ ~7f P ~

>
.
5. F^  (13)" 4~ " ~

r b ; >
.
4.

EI
LE =K L= ------------Pe cr

cr

(18)

> *.* B {~ K-factor ;~

, 3.1.* BB  9 B {~ F
(16)
K =T KT
^ ;~ BLj & ' >
. ,
V*, T = R~R. B 7; "~ ' "~ {~  B  $ V~ 'f
~ ;Rj z~ *R~ 7.;R * 9 > > 5 * *> ~~
( K= K )j j >
. r K n;> ~
> b r * 6" 6~
b, ;R K K~ >R "
. . &w~ ^ F ^ ~ B
.
 * '~ *.~ ~7j ;~ r V* alignment chart f 2* 9B~ &;
f
r" ?
. r Kf jf~7(proportional V.~,  Oj '~ f v
loading)b &;~, ~728 R
.
 &;j B ^ &;f j&
.
L%
512
E

4.

>~.*

 B alignment chart O~ V &;j

>~.B &~ * *.Cj ;{
K-factor 8" alignment chart ,  V*V"
; ~ " jv~ ' O~ '*
V
.
9*  ~ K-factor
 4  ;- > 5 **b W
B V B OK P A
. r 
5  (11), (13)j ~ > 5 ** 8j
z V K-factor 8~ z *
.
VB f >* ;Wj  xf *
* ;Wj 
. B  K-factor
0.5B 2.0r~ 8j &
. 0.5  4~ J
~ * 5 > *;W Z&, ;
r~ 8, 2.0f J ~ * 5 > *;W
v ', F r~ 8j
. $, >*
~ *;W 10 tonf/m r ~ Z& &r
"& rj r >
. , * * ;Wf 10
tonf/m r ~ Z& &r " 
.
4.1

R 3" 4BB  :f ? alignment chart

~ O z K-factor 8j " j r > b,
&z
& *.B & 4.7%~ N& B~
&
. f V'b alignment chart~ 'j * 
 & &;j ~ V" 1 r
N&
j r >
. VB, alignment chartj >
; V*V" ~ K-factor ~&j &
'b f ~~ j " >
.  *
 ~ Of ' V ~> {K" N ;W
;~V r^ ' V~ K-factor& ;~
.
j&9j < 3[ 3-bay *.
 8" R 5 ''  V {Kj
A 3[ 3-bay *." r B Bj

. VB V~ N;W j&Wj  > 3,

7, 11 V~  2N ~j V& > 2N ~
(I )~ 9Vr &B K-factor ;~&
. "
4.3

&z
~ FZ V [ 2-bay *.~ K;
 6" 7f '' &z
& *." &z

& [ 2-bay *.j  b, 

~ N;W" V~ {Kf 8j < &
R
. R 3, 4 * C *j ~
 ~ O ~ K-factorf alignment chart 5
V*V" J >;B K-factor~ "~ jv

.
4.2

factor

 6. &Rz
& *.

 4. ;- >, **
 7. &z
& *.
R 3. &z
& *.~ ' 8 K-factor jv
No.1

\

Alignment
chart

1.136

1.191

8*8 \

1.140

1.136

No.2
Alignment
chart

8*8


1.055

1.140

R 4. &z
& *.~ ' 8 K-factor jv
No.1

 5. >, * * ;W V F>

*24. *3A= 2004+ 5

513

\

Alignment
chart

0.609

0.611

8*8 \

0.599

0.609

No.2
Alignment
chart

8*8


0.576

0.599

 9. 8 *.\`

 8. j&] *. \`
R 5. *
 2N~


(cm )
(cm )
450200914
96.76
I = 33500
400200813
84.12
I = 23700
350250812
88.15
I = 18500
4984324570
770.1
I = 298000
2

1
2
3

'b V
~  2N~~ &  V~
;9 parameter (= P/EI) & '[

>,
alignment chart ~V * V &; *VB

j r >
.
R 6f * *. +* ' V~ K-factorf
V*V"& JB K-factor& R& 43.8%r N&
j r >
. f 3, 7, 11 V~ ;9 V~
;9
9V
* >~ j& j  "
$B
. AISC-LRFD Specification(1993)* " j
&" >'~ V*V" ~ >;B K-factor
B~&
. ~ .Bf R&  ~ O
~ K-factor ' V~ ;9" ^& ?b
8j , V*V" ~ >;B K-factor R
6*f ? ' ~ ~ V B f V~
;9j V
j " >
.

*  f V~ ;9, Bf  9f ?
  V~ {K 8j & &
R
.  .B bay 20 m ;~ F
~ J bayj R 7" ? 20 m* 5 m*b
45 mr & ** 2.* B~&~ alignment chart
~ &; *V> j
& ' V~
K-factor
.
R 8*  V*V"f * *. +j
~ K-factor bay & V *'
b K-factor& &~, r V*V" Kfactor ;8f ' [ V
j r >
.
 ~ z V   ~ K-factor 8" V
*V" K-factor8"~ R& N bay
& V 66 &~ .j& 45mr 1[* R
& 15%~ N& Bj r >
.
 {K~ z J *.
 10f 3[ 3-bay~ *.b*  V 5
~ ;9 ?b ~7f 3& Ob
~B

. ''~ & AB V~ K-factor8j R 9

.
 ",  ~ O ~ K-factor8f '
V ~ alignment chart 5 V*V" J

~ j]9j < 3[ 2-bay *.

 &z
& 3[ 2-bay *.b

4.4 Bay
9

4.5

R 7. bay ~ *

Parameter

Baseline

Increment

Range

Bay width

20 m

5m

20~40 m

R 6. Rz
 *.~  V K-factor jv

 \

No.1

8*8

 \

0.920

1.298

1.298

 \

No.5

8*8

 \

1.461

1.298

1.298

 \
1.298

No.9

8*8

 \

1.351

1.298

No.2

8*8

 \

0.920

3.871

No.6

8*8

 \

1.461

3.871

No.10

8*8

 \

1.351

3.871

514

No.3

8*8

 \

2.744

1.298

No.7

8*8

 \

4.359

1.298

No.11

8*8

 \

4.029

1.298

No.4

8*8
0.920

No.8

8*8
1.461

No.12

8*8
1.351

L%

R 8. bay ~ z 8 K-factor
8*8 ~ K-factor(z
 *.)

Span

Frame buckling
analysis

(m)

Present

No1

No2

No3

No6

No7

No8

No11

No12

No13

20

1.253

1.125

1.125

1.125

1.243

1.243

1.243

1.252

1.252

1.252

25

1.279

1.136

1.136

1.136

1.268

1.268

1.268

1.275

1.275

1.275

30

1.300

1.147

1.147

1.147

1.290

1.290

1.290

1.293

1.293

1.293

35

1.318

1.157

1.157

1.157

1.307

1.307

1.307

1.310

1.310

1.310

40

1.334

1.165

1.165

1.165

1.324

1.324

1.324

1.324

1.324

1.324

45

1.348

1.173

1.173

1.173

1339

1339

1339

1.336

1.336

1.336

 10. 3[ 3-bay *.
R 9. ~% 5 K-factor jv
AB 8(braced)
 a
 b

 c

R 10. ~% 5 K-factor jv
AB V(braced)
 (a)
 (b)

Alignment chart

Alignment chart

0.805

0.805

0.805

0.636

0.636

0.636

V*V
 \
AB V(unbraced)

0.760

0.684

0.560

 a

 b

Alignment chart

1.478

V*V
 \

0.644

0.644

0.642

0.642

0.727

0.563

 c

V*V
 \
AB V(unbraced)

 (a)

 (b)

1.478

1.478

Alignment chart

1.309

1.309

1.216

1.216

1.216

1.241

1.241

1.355

1.280

1.103

1.323

1.115

 11. 2[ *. ~> ~%

V*V
 \

 12. 2[ *. ~> ~%

?f Ob  f V~ ;9 ?f 2[ 2-bay
*.  11~ (a)f (b)? ~7j ~~&
.
   10*~ 3[ 3-bay *. &
f R& alignment chart 5 V*V J
K-factor~ 8f v & * v ~ z&
  \ Of ~ O 8 K-factor8
j
j R 10* r >
.

Of >'~ j ~ ?f K-factor8j
B
. f alignment chartf j (far end), "
(near end)~ j >;> ABV~ "
& ;9j " ~~V H^
. R 9* '
'~ ~7 ~ O ~ AB V~ K-factor 8~
z " >
.
*24. *3A= 2004+ 5
515

;9  V B > , alignment

chart f F^ -V~ n;
9   "~
.
3.  F~+ "  ~ Of
alignment chart* &;~ Bj A p
*. ~ ' V~ ;{ F^
;~ &~
. j  Of v~ ",
";" ? ~ K
"'b
K-factor ; > j b 6B
.

R 11. ~% # K-factor~ jL
AB 8(braced)
 (a)
 (b)
Alignment chart

0.644

0.611

0.365

0.365

V*V"
 
AB V(unbraced)

0.415

0.325

 (a)

 (b)

Alignment chart

1.309

1.132

0.717

0.717

0.689

0.671

V*V"
 

r .B  12f ?  ~ f V~
;9j ;~ F 2[ 2-bay *.* ~
7j G" 7 V '' ~ ~&
.  12a, b
* ABV & K-factor ~ R 11
.
v & * *. +j >~ K-factor
v & ~ j 8j &
. f
~7~ >& '*  11~ .Bf  &z

O FZ V &'b ' 'rj r >

.
~ & ;9j ~~ alignment chartf v &
~ & ;9j~ N& 2V, &z
~ OFZ
V K-factor~ 8~ N& jv' ]~
. V*
~7 & K-factor~ ' r ~
alignment chartj r >'~ j
r >
.
5.

 * K"(P-D, P- ") J~ n;

>& B 7.; Rj * *.
+j ; ~7j ~ F^
~ Oj B~&
. , alignment chart '
.6~ ;9j > ~ R * * '
' ~ K-factor j >
. >~.B ~ v
& Ob f K-factor 8j jv~
r~ j
j >
.
1. LRFD-AISC~ ; ~ alignment chartf O
~ *9 r^ 6 > ,  &;
V.~ FB OV r^  &; *V>
'~ '. ; B
.
2. Alignment chartf * *. +j f ''~
K-factor~ N -V~ ;9, bay width, *~

6~ 
 2001j 9Fj ~~ 
& >>b,  6
.

^^
B^, j(1990) *;j J . \b~ 8
~' j.; +, R^, * 10 1^, pp.

27-36.
American Institute of Steel Construction (2001) Manual of Steel
Construction, 3rd ed, Chicago.
American Institute of Steel Construction (1993) Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Steel Buildings, Chicago, IL.
Bridge, R.Q. and Fraser, D.J. (1987) Improved G-factor Method for
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