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June 2003
Copyright notice
June, 2003, Schlumberger. All Rights Reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or translated in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without the prior written permission of Schlumberger Information Solutions, 5599 San Felipe, Suite 1700, Houston, TX 770562722.
Disclaimer
Use of this product is governed by the License Agreement. Schlumberger makes no warranties, expressed, implied or statutory, with respect to the product described herein and disclaims without limitation any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Schlumberger reserves the right to revise the information in this manual at any time without notice.
Trademark Information
PIPESIM, GOAL, NODAL Analysis, OFM, HoSim and ECLIPSE are trademarks of Schlumberger. All other products and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies or organizations.
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Worked Answers: Case Study 3 Gas Well Performance Worked Answers: Case Study 4 ESP Selection / Design Worked Answers: Case Study 5 Pipeline and Facilities Worked Answers: Case Study 6 Gas Lift Design New Mandrel Spacing Worked Answers: Case Study 7 Gas Lift Design Current Mandrel Spacing
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and link Source_1 to the End Node S1 by clicking and dragging Select the Flowline button from Source_1 to the End Node S1:
Note that the red outlines on Source_1 and Flowline_1 indicate that essential input data is missing.
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PIPESIM Training Manual Double Click on Source_1 and the source input data user form will appear. Fill the form as shown below.
Click on
Double Click on Flowline_1 and the source input data user form will appear. Fill the form as shown below:
Click on the Heat transfer tab and fill the form as shown below (adiabatic process):
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PIPESIM Training Manual Click on the Data tab to display a tabular output of the Pressure/Temperature Profile
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To copy this data into Excel, highlight the cells of interest, hit Ctrl+C, then select a cell in Excel and hit Ctrl+V.
The following output can be observed: The Liquid Hold-up value displayed 353.4 m3 is the liquid hold up for the entire pipe.
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It is divided into 16 sections: 1. The node number: node at which all the measures on the row have been recorded. (The nodes have by default been spaced with a 1 km interval) 2. The Horizontal Distance. (This is different from the Measured distance along the Flowline) 3. The Elevation. (Elevation from the horizontal). 4. The Horizontal Angle 5. The Vertical Angle 6. The Pressure 7. The Temperature 8. The mean mixture velocity 9. The elevational Pressure drop. 10. The Frictional Pressure drop. 11. The Actual Liquid Flow rate at the P,T conditions of the node. 12. The Actual Fre gas rate at the P,T conditions of the node. 13. The Actual Liquid density at the P,T conditions of the node. 14. The Actual Free gas density at the P,T conditions of the node. 15. The Slug Number. 16. The Flow Pattern. It can be seen that as the Pressure decreases the Liquid density decreases therefore the Flowrate has to increase to maintain the mass flow rate constant. The auxiliary output is shown below:
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It is also divided into 16 sections: 1. The node Number. 2. The Horizontal Distance. 3. The vertical Elevation. 4. The Pipe ID 5. The Superficial Liquid Velocity 6. The Superficial Gas velocity 7. The liquid mass flow rate. 8. The gas Mass flow rate. 9. The liquid viscosity. 10. The Gas viscosity. 11. The Reynolds Number. 12. The No-slip liquid hold-up. 13. The Liquid hold-up. 14. The Enthalpy 15. The number of Pressure iteration 16. The number of Temperature iteration. The values of the Reynolds number indicate that the flow regime is turbulent. The viscosity decreases as the pressure decreases.
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Click on the Apply button. The filled user form is shown below:
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It can be seen that the highest inlet temperature generates the lowest pressure drop. This is because as the temperature increases, the viscosity decreases, therefore the Reynolds number increases, the corresponding friction factor decreases and the frictional pressure gradient is lower. In the case of water the effect of the temperature on the density are negligible. Select the Data tab in the PS plot to observe all the data for each temperature in a tabular format.
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Re-run the operation, open the output report and you will see the results of the seven sensitivity cases. Return to the Define Output user form. Check the Segment Data in Primary Output option and re-run the operation. Open the Output file and observe that additional segments have been inserted on each side of the nodes (placed by default 30 cm each side of each node).
Pipesim performs the pressure drop calculation for each of those additional segments by default in order to obtain precise averaged values of properties such as liquid hold-up or velocities at the main nodes
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The pressure calculation will be done using the Moody correlation (Default single phase correlation)
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It can be seen that the highest inlet temperatures generate the highest pressure drops. This is because as the temperature increases the density decreases therefore the Reynolds number decreases. Correspondingly, the friction factor increases and thus the frictional pressure gradient is higher. In the case of gas the effect of the temperature on the viscosity are negligible. In PS-Plot click on the Series menu:
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Change the Y axis from pressure to temperature and press on OK the following temperature profile will be seen.
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The temperature decrease along the pipeline is due to the Joule -Thompson effect.
The pressure calculation will be done using the Moody correlation (Default single phase correlation)
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Getting Started:
1) Select File|New|Pipeline and Facilities 2) From Setup|Units, set to SI
Source_1 Data:
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PIPESIM Training Manual Flowline Data: (Keep all default heat transfer options)
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Step 4: Define and Run a Pressure/Temperature profile operation From the Operations| Pressure Temperature Profile menu, enter the following:
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As the Inlet Pressure text box is left empty the value will be taken from the Source_1 user form.
The pressure drop will be calculated using the Moody correlation (Default single phase correlation) and the Beggs and Brill Correlation.
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PIPESIM Training Manual The flow pattern can be seen by scrolling to the right:
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It can be seen that the flow is initially single-phase liquid until the pressure falls below the bubble point upon which two-phases oil-gas flow is present. The single-phase moody correlation is used in the first part of the pipe and the Beggs and Brill correlation is used in the second part of the pipe. (The hold-up for each of the segment can be seen in the auxiliary output.) The number 1.8 is the erosional velocity ratioand is only displayed when higher than 1. The spot reports output is shown below:
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Getting Started:
1) Select File|New| Well Performance Analysis 2) From Setup|Units, set to English
Exercise 1: Pressure Temperature Profile Step 1: Define the physical components of the Model
The PIPESIM single branch model toolbar is shown below:
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Select the Tubing button and link Completion_1 to the End Node S1 by clicking and dragging from Completion_1 to the End Node S1:
Note that the red outlines on Completion_1 and Tubing_1 indicate that essential input data is missing. Double Click on Completion_1 and the source input data user form will appear. Fill the form as shown below.
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Click on
Double Click on Tubing_1 and the source input data user form will appear. Select Simple Model as the Preferred tubing Model as shown below:
Click on
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Step 4: Define and Run a Pressure/Temperature Profile Operation Select Operations | Pressure Temperature Profile
Enter a liquid rate of 3000 STBD and select outlet pressure as the calculated variable. PIPESIM will automatically assume that the inlet pressure is the static reservoir pressure specified in the completion.
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It can be seen that the outlet pressure is 730 Psia. Click on the Data tab to display a tabular output of the Pressure-Temperature Profile
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To copy this data into Excel, highlight the cells of interest, hit Ctrl+C, then select a cell in Excel and hit Ctrl+V.
The following output can be observed: The Liquid Hold-up value displayed 101 m3 is the liquid content of the entire pipe (linepack).
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PIPESIM Training Manual 5) The Auxiliary Output The Primary output is shown below.
It is divided into 16 sections: 1. The node number: node at which all the measures on the row have been recorded. (The nodes have by default been spaced with a 1000 ft interval) 2. The Horizontal Distance. 3. The Elevation. (Elevation from the horizontal). 4. The Horizontal Angle 5. The Vertical Angle 6. The Pressure 7. The Temperature 8. The mean mixture velocity 9. The elevational Pressure drop. 10. The Frictional Pressure drop. 11. The Actual Liquid Flow rate at the P,T conditions of the node. 12. The Actual Free gas rate at the P,T conditions of the node. 13. The Actual Liquid density at the P,T conditions of the node. 14. The Actual Free gas density at the P,T conditions of the node. 15. The Slug Number. 16. The Flow Pattern. It can be seen that as the Pressure decreases, the liquid holdup decreases. Therefore, the liquid flowrate decreases to maintain the mass flow rate constant. Also, as the pressure decreases the gas density decreases. Therefore, the gas hold-up increases and the gas velocity has to increase to maintain a constant mass flowrate. The gas volumetric flowrate increases with decreasing pressure due to gas expansion.
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It is also divided into 16 sections: 1. The node Number. 2. The Horizontal Distance. 3. The vertical Elevation. 4. The Pipe ID 5. The Superficial Liquid Velocity 6. The Superficial Gas velocity 7. The liquid mass flow rate. 8. The gas Mass flow rate. 9. The liquid viscosity. 10. The Gas viscosity. 11. The Reynolds Number. 12. The No-slip liquid hold-up. 13. The Liquid hold-up. 14. The Enthalpy 15. The number of Pressure iteration 16. The number of Temperature iteration. The values of the Reynolds number (~ 50,000) indicates turbulent flow The viscosity of the liquid increases as the pressure decreases due to gas coming out of solution. Save the model as exer4.bps
Exercise 2: Sensitivity Analysis Using the model from the previous exercise, we will now perform sensitivity analysis on the reservoir pressure. Step 1: Modify the Pressure Temperature Profile Operation user form:
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PIPESIM Training Manual From the Operations | Pressure Temperature Profile menu, select as a sensitivity VertWell_1 as the Component and Static Pressure as the Variable. Enter values shown below:
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The pressure drop across the reservoir is identical for all case due to the PI and flowrate being constant. For the case Pws = 1000 psia the pressure is not sufficient to lift the column of fluid to the surface. The pressure reaches zero at 4000 ft. Select the Data tab in the PS plot to observe all the data for each temperature in a tabular format.
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Re-run the operation you will see the output of the 4 sensitivity cases displayed in the Output file. Return to the Define Output user form. Check the Segment Data in Primary Output option and re-run the operation, you will see the additional segments on each side of the nodes (placed by default 30 cm each side of each node).
Pipesim performs the pressure drop calculation for each of those additional segments by default in order to obtain precise averaged values of properties such as liquid hold-up or velocities at the main nodes
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Getting Started
1) Select File| New| Well Performance Analysis 2) From Setup|Units, set to English
vertical completion
2. Double click on the vertical completion in the work area to enter the following data:
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3. Press the "calculate/graph button and enter the drill string test data as shown below and select the "plot IPR button. This will calculate a productivity index of 25 STB/d/psi to be used throughout the analysis work.
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TIP: Right button-drag on plot to position data points. To zoom in, left button-drag a window across the data points towards the lower right. To zoom out, left button-drag a window towards the upper-left.
Add Tubing
1. Add a boundary node to the model by pointing and clicking on the boundary node button at the top of the screen and then pointing and clicking in the work area:-
boundary node and drag from the completion to the boundary node.
Completed Model Note that the red outline indicates that essential data is missing for that component.
3. Double click on the tubing and select simple model as the preferred tubing model. Enter the data as shown below. Set the tubing ID in the base case model to 3.83, this will become a sensitivity variable later.
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Fluid Analysis: Stock Tank Oil Properties: Watercut GOR Gas SG Water SG Oil API Bubble Point Properties: Pressure Temperature Solution Gas Blackoil Calibration Data: OFVF (above bubble point pressure) OFVF (below bubble point pressure) Dead oil viscosities Live oil viscosity Gas viscosity Gas compressibility (Z)
1.49 @ 4,269 psia and 210 F 1.38 @ 2,000 psia and 210 F 0.31 cP @ 200 F and 0.92 cP @ 60 F 0.29 cP @ 2,000 psia and 210 F 0.019 cP @ 2,000 psia and 210 F 0.85@ 2,000 psia and 210 F
Note: The bubble point calibration for sat GOR is used to normalize (calibrate) the Soln GOR correlation . By specifying a higher stock tank GOR than acalibration sat. GOR, you are effectively increasing the bubble point. (ie.a plot of flowing soln. GOR vs. pressure will intersect this calibration point, but the bubble point is no longer that with which the calibrationsat. GOR is specified). Conversely, if the stock tank GOR is less than the calibration sat. GOR, then the stock tank GOR is used (takes precendence)with the calibration GOR ignored. 1. From the Setup | Black Oil menu to enter the stock tank oil properties and the bubble point properties as shown below:
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Note: Help on the definitions and valid ranges of these stock tank properties can be obtained by selecting the Help at the bottom of this dialog 2. Select the Advanced Calibration Data menu, Single Point Calibration and enter the Gas Saturation at the Bubble Point pressure and temperature as shown below:
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3. press the "Plot PVT data (Laboratory Conditions) button. 4. On the resulting plot, use the Series menu to plot the oil formation volume factor on the y-axis. The following plot should be obtained:
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Observe that the uncalibrated curve for a temperature of 210 F shows that the predicted OFVF is higher than the measured value both above and below the bubble point pressure. At 4,269 psia the predicted value is 1.52 compared to the measured value of 1.49. At 2,000 psia the predicted value is 1.41 compared to the measured value of 1.38.
To calibrate the OFVF above the bubble point pressure, select the Advanced Calibration Data tab and enter the measured value of 1.49 @ 4,269 psia and 210 F as shown below:
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Again, click on the Plor PVT Data (Laboratory Conditions) and the following plot should be obtained:
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Apply OFVF calibration below the bubble point pressure. The measured value is 1.38 @ 2,000 psia and 210 F and replot. The following plot should be obtained:
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Calibration of the oil viscosity requires two dead oil viscosity measurements. The uncalibrated (default) approach is to use the Beggs and Robinson correlation which gives values of 1.562 cP @ 200 F and about 23 cP @ 60 F. The Beggs and Robinson correlation uses the oil API gravity to predict two dead oil data points based upon data obtained from around 2,000 data points from 600 oil systems. Plot the uncalibrated oil viscosity by changing the previous plot Series. The following plot should be obtained:
In this case it can be seen that the predicted oil viscosity value at a temperature of 70 F and 14.7 psia is about 23 cP as specified by the Beggs & Robinson correlation. This is significantly different from the measured dead oil data and would lead to errors in the prediction of pressure loss. Select the Viscosity Data tab and select Users Data for the Dead Oil viscosity correlation. Enter the two measured values of 0.31 cP @ 200 F and 0.92 cP @ 60 F. The following plot should be obtained:
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It can be seen that the predicted oil viscosity value at a temperature of 60 F and 14.7 psia is 0.92 cP, consistent with the laboratory dead oil data. Return to the Advanced Calibration Data tab and enter the live oil calibration data of 0.29 cP @ 2,000 psia and 210 F. The following plot should be obtained:
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It can be seen that the predicted oil viscosity value at a temperature of 210 F and 2000 psia is 0.29 cP consistent with the laboratory live oil data. Proceed to calibrate the gas viscosity and the gas compressibility using the following calibration data: Gas viscosity: Gas compressibility (Z-factor): 0.019 cP @ 2,000 psia and 210 F 0.85 @ 2,000 psia and 210 F
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1. From the Setup/ Flow correlations menu, select Hagedorn & Brown as the vertical multiphase flow correlation. This correlation performs well for vertical oil wells. 2. From the Operations menu, select Systems Analysis menu and choose liquid rate as the calculated variable. The minimum pressure allowed at the wellhead (outlet pressure) is 600 psia. Enter the x-axis and sensitivity data as shown below:
3. Select Run Model, and select Stock Tank Oil as the y-axis series to give the following plot:
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It can be seen that 3.83 ID tubing is the smallest size that will satisfy all of the production plan conditions.
Use the artificial lift performance operation to identify how much lift gas would be needed in Year 10 to achieve the desired oil production rate of 3,600 sbbl/d with the reduced reservoir pressure of 3,700 psia. 1. Double click on the completion, and change the static reservoir pressure to 3,700 psia.
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PIPESIM Training Manual 2. Double click on the tubing, ensure that the tubing ID is 3.83, and add a gaslift depth of 8,000 ft. Press the properties button and enter the gas lift surface temperature of 100 F and specific gravity of 0.6. 3. From the Operations menu, select Artificial Lift Performance menu and choose the sensitivity variable system data -> watercut with one value of 60% (representing year 10). The outlet pressure is 600 psia. Enter gas lift rates of: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mmscfd as shown below:
4. Run the model and select Oil Rate as the y-axis series. The following plot should be obtained:
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It can be seen that it would be necessary to inject 2.0 mmscfd of lift gas at a depth of 8,000 ft in order to achieve the target oil production of 3,600 sbbl/d in Year 10.
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Reservoir & Inflow Data Completion Model = Well PI Select Use Vogel Below Bubble Point Reservoir Pressure Reservoir Temperature Productivity Index 3600 psia 200 oF 8 stb/d/psi
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Result Wellhead Pressure Production Rate ? Flowing BHP ? Flowing WHT ? 300 psia
Method : Construct Model and enter above data. Run Operations > Pressure / Temperature Profile o Enter Given Outlet Pressure (Calculate Liquid Rate). o Leave Sensitivity Variable empty. Inspect plot and text output to determine answers.
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N.A. Point
Perform a Nodal Analysis operation for a given outlet (wellhead) pressure to determine the operating point (bottom hole pressure and flowrate) and the AOFP (absolute open flow potential) of the well ?.
Result (Outlet) Wellhead Pressure Operating Point Flowrate ? Operating Point BHP ? AOFP ? 300 psia
Method : Insert the Nodal Analysis icon at bottom hole location (between the completion and the tubing). Run Operations Nodal Analysis o Enter Given Outlet Pressure. o Leave Inflow Sensitivity and Outflow Sensitivity empty. Inspect plot to determine answers.
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Bubble Point Properties Pressure = 2100 psia, Temperature = 200, Solution Gas = 500 scf/stb Data Measured at the bubble point. OFVF = 1.22 @ 2100 psia and 200 oF Live Oil Viscosity = 1.1 cp @ 2100 psia and 200 oF Gas viscosity = 0.029 cp @ 2100 psia and 200 oF Gas Z factor = 0.8 @ 2100 psia and 200 oF Dead Oil Viscosity Measurements Viscosity = 1.5 cp @ 200 oF and 10 cp @ 60 oF. Use the following PVT Correlations : Property Solution gas OFVF at / below bubble point Live oil viscosity Undersaturated oil viscosity Gas Z Correlation Lasater Standing Chew & Connally Vasquez & Beggs Standing
Result Wellhead Pressure Production Rate ? Flowing BHP ? Flowing WHT ? 300 psia
Method : Enter the calibration data above into the Black Oil fluid model Run Operations > Pressure / Temperature Profile o Enter Given Outlet Pressure (Calculate Liquid Rate). Inspect plot and text output to determine answers.
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Flowing Pressure Survey Depth MD (ft) Pressure (psia) 0 300 1500 560 2500 690 4500 1200 6500 1760 7500 2070 8500 2360
Method : Go to Operations > Flow Correlation Matching. Enter the measured depth and pressure data. o Enter Given Outlet Pressure (Wellhead) and Liquid Rate, and select the Inlet Pressure as the calculated variable. Select Flow Correlations (eg. Beggs & Brill Revised, Duns & Ros, Hagedorn & Brown).
Note : Now change the selected model vertical flow correlation in the Setup > Flow Correlations menu.
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Method A: Go to Operations > System Analysis. Enter Outlet Pressure (calculate Liquid Rate). o For X-axis variable, enter PI values of 5,6,7,8,9and 10. o Leave Sensitivity Variable 1 empty. Generate a plot of calculated liquid rate vs. PI. Identify the PI which gives match to the measured production rate.
Method B: Go to Operations > Nodal Analysis. Enter Outlet Pressure. o For Inflow Sensitivity, enter PI values of 5,6,7and 8. o Leave Outflow Sensitivity empty. Generate Nodal Analysis plot. Identify the PI which gives correct solution point. Determine AOFP from Inflow (Nodal Analysis) plot.
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Method A: Go to Operations > System Analysis. Enter Outlet Pressure (calculate Liquid Rate). o For X-axis variable, enter water cut values of 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%. o Leave Sensitivity Variable 1 empty. Generate a plot of calculated liquid rate vs. water cut. Identify the water cut at which the calculated production rate drops to zero.
Method B: Go to Operations > Nodal Analysis. Enter Outlet Pressure. o Leave Inflow Sensitivity empty. o For Outflow Sensitivity, enter water cut values of 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%. Generate Nodal Analysis plot. Identify the water cut for which there is no solution point.
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Result
Gas Lift Rate (mmscf/d) Water cut = 10% Water cut = 60% Liq. Prod. Rate Liq. Prod. Rate (stb/d) (stb/d)
0.5 1 1.5 2
Method : Add a Gas Lift Injection point in the tubing description (enter a default gas lift rate of 1mmscf/d). Go to Operations > System Analysis. Enter Outlet Pressure (calculate Liquid Rate). o For X-axis variable, enter gas lift rates of 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 (mmscf/d). o For Sensitivity Variable 1 enter water cut values of 10% and 60%. Generate a plot of calculated liquid rate vs. gas lift rate for different water cuts. Inspect plot and text output to determine answers.
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Assume default PVT correlations and no calibration data. Wellbore Data Surface Temperature Kick-off MD Perf MD Perf TD Reservoir Temp Tubing ID Completion Data Completion Type : Pseudo steady state. o Basis of IPR : Liquid. Use Vogel correction below the bubble point. Pressure 3700 psia Temperature 170 F Permeability 50 md Thickness 30 ft Wellbore diameter 6 in Drainage radius 2000 ft Skin (mechanical) 3 Use calculated rate dependent skin Schlumberger 60 F 2000 ft 7500 ft 7000 ft 170 F 2.992 in
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Method : Construct Model and enter above data. Place Nodal Analysis icon at bottom hole. Run Operations > Nodal Analysis o Enter Given Outlet Pressure. o Leave Max Rate empty (PIPESIM will calculate rates upto the AOFP) o Leave Inflow Sensitivity and Outflow Sensitivity empty. Inspect plot to determine answers.
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Outlet Pressure = 250 psia. Oil Production Rates (STBD) Beggs-Brill: Gas Lift (mmscf/d) 0.5 1.0
0 (base)
2.0
Method : Add a Gas Lift Injection point at 4500. (Assume default gas lit rate = 0). Run Operations > Nodal Analysis o Enter Given Outlet Pressure. o Leave Max Rate empty (PIPESIM will calculate rates upto the AOFP) o For Inflow Sensitivity, enter skin values of 3,0,and -2. o For Outflow Sensitivity, enter gas lift rate values of 0,0.5,1.0and 2.0 mmscf/d. Generate Nodal Analysis plot. Inspect plot to determine answers.
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Outlet Pressure = 250 psia. Oil Production Rates (STBD) Mukherjee & Brill: Gas Lift (mmscf/d) 0.5 1.0
0 (base)
2.0
Method : Change the vertical flow correlation to Mukherjee & Brill. Run Operations > Nodal Analysis o Enter Given Outlet Pressure. o Leave Max Rate empty (PIPESIM will calculate rates upto the AOFP) o For Inflow Sensitivity, enter skin values of 3,0,and -2. o For Outflow Sensitivity, enter gas lift rate values of 0,0.5,1.0and 2.0 mmscf/d. Generate Nodal Analysis plot. Inspect plot to determine answers.
The discrepancy between Beggs & Brill and Mukherjee & Brill, ranges from 1-15%. However, both cases agree fairly well in terms of relative added benefit shown by sensitivity cases. Notice that in changing the flow correlation, the inflow curves remain unchanged. This is because Nodal Analysis decouples the system, creating two independent parts. Ultimately, project economics and future production potential based on reservoir conditions will weigh heavily in the final decision.
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Use the following data for the reservoir and completion: Reservoir Data Static Pres 4,600 psia Reservoir Temp. 280oF Gas PI 2 x 10-6 MMSCFD/d/psi2 Completion Data Mid perf TVD 11,000 ft Mid perf MD 11,000ft Ambient temp 30oF EOT MD 10,950 ft Tubing ID 3.476 Casing ID 8.681
Fluid Model:
Enter the PVT data as per the tables below. Tasks: 1. Determine the water content at saturation at reservoir conditions.
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PIPESIM Training Manual 2. Generate a phase envelope using the water saturated composition. 3. Determine the flow-rate, bottom-hole flowing pressure, bottom-hole flowing temperature and well-head temperature given a well-head pressure of 800 psia.
Method: 1. To determine the water content at saturation, enter the given data into the compositional table in the composition editor, from the Setup Menu. Add some water (ie 20 moles). Go to the Single point flash tab, click the PT radio button, enter the given reservoir P/T, and read the water content for the vapour fraction from the screen. Enter this value and the re-normalised hydrocarbon composition back into the compositional editors main screen. 2. To generate a phase envelope, click on the Phase Envelope button in the main compositional editor screen (where the composition was entered). Do this for the composition with the aqueous fraction. 3. Build a simple completion using the completion icon, tubing icon and an outlet node. Enter the given gas PI and reservoir pressure and temperature in the completion inflow section, and the given tubing information in the tubing section. Run a Pressure/Temperature Profile from the Operations drop-down menu using an outlet pressure of 800 psia. The flow-rate, pressures and temperatures can be found in the Summary File, from the Reports drop-down menu. Compositional PVT Data (no water) Composition (%) C1 C2 C3 iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5 C6 C7+ 78 8 3.5 1.2 1.5 .8 .5 .5 6
Stock tank Properties C7+ BP 214oF + C7 MW 115 C7+ SG 0.683 Flow Correlation Select Duns & Ros vertical flow correlation Results: Pres = 4,600 psia, Tres = 280oF % H2O @ saturation Po = 800 psia QG Pwf BHT WHT
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Flow-line Details Flow-line length (ft) 300 Flow-line ID 6 Pipe Roughness (in) 0.001 Wall thickness (in) 0.5 Ambient Temp (F) 60 Note: enter any choke size you wish as this will be overridden by the sensitivity variable
Task: Using the mechanistic choke model, determine the choke size (mechanistic choke model) that results in a manifold pressure of 710 psia (manifold is at end of flow-line) using the gas rate as calculated in Exercise 3, Task 3. Ensure that the tubing ID is 3.958. Method: The operation Pressure/Temperature Profiles can be used for this task. Using choke size as the sensitivity (a good estimate would be from 1 to 3 in increments of ), look in the Summary File to find the choke size that gives the correct outlet pressure (710 psia). Note that the wellhead pressure will remain at 800 psia. Use a flow-rate of 15.7 MMSCFD if unable to get results for Exercise 3. Results: Po = 710 psia Choke size Continue using that choke size in model (double click on the choke and enter that choke size).
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Producing gas rate during FGS = 13.4 MMSCFD Wellhead Pressure during FGS = 800 psia
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Results: Pres = 4,300 psia, Tres = 280oF % H2O @ saturation Po = 800 psia Best Correlation Mean arithmetic difference (%) Mean absolute difference (%) Po = 710 psia QG Pwf QL @ mid-perfs (act) QL @ outlet (act)
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Method : Construct Well Model and enter above data. Place Nodal Analysis icon at bottom hole. Run Operations > Nodal Analysis o Enter Given Outlet Pressure. o Leave Max Rate empty (PIPESIM will calculate rates upto the AOFP) o Leave Inflow Sensitivity and Outflow Sensitivity empty.
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Design Conditions : Design Production Rate = 1600 sm3/d Design Wellhead (Outlet) Pressure = 8 barg Pump setting depth = 2500 m (i.e. within the 95/8 (8.681 ID) casing Design Frequency = 60 Hz (assume no gas separator present, no viscosity correction and a head factor of 1).
Result 1). No. of stages (HN13000) ? 2). Motor HP required ? 3). Flowrate range for 50 70 Hz. ? 4). Flowrate for Psuction < Pbubble point ?
Method : Go to Design > ESP Design in top menu. Enter the Pump Design Data given. Click the Select Pump button. (This will filter the pump database for all pumps which meet the design criteria). Select Manufacturer to Reda. Highlight and select the Reda HN13000 pump. Click on the Calculate button in Pump Parameters section. (This will calculate the pump parameters). Read the No. of stages required. Read the motor HP required. Click on the Pump Performance Plot at the bottom of the Pump Parameters section. Read off the flowrate at the intersection of the Well System Curve and the 50Hz and 70 Hz pump curves. Read off the intersection of the pump suction pressure curve and the bubble point curve.
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Method : Install the pump in your well model by clicking on the Install Pump button at the bottom of the Pump Parameters section. Go to Operations > System Analysis. Enter Outlet Pressure (i.e. select calculated variable = Liquid Rate). o For X-axis variable, enter watercut values of 90 and 95 % o Leave Sensitivity Variable 1 empty. Generate a plot of calculated liquid rate vs. watercut. Read off the production rate for water cut 95%..
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Exercise 1: Develop the compositional PVT model based on the following data:
Pure Hydrocarbon Components Component Methane Ethane Propane Isobutane Butane Isopentane Pentane Hexane Petroleum Fraction Name C7+ Aqueous Component Component Water Moles 75 6 3 1 1 1 0.5 0.5
Moles 12
Method: 1) Use the <setup/compositional...> menu to enter the pure components given at the end of the case study. Select the pure hydrocarbon components from the component database. Multiple selection is possible by holding down the control key. When all pure hydrocarbon components have been selected, press the "Add>>" button. 2) Select the "Petroleum Fractions" tab and characterise the petroleum fraction "C7+" by entering the petroleum fraction name, the BP, MW, and SG in row 1. Highlight the row by pressing on the row 1 button and then press the "Add to composition>>" button. 3) Return to the "Component Selection" tab and enter the number of moles for C7+. 4) Generate the hydrocarbon phase envelope by pressing the "Phase Envelope" button.
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Manifold Outlet pressure Temperature Subsea tieback Rate of undulations Horizontal Distance Elevational difference Available ID's Heat Transfer: Ambient temperature
Pipe thermal conductivity Insulation thermal conductivity Insulation thicknesses available Ambient fluid Ambient fluid velocity Burial depth Ground conductivity
1500 176
psia F
(not hilly) miles (horizontal) " F Btu/hr/ft/F Btu/hr/ft/F + 0.25" increments ft/sec " (not burried) Btu/hr/ft/F
Riser (use detailed profile) Horizontal Distance Elevational difference Available ID's Heat Transfer:
Ambient temperature @ riser base Ambient temperature @ 1200' Ambient temperature @ 800' Ambient temperature @ 400' Ambient temperature @ topsides Pipe thermal conductivity Insulation thermal conductivity Insulation thicknesses available Ambient fluid Ambient fluid velocity
Method: 1) Perform a System Analysis with the minimum, maximum and expected flow rates as the x-axis variable, and the available IDs for the flowline and riser as Change in Step sensitivity variables. 2) Determine the minimum flowline ID that satisfies the separator pressure requirement for the maximum flow rate. 3) Change the y-axis to display Errosional Velocity Ratio and check to ensure that the selected flowline ID does not exceed an errosional velocity ratio of 1.0.
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Result Pipeline and Riser ID: Max. errosional velocity ratio for selected ID Min. Separator pressure for selected ID Max. separator pressure for selected ID
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Result 1/1000 slug volume (ft3) Sphere generated liquid volume (ft3) Design volume for slug catcher (ft3)
14000 STBD
16000 STBD
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Notes on SGLV Calculation: When a sphere is introduced into the line, it will gather in front of itself a liquid slug made from "all the liquid that is flowing slower than the mean fluid flowrate in the pipeline at any given point". Thus the crucial value that determines Sphere Generated Liquid Volume (SGLV) is the Slip Ratio(SR), which is the average speed of the fluid divided by the speed of the liquid. If the liquid and gas move at the same speed, the slip ratio will be 1, i.e. there is 'no slip' between the phases. In this situation the sphere will not collect any liquid, so the SGLV will be zero. Normally the liquidflows slower than the gas, i.e.. the slip ratio is greater than 1, so "some" of the liquid in the pipeline will collect in front of the sphere to form the SGLV. The only way that "all" of the liquid in the pipeline will collect to form the SGLV, is if the liquid velocity is zero, i.e.. the slip ratio is infinite. This cannot happen in a steady-state reality, so the SGLV is always smaller than the total liquid holdup.
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Flow is in: 2 7/8 (2.441 ID) tubing from surface to 7500 ft 7 (6.184 ID) casing from 7500 ft to 7550ft
Reservoir & Inflow Data Reservoir Pressure = 2800 psig Reservoir Temperature = 175 oF Productivity Index = 2.5 stb/d/psi Use Vogel below bubble point Method: Construct Well Model and enter above data. Place Nodal Analysis icon at bottom hole.
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PIPESIM Training Manual Run Operations > Nodal Analysis o Enter Given Outlet Pressure. o Leave Max Rate empty (PIPESIM will calculate rates up to the AOFP) o Leave Inflow Sensitivity and Outflow Sensitivity empty. Inspect plot.
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PIPESIM Training Manual Minimum Valve Inj DP: 150 psi Bracketing Options: Not selected. Safety Factors: Surface Close Pressure Drop Between Valves: 15 psi. Locating DP at Valve Location: 50 psi. Transfer Factor: 0. Place Orifice at operating valve location: Yes. Discharge Coefficient for Orifice: 0.865
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Result
Valve Depth Valve Series Port Size Ptro Open Pres @ Surface Close Pres @ Surface Gas Rate (Unloading) Unloading Liq Rate Max Valve Throughput Valve Temp Injection Pressure Drop Cd
Method: Go to Design > Gas Lift Design in top menu. Enter the Gas Lift Design Data given. Click on Perform Design.
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Exercise 1: Installing a Gas Lift valve system, Deepest Injection Point Operation:
Open the model created during the previous case study. Insert the following Gas lift valve system into the tubing user form. Equipment Gas Lift Valve Gas Lift Valve Gas Lift Valve Gas Lift Valve Gas Lift Valve Gas Lift Valve Method: -Insert the spacing shown above in the tubing user form (in the down hole equipment tab). -Perform a Deepest Injection Point operation using a lift gas rate of 1.25 mmscf/d and an injection pressure or 1000psig. MD 1500 2700 3600 4200 4700 5100 Properties IPO-1/8 IPO-1/4 IPO-5/16 IPO-5/16 IPO-5/16 IPO-5/16 Label BK-1 BK-1 BK-1 BK-1 BK-1 BK-1
Exercise 3: Design the gas lift system using the current mandrel spacing
Given the design conditions (Identical to case study 5), and the current mandrel spacing perform the gas lift design. Method: -Select current spacing in the design control tab prior to performing the design. Use 1.25 mmscf/d as the lift gas rate.
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Open PIPESIM and go to <file/new> to open a new Network model and save this in your training directory (e.g. as file c:\training\pn01.bpn). Use the production well button to place Well 1 in the work area as shown below.
production well
Double click on the vertical completion to enter the inflow performance data. Enter a gas PI of 0.0004 mmscf/d/psi2. The reservoir temperature and pressure will be entered later when the network boundary conditions are specified (see page 2-5). Double click on the tubing and select Simple Model as the preferred tubing model. Define a vertical tubing with a wellhead MD of 0 and mid
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perforations TVD and MD of 4500 ft. The ambient temperatures are 130 F at mid perforations and 60 F at the wellhead. The tubing has an I.D. of 2.4". Note that the essential data fields are shown in red outline (if the fields are not outlined, then data entry in these fields is optional). Close the view of Well 1 to return to the network view. Select "Well_1" and using the commands <edit/copy> <edit/paste> copy "Well_1" to "Well_2" and "Well_3". Position the new wells as shown below:-
You will see that Wells 2 and 3 have adopted the data of Well 1. Double click on Well 3 and modify the completion and tubing data. Double click on the vertical completion to enter the inflow performance data. Enter a gas PI of 0.0005 mmscf/d/psi2. Double click on the tubing, and define a vertical tubing with a wellhead TVD of 0 and mid perforations TVD and MD of 4900 ft. The ambient temperatures are 140 F at mid perforations and 60 F at the wellhead. The tubing has an I.D. of 2.4". Close the view of Well 3 to return to the network view. The next step is to define the compositions at the production wells. Wells 1 & 2 are producing from the same reservoir and have the same composition. Well 3 has a different composition as shown in the data section at the end of the case study. The most efficient way define the compositions is to set the more prevalent composition (i.e. that for Wells 1 and 2) as the global composition and then to specify the composition of Well 3 as a local variant. The composition of Wells 1 and 2 is the same as that for the single branch model case study 5 and can be imported. First save the current network model. Open the single branch case study 5 (e.g. c:\training\ps05.bps). Use the <setup/compositional...> menu and the export button to export the composition to a file called "comp1.pvt". Now close the single branch model case study 5. In the network model, use the <setup/compositional...> menu and the import button to import comp1.pvt as the global composition. Click the right mouse button over Well 3, select fluid model and modify the composition to be locally defined as given at the end of this case study. The import function can be used again. Now position the sink and some junction nodes. Note that holding down the "Shift" key whilst placing junction nodes allows multiple placement, you should release the "Shift" key before the final placement. The network should now look like this:
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Using the branch button connect J_1 to J_2. To do this, click on the branch button, then hold down the left mouse button over J_1 and drag the mouse pointer to J_2 before releasing the left mouse button.
branch button
branch connected
Double click on the arrow in the centre of "B1" to enter data for that branch. Now double click on the flowline to enter the following data:Rate of undulations: Horizontal distance: Elevation difference: Inner diameter: Wall thickness: Roughness: Ambient temperature: 10/1000 30,000 ft 0 ft 6" 0.5" 0.001" 60 F
Close the "B1" window to return to the network view. As the looped gathering lines are all identical, the data for branch "B1" should be propagated to the other looped gathering lines. Select "B1" by clicking on the arrow in the middle of the branch and using the commands <edit/copy> <edit/paste> copy "B1" to "B2", "B3", and "B4". Position the new branches as shown below:
In order to reconnect a pasted branch, first pick the arrow in the middle of the new branch. You will see that highlight boxes appear at either end of the branch. Move the mouse pointer over the right hand
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highlight box, and you will see that the mouse pointer changes to an "up arrow" shape (). This end of the branch can then be dragged and dropped onto a junction node. Now connect the wells to the adjacent junction node and connect "J_4" to the sink as shown below:
Now enter the components and data for branch "B5". Branch "B5" comprises a liquid separator with an efficiency of 100%, a compressor with a pressure differential of +400 psi and an efficiency of 70%, an aftercooler with an outlet temperature of 120 F and a delta P of 15 psi, and a flowline with the following properties:Rate of undulations: Horizontal distance: Elevation difference: Inner diameter: Wall thickness: Roughness: Ambient temperature: 10/1000 10,000 ft 0 ft 8" 0.5" 0.001" 60 F
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Boundary conditions: The fluid pressure, temperature, and flowrate at each lone node in the network. The following rules apply:Rule for Temperatures: The fluid temperature at all sources and the static reservoir temperature at all production wells must be specified by the user. The fluid temperature at all sinks and injection wells is always calculated by the network module. Rules for Pressures and Flowrates: There are two rules for specification of pressure and flowrate boundary conditions:Rule 1 - Degrees of Freedom. The total number of flowrates, pressures and PQ curves specified must equal the total number of lone nodes. Rule 2 - At Least one Pressure. A least one pressure must be specified at one of the lone nodes. All unspecified pressures and flowrates are calculated by the network module. In this case study, the above rules will be satisfied by doing the following Specify all the fluid inlet temperatures Specify all the fluid inlet pressures and the delivery pressure.
Use the <Setup/boundary conditions> menu to specify the boundary conditions below:Node Well_1 Well_2 Well_3 Sink_1 Pressure 2900 psia 2900 psia 3100 psia 800 psia Temperature 130 F 130 F 140 F (calculated variable)
Note that all of the flowrates will be calculated by the network module. It is also necessary to enter these values via the well view.
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PIPESIM Training Manual Set the network tolerance. Run the model. View the tabular reports. View the graphical reports.
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Use the <setup/options/network iterations> menu to set the network tolerance to 1%. Save the model, and then press the run button .
When the network has solved you should get the message "pn01 - Finished OK". Press the "OK" button. Press the report tool button and you will see that the sink gas flowrate is 41.55 mmscf/d. .
More comprehensive tabular reporting is available using the summary file button
Select the flow route from "Well_3", branch "B3" and branch "B5". Hold the "Shift" key down in order to . The following pressure profile for effect a multiple selection. Then press the profile plot button these three branches should be obtained. The effect of the compressor at "J_4" on the system pressure can be seen:-
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Data Available
Layout:The network is laid out as shown below:-
Completion and Tubing Data:Gas PI Wellhead TVD Mid Perforations TVD Mid Perforations MD Tubing I.D. Wellhead Ambient Temperature Mid Perforations Ambient Temperature Pure Hydrocarbon Components (Wells 1 & 2):Component Methane Ethane Propane Isobutane Butane Isopentane Pentane Hexane Petroleum Fraction (Wells 1 & 2):Name Boiling Point Molecular Weight (F) C7+ 214 115 Aqueous Component (Wells 1 & 2):Component Water Wells 1 & 2 0.0004 mmscf/d/psi2 0 4500 ft 4500 ft 2.4" 60 F 130 F Moles 75 6 3 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 Specific Gravity 0.683 Volume ratio (%bbl/bbl) 10 Moles 12 Well 3 0.0005 mmscf/d/psi2 0 4900 ft 4900 ft 2.4" 60 F 140 F
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PIPESIM Training Manual Pure Hydrocarbon Components (Well 3):Component Methane Ethane Propane Isobutane Butane Isopentane Pentane Hexane Petroleum Fraction (Wells 3):Name Boiling Point (F) C7+ 214 Aqueous Component (Well 3):Component Water Molecular Weight 115
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Moles 73 7 4 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 Specific Gravity 0.683 Volume ratio (%bbl/bbl) 5 10/1000 30,000 ft 0 ft 6" 0.5" 0.001" 60 F 0.2 Btu/hr/ft2/F Liquid 100% 400 psi 70% 120 F 15 psi 10/1000 10,000 ft 0 ft 8" 0.5" 0.001" 60 F 0.2 Btu/hr/ft2/F Temperature 130 F 130 F 140 F (calculated variable) Moles 10.5
Data for Looped Gathering Lines (B1, B2, B3, and B4):Rate of undulations Horizontal distance Elevation difference Inner diameter Wall thickness Roughness Ambient temperature Overall heat transfer coefficient Data for Deliver Line (B5):Separator type Separator efficiency Compressor differential pressure Compressor efficiency Aftercooler outlet temperature Aftercooler delta P Flowline Rate of undulations Flowline Horizontal distance Flowline Elevation difference Flowline Inner diameter Flowline Wall thickness Flowline Roughness Flowline Ambient temperature Flowline Overall heat transfer coefficient Boundary Conditions:Node Well_1 Well_2 Well_3 Sink_1 Pressure 2900 psia 2900 psia 3100 psia 800 psia
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Problem Outline
Two sources, Supply_1 and Supply_2, are connected through a parallel pipeline system to a delivery station some 250km away. Each source has a fixed flowrate and each produces a gas. Fluid properties are modelled using a compositional fluid model.
General Data
Different compositional fluids are produced by the sources. The delivery pressure is fixed at 855 psia. The ambient temperature for the field is 20 oC. Sources Supply_1 is flowing 15 mmsm3/d of gas at a temperature of 70 oC. The 1000 m flowline to the main trunk line has a 600 mm inner diameter, ID, with no elevation difference. Supply_2 is flowing 37 mmsm3/d of gas at a temperature of 55 oC. The 35000 m flowline to the main trunk line has a 900 mm inner diameter with no elevation difference. Parallel Flowlines The 250,000 m flowline (Line4) to the main trunk line has a 960 mm inner diameter with no elevation difference. The parallel, 256,000 m flowline (Line5) to the main trunk line has a 1024 mm inner diameter with no elevation difference. Flowline (Line2) The 2000 m flowline joining the two parallel lines at their start has a 949.9 mm inner diameter with no elevation difference. Flowline To Delivery The flowline from the end of the parallel line to the delivery has a 970 mm ID and continues for 2000 m to the delivery point. The required pressure for delivery is 855 psia. Note: All other parameters, including the heat transfer have been left as the default. The gas transmission network for is shown below.
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Figure 1 Case 2 Network Graphic Fluid Data Laboratory analysis has shown the fluids from the two supplies to have different compositions. Right click on each Supply and select Fluid Model. Ensure that the Local Compositional button is checked and Select Edit Composition. Enter the fluids as specified below:
Component Nitrogen H2S Carbon Dioxide Methane Ethane Propane Isobutane Butane Isopentane Pentane Hexane Heptane
Supply_1 Mol % 0.1 0.1 5.2 77.9 6.9 4.5 1.0 1.3 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.8
Supply_2 Mol % 0.2 0.0 3.0 79.8 8.4 4.2 2.1 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.0
Clicking the Phase Env. button will plot the phase envelope of the fluid.
Question 1
Determine the direction of flow in Line2, and the flowrate and fluid temperature at the delivery point. The objective is to determine the direction of flow in Line2 and the flowrate and temperature at the delivery point. Select Summary File from the Reports menu and scroll down to system summary section. This is shown below and you will see that Line2 is flowing in a forward direction (based on the initial flow direction - indicated by the arrow on the line) and that the flowrate and fluid temperature at the delivery point are 52 mmsm3/d and 20.2 oC respectively.
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Question 2
Plot the pressure profiles for the 250 km parallel pipelines. Holding the Shift key, select Line 4 and 5 and click on the Profile Plot Icon: This plot is shown in figure 2
Question 3
Plot the temperature profiles for the 250 km parallel pipelines.
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PIPESIM Training Manual In the Plot Window, Select Series and change Pressure to Temperature for the Y-axis This plot is shown in figure 3
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Problem Outline
A water production well feeds water into an injection system that consists of 6 injection points. The water is lifted from the production well by an ESP. Figure 1 schematically presents the layout of the studied water injection system. A Global black oil model with 100% watercut and DOD of 62.43 lb/ft3 is used in this case study.
Figure 1 Water Injection System The ESP can be added into the production well by selecting the ESP button (in Artificial Lift section) from the Tubing Details dialog that appears after double-clicking on the tubing in the Producer window.
General Data
The fluid produced from the well (Producer) is a single phase black-oil with a watercut of 100%. The delivery pressures to each individual injection point are different. The ambient temperature for the entire network is 50F.
Well Data
The water production rate of the well is 15,000 STB/d and the temperature of the well is 200F and reservoir pressure is 4000 psia. The well has a liquid productivity index (PI) of 100 STB/d/psi. Water is lifted from the production well by an ESP (Type: Centrilift, Model: IB700) with number of stages of 30 and at a speed of 3,600 rpm. The type of ESP can be specified by clicking on the Select ESP button in the Tubing Details dialog window.
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The ESP is located at a depth of 2,000 ft TVD and the water production well is at 6,000 ft TVD. The total measured depth along the tubing is 6,000 ft MD and the well has a 7 ID.
Fluid Data
The fluid produced from the production well is a single phase blackoil (with 100% watercut) flow. Select Fluid Model under Setup and then Black Oil, click on the button of Edit Black Oil Data to specify the watercut and the dead oil density (DOD), the GOR is 0.0 scf/STB. Local flow correlations are used to model the wells (both production and injection ones) and flowlines. All the local flow correlations have used Duns & Ros correlation for both vertical and horizontal multiphase flow calculations. The objective of the case study is to determine the fluid (i.e. water in this case) distribution in an injection system from a single production well. Note: All other parameters should be left as the default.
Question 1:
Use the Report Tool to summarize the results of interest Click on the Report Tool Icon Select Clear Click on the Producing Well and each of the injector wells Select Config and remove all columns except Temperature, Pressure and Liquid Flow
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Question 2:
Plot the pressure profiles for all injection wells. This is shown in figure 2.
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Build a Simple Surface Network: Use PIPESIM to create Network1.bpn in your training directory. The network is shown below:
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Three wells are connected to this reservoir. One of the well as modeled in PIPESIM is shown below:
Well Data (use the Simple Model option in PIPESIM to model each well): Mid Perfs Depth (Ft below sea bed) 3000 3000 3000 Tubing ID (in) 2 2 2 Ambient T (F) 60 60 60 Gas PI (mmscf/d/psi2) 1e-5 1e-4 1e-3 Res T (F) 250 250 250 Res P (psia) 4000 4000 4000
Note that all the wells in the PIPESIM network model should have no flow directional blocks. This is done by right clicking on the well in the network interface and selecting BLOCK: None.
These three wells connect to a single wellhead manifold on the seabed, which is at a depth of 1000 ft Subsea S.S. From this a horizontal flow line of 150000 ft length and 4 inch ID runs to the base of a riser of 5 inch ID that goes up 1000 ft to the sink.
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The Sink requires a minimum production pressure of 500 psia and should be able to handle the production from this reservoir. The surface ambient temperature is 60F. The Flow line and riser system is modelled in PIPESIM as shown below:
The initial composition of the reservoir can be taken as 88% methane, 10% ethane, and 2% propane. Create a compositional file called comp1.pvt in your training directory. Check that the model solves successfully by running it. (Gas rate at sink: 26.824 mmscf/d with a network tolerance of 0.01 %)
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Build a Compositional Tank Model: Start FPT. Use Save-As to save the model as Exer1.fpt in your training directory. Select the Mode menu and choose Compositional Tank Models. Select the Reservoir button . The compositional tank model user form will appear.
Enter the tank name: tank1 and enter the following tank data:
OGIIP: 50,000 mmscf. Reservoir Pressure (datum): 4000 Psia. Reservoir Temp (datum): 250 F. Reservoir Top (Datum depth: sea bed) 2800 ft Initial OWC (Datum depth: sea bed) 3300 ft Datum depth of perforation: 3000 ft Aquifer Replacement: 30% Link the reservoir composition to the file comp1.pvt created above. The filled user form for tank 1 is shown below:
Use the Select Network Model(s) button the FPT model Exer1.FPT.
Map the wells to the tank model. Use the Well mapping button below: to map wells 1, 2, and 3 to tank 1. The user form is shown
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Events Description:
The simulation is to be run for 720 days in 60-day steps for the first 360 days and in 180 steps for the second 360 days. Initially wells 1 and 3 are on, well 2 being turned on 60 days later.
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PIPESIM Training Manual Modify the initial timestep to 60 days. Note that it is necessary to switch wells 1 and 3 on at time=0 because the default initial condition of all wells is off.
Run the Model: Under build, advanced settings, tick Use NET restart file. Run the model by selecting the run button .
Objectives:
The objective is to produce a graph of the gas flow rate from each source and at the delivery for each time step.
Method:
Once the simulation has finished, select the results viewer button .
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PIPESIM Training Manual Select plotting and plot for all wells and sinks. The graph is shown below.
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Pressure (psia)
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Save the FPT model with a different name. Open exer1.fpt and save this as exer2.fpt
Create a depletion table: Select the Mode menu and choose Look-up tables: Select the Reservoir button . The look-up table user form will appear.
Select the Cum. gas as the Independent Properties and Pressure as the Dependant Properties, the user form should look as follow:
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Select Save table and save the table as bja1.tbl in your training directory. Click on Edit table and the following text editor should appear.
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PIPESIM Training Manual Enter the following data in the table. (These data could be pasted directly from an excel spreadsheet for example).
Save the table clicking on the menu file submenu save in the text editor. Close the text editor.
Set up the table as the reservoir depletion model. Click on load table in the look-up table user form the table should appear in the user form as shown below.
Map the Reservoir to the wells: Map this reservoir to the wells in the same way as you did for the tanks
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Format and view the graphical output The graphical results for exercise 2 are shown below.
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Exercise 3: Field planning events logic and flow rate constrained wells:
Objectives: The objective of exercise 3 is to enter more complex conditional logic and adding flow rate constraints on the wells. The wells are going to be choked back if necessary so that they produce up to a maximum flow rate. Well 2 is only going to be turned on if the production at the FPSO drops below a given value.
Exercise 3 is divided into 7 subsections as detailed below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Save the FPT model with a different name. Input the flow rate constraint. Modify the conditional logic. Run the model. (Using the same field planning events as in Exercise 1) Format and view a graphical output. Format and view a Tabular output.
Save the FPT model with a different name: Open exer2.fpt and save this as exer3.fpt.
Input the flow rate constraint: The PIPESIM network model controls the maximum flow rate from the well by choking the well back. It therefore must contain a choke to operate in the well description in the PIPESIM network model. Select the PIPESIM-Net models dialog and edit the PIPESIM network model. Add a choke to each of the wells at the wellhead. Supply a temporary bean size of 3 for each choke (this will be overwritten by the field planning events logic). One of the wells as modified in PIPESIM is shown below:
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Exit the Network graphical interface. Select the Flowrate Constraints button not the sink. and select all of the wells (highlighting them), but
Now choose gas rate as the Limit type, and type in a rate of 11 mmscf/d in the Value text box. Click on apply and this flow rate constraint will be imposed upon all of the wells. The flow rate constraints user form is shown below:
Use the field planning events editor to delete the event that currently turns on the well after 60 days.
Now add an Event that effectively says turn on well 2 when the gas production rate at the sink drops below 21.8 mmscf/day.
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Select plotting and plot for all wells and sinks. The graph is shown below. The graphical results are shown below.
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Select the Flow rate Constraints button sink. Select limit type = gas rate.
and select all of the wells (highlighting them), but not the
Click on the remove button and the flow rate constraints will be deleted. Click on OK to leave this User Form.
Enter the following logic under schedule = NONE. (Note that the timestep has been changed to 960.)
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Create a bean list: In the Drop-Down list schedule, highlight BEAN 01 and insert the following logic. Bean list events will be triggered only once and once at a time in the order in which they have been entered in the user form. Run the Model:
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PIPESIM Training Manual Run the model by selecting the run button .
Format and view a graphical output: Once the simulation has finished, select the results viewer button Select plotting and plot for all wells. The graph is shown below. .
Observe that the wells are closed due to link with dead look up table. It can be seen that all the wells are closed from the time step 840 days. Open the Field Planning Event window and the following should be seen at the end of the file.
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The wells have been shut due to the fact that the cumulative production of the wells at the timestep 900 days is above the maximum value of cumulative production in the reservoir table.
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PIPESIM Training Manual button, modify the table, save the table from the text editor, exit the text editor, click on load table to load the modified table):
Restart the model at 840 days: Select the Restart button , the Restart simulation user form will appear as shown below:
Pressure (psia)
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PIPESIM Training Manual The following graphical output should be obtained this time:
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Select the Flowrate Constraints button Highlight the sink. Choose gas rate from the list box, and type in a rate of 19.1 mmscf/d in the box below. Click on apply and this flow rate constraint will be imposed upon the sink. Click on OK to leave this User Form.
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Once the simulation has finished, select the results viewer button
Select plotting and plot for all wells and sinks. The graph is shown below.
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The user form is divided into 4 windows the branch list window lists all the branches in the network; the branches selected window displays the branch on which the user wishes to record auxiliary properties; the auxiliary property window lists all the auxiliary property that are available for the user to record, the selected property window display the chosen auxiliary properties to be recorded for the selected branches. Select B1, well1, well2, and well3 by highlighting them in the branch list window and clicking on the Add button. Highlight the 3 selected wells in the selected branches window and click on Erosional velocity Ratio in the auxiliary properties window. Highlight the selected B1 branch in the selected branches window and click on Pressure drop across choke and Bottom hole pressure in the auxiliary property window. Click on OK to exit the user form.
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Six identical wells are connected to this reservoir. One of the wells as modeled in PIPESIM is shown below:
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Well Data: Reservoir Pressure = 3000 psi Reservoir Temperature = 200 F Completion Model Well PI, choose Liquid PI of 10 STB/day/psi. Tubing Details (use Detailed Model) MD ft 0 1000 2250 3500 TVD ft 0 1000 2000 3000 Temperature F 60 200 U value 2 2 Tubing ID inch 2.992 2.992 2.992 2.992
Rename this well Well_A1 and then copy and paste it to create wells Well_A2, Well_A3, Well_B1, Well_B2 and Well_B3. Link the wells to form the network.
Enter the pipeline data: Name Conn 1 Conn 2 Conn 3 Length, ft 2500 2000 100 Pipeline ID, inches 6 6 8
Ambient temperature for all surface conditions is 60 F. PumpBranch is made of two flow lines each of 1000 ft length and 6 inches ID. It also contains an adiabatic pump of 100% Efficiency and 100 HP and a Gas separator of 100 % efficiency between the two flow lines as shown below:
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Sink delivery pressure is 500 psi. The Global Black Oil composition for the network is Water Cut = 20%, GOR = 500 SCF/STB. Calibration data at Bubble point is Pressure = 3000 psi, Temperature =200 F, Saturation Gas = 500 SCF/STB. Note that all the wells in the PIPESIM network model should have no flow directional blocks. This is done by right clicking on the well in the network interface and selecting BLOCK: None. Check that the model solves successfully by running it. The following output is obtained at the sink (Tolerance: 0.2 %):
within the PIPESIM network model to generate the necessary interface files.
Build a Black Oil Tank Model: Start FPT. Use Save-As to save the model as BOTank.fpt in your training directory. Select the Mode menu and choose Black Oil Tank Models. Select the Reservoir button . The compositional tank model user form will appear.
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Create another new reservoir PoolB and input the following data:
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Link the network model to the FPT model. Use the Net Models button BOtank.FPT. Map the wells to the tank model. to attach the network model BOtank.bpn to the FPT model
Use the well mapping button to map well_A1, Well_A2, Well_A3 to PoolA and Well_B1, Well_B2, Well_B3 to PoolB. The user form is shown below:
once more. The compositional tank model user form will appear.
Select the Well completion details tab. Input the completion depths of the six wells as shown below:
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Click on edit to create the Water cut table (Watercut1) and GLR table (GLR1):
Select WellA1, WellA2, WellA3 and apply the Water Cut and GLR tables:
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Enter some simple field planning events: Events description: The simulation is to be run for 600 days in 60 days step. Initially Well_A1, Well_A2, Well_A3 are on Well_B1, Well_B2, Well_B3 are turned on 120 days later. The pump Horsepower is set to 600 Hp after 300 days. Coding the events with FPT: Input the field logic using the field planning events button Set the initial timestep to 60 days. Note that it is necessary to switch well_A1, well_A2, well_A3 at time=0 because the default initial condition of all wells is off. The timestep is set to 1 day just before an event happens in order for the graph to represent accurately the surge in production that happens when: WellB1, WellB2, WellB3 are turned on. The pump power is stepped up from 100 Hp to 600 Hp. .
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Run the Model Run the model by selecting the run button View the Graphical Output Once the simulation has finished, select the results viewer button . .
Select plotting and plot for all wells and sinks. The graph is shown below.
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Select Case as the Independent Properties and Pressure as the Dependant Properties, the user form should look as follows:
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Select Save table and save the table as PoolA.tbl in your training directory. Click on Edit table and the following text editor should appear.
Enter the following data in the table. (These data could be pasted directly from an excel spreadsheet for example). The date must lie between the 2 keywords LOOKUPTABLEDATA and ENDOFTABLEDATA
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Save the table clicking on the menu file submenu save in the text editor. Close the text editor. Select Unused2 in the case studies user form. Select Case as the Independent Properties and Pressure as the Dependant Properties, the user form should look as follow:
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Map the Table to the wells: Map this table to the wells in the same way as you did in the black oil tank case study:
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PIPESIM Training Manual Enter some simple field planning events: Wells A1, A2, A3 are on for cases 1-2; all wells are on for cases 3-5. Enter the following field planning events:
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Run the simulation Run the simulation again. View the Graphical Output Once the simulation has finished, select the results viewer button .
Select plotting and plot for all wells and sinks. The graph is shown below.
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The x-Axis is Time but for the case study mode time and case are treated the same.
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Six identical wells are connected to this reservoir. One of the wells as modeled in PIPESIM is shown below:
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Well Data:
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Link the wells to form the network. Enter the pipeline data:
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Sink delivery pressure is 2000 psi. The Global composition for the network is shown below: Nitrogen: 3.15 Carbon Dioxide: 1.34 Methane: 85.05 Ethane: 5.14 Propane: 2.19 Isobutane: 0.35 Butane: 0.7 Isopentane: 0.24 Pentane: 0.24 Hexane: 0.19 C7+: 1.41 Name C7+ BP (F) 188 MW 90 SG 0.75 TC (F) 520 PC (psia) 512 Omega 0.29
Note that all the wells in the PIPESIM network model should have no flow directional blocks. This is done by right clicking on the well in the network interface and selecting BLOCK: None. Create a PVT file DCQ.pvt. Check that the model solves successfully by running it. The following output is obtained at the sink (Tolerance: 1 %):
within the PIPESIM network model to generate the necessary interface files. Use the FPT button Build a Compositional Tank Model: Start FPT. Use Save-As to save the model as DCQ.fpt in your training directory. Select the Mode menu and choose Compositional Tank Models. Select the Reservoir button (Composition file: DCQ.pvt). . Fill in the compositional tank model user form as shown below
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Link the network model to the FPT model. Use the Net Models button to attach the network model DCQ.bpn to the FPT model DCQ.FPT Map the wells to the tank model. Use the well mapping button shown below: to map a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, and b3 to res01. The user form is
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Enter some simple field planning events: All wells are turned on at the start of the simulation.
Run the model: Run the model by selecting the run button Format and View a Graphical output: .
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PIPESIM Training Manual Fill in the DCQ user form: Click on the menu MODE submenu DCQ and the DCQ user form will appear:
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Enter the following data in the user form (The date can be entered under the following format 01/01/2000 the Time column will then be filled automatically):
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The typical contract is defined by the following: The obligation, which is the average production rate (DCQ in mmscf/d) that will be purchased by the transmission company (or consumer) over the nomination period. The take factors that are the fractions of the DCQ that will be bought in any given period. The following equation must be respected:
i =1
i DCQ
n
= DCQ
Where: n = Number of time period considered. i = Take fraction for the period i. The swing factors: Factors, which multiplied by the DCQ volume, gives the peak daily demand rate expected by the purchaser in any given period. The peak daily demand rate can be much higher than the average daily take. Minimum specified delivery pressure. The swing and take patterns are drawn by linking all the swing and take factors together against time. A typical swing and take pattern over a period of one year can be seen below:
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1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 100 200 300 400 Time (Days). Swing Take
DCQ calculation procedure: Start of Iteration: The engine takes the initial DCQ value (mmscf/d) as the boundary condition of the sink. production allocation from each well is calculated in a PIPESIM-net simulation determined. corresponding outlet pressure is also calculated. Deliverability check for the month: Using the % take value for the month, FPT calculates the cumulative flow taken from each source for the 1st month of the contract. Well Name: Well A: Well B: Well C: Total: Flow rate produced by each source when producing DCQ: 5 mmscf/d. 8 mmscf/d. 12 mmscf/d. DCQ = 25 mmscf/d. % Take value for August: 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Flow rate produced by each source in August: 2.5 mmscf/d 4 mmscf/d 6 mmscf/d 12.5 mmscf/d Cumulative flow rate taken in August: 75 mmscf 120 mmscf 180 mmscf 375 mmscf The The
Using the cumulative flow rate taken from each well calculate the pressure of the reservoir(s) at the end of the period. The deliverability at the end of the month Q2 is calculated using the reservoir pressure (s) at the end of the period at each of the well and Pout at the sink (minimum specified delivery pressure). If the deliverability is less than the DCQ multiplied by the swing factor abort the iteration and repeat step 1 with a more suitable initial DCQ guess (Lower DCQ). If the deliverability is more than the DCQ multiplied by the swing factor do a deliverability check for the following period. If no Pinch point has been encountered over the length of the nomination period choose a higher DCQ and return to point one.
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Run the DCQ operation: Run the operation by pressing the button in the DCQ user form.
The Messages window will look as shown below during the run:
FPT converges on a solution after four iterations. Observe the results: The Calculated DCQ that the asset can guarantee and the corresponding pinch point can be seen on the DCQ Calculation user form.
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Click on the results tab to display the results (Calculated DCQ value of 98.818 mmscf/d, Pinch point in December)
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Click on the Export button. This will add the fluid model to the data-base. Note that if any changes are made to the fluid, you must click on the Export button. Now that the basic black oil model has been defined, the next step is to create the well model. Click and drag the objects to create a well model as shown below:
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To enter the tubing data, double click on the tubing and select detailed model. Enter the given deviation data into the model as per the below screen:
Click on the Geothermal Survey tab and enter in the given information as per the below screen:
Now click on the Tubing Configurations tab and enter the data as per the below table:
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Now that all the required tubing information has been entered, the next step is to enter the reservoir and inflow data into the model. Double click on the completion icon and enter the data as shown below. Note that inflow model used is a Well PI, this can be selected from the drop-down menu. Also click on the radio button to use non-linear correction below the bubble point.
The basic oil well model has been defined. It is now possible to run some PIPESIM operations. To answer the questions, a Pressure/Temperature profile operation will
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be run. From the Operations menu, select Pressure/Temperature Profile To calculate the production rate for a well-head pressure of 300 psia, enter the information into the dialogue box as shown below:
Hit the Run Model button, and the following plot will be generated:
The above shown screen shows the pressure profile down the length of the tubing. You can plot other variables on the chart by using the Series drop down tab.
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To obtain the production rate, flowing BHP and flowing WHT, close the plot then from the main PIPESIM page, then select Summary File from the Reports menu. The below shown screen will be generated:
From the above shown ASCII file, the results below can be obtained: Result Wellhead Pressure Production Rate ? Flowing BHP ? Flowing WHT ? 300 psia 7438 bbl/d 2670 psia 132 oF
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Exercise 2 Nodal analysis will now be performed to determine the operating point and AOFP of the well. A nodal analysis icon will need to be inserted into the model. Enter a NA point as shown below:
From the Operations menu select Nodal Analysis. Enter the data as shown in the below dialogue box.
Click on the Run Model button and the below shown Nodal Analysis plot will be generated:
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To determine the operating point flowrate and BHP, and the AOFP, click on those points on the chart and read the results from the bottom right hand corner of the screen. The results are as follows: Result (Outlet) Wellhead Pressure Operating Point Flowrate ? Operating Point BHP ? AOFP ? 300 psia 7438 stb/d 2670 psia 20400 stb/d
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Exercise 3 The black oil model used so far only contains the minimum information required for fluid model definition. In this exercise the black oil model will be calibrated using more detailed data. From the Setup menu select Black Oil. Now click on the Viscosity Data (Optional) tab at the top of the dialogue box. In the Dead Oil Vicosity section, select Users Data from the drop-down menu. Enter the given data as shown below:
Now go to the Advanced Calibration Data (Optional) tab from the top of the dialogue box and enter the data as shown below:
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Go back to the Black Oil Properties tab and click the Export button. This will update the fluid into the database. Click OK. From the Operations menu select Pressure/Temperature Profile. Repeat the previous operation and inspect the depth vs pressure chart. As shown in Exercise 1, from the Summary file you can find the following results: Result Wellhead Pressure Production Rate ? Flowing BHP ? Flowing WHT ? 300 psia 6826 stb/d 2747 psia 129
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Exercise 4 An FGS survey and well test data are available for this well. In this exercise we will use the FGS data to select the most suitable vertical multiphase flow correlation. From the Operations menu select Flow Correlation Matching... Enter the given information as per the below dialogue box (we will use only Beggs & Brill Revised, Duns & Ros, and Hagedorn & Brown).
Click on the Run Model button and the following plot will be generated:
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From the above plot, it appears that the best correlation is Hagedorn & Brown. Close the plot then from the Setup menu, select Flow Correlations... As shown below, change the vertical multiphase flow correlation to Hagedorn & Brown:
The BHP using the Hagedorn & Brown can be approximated from the profile plot generated earlier, or for the exact calculation you can run another Pressure/Temperature Profile as done in the earlier exercises. The BHP can be read from the Summary File (Reports menu). Using the Hagedorn & Brown correlation, the results are as follows: Result Wellhead Pressure Vertical Correlation ? Flowing BHP ? 300 psia Hagedorn & Brown 2532 psia
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Exercise 5 Given the correct flow correlation chosen in Exercise 4, Exercise 5 involves finding the correct IPR that matches the test data used in Exercise 4. The known reservoir pressure is 4600 psia. We will determine the new PI and the AOFP. To determine the PI, System Analysis will be performed. In this exercise, a plot of production rate vs PI will be generated given the known reservoir pressure of 3600 psia and the known wellhead pressure of 300 psia. From the Operations menu, select System Analysis. Enter the given information into the dialogue box as shown below:
Click on the Run Model button and the below system plot will be generated:
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From the above chart, the PI can be read from the plot at a liquid flow-rate of 6500 STB/d. The correct PI is 6.059 STB/d/psi. To determine the AOFP, Nodal Analysis can be performed using the PI as calculated above (to do this, the new calculated would need to be entered into the completion model prior to performing Nodal Analysis). Nodal Analysis can also be used to determine the correct PI. As per Exercise 2, from the Operations menu select Nodal Analysis. Enter the information into the dialogue box as shown below:
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From the above Nodal Analysis plot the PI that corresponds to a liquid flowrate of 6500 STB/d can be approximated as 6 STB/d/psi. At this PI, the AOFP is 15224 STB/d. Result Wellhead Pressure PI ? AOFP ? 300 psia 6 STB/d/psi 15224
As mentioned above, note that in the case when the PI is calculated using System Analysis, if the user wishes to use Nodal Analysis to determine the AOFP, then the calculated PI from the System Analysis would need to be entered into the completion (as per Exercise 1) prior to performing the Nodal Analysis. The PI of 6 will be used in the remaining exercises, ensure that it is changed in the completion.
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Exercise 6 Given the current wellhead pressure, we will determine the watercut at which the well will die. This will be performed using System Analysis. From the Operations Menu, select System Analysis... Enter the given data into the dialogue box as shown below:
Click on the Run Model button and the below System Plot will be generated:
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As can be seen from the above plot, the last converged solution is at 60% watercut. This is because for a watercut of 70%, the well will not flow. For our purposes, we will take the answer to be 60%. To determine the exact watercut at which the well will die, the operation could be repeated using watercut values from 60% to 70% as the sensitivity. Result Wellhead Pressure Water Cut ? 300 psia 60 %
Note that Nodal Analysis could also be used to determine the watercut at which the well will die. To do this, select the Nodal Analysis operation from the Operations menu as done previously, and perform nodal analysis by selecting the watercut as the outflow sensitivity and entering watercut values into the table. From the Nodal Analysis plot, the watercut at which the well dies can be determined by identifying the first outflow curve that does not cross the IPR curve at any point (as determined above, this will be a water cut between 60% and 70%).
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Exercise 7 In this exercise we will examine how this well responds to Gas Lift. We will introduce a gas lift injection point at 8000 ft MD in the tubing. Using watercuts of 10% and 60%, we will determine the liquid production rate for a range of gas lift injection rates. Double click on the tubing, and select the Downhole Equipment tab. Enter the data as per below:
Click on the Properties button and enter the given data as shown below (note: default injection rate must be given - use 1 MMSCFD):
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Click OK and from the main PIPESIM menu select the System Analysis operation from the Operations menu. To see the effect of the gas lift rate at various watercuts, select the X-axis variable to be the lift gas rate and the Sensitivity Variable to be the watercut. Enter the given data as shown below:
Click on the Run Model button. The below shown System Plot will be generated.
From the above generated plot, the below answers can be determined:
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Result
Gas Lift Rate (mmscf/d) Water cut = 10% Liq. Prod. Rate (stb/d) Water cut = 60% Liq. Prod. Rate (stb/d)
0.5 1 1.5 2
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Click on the Export button then click OK. This new fluid model is now in the fluid model database. Now build a simple model as per the below shown screen-shot:
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Double click on the completion icon and select Pseudo Steady State as the inflow model and then select Liquid as the basis for the IPR. Check the box Use Vogel below bubble point. Enter the given information as per the below table:
Now that the completion has been defined, click OK then double click on the tubing. Select Simple model from the drop-down list then enter the information into the model as shown below (when entering the Perforation information into the dialogue box, enter the TVD first then the MD and allow PIPESIM to calculate the angle from the kick-off point).
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Now all the required data has been entered into the model. Using Nodal Analysis, we will now determine the flowing bottom hole pressure and the production rate given a wellhead pressure (250 psia). From the Operations menu, select Nodal Analysis. Enter the data and fill in the dialogue box as shown below (leave the sensitivity fields blank).
Click on the Run Model button. The following plot should be generated.
From the plot, the flowing bottom hole pressure and production rate can be determined by clicking on the operating point and viewing the results in the bottom right hand corner of the chart.
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The results are as follows: Result Wellhead Pressure Production Rate ? Flowing BHP ? 250 psia 780 2420
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Exercise 2 In this exercise we will investigate the increase in production through stimulation and gas lift using Nodal Analysis. Firstly, a gas lift injection point must be entered into the model. Double click on the tubing, then in the Artificial Lift (Optional) field, click on the Gas Lift button and enter a depth of 4500 ft into the field as shown below.
Now click on the Properties button, and enter the data as follows (we will set a default gas lift rate of 0 MMSCFD here).
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From the Operations menu, select Nodal Analysis. Enter the data as shown below:
Click on the Run Model button and the following plot should be generated:
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Gas Lift (mmscf/d) 0.5 1.0 1090 1180 1430 1530 1790 1910
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Exercise 3 In this exercise the different flow correlations will be investigated. The Beggs and Brill correlation has been used so far. The Mukherjee and Brill correlation accounts for the effects of viscosity, which for this case may be significant because the oil is relatively heavy. We will repeat the Nodal Analysis from Exercise 2 using the Mukherjee and Brill vertical flow correlation. From the Setup menu, select Flow Correlations. In the Vertical Flow (Multiphase) section, select Mukherjee and Brill from the Correlation drop down menu, as per the below screen.
We will now repeat the Nodal Analysis as performed in Exercise 2. From the Operations menu, select Nodal Analysis. The inflow and outflow sensitivity definitions should still remain from Exercise 2 (if not, re-enter them as per Exercise 2). Click on the Run Model button. The below chart should be generated:
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From the above generated chart, the following results can be determined.
Outlet Pressure = 250 psia. Oil Production Rates (STBD) Mukherjee & Brill: Gas Lift (mmscf/d) 0.5 1.0 1010 1120 1320 1460 1690 1840
The above results can be compared to the results from Exercise 2. The discrepancy between the Beggs and Brill correlation and the Mukherjee and Brill correlation ranges from 1 15%. However, both cases agree fairly well in terms of the relative added benefit shown by sensitivity cases. Notice that in changing the flow correlation, the inflow curves remain unchanged. This is because Nodal Analysis de-couples the system, creating two independent components. Ultimately, project economics and future production potential based on reservoir conditions will weigh heavily in the final decision.
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After entering the water free composition in the lower table (in moles, total excluding water equals 100) and a nominal 20 moles of water in the top table (these numbers will be changed later after determining the saturated water composition), click on the Single Point Flash tab across the top of the dialogue box. Check the PT radio button as shown below, and enter in the reservoir pressure and temperature. Press the Perform Flash button, and the results water saturated composition will be shown in the vapour stream.
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The water content at the saturation point at reservoir conditions is given below (this is the renormalised content): Pres = 4,600 psia, Tres = 280oF % Water 1.80% Now enter this new composition into the composition editor (note that the aqueous fraction should be entered into the top section). Task 2: Phase envelope: It is possible to generate a phase diagram by pressing the Phase Envelope button from the Component Selection screen. The following phase diagram should be generated:
Task 3: Results To run a case, the first step is to construct a model using the PIPESIM icons as arranged below:
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Prior to running a model, the reservoir, inflow and tubing data must be entered into PIPESIM. Click on the completion icon to enter in the reservoir and inflow information. The below dialogue box should come up. Enter in the reservoir pressure and temperature, then select the inflow model from the dropdown menu. Enter the Gas PI as per the data sheet.
After entering the reservoir and inflow information, you should now enter in the tubing information. Click OK from the on the above screen then double-click on the tubing. Select Simple Model from the drop-down menu then enter the information as per the data sheet into the dialogue box, as shown below:
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All required information has now been entered into the model. It is now time to run the model. From the Operations menu select Pressure/Temperature Profiles. To calculate the rate for a given outlet (well-head) pressure of 800 psia, click on the radio button next to Gas Rate. Now enter in 800 psia into the box next to the Outlet Pressure radio button as shown below:
Click on the Run Model button. This will run the model and give a profile plot for the flow path. To obtain the results, close the plot and from the Reports drop-down menu, select Summary File From the Summary File, the below answers can be obtained: QG Pwf BHT WHT Po = 800 psia 19.4 MMSCFD 1,318 psia 228oF 172oF
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To change the inflow model, double click on the completion. This will bring up the dialogue box as shown in Exercise 1. From the drop-down menu next to Model Type under Completion Model, select BackPressure Equation. To calculate the C and n parameters, click on the button Calculate/Graph. Enter in the given DST data into the dialogue box as shown below, and click OK. The calculated values will then be shown.
The calculated parameters are listed below: Parameter C Parameter n Pres = 4,600 psia 8 x 10-7 1
Task 2: Results using Back-Pressure Equation and DST data: You can now run the model using Pressure/Temperature Profiles in the same way as shown for Exercise 1. The results can again be obtained from the Summary File, and are summarised below: Results: QG Pwf BHT WHT Po = 800 psia 15.7 MMSCFD 1,263 psia 226oF 167oF
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The following bottom-hole Nodal Analysis plot will be shown. The below is a Nodal Analysis plot at bottom-hole for different tubing sizes:
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Task 2: Erosional velocity ratio: Run the model from the Pressure/Temperature Profiles option from the Operations menu, using the tubing size as the sensitivity (as shown below). Use an outlet pressure of 800 psia.
The pressure temperature profile plot of the system will be generated. To generate a plot of depth versus the erosional velocity ratio, change the x-axis to Erosional Velocity Ratio by selecting Series from the top toolbar and selecting Erosional Velocity Ratio from the Select X Axis drop-down menu. Click OK and the following chart should be obtained.
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PIPESIM Training Manual Task 3: Results for 3.958 ID tubing: The below results can be obtained from the Summary File. QG Pwf BHT WHT 3.958 ID tubing 15.7 MMSCFD 1,236 psia 226oF 164oF
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Use the generated chart to determine the erosional velocity ratio at the wellhead for the 3.958 ID tubing. Well-head Erosional velocity ratio 0.788
Click on the Run Model button and the below chart should appear. From this chart it also appears that the 3.958 ID tubing is likely the optimum tubing size.
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To determine the choke size to give the desired outlet (ie manifold) pressure of 710 psia, the Pressure/Temperature Profiles option can be used. Use the choke size as the sensitivity, and calculate the outlet pressure for the given rate of 15.7 MMSCFD, as per the below dialogue box:
Click on Run Model then look in the Summary File (shown below). Look for the choke size that results in an outlet pressure of 710 psia (and check that that wellhead pressure is 800 psia).
From the Summary File, the choke size that will give an outlet pressure of 710 psia is 1.5. Note that the well-head pressure is still 800 psia upstream of the choke.
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Choke size
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From the above chart it is clear that the Duns & Ros correlation is the most suitable. To determine the mean arithmetic and mean absolute differences, look at the bottom the Output File The results are as follows: Po = 800 psia Best Correlation Mean arithmetic difference (%) Mean absolute difference (%) Task 3: Results using new correlation and heavier composition: Using the Pressure/Temperature Profile option from the Operations Menu, with an outlet pressure of 710 psia (remember to activate the flow-line and choke) as per the method described previously, the results can be generated. The bottom-hole flowing pressure and gas flow-rate can be read from the Summary File as shown in the previous exercises, and the actual liquid flow-rate at the mid-perfs and outlet can be found in the Output File The results are as follows: Po = 710 psia QG 13.3 MMSCFD Pwf 1,361 psia QL @ mid-perfs (act) 2,292 bbl/d QL @ outlet (act) 2,690 bbl/d D&R 0.89 0.89
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Re-run the Pressure/Temperature Profile as performed in Exercise 6, Task 3. To determine the liquid volume fraction and liquid hold-up fraction at the specified points, look in the Auxiliary Output Page at the bottom of the output file:
The following results can be obtained: Liquid Volume Fraction, Po = 710 psia xVL @ bottom-hole 0.0717 xVL @ WH 0.0585 xVL @ end flow-line 0.0500 Liquid Hold-up Fraction, Po = 710 psia xHL @ bottom-hole 0.4080 xHL @ WH 0.0837 xHL @ end flow-line 0.1085
Task 2: Flow Regime and Map for end of flow-line: To obtain a flow-map, a report tool needs to be entered into the model at the end of the flow-line.
Double click on the report icon and check the Flow Map check-box as shown below:
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The model needs to be re-run, this can be done by pressing the Run button on the main tool-bar (this will re-run the latest operation, in this case the Pressure/Temperature Profile from Exercise 7, Task 1). Look at the bottom of the Output File to see the flow map as shown below:
From the above flow-map , the flow-regime at the end of the flow-line can be determined (this can also be determined by looking elsewhere in the Output File, as well as the Summary File). Liquid Volume Fraction, Po = 710 psia Flow regime end FL Intermittent
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Task 2: Hydrate formation? From the above shown phase diagram, it can be seen that the operating line does not cross the hydrate formation line. This means that hydrates will not be produced anywhere in the production system up to the manifold (represented by the outlet). Ambient Temp = 30oF Hydrate formation No
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Click OK then re-run the model from Pressure/Temperature Profiles using an outlet pressure of 710 psia. Compare the results from the Summary and Output files and the phase diagram to the results from the same operation when the Interpolation option was used instead of rigorous flashing (ie Exercise 6 Task 3, and Exercise 8 Tasks 1 and 2). The results are as follows: Po = 710 psia QG 13.3 MMSCFD Pwf 1,361 psia QL @ mid-perfs (act) 2,291 bbl/d QL @ outlet (act) 2,672 bbl/d PT path from reservoir to end of flow-line plotted on new phase diagram using the Rigorous Flash option:
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Note that the results are similar to when the interpolation option is used, except the rigorous flash predicts more of the retrograde condensation to occur prior to the fluid reaching the sand-face, as determined from the actual liquid flow-rate at the mid-perfs (compare to the results from Exercise 6 Task 3). The prediction is 4,112.4 bbl/d vs 3,150.3 bbl/d for the interpolation option. The other results are quite similar, but the difference described above illustrates the how the Rigorous flash can be applicable, especially when operating near the phase envelope. The trade-off is the solving time.
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Exercise 2. 1). No. of stages (HN13000) 2). Motor HP required 3). Flowrate range for 50 70 Hz. 4). Flowrate for Psuction < Pbubble point 58 322 1200 2050 sm3/d 1800 sm3/d
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A=
B A
Pump operating point (flowrate & pump discharge pressure) at 50 Hz. B = Pump operating point (flowrate & pump discharge pressure) at 70 Hz. C = Pump suction pressure falls below bubble point.
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Phase Envelope
3,400 3,200 3,000 2,800 2,600 2,400
Pressure (PSIA)
2,200 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Baker Jardine
Temperature (F)
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9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
15,000
16,000
1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000
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Result Pipeline and Riser ID: Max. errosional velocity ratio for selected ID Min. Separator pressure for selected ID Max. separator pressure for selected ID
1.4
PI-SS ( )
1.3
1.2
1.1
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
15,000
16,000
8000 STBD
14000 STBD
16000 STBD
0.98!!
Intermittent
1.2
Intermittent
1.28
Intermittent
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Pressure (psia)
1,400 1,300 1,200 1,100 1,000 900 800 700 600 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Temperature (F)
Baker Jardine Created by User on 26/11/02 22:47:46
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Pressure (psia)
1,400 1,300 1,200 1,100 1,000 900 800 700 600 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Temperature (F)
Baker Jardine Created by User on 26/11/02 22:54:36
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1.00
Result 1/1000 slug volume (bbl) Sphere generated liquid volume (bbl) Design volume for slug catcher (bbl)
8000 STBD
14000 STBD
16000 STBD
166
187.6
226.8
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Worked Answers: Case Study 6 Gas Lift Design New Mandrel Spacing
Exercise 1:
Answer Exercise 2:
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PIPESIM Training Manual We will choose 1.25 mmscf/d as our lift gas rate and 150 psi as the min injection gas P.
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Answer Exercise 3:
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Worked Answers: Case Study 7 Gas Lift Design Current Mandrel Spacing
Exercise 1:
-Define the Gas Lift valve system: In the tubing user form, in the Downhole Equipment tab, click the The Gas Lift Valve system user form will appear: button.
Select the 1st row in the user form, click on the Lift Valve Selection user form will appear.
Select SLB (Camco) as the manufacturer, IPO as the type, 1 as the size and BK-1 as the series. Click on , the user form is shown below.
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Click on Add valve to add the required valve. Add the depth of the first valve in the gas lift valve system user form.
Repeat the above steps for all the valves, the gas lift valve system user form should look as shown below:
Click on OK to exit the user form. -Perform the Deepest Injection Point operation:
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The maximum depth of injection is 4780 ft therefore we should be able to inject at the mandrel located at 4700 ft and the corresponding oil rate should be 1871 stb/d.
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Exercise 3:
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It is important to note that we are not injecting at the mandrel located at 4700 ft but at the mandrel located at 4200 ft. And the rate is not 1871 stb/d but 1708 stb/d.
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This is due to the fact that the Deepest Injection Point operation does not take into account the 15-psi pressure drop in casing pressure for each unloading valve. It is also important to notice that when designing for a current mandrel spacing the depth between valves is fixed, it is the transfer pressure that is calculated at each valve. When the transfer pressures lie to the left of the production pressure curve or the equilibrium curve, it may not be possible to transfer to the next valve.
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Filename: PIPESIM_course_MS_25Aug03.doc Directory: C:\download Template: C:\Documents and Settings\varredon\Application Data\Microsoft\Templates\Normal.dot Title: Field Planning Tool Case Study 2 Subject: Author: SLB Keywords: Comments: Creation Date: 10/29/2003 9:39 AM Change Number: 3 Last Saved On: 10/29/2003 9:39 AM Last Saved By: SLB Total Editing Time: 2 Minutes Last Printed On: 10/29/2003 11:16 AM As of Last Complete Printing Number of Pages: 235 Number of Words: 22,534 (approx.) Number of Characters: 128,446 (approx.)