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Gii thiu chung

Din bin Nhng thit hi v nh hng

Nguyn nhn
Bi hc

Thm ha Bhopal l mt thm ha cng nghip xy ra ti nh my sn xut thuc tr su thuc s hu v iu hnh bi Union Carbide (UCIL) Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, n ngy 3/12/1984.

Chng trnh Cch mng xanh nhm tng nng sut c th t tc v lng thc

Thuc tr su c coi l mt mn hng khng th thiu

Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) u t xy dng mt nh my sn xut thuc tr su Bhopal

Nc n cha nm c cng ngh sn xut

 Nm 1969 UCIL xy dng nh my ch thuc tr su Carbaryl. Trong mt khu t rng 30ha m chung quanh l nhng khu nh chut ng ngi.
Sn phm: Thuc tr su Carbaryl, c thng hiu Sevin. Nguyn liu: Methyl IsoCyanate (MIC); ban u nhp t M. Cui thp nin 70 t sn xut gim chi ph.

Ti nh my 21h00: Bt u v sinh ng ng bng nc. 22h00: Nc lt vo bnh cha E610, phn ng ta nhit xy ra. 22h30: Kh c bt u thot ra t thp lm sch. 00h30: Ci bo ng ku v b tt i. 00h50: Ting ci bo ng ch c th nghe thy khu vc bn trong nh my, cng nhn thot ra khi nh my.

bn ngoi 22h30: Nhng cm gic u tin do kh gas gy ra: nght th, ho, mt ty , nn ma. 1h00: Cnh st c bo ng. C dn khu vc nh my di c. Gim c Union Carbide bc b thng tin v vic xy ra r r. 2h00: Nhng ngi u tin n bnh vin Hamidia. Cc triu chng bao gm suy gim th lc, kh th, si bt mp, nn ma. 2h10: Ting ci bo ng c nghe thy t bn ngoi nh my. 4h00: V r r c kim sot. 6h00: Loa cnh st thng bo "Mi th bnh thng.

Q=325 cal/g MIC Phn ng c xc tc bi ion st t ng ng dn b n mn

Yu t thit b

Con ngi

Nguyn nhn
Mi trng x hi Mi trng t nhin

 S thiu trch nhim v coi thng tnh mng con ngi ca ban lnh o cng ty a quc gia M Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) Cng nhn v nhn vin ca nh my thiu c v s lng ln trnh , qun l. Nh my hon ton khng c quy nh cng nh hun luyn nhn vin trong trng hp khn cp Dn c xung quanh nh my, phn ln m ch v ngho kh, khng nhn thc c nhng nguy him m mnh ang b i mt.

 S dng nguyn liu u vo nguy him: METHYL ISOCYANATE (MIC)

 L mt cht lng khng mu C nhit si thp (bp 390C), nng hn khng kh, im chp chy 200C Rt c khi ht phi, c th hp ph qua da Phn ng vi nc to ra 1,3-dimethylurea, mt s 1,3,5-trimethylbiuret, v carbon dioxide v sinh nhit

Tiu chun NFPA704

L mt tiu chun do C quan phng chy quc gia M (NFPA-National Fire Protection Association) ban hnh. Quy nh nhn nhn bit mc c hi ca ha cht, vt liu theo m s v m mu. Nhm mc ch gip cc nhn vin cu h nhanh chng v d dng xc nh c mc nguy him, c hi ca ha cht.

Kh nng chy n nh hng n sc khe

4 Mt lng rt nh cng
c th gy cht ngi hoc tn thng nghim trng.

3 Th lng v kh hu nh c th
bt chy bt k nhit no, im chp chy t 23 ~ 38 C.

n nh ha hc v kh nng phn ng

2 Tnh cht ha hc thay

Cc tnh cht c bit khc i mnh nhit v p sut cao, phn ng mnh hoc gy n khi tip xc vi nc.

W d phn ng vi nc

 UCIL vi phm nguyn tc c bn v an ton trong lc vn hnh nh my: B lc Sodium hydroxide qu nh, khng tng xng vi lng MIC qu ln trong bn. H thng phun sng khng mnh c th to ra mt mng nc ph trm c thp t. Nhit k v p k ca bn E610, tng c bit l khng chnh xc, khng c thay mi. Thay v 4-5C theo qui chun, nhit ca bn ny thung xuyn c 20C. Bn E610 cha ti 80% dung tch ca n. S dng mt bn cha ln n 42 tn.

 Cng ngh li thi nhm tit kim vn u t v gim gi thnh ca sn phm. Khng lp t y cc b phn cn thit bo m an ton theo ng tiu chun qui nh.

 Xy dng nh my trong mt khu dn c ng c. Nh my c xy dng mt vng trung tm ca bang Madhya Pradesh v trn vng t bng phng v c din tch ln 30 ha.

 X hi cha hiu r v tm quan trng ca an ninh mi trng v an ton lao ng. Khng c s phi hp gia nh my, dn c chung quanh v chnh quyn a phng ra cc k hoch nhm bo ng, di di, cu cha v cu tr nn nhn kp thi trong trng hp khn cp.

 Nhng tc ng ban u bao gm ho, nn ma, ty mt nghim trng, cm gic kh th. Mt s ln cn co git ri ng ra cht. c tnh c khong 25,000 ngi cht v nhng cn bnh lin quan n kh c, 100,000 n 200,000 ngi khc mang thng tt vnh vin.

Nhng ngi sng st sau v thm ha ang ngi trc cng nh my Union Carbide. i mt ca h hon ton b m. nh ny c chp vo ngy 4/12/1984, mt ngy sau thm ha.

Cc nn nhn nm la lit ngoi ng v ch c cha tr.

Hn 2,000 con tru, d v cc loi ng vt khc c thu gom v em chn

 Ch trong vi ngy, l cy a vng v rng. Thc n, tr nn khan him bi ni lo an ton ca nhng ngi cung cp. Nc ngm b nhim nghim trng. Tng cng c 36 khu vc c nh chc trch nh du l 'chu nh hng kh c" vi s dn 520,000 ngi. Nm 1991, 3,928 ci cht c xc nhn. Nhng t chc c lp ghi nhn c 8,000 ngi cht trong ngy u tin. Mt s khc c tnh t 10,000 n 30,000. Khong 100,000 n 200,000 ngi khc chu nhng tn thng vnh vin cc mc khc nhau.

Nhng ngi ph n Bhopal ang tranh th ly nc sch s dng v ngun nc ngm y b nhim c.

 T hi hn na l nh my ca UCC Bhopal hin vn cn l ni nhim trm trng.

Hng ngn tn thuc tr su v cht thi vn cn nm yn bn trong nh my Union Carbide khng h quan tm dn ra. Nhiu cuc nghin cu ca cc t chc cho bit h thy cc loai ha cht gy ung th cao hn rt nhiu so vi mc an ton quy nh

Nhng chai thuc vn ang cn nm ngn ngang bn trong nh my.

Mt nn nhn ca v thm ha. Em b lit v tr tu chm pht trin. Cn rt nhiu tr em khc Bhopal b cc vn v sc khe tng t

Khng ch b nhng tn thng v mt th xc, tr em Bhopal cn phi gnh chu nhng nh hng nng nn v mt tinh thn.

Hy vng cng ng quc t s i li cng l cho cc em, gip cc em c mt tng lai ti sng hn.

Thm ha Bhopal, khng phi l mt tai nn bt kh khng, bng nhin m xy ra. N c bo trc, qua mt thi gian rt di, t nhiu pha nhiu mc vi nhiu hnh thc khc nhau; nhng khng mt ai c thm quyn chu quan tm gii quyt mt cch tha ng.

l kt qu ca mt s kt hp ca cc yu t con ngi v an ton h thng khng ng thit k.

Mt tri ca cng ngh ha khi tnh trng an ton vn cha c quan tm ng mc

An ton l trn ht, s dng cc dy chuyn sn xut an ton v ng quy nh an ton.

Yu t con ngi vn l yu t quyt nh. thc trch nhim v tinh thn cnh gic.
p dng ha hc xanh vo cng ngh Mi d n phi c bo him tai nn, cp nht kin thc v an ton; cng nh hun luyn v ti hun luyn nhn vin.

 Ch trng nhiu hn na v s an ton lao ng v bo v sc khe cng nhn hn l ch tm vo vo vic tng nng sut v li nhun.
Cn phi lng trc c mi ri ro c th xy ra khi tin xy dng nh my cng nghip

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