Works Cited (Secondary) "1932 Roosevelt v. Hoover." Department of Political Science. Kennesaw State University, 9 Oct. 2012. Web.

31 Jan. 2013. This site, created by Political Science students at Kennesaw State University, provided a wealth of information on the two major candidates during the 1932 presidential elections. The reference described the then-president Hoover's laissez faire policy, which was generally the way federal government had operated up to that point. In FDR's election and the Hundred Days that followed, and led to the birth of modern liberalism. Alter, Jonathan. The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006. Print. This book was extremely helpful because even the title fits this year's theme: A Turning Point In History: People, Places, and Ideas perfectly. A lot of the information I found on my topic at first only focused on Roosevelt as a person, or America before and after his election and the 100 days that followed. This book combined Roosevelt's and his Cabinet's ideologies and what was changed for Americans as a result of FDR's election and the Hundred Days that followed. "American Experience." The Great Depression: Timeline. PBS, n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. This timeline was included on a section of PBS' American Experience and focused on surviving the Dust Bowl, and the Great Depression. While my topic doesn't specifically deal with the Dust Bowl, this event did make hard times even more difficult during the Depression for many Plains farmers in America. During his first hundred days in office, FDR and his team created programs to help people affected by the Dust Bowl. But I really used this site for its timeline, which went over the main events before and after Roosevelt's election.

Badger, Anthony. FDR: The First Hundred Days. New York: Hill and Wang, 2008. 173-76. Print. This book, written by Anthony Badger and scholar of American History at Cambridge University, was a great secondary source for the information it gave about the first 100 days of Roosevelt's presidency. Between March 8th and July 16th of 1933, sixteen major pieces of legislation were passed. This book explained these laws in great detail and gave their effects today. California Digital Libraries. "A New Deal." Calisphere- University of California. UC Library, 25 Sept. 2012. Web. 18 Dec. 2012. This website, by UC Libraries powered by the California Digital Library, showed how the government responded to the widespread unemployment of the Great Depression. Unique solutions like hiring artists to paint WPA murals, curators to educate and research, and unemployed men to work on building roads; clearing forests for national parks, and fixing public buildings were all brought about by the New Deal. This article showed that, specifically in California. Catapano, Peter, Prof. "New York City College of Technology." Professor Catapano's Home Page- Documents. N.p., 14 Apr. 2010. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. Professor Catapano, who teaches as the New York City College of Technology, created this website for his Political Sciences students. I used it for a majority of my research in the legistlation passed the first 100 days of FDR's presidency. I also tried to contact Professor Catapano for an interview, but he didn't respond to my emails. Cohen, Adam. "The First 100 Days." TIME Magazine 24 June 2009: n. pag. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. Adam Cohen, who wrote the book Nothing to Fear: FDR's Inner Circle and the Hundred Days That Created Modern America, wrote this article to give a condensed version of what his book. It was helpful in giving me an idea of how to organize the information for

my website. Cohen, Adam. Nothing to Fear: FDR's Inner Circle and the Hundred Days That Created Modern America. London: Penguin, 2009. Print. Adam Cohen is a great writer, and this book brought to life Franklin Roosevelt's first Hundred Days in office, when he and his inner circle launched the New Deal. This completely reinvented the role of the federal government. This reference talked not only about FDR, but the five fiercely intelligent, often clashing personalities that presided during this turning point. Degler, Carl. Out of Our Past: The Forces That Shaped Modern America. Third Edition ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1959. 231-65. Print. This book was one of the harder ones to read because it was written at a time when historical writing included classical references and long, complex sentences. Once I got used to an almost outdated style of writing, this book became very helpful in my research. It provided many facts to back up my thesis. Dickstein, Morris. Dancing in the Dark: A Cultural History of the Great Depression. New York: W.W. Norton, 2009. Print. In his appreciation for Depression-era culture, Dickstein articulates the crucial role that culture can play in times of national crisis. Because culture is very broad, this book didn't cover everything (Walt Disney, possibly the greatest visionary to come out of this period, isn't mentioned)- but in general, it describes Americans' feelings and interests at the time. Especially helpful was the section describing Roosevelt's Fireside Chats. FDR's approach to government- experimental, personal- was a shift from the Hoover administration. Eden, Robert. The New Deal and Its Legacy: Critique and Reappraisal. New York: Greenwood, 1989. Print. The New Deal remains at the center of the national debate concerning the role and function of government. This book examined the principles, political methods,

institutions, and programs that came out of FDR's first one hundred days in office and assess their consequences and implications for the future. I enjoyed this book because it provided a different perspective on a pivotal time in American history. The opening chapter was especially helpful for me because it talked about how the New Deal completely shifted people's ideas about the government's role in their lives. Filippelli, Ronald L. Times of Sorrow & Hope Documenting the Everyday Life I Pennsylvania During the Depression and World War II; A Photographic Record. Comp. Allen Cohen. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 2003. Print. During the Great Depression, the New Deal laws put many artists and photographers to work, documenting how Americans endured and overcame economic hardship. The book focused on the pictures taken in Pennsylvania, which I was interested in because of the complex industrial, agricultural, and social history of state- also because I live there. This was a great source that took me to that time period visually, and was also used on the website itself. "The First 100 Days: A Time Table." Franklin D. Roosevelt. National Park Service, 26 Dec. 2012. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. <www.nps.gov/hofr/the-first-100-days-time-table.htm>. This interactive, online time table was sponsored by the National Park Service. The time table was drag-and-drop, and included pictures and manuscripts from the first 100 days of Roosevelt's presidency. "Franklin D. Roosevelt Day by Day." Timeline. N.p., 25 July 2011. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. This timeline was a part of the FDR Library, and covered Roosevelt's birth up to the repeal of some of the laws and organizations created during his first 100 days. It was helpful in putting my topic in its historical context, by discussing the Roaring Twenties and Stock Market Crash of 1920, and that affected how Roosevelt responded to the national crisis

and changed history. The Great Depression: We Have a Plan. Prod. Henry Hampton. By Steve Fayer. Blackside, 1993. Videocassette. This film, a PBS Video, covered the time period from the roaring twenties to the outbreak of the Second World War. This everyday men people's experiences during this time, which really helped put the New Deal into perspective and showed how it affected the whole nation. "Hall of Secretaries- Frances Perkins." U.S. Department of Labor. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Administration and Management, n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. Frances Perkins was the first woman Cabinet member, who engineered federal aid programs. This website showed her significance in Roosevelt's 100 days. Heineman, Kenneth J. A Catholic New Deal: Religion and Reform in Depression Pittsburgh. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State UP, 1999. Print. Usually thinking about the Great Depression, we picture bread lines, labor wars, and leftist enthusiasts. Absent from this are motivated social reformers like Frances Perkins, and Catholic clergy and laity. The author focuses on Pittsburgh, the industrial city that would later rise with American labor, and an important Democratic power base. All of this makes Pittsburgh during the Depression era a key center for the New Deal and its effects. Hiltzik, Michael A. The New Deal: A Modern History. New York: Free, 2011. Print. Written by Pulitzer Prize winner Michael Hiltzik, this book chronicled President Franklin D. Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression. A response that was sometimes experimental, sometimes borrowing from Republicans and sometimes from Democrats, sometimes messy, sometimes very politically charged, and occasionally contradictory. The New Deal was formulated by people like Frances Perkins, the first woman cabinet

secretary and an architect of Social Security, Harold Ickes, a progressive Republican and leader of infrastructure investments, Harry Hopkins, a social worker and relief administrator, and others in the so-called "Brain Trust." All the New Deal initiatives are described exceptionally well in this book. Honoring and Learning From the First Woman to Be Appointed to a United States Cabinet. Frances Perkins Center, n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. The American Federation of LaborCongress of Industrial Organizations (or the AFL-CIO) created this page, sponsored by the Frances Perkins Center, to discuss Perkins' importance in the first 100 days of FDR's presidency. Kennedy, David M. "FDR's Lessons for Obama." TIME Magazine 24 June 2009: n. pag. Web. 31 Dec. 2012. As mentioned in several other articles, FDR and our current president Barrack Obama found themselves in similar situations in their first elections. The legislative frenzy of FDR's first hundred days gave a stricken nation a psychological boost. All the major New Deal reforms that endured had a common purpose: not simply to end the immediate crisis of the Depression but also to create a better America. The Federal Housing Administration gave more protection to mortgage lenders and more options to home buyers. The National Labor Relations Board and Fair Labor Standards Act ensured more predictable wages for workers. Social Security offered a minimal safety net for the unemployed and elderly. This article discussed how both Roosevelt and Obama came to power in a time when Americans were afraid and looking for strong leadership. Obama wanted to advance another set of reforms that have long been stalled. He used the crisis to propose new regulatory rules for the banking and finance industry. I don't think the importance of my topic is just in what happened and how it was a pivot

from one type of government to another, but also how history can repeat itself. Kennedy, David M. Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 19291945. New York: Oxford UP, 1999. Print. Covering the years from just before outbreak The Great Depression to the end of World War II and the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima , the author focuses on the impact which Roosevelt had on America during this period, and how his influence still impacts on our country today. I used the chapters involving the Great Depression and New Deal, and also found many primary sources in the footnotes of this book. Landslide: A Protrait of President Herbert Hoover. Dir. Chip Duncan. Perf. Robert Reich. PBS, n.d. Videocassette. This PBS documentary provided an in depth look at the president before FDR, Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt and Hoover had completely different ideals for the country (Hoover once said that the 1932 elections was not a election between two men, but between "two philosophies of government"). This quote, mentioned throughout the documentary, sums up my topic perfectly. FDR's election and the hundred days that followed were a turning point in history because it was when a major choice from a hands-off policy in our government to modern liberalism was made. Leuchtenburg, William E., and Richard B. Morris. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. Ed. Henry Steele Commager. New York, Evanston, and London: Harper & Row, 1963. Print. This book was one of the first I read in my research to look at the New Deal and its effect on the nation. The author, William Leuchtenburgh was part of the generation that came to maturity after the New Deal, and he was able to analyze it objectively. It showed that the New Deal was a major turning point in government's role in American's lives, but was not a new game with different roles. Like the name implied, the New Deal was a shuffle

of cards that had been unfairly stacked against the working man and farmer. Mettler, Suzanne. Dividing Citizens: Gender and Federalism in New Deal Public Policy. London: Cornell UP, 1998. Print. The New Deal was not the same deal for men and women-this point is demonstrated in Dividing Citizens. This book is full of implications for current debates over citizenship and welfare policy, and provided a detailed historical account of how governing institutions and public policies shaped social status and civic life. Just because the programs created during FDR's first 100 days arguably improved the economy and gave Americans a sense of hope, that doesn't mean it was perfect. Many of these programs gender politically, by focusing on men, particularly white men, into nationally administered policies and leaving jobs for women to more variable state-run programs. This was book was interesting because it went into great detail about the unintended consequences of the programs created by the New Deal. "Miller Center." Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The American Franchise. Miller Center, n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2013. <http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/essays/biography/8>. This essay, on the Miller Center's website for presidential history, provided me with information on how FDR's first 100 days in office (and the New Deal that came from it) led to previously marginal groups coming to the center stage of federal policies. Moss, George D. "The New Deal." America in the Twentieth Century. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989. N. pag. Print. "America in the Twentieth Century" obviously covers a great period of time, but I was impressed with how specifically it described the New Deal. I also used it for information on the world wide depression that was going on during this time. Neal, Steve. Happy Days Are Here Again: The 1932 Democratic Convention, the Emergence of

FDR - and How America Was Changed Forever. New York: William Morrow, 2004. Print. This narrative of the 1932 Democratic Convention in Chicago, which nominated Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt for President, focused a great deal on what happened behind the sceanes during the conventions (political wheeling and dealing, the desparation of the nation for strong leadership, etc.), so it was very helpful in my research. Presidential Library and Museum. "Action , and Action Now": FDR's First 100 Days. Hyde Park, NY: n.p., 4 Mar. 2008. PDF. This digital file gave on online version of a display at the Presidential Museum about FDR's first 100 days in office. It included photos, videos, and information that I used both in my research and on the website itself. Rockoff, Hugh. "By Way of Analogy: The Expansion of the Federal Government in the 1930's." The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century. N.p.: University of Chicago, 1998. N. pag. Print. The section of this book, subtitled By Way of Analogy: The Expansion of the Federal Government in the 1930's, was a very academic take on my topic. It discussed the laissez faire economic environment in the twenties, the Depression itself, and how Roosevelt and his team redefined the presidency- and the nation in his election and first 100 days in office. Schlesiger, Arthur, Jr. "The "Hundred Days" of F.D.R." The New York Times 10 Apr. 1983: n. pag. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. The Hundred Days were only the start of a process that ended by transforming American society. Who can imagine a time when America offered no Social Security, no unemployment compensation, no food stamps, no Federal guarantee of bank deposits, no Federal supervision of the stock market, no Federal protection for collective bargaining, no Federal standards for wages and hours, no Federal support for

farm prices or rural electrification, no Federal refinancing for farm and home mortgages, no Federal commitment to high employment or to equal opportunity - basically, no Federal responsibility for Americans who found themselves, through no fault of their own, in economic or social distress? This article discussed this but also how FDR's 100 days in office restored faith in the country. Compared to the inaction of the previous president, the flurry of activity during that time gave Americans hope simply because the government was trying. Schlesinger, Arthur M. The Crisis of the Old Order. New York: History Book Club by Arrangement with Houghton Mifflin, 2002. Print. "The Crisis of the Old Order" first covered the years leading up to the Great Depression and then the three years of Depression under the Republican Congress and Herbert Hoover. In the second volume, Schlesinger describes the bold actions that FDR and the new Democratic Congress took to confront the crisis during his legendary first 100 days. It was a time of turbulence and unsurpassed legislative achievements that was a turning point in federal government. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. The Age of Roosevelt: The Coming of the New Deal. N.p.: Riverside Cambridge, 1959. Print. This book focused on Roosevelt's upbringing, election, and first term as president. His first hundred days restored national morale, and "New Dealers" filled Washington with new approaches to recovery and reform. Combining idealistic ends with realistic means, Roosevelt wanted to humanize, redeem, and rescue capitalism. Istead of e valuating events, Schlesinger focuses on individual and the reasons each initiative was undertaken. FDR and his team were not afraid of "failure" - if an effort did not pan out, he simply discarded it and tried something different to solve the problem. This idea was the polar opposite of the previous administration, who was frozen in fear

during the country's worst economic crisis. "Social Security." History. The Official Website of the U.S. Social Security Administration, n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. Social Security was a major program drafted and carried out during FDR's first 100 days as president. The name itself explains what social security is, so I used this website mainly to understand how important Social Security is; which is helpful in understanding what the US was like before it. This reinstated to me how important the shift from churches and charities supporting those with no options left, to the federal government helping them. "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics." U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics was very important in my research because it provided statistics from the time period of my topic. Some charts focused on the unemployment rates during FDR's presidency. The many governmental programs that were introduced (especially during his first 100 days in office) are largely responsible for the decreased unemployment rate, and government's role in funding projects to give Americans jobs in the first place. Volpe, Paul. "The Hundred Days." Washington in Motion. American Studies at the University of Virginia, 2002. Web. 22 Dec. 2012. <xroads.virginia.edu/~ma02/volpe/newdeal/hundred_days.html>. This series, entitled Washington in Motion and sponsored by the Department of American Studies at the University of Virginia, focused on events or ideas that happened in our government, and their effect today. I used this source to explain the significance of Roosevelt's election and the Hundred Days that followed. Werstein, Irving. A Nation Fights Back; the Depression and Its Aftermath. New York: Messner,

1962. Print. This very moving book chronicled the Great Depression amd its affect on the American people. Their despair and yearning for a more involved government provided the pefect backdrop for FDR and the Republicans to come to power in 1932. His election, and the hundred days that followed lead to the WRA, AA, PWA, CCC, TVA- an alphabetical jigsaw to change American morale. The spirit and history of this era was given an intelligent and dramatic interpretation in this source. Wooley, John, and Gerhard Peters. "Franklin D. Roosevelt: Second Fireside Chat." Franklin D. Roosevelt: Second Fireside Chat. The American Presidency Project, n.d. Web. 26 Dec. 2012. <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14636>. Zinn, Howard. New Deal Thought. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966. Print. In this book, New Dealers and their more conservative contemporaries debate the role of government in treating economic and social ills like poverty, ignorance, racial inequality, and the gap between haves and have-nots. This is an important discussion in the nineteen thirties and today in America. This book examined FDR's bold domestic experiment and its legacy in America.