ANALOG ELECTRONICS-II

PRACTICAL FILE
(MULTISIM)

-SHASHANK MEENA
-B.Sc. (HONS.) ELECTRONICS Sem-4
-Roll No: 11HEL2207

AIM: To design first order low pass filter using op-amps.

R1 = Rf = 9.93 K
R = 39.82 K, C = 0.001 F
Freq (fH) = 4 KHz

Circuit diagram

AC Analysis

Frequency Response on Excel (Freq VS Gain)

SIMULATION DATA
frequency
31.6227766
35.48133892
39.81071706
44.66835922
50.11872336
56.23413252
63.09573445
70.79457844
79.43282347
89.12509381
100
112.2018454
125.8925412
141.2537545
158.4893192
177.827941
199.5262315
223.8721139
251.1886432
281.8382931
316.227766
354.8133892
398.1071706
446.6835922
501.1872336
562.3413252
630.9573445
707.9457844
794.3282347
891.2509381
1000
1122.018454
1258.925412
1412.537545
1584.893192
1778.27941
1995.262315
2238.721139
2511.886432
2818.382931

gain
1.99977914
1.999762928
1.999742519
1.999716826
1.999684482
1.999643766
1.99959251
1.999527989
1.999446771
1.999344537
1.999215855
1.999053888
1.998850041
1.998593501
1.998270676
1.997864486
1.997353476
1.996710709
1.995902395
1.994886182
1.99360905
1.992004718
1.98999048
1.98746337
1.984295574
1.980329009
1.975369055
1.96917751
1.961464967
1.951883079
1.940017508
1.925382826
1.907421262
1.885507857
1.858965176
1.827090977
1.789201698
1.744692763
1.693113282
1.634247698

normalize gain
0.999968568
0.999960461
0.999950256
0.999937408
0.999921235
0.999900875
0.999875245
0.999842982
0.99980237
0.999751249
0.999686903
0.999605913
0.999503981
0.999375701
0.999214276
0.999011165
0.99875564
0.998434231
0.998030042
0.997521895
0.996883279
0.996081049
0.995073851
0.993810196
0.992226173
0.990242734
0.987762561
0.984666544
0.980809967
0.976018645
0.970085391
0.962767471
0.95378598
0.942828412
0.929556023
0.913617664
0.894671528
0.872415302
0.846623524
0.817188407

20dbgain
-0.000273022
-0.000343438
-0.000432086
-0.000543683
-0.000684172
-0.000861031
-0.001083673
-0.001363946
-0.001716764
-0.002160894
-0.002719956
-0.003423671
-0.004309433
-0.005424286
-0.006827395
-0.008593161
-0.010815108
-0.013610758
-0.017127716
-0.02155126
-0.027113772
-0.034106447
-0.042893726
-0.053931036
-0.067786425
-0.085166716
-0.10694878
-0.13421636
-0.168302587
-0.210837716
-0.263800713
-0.329571829
-0.410981315
-0.511346771
-0.634488617
-0.784710242
-0.966727669
-1.185534509
-1.446193366
-1.753556064

3162.27766
3548.133892
3981.071706
4466.835922
5011.872336
5623.413252
6309.573445
7079.457844
7943.282347
8912.509381
10000
11220.18454
12589.25412
14125.37545
15848.93192
17782.7941
19952.62315
22387.21139
25118.86432
28183.82931
31622.7766
35481.33892
39810.71706

1.568191555
1.495404764
1.416726068
1.333338462
1.246686272
1.158356889
1.069948983
0.982950876
0.898647575
0.818065521
0.741954578
0.6708
0.604854215
0.544178523
0.488686887
0.438186706
0.39241381
0.35106075
0.313798537
0.280292629
0.250214153
0.223247387
0.199094406

0.784157726
0.747761455
0.708418999
0.666721902
0.623392384
0.579224203
0.535016758
0.491514268
0.449359287
0.409065077
0.371006599
0.335426498
0.302451001
0.272110758
0.244362748
0.219110662
0.196222407
0.175544243
0.156911665
0.140157387
0.125116961
0.111632512
0.099555068

-2.111931488
-2.524738505
-2.994195999
-3.521105556
-4.104770156
-4.743065981
-5.432652296
-6.169277419
-6.948125567
-7.76415192
-8.612367322
-9.488052628
-10.38689947
-11.30508575
-12.23929999
-13.18672976
-14.14502805
-15.11226818
-16.0868954
-17.06768015
-18.05367628
-19.04418602
-20.03873255

HARDWARE DATA
frequency

vin

vout

77
82
103
153
201
255
314
351
411
451
492
510
555
612
655
709
744
798

1.76
1.84
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

3.44
3.52
3.76
3.84
3.84
3.84
3.84
3.84
3.84
3.84
3.84
3.84
3.84
3.84
3.84
3.84
3.76
3.68

normalize
gain
1.954545455 1.000000233
1.913043478 0.978766658
1.88
0.961860689
1.92
0.98232581
1.92
0.98232581
1.92
0.98232581
1.92
0.98232581
1.92
0.98232581
1.92
0.98232581
1.92
0.98232581
1.92
0.98232581
1.92
0.98232581
1.92
0.98232581
1.92
0.98232581
1.92
0.98232581
1.92
0.98232581
1.88
0.961860689
1.84
0.941395568
gain

20dbgain
2.01997E-06
-0.186416666
-0.33775649
-0.154888901
-0.154888901
-0.154888901
-0.154888901
-0.154888901
-0.154888901
-0.154888901
-0.154888901
-0.154888901
-0.154888901
-0.154888901
-0.154888901
-0.154888901
-0.33775649
-0.524557015

849
900
970
1020
1310
1840
2270
2720
3040
3150
3320
3510
3810
3870
4020
4170
4240
4440
4510
4610
4910
5110
5280
5500
5680
5920
6180
6470
6710
7260
7710
7910
8460
9650
10130
16060
32920
42630

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

3.68
3.68
3.68
3.68
3.68
3.52
3.36
3.2
3.04
3.04
2.96
2.88
2.8
2.8
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.56
2.56
2.56
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.08
2.08
2
1.92
1.76
1.76
1.68
1.44
1.44
1.04
0.56
0.48

1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.76
1.68
1.6
1.52
1.52
1.48
1.44
1.4
1.4
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.04
1.04
1
0.96
0.88
0.88
0.84
0.72
0.72
0.52
0.28
0.24

0.941395568
0.941395568
0.941395568
0.941395568
0.941395568
0.900465326
0.859535084
0.818604842
0.777674599
0.777674599
0.757209478
0.736744357
0.716279236
0.716279236
0.695814115
0.695814115
0.695814115
0.654883873
0.654883873
0.654883873
0.613953631
0.613953631
0.613953631
0.573023389
0.573023389
0.573023389
0.532093147
0.532093147
0.511628026
0.491162905
0.450232663
0.450232663
0.429767542
0.368372179
0.368372179
0.266046573
0.143255847
0.122790726

-0.524557015
-0.524557015
-0.524557015
-0.524557015
-0.524557015
-0.910660119
-1.314727841
-1.738513822
-2.184041716
-2.184041716
-2.415679167
-2.653663633
-2.898352762
-2.898352762
-3.150135308
-3.150135308
-3.150135308
-3.676714082
-3.676714082
-3.676714082
-4.237288554
-4.237288554
-4.237288554
-4.836553022
-4.836553022
-4.836553022
-5.480246689
-5.480246689
-5.820913475
-6.175488814
-6.931260032
-6.931260032
-7.335327754
-8.674263547
-8.674263547
-11.5008466
-16.87775285
-18.21668864

THEORITICAL DATA
frequency

gain

77
82
103
153

1.999629334
1.999579649
1.999336898
1.998537728

normalize
gain
1
0.999975153
0.999853755
0.999454096

20dbgain
9.14578E-10
-0.000215824
-0.001270361
-0.004742958

201
255
314
351
411
451
492
510
555
612
655
709
744
798
849
900
970
1020
1310
1840
2270
2720
3040
3150
3320
3510
3810
3870
4020
4170
4240
4440
4510
4610
4910
5110
5280
5500
5680
5920
6180
6470
6710
7260
7710
7910
8460
9650

1.997478309
1.995946034
1.993862684
1.992339883
1.989519518
1.987400428
1.985032292
1.983930465
1.9810116
1.976981538
1.973699058
1.969287169
1.966258235
1.961328813
1.956393607
1.951193333
1.943636434
1.937950641
1.900615261
1.816892555
1.73930431
1.653707416
1.592162084
1.571105189
1.538787707
1.503107341
1.447997984
1.437184591
1.410485125
1.384286433
1.372238705
1.338463192
1.326872688
1.310525967
1.262993946
1.232569932
1.207501777
1.176129223
1.151342957
1.119500832
1.086514655
1.051501571
1.023882438
0.964927874
0.92083557
0.902340776
0.854691797
0.7656489

0.998924288
0.998158008
0.997116141
0.996354599
0.994944155
0.993884414
0.992700126
0.992149111
0.990689408
0.988674003
0.987032459
0.984826105
0.983311358
0.980846189
0.978378129
0.975777511
0.97199836
0.969154937
0.950483787
0.908614674
0.86981336
0.82700698
0.79622861
0.78569821
0.769536474
0.751692984
0.724133198
0.718725499
0.705373291
0.692271517
0.686246537
0.669355649
0.663559323
0.655384448
0.631614032
0.616399205
0.603862804
0.58817362
0.575778189
0.559854175
0.543358029
0.525848242
0.512036116
0.48255337
0.460503132
0.45125402
0.427425114
0.382895413

-0.009348546
-0.016014089
-0.025085072
-0.031721404
-0.0440259
-0.053282402
-0.063638461
-0.068461051
-0.081249608
-0.098937707
-0.113371303
-0.132808958
-0.146178891
-0.167981816
-0.18986528
-0.212983912
-0.246689353
-0.272135752
-0.441105739
-0.832405076
-1.21147852
-1.6498165
-1.979244433
-2.094884722
-2.275415821
-2.479190065
-2.803630837
-2.868738938
-3.031619776
-3.194470731
-3.270396684
-3.486861335
-3.562404888
-3.67007737
-3.990964603
-4.202758598
-4.381234414
-4.609889161
-4.794895812
-5.038501569
-5.298278215
-5.582791467
-5.813988103
-6.329092942
-6.735348243
-6.911578316
-7.382799269
-8.338396721

10130
16060
32920
42630

0.734365242
0.483238391
0.241172912
0.186789035

0.367250685
0.241663984
0.120608809
0.09341183

1000

10000

-8.700747718
-12.3357614
-18.37241942
-20.5919624

0
1

10

100

100000

VOLTAGE GAIN (V)

-5

HARDWARE
-10

SIMULATION
THEROTICAL

-15

-20

-25

FREQENCY (Hz)

AIM: To design first order high pass filter using op-amps.

R1 = Rf = 10 K
R = 8 K, C = 0.01 F
Freq (fl) = 2 KHz

Circuit diagram

AC Analysis

Frequency Response on Excel (Freq VS Gain)

SIMULATION DATA
frequency

gain

31.6227766
35.48133892
39.81071706
44.66835922
50.11872336
56.23413252
63.09573445
70.79457844
79.43282347
89.12509381
100
112.2018454
125.8925412
141.2537545
158.4893192
177.827941
199.5262315
223.8721139
251.1886432
281.8382931
316.227766
354.8133892
398.1071706
446.6835922
501.1872336
562.3413252
630.9573445
707.9457844
794.3282347
891.2509381
1000
1122.018454
1258.925412
1412.537545
1584.893192
1778.27941
1995.262315
2238.721139
2511.886432
2818.382931
3162.27766

0.031785289
0.035662514
0.040012352
0.044892271
0.050366671
0.056507694
0.063396123
0.071122368
0.079787546
0.089504657
0.100399845
0.11261374
0.126302857
0.141641015
0.158820726
0.178054464
0.199575688
0.22363945
0.250522331
0.280521355
0.313951437
0.351140754
0.392423279
0.438127583
0.488560888
0.543987362
0.604599879
0.67048506
0.741582539
0.817641163
0.898177254
0.982442715
1.069412867
1.157804208
1.246129367
1.332789814
1.416197322
1.494905755
1.567729509
1.633826743
1.692734312

normalize
gain
0.015972507
0.017920862
0.02010671
0.02255893
0.025309885
0.028395826
0.031857348
0.035739884
0.040094244
0.044977215
0.050452184
0.056589819
0.063468772
0.071176389
0.07980941
0.089474605
0.10028929
0.112381633
0.125890619
0.140965505
0.157764541
0.17645264
0.197197628
0.220164614
0.245507984
0.273360483
0.303819034
0.336927166
0.372654542
0.410874956
0.451345354
0.493689806
0.5373934
0.58181116
0.626195662
0.669743625
0.711656946
0.751208922
0.787803773
0.821018464
0.850620257

20 db gain
-35.93253828
-34.93282233
-33.9331799
-32.93363001
-31.9341966
-30.93490979
-29.93580748
-28.93693734
-27.93835933
-26.94014884
-25.94240066
-24.94523388
-23.94879806
-22.95328094
-21.95891799
-20.96600422
-19.97490884
-18.9860932
-18.00013265
-17.01774298
-16.03981201
-15.06743677
-14.10196629
-13.14504962
-12.19868761
-11.26528533
-10.34770042
-9.449279425
-8.573871618
-7.725806586
-6.909820478
-6.130916797
-5.394153427
-4.704359058
-4.065798912
-3.481828229
-2.954586153
-2.484785255
-2.071638869
-1.712941522
-1.405285577

3548.133892
3981.071706
4466.835922
5011.872336
5623.413252
6309.573445
7079.457844
7943.282347
8912.509381
10000
11220.18454
12589.25412
14125.37545
15848.93192
17782.7941
19952.62315
22387.21139

1.744353621
1.788897563
1.82681482
1.858708173
1.885259665
1.90717012
1.925115454
1.939718804
1.951535613
1.96104827
1.968667135
1.97473538
1.979535736
1.983297853
1.986205454
1.988402807
1.990000262

0.876559609
0.898943499
0.917997397
0.934024207
0.947366666
0.958376945
0.967394701
0.974733067
0.980671162
0.985451392
0.989279967
0.992329337
0.994741576
0.996632087
0.998093193
0.99919739
1.000000131

-1.144370905
-0.925352082
-0.743171003
-0.592837358
-0.469638008
-0.369272848
-0.287925921
-0.222286009
-0.169531908
-0.127295857
-0.093615705
-0.066883384
-0.0457946
-0.029302693
-0.016578124
-0.006974177
1.14165E-06

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
frequency

vin

vout

gain

44
85
96
151
200
300
400
499
600
700
814
902
1010
1120
1280
1380
1460
1600
1630
1690
1780
1830
1890
1940
1980

1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76

0.08
0.2
0.24
0.32
0.44
0.6
0.76
0.88
1.12
1.28
1.4
1.52
1.64
1.84
2
2.08
2.16
2.24
2.28
2.32
2.4
2.48
2.48
2.52
2.56

0.045454545
0.113636364
0.136363636
0.181818182
0.25
0.340909091
0.431818182
0.5
0.636363636
0.727272727
0.795454545
0.863636364
0.931818182
1.045454545
1.136363636
1.181818182
1.227272727
1.272727273
1.295454545
1.318181818
1.363636364
1.409090909
1.409090909
1.431818182
1.454545455

normalize
gain
0.023809523
0.059523807
0.071428568
0.095238091
0.130952375
0.17857142
0.226190465
0.261904749
0.333333317
0.380952363
0.416666647
0.452380931
0.488095215
0.547619022
0.595238067
0.61904759
0.642857112
0.666666635
0.678571396
0.690476158
0.71428568
0.738095203
0.738095203
0.749999964
0.761904726

20 db gain
-32.46498622
-24.50618605
-22.92256113
-20.4237864
-17.65773243
-14.96376095
-12.91051412
-11.63713252
-9.542425508
-8.382586568
-7.604225248
-6.889914203
-6.229909
-5.230429501
-4.506186048
-4.165519262
-3.837710938
-3.521825595
-3.368089021
-3.217026264
-2.922561127
-2.637752345
-2.637752345
-2.498775146
-2.361986655

2000
2100
2240
2350
2440
2510
2630
2830
3040
3280
3350
3440
4030
4510
5100
5980
7350
8120
9100
10020
10920
13420
18510
23190
189100
239000

1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76

2.56
2.6
2.72
2.72
2.76
2.8
2.89
2.88
2.96
3
3.04
3.04
3.12
3.2
3.2
3.28
3.28
3.36
3.36
3.36
3.36
3.36
3.36
3.36
3.36
3.36

1.454545455
1.477272727
1.545454545
1.545454545
1.568181818
1.590909091
1.642045455
1.636363636
1.681818182
1.704545455
1.727272727
1.727272727
1.772727273
1.818181818
1.818181818
1.863636364
1.863636364
1.909090909
1.909090909
1.909090909
1.909090909
1.909090909
1.909090909
1.909090909
1.909090909
1.909090909

0.761904726
0.773809487
0.809523771
0.809523771
0.821428532
0.833333294
0.860119007
0.857142816
0.880952339
0.8928571
0.904761862
0.904761862
0.928571384
0.952380907
0.952380907
0.97619043
0.97619043
0.999999952
0.999999952
0.999999952
0.999999952
0.999999952
0.999999952
0.999999952
0.999999952
0.999999952

-2.361986655
-2.227319002
-1.835407881
-1.835407881
-1.70860432
-1.583625335
-1.308829106
-1.338936206
-1.10095174
-0.984360867
-0.869314289
-0.869314289
-0.643694081
-0.423786395
-0.423786395
-0.209309087
-0.209309087
-4.13614E-07
-4.13614E-07
-4.13614E-07
-4.13614E-07
-4.13614E-07
-4.13614E-07
-4.13614E-07
-4.13614E-07
-4.13614E-07

THEORITICAL DATA
frequency

GAIN

44
85
96
151
200
300
400
499
600
700
814
902
1010

0.043989356
0.084923338
0.095889599
0.150571462
0.199007438
0.296680906
0.39223227
0.484158014
0.574695771
0.660700849
0.753946461
0.822245213
0.901561143

normalize
gain
0.021995488
0.042463233
0.047946565
0.075288504
0.099507384
0.148345917
0.196123359
0.242087924
0.28735847
0.330362593
0.376987117
0.41113775
0.450797176

20 db gain
-33.15332792
-27.43973883
-26.38484995
-22.46542661
-20.0428938
-16.57448804
-14.14941354
-12.32053748
-10.83151994
-9.620182668
-8.473469828
-7.720252901
-6.920376266

1120
1280
1380
1460
1600
1630
1690
1780
1830
1890
1940
1980
2000
2100
2240
2350
2440
2510
2630
2830
3040
3280
3350
3440
4030
4510
5100
5980
7350
8120
9100
10020
10920
13420
18510
23190
189100
239000

0.977206738
1.078107393
1.135850559
1.179223007
1.249390095
1.263518437
1.290856983
1.329654729
1.35011237
1.373673846
1.392515859
1.407089196
1.414213562
1.448275862
1.491875323
1.523078779
1.54678421
1.564166559
1.591974394
1.633295694
1.670834164
1.707592352
1.717243224
1.729014373
1.791513694
1.828291156
1.861946397
1.896731283
1.929830279
1.941961422
1.953378979
1.961311776
1.967276992
1.978152929
1.988426502
1.992603198
1.999888149
1.999929977

0.488621367
0.539073553
0.567946199
0.589633222
0.624718058
0.63178249
0.645452266
0.664851853
0.675081051
0.686862223
0.696283576
0.703570513
0.707132828
0.724164605
0.745965139
0.761567441
0.773420593
0.782112088
0.796016517
0.816677928
0.835447855
0.853827626
0.85865324
0.864539031
0.895789843
0.914179251
0.931007491
0.948400575
0.964950682
0.971016478
0.976725466
0.980692011
0.983674729
0.989112898
0.994249873
0.996338298
0.999980908
1.000001823

-6.220550916
-5.367039489
-4.913856046
-4.588361098
-4.086318799
-3.9886483
-3.8027174
-3.545502323
-3.412881641
-3.262607382
-3.144276973
-3.053847404
-3.009980015
-2.803254121
-2.545629362
-2.365832626
-2.231685371
-2.13462004
-1.98155841
-1.758983632
-1.561613032
-1.372595953
-1.323643745
-1.264307899
-0.955877328
-0.779372802
-0.62093649
-0.460163827
-0.309897648
-0.255468005
-0.204549774
-0.169347254
-0.142969716
-0.095082701
-0.050089115
-0.031863511
-0.000165835
1.58301E-05

0
1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

-5

VOLTAGE GAIN (V)

-10

-15
SIMULATION
EXPERIMENTAL
-20

THEORITICAL

-25

-30

-35

-40

FREQUENCY (Hz)

AIM: To design second order low pass filter using op-amps.

R1 = 27, Rf = 15.8 K
R = R2=R3=7.96K, C=C2=C3 = 0.005 F
Freq (fH) = 4 KHz

Circuit diagram

AC Analysis

Frequency Response on Excel (Freq VS Gain)

SIMULATION DATA
FREQUENCY

GAIN

1
1.258925412
1.584893192
1.995262315
2.511886432
3.16227766
3.981071706
5.011872336
6.309573445
7.943282347
10
12.58925412
15.84893192
19.95262315
25.11886432
31.6227766
39.81071706
50.11872336
63.09573445
79.43282347
100
125.8925412
158.4893192
199.5262315
251.1886432
316.227766
398.1071706
501.1872336
630.9573445
794.3282347
1000
1258.925412
1584.893192
1995.262315
2511.886432
3162.27766
3981.071706
5011.872336
6309.573445
7943.282347
10000
12589.25412
15848.93192

1.585116567
1.585116568
1.585116569
1.58511657
1.585116572
1.585116576
1.585116581
1.585116589
1.585116603
1.585116624
1.585116658
1.585116711
1.585116796
1.585116929
1.585117141
1.585117476
1.585118006
1.58511884
1.585120152
1.585122202
1.585125382
1.585130245
1.585137509
1.585147908
1.585161592
1.585176253
1.585181839
1.585146355
1.584978777
1.584433854
1.582871233
1.578657713
1.56774119
1.540567644
1.477083802
1.345631759
1.125254397
0.848535989
0.587442577
0.386481128
0.248109038
0.157607335
0.099684414

NORMALIZE
GAIN
1.000000989
1.000000989
1.00000099
1.00000099
1.000000992
1.000000994
1.000000997
1.000001002
1.000001011
1.000001025
1.000001046
1.000001079
1.000001133
1.000001217
1.000001351
1.000001562
1.000001896
1.000002423
1.00000325
1.000004544
1.00000655
1.000009618
1.0000142
1.000020761
1.000029393
1.000038643
1.000042167
1.000019781
0.999914061
0.999570286
0.998584477
0.995926297
0.989039401
0.971896452
0.93184646
0.848917434
0.709888177
0.535315096
0.370599343
0.243818983
0.156524314
0.09942959
0.062887812

20DBGAIN
8.5866E-06
8.5921E-06
8.5976E-06
8.6031E-06
8.614E-06
8.6359E-06
8.6633E-06
8.7072E-06
8.7839E-06
8.899E-06
9.0853E-06
9.3757E-06
9.8415E-06
1.057E-05
1.1732E-05
1.3568E-05
1.6472E-05
2.1042E-05
2.8231E-05
3.9464E-05
5.689E-05
8.3537E-05
0.00012334
0.00018032
0.0002553
0.00033564
0.00036625
0.00017181
-0.0007465
-0.0037332
-0.0123038
-0.035456
-0.0957281
-0.2476001
-0.6131128
-1.4226909
-2.9762011
-5.4278102
-8.6219071
-12.25865
-16.108364
-20.049687
-24.02867

19952.62315 0.062935422
25118.86432 0.039700446

0.03970401
0.025045783

-28.023313
-32.025308

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
FREQUENCY

vin

vout

gain

76
108
209
300
406
497
611
708
799
908
992
1040
1150
1270
1360
1520
1950
2100
2240
2380
2600
2780
3100
3190
3270
3380
3520
3660
3790
3820
3960
4010
4180
4260
4350
4460
4560
4680
4890
5100

1.68
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78

2.6
2.72
2.76
2.76
2.76
2.76
2.8
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.64
2.6
2.56
2.48
2.4
2.32
2.12
2.08
2.04
2
1.92
1.84
1.76
1.76
1.64
1.56
1.52
1.48
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.32
1.24
1.16

1.547619
1.52809
1.550562
1.550562
1.550562
1.550562
1.573034
1.52809
1.52809
1.52809
1.52809
1.52809
1.52809
1.52809
1.52809
1.52809
1.483146
1.460674
1.438202
1.393258
1.348315
1.303371
1.191011
1.168539
1.146067
1.123596
1.078652
1.033708
0.988764
0.988764
0.921348
0.876404
0.853933
0.831461
0.786517
0.786517
0.786517
0.741573
0.696629
0.651685

normalize
gain
1.000000031
0.987381189
1.0019015
1.0019015
1.0019015
1.0019015
1.016421812
0.987381189
0.987381189
0.987381189
0.987381189
0.987381189
0.987381189
0.987381189
0.987381189
0.987381189
0.958340565
0.943820254
0.929299942
0.900259319
0.871218696
0.842178073
0.769576515
0.755056203
0.740535891
0.72601558
0.696974957
0.667934333
0.63889371
0.63889371
0.595332775
0.566292152
0.551771841
0.537251529
0.508210906
0.508210906
0.508210906
0.479170283
0.450129659
0.421089036

20dbgain
2.67258E-07
-0.110303023
0.016500537
0.016500537
0.016500537
0.016500537
0.141479523
-0.110303023
-0.110303023
-0.110303023
-0.110303023
-0.110303023
-0.110303023
-0.110303023
-0.110303023
-0.110303023
-0.369602566
-0.502214144
-0.636881798
-0.912647487
-1.19745627
-1.491921406
-2.274963885
-2.440414405
-2.609077755
-2.781081191
-3.13565653
-3.505324644
-3.891427748
-3.891427748
-4.504804143
-4.939189137
-5.164809345
-5.396446796
-5.87912039
-5.87912039
-5.87912039
-6.39020248
-6.933247401
-7.512521319

5440
5650
5790
6140
6570
6910
7400
8090
8360
8720
9320
9930
11610
14150
15630
18570
20670
25140

1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78

1.08
1
1
0.84
0.76
0.68
0.6
0.52
0.52
0.48
0.44
0.4
0.32
0.2
0.2
0.16
0.16
0.12

0.606742
0.561798
0.561798
0.47191
0.426966
0.382022
0.337079
0.292135
0.292135
0.269663
0.247191
0.224719
0.179775
0.11236
0.11236
0.089888
0.089888
0.067416

0.392048413
0.36300779
0.36300779
0.304926544
0.27588592
0.246845297
0.217804674
0.188764051
0.188764051
0.174243739
0.159723428
0.145203116
0.116162493
0.072601558
0.072601558
0.058081246
0.058081246
0.043560935

-8.133205994
-8.801681104
-8.801681104
-10.31609538
-11.18540926
-12.15150285
-13.2386561
-14.48161423
-14.48161423
-15.17685636
-15.93262757
-16.76048128
-18.69868154
-22.78108119
-22.78108119
-24.71928145
-24.71928145
-27.21805618

THEORITICAL DATA
frequency

gain

76
108
209
300
406
497
611
708
799
908
992
1040
1150
1270
1360
1520
1950
2100
2240
2380
2600
2780

1.585099897
1.585099579
1.585094093
1.585074924
1.585015888
1.584911142
1.584668705
1.584322679
1.583839753
1.582999773
1.582110467
1.581490603
1.579712843
1.577107052
1.57461385
1.568828283
1.542147537
1.528117531
1.512471797
1.494225018
1.4601273
1.427315509

normalize
gain
1
0.999999799
0.999996338
0.999984245
0.999947001
0.999880919
0.999727972
0.999509673
0.999205007
0.998675084
0.998114043
0.997722986
0.996601442
0.994957514
0.993384615
0.989734644
0.972902427
0.964051246
0.954180743
0.942669305
0.921157905
0.900457764

20db gain
-1.56664E-09
-1.74361E-06
-3.18045E-05
-0.000136847
-0.000460355
-0.001034383
-0.002363128
-0.004259973
-0.006907971
-0.011515705
-0.016396682
-0.019800443
-0.029569778
-0.043909279
-0.057651411
-0.089624553
-0.238614262
-0.317997593
-0.407387051
-0.512812685
-0.713318336
-0.910733059

3100
3190
3270
3380
3520
3660
3790
3820
3960
4010
4180
4260
4350
4460
4560
4680
4890
5100
5440
5650
5790
6140
6570
6910
7400
8090
8360
8720
9320
9930
11610
14150
15630
18570
20670
25140

1.358837214
1.337504289
1.317884789
1.290007978
1.253250895
1.215378197
1.179510597
1.17116712
1.132042179
1.118032889
1.070495936
1.048272659
1.023460035
0.993483979
0.966639376
0.93502195
0.881489102
0.830515128
0.75386819
0.710254054
0.682744649
0.619264914
0.550921594
0.503630716
0.444553461
0.376421871
0.353729755
0.326389298
0.287143758
0.253883654
0.186841764
0.126264575
0.10359272
0.073465913
0.059318666
0.040115017

0.857256515
0.843798105
0.831420652
0.813833866
0.790644739
0.766751798
0.744123824
0.738860133
0.714177183
0.705339071
0.675349193
0.661329082
0.645675416
0.62676427
0.609828679
0.589882033
0.556109494
0.523951285
0.475596643
0.448081572
0.430726574
0.390678792
0.347562696
0.31772806
0.280457693
0.237475172
0.223159282
0.20591087
0.181151837
0.160168867
0.11787381
0.079657172
0.065354064
0.046347813
0.037422667
0.025307564

-1.337784112
-1.475229085
-1.603583846
-1.789284832
-2.040372287
-2.306903934
-2.567095818
-2.628755327
-2.92388058
-3.032041169
-3.4094323
-3.591647579
-3.799714982
-4.057915391
-4.295843113
-4.584696632
-5.096793808
-5.614181798
-6.455224389
-6.972858335
-7.315966656
-8.163603267
-9.179336843
-9.958888572
-11.04265284
-12.48763578
-13.02770089
-13.72641454
-14.83914517
-15.90843794
-18.57165359
-21.97550231
-23.69454801
-26.67941513
-28.53730521
-31.93499315

0
1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

-5

voltage gain (V)

-10

SIMULATION
-15

THEORITICAL
EXPERIMENTAL

-20

-25

-30

-35
frequency (Hz)

AIM: To design second order High pass filter using op-amps.

R1 = 27.12, Rf = 15.73 K
R2=1.781 K, R3=1.775 K, C2=.01 F, C3 = 0.01 F
Freq (fH) = 4 KHz

Circuit diagram

AC Analysis

Frequency Response on Excel (Freq VS Gain)

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
frqency
498
610
710
800
901
1010
1020
1250
1600
1880
2090
2470
2760
3000
3500
4080
4530
5010
5510
6050
6440
6840
6970
7090
7110
7220
7340
7500
7720
7850
8000
8100
8210
8310
8440
8510
8630
8790
8950
9030
9150
9300
9500

vin vout
1.74 0.08
1.74 0.08
1.74 0.08
1.74 0.08
1.74 0.08
1.74 0.08
1.74 0.1
1.74 0.1
1.74 0.14
1.74 0.18
1.74 0.2
1.74 0.26
1.74 0.3
1.74 0.34
1.74 0.46
1.74 0.62
1.74 0.76
1.74 0.9
1.74 1.06
1.74 1.22
1.74 1.34
1.74 1.46
1.74 1.5
1.74 1.54
1.74 1.54
1.74 1.6
1.74 1.62
1.74 1.66
1.74 1.72
1.74 1.76
1.74 1.76
1.74 1.82
1.74 1.82
1.74 1.86
1.74 1.9
1.74 1.92
1.74 1.94
1.74 1.98
1.74 2.02
1.74 2.02
1.74 2.04
1.74 2.06
1.74 2.1

gain
0.045977
0.045977
0.045977
0.045977
0.045977
0.045977
0.057471
0.057471
0.08046
0.103448
0.114943
0.149425
0.172414
0.195402
0.264368
0.356322
0.436782
0.517241
0.609195
0.701149
0.770115
0.83908
0.862069
0.885057
0.885057
0.91954
0.931034
0.954023
0.988506
1.011494
1.011494
1.045977
1.045977
1.068966
1.091954
1.103448
1.114943
1.137931
1.16092
1.16092
1.172414
1.183908
1.206897

normalize gain
0.029197074
0.029197074
0.029197074
0.029197074
0.029197074
0.029197074
0.036496342
0.036496342
0.051094879
0.065693416
0.072992684
0.094890489
0.109489026
0.124087563
0.167883174
0.226277321
0.2773722
0.328467079
0.386861226
0.445255374
0.489050984
0.532846595
0.547445132
0.562043668
0.562043668
0.583941474
0.591240742
0.605839279
0.627737084
0.642335621
0.642335621
0.664233426
0.664233426
0.678831963
0.6934305
0.700729768
0.708029037
0.722627574
0.737226111
0.737226111
0.744525379
0.751824647
0.766423184

20db gain
-30.6932
-30.6932
-30.6932
-30.6932
-30.6932
-30.6932
-28.755
-28.755
-25.8325
-23.6496
-22.7344
-20.4555
-19.2126
-18.1254
-15.4999
-12.9072
-11.1387
-9.67016
-8.2489
-7.02782
-6.21292
-5.46796
-5.23319
-5.0046
-5.0046
-4.67261
-4.56471
-4.35285
-4.04444
-3.84476
-3.84476
-3.55359
-3.55359
-3.36475
-3.17994
-3.08899
-2.99898
-2.82171
-2.64799
-2.64799
-2.56241
-2.47767
-2.31063

9720
9940
10000
10100
12000
15310
17800
22930
29650
38990
51690
60670
72770
80510
100090
155100
230000
338600

1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74

2.16
2.16
2.2
2.2
2.48
2.62
2.68
2.74
2.74
2.74
2.72
2.72
2.72
2.71
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.72

1.241379
1.241379
1.264368
1.264368
1.425287
1.505747
1.54023
1.574713
1.574713
1.574713
1.563218
1.563218
1.563218
1.557471
1.551724
1.551724
1.551724
1.563218

0.78832099
0.78832099
0.802919526
0.802919526
0.905109284
0.956204163
0.978101968
0.999999774
0.999999774
0.999999774
0.992700505
0.992700505
0.992700505
0.989050871
0.985401237
0.985401237
0.985401237
0.992700505

-2.06594
-2.06594
-1.90656
-1.90656
-0.86598
-0.38899
-0.19232
-2E-06
-2E-06
-2E-06
-0.06364
-0.06364
-0.06364
-0.09563
-0.12774
-0.12774
-0.12774
-0.06364

SIMULATION DATA
freq

GAIN

1584.893192
1995.262315
2511.886432
3162.27766
3981.071706
5011.872336
6309.573445
7943.282347
10000
12589.25412
15848.93192
19952.62315
25118.86432
31622.7766
39810.71706
50118.72336
63095.73445
79432.82347
100000
125892.5412
158489.3192
199526.2315

0.049547
0.078496
0.124242
0.196142
0.307599
0.474575
0.705784
0.978823
1.228113
1.395717
1.48251
1.520364
1.535084
1.539988
1.540756
1.53949
1.536709
1.532152
1.525018
1.513964
1.508119
1.500582

NORMALIZED
GAIN
0.032157679
0.050946589
0.080636957
0.127302481
0.199641674
0.30801457
0.458076575
0.635287376
0.797084876
0.905865442
0.962196584
0.986765364
0.996318934
0.999501618
1
0.999178405
0.997373813
0.994415775
0.989785728
0.982611566
0.978817523
0.973925844

20 DB GAIN
-29.85430606
-25.85769776
-21.86931735
-17.90326263
-13.99497595
-10.22857479
-6.781238324
-3.940595489
-1.96990862
-0.858726159
-0.334723786
-0.115722057
-0.032032324
-0.004329968
-2.12258E-09
-0.007139221
-0.022840776
-0.048639898
-0.089176251
-0.152362568
-0.185965286
-0.229482188

251188.6432
316227.766
398107.1706
501187.2336
630957.3445
794328.2347
1000000
1258925.412

1.493045
1.485508
1.477971
1.470434
1.462897
1.45536
1.447824
1.440287

0.969034166
0.964142487
0.959250808
0.954359129
0.94946745
0.944575771
0.939684093
0.934792414

-0.273218212
-0.317175574
-0.361356527
-0.405763357
-0.450398384
-0.495263968
-0.540362501
-0.585696416

THEORITICAL DATA
frqency

GAIN

498
610
710
800
901
1010
1020
1250
1600
1880
2090
2470
2760
3000
3500
4080
4530
5010
5510
6050
6440
6840
6970
7090
7110
7220
7340
7500
7720
7850
8000
8100

0.004837631
0.007258238
0.009832963
0.012483677
0.015834483
0.019896855
0.020292738
0.03047301
0.049911347
0.068877721
0.085082084
0.118670185
0.147938837
0.17448344
0.236266195
0.318063373
0.388029089
0.467672135
0.554541607
0.65063575
0.720095212
0.790263619
0.812675935
0.833148227
0.836538477
0.855066104
0.875035204
0.901233792
0.936389203
0.956655407
0.979543286
0.994495635

NORMALIZED
GAIN
0.003061778
0.0045938
0.006223365
0.007901025
0.010021778
0.012592888
0.012843445
0.019286626
0.031589314
0.043593292
0.05384917
0.075107363
0.09363174
0.110432044
0.149534872
0.201304996
0.24558689
0.295993647
0.35097407
0.411792865
0.455754345
0.500164523
0.514349467
0.527306554
0.529452272
0.541178563
0.553817175
0.570398483
0.59264864
0.605475292
0.619961224
0.629424692

20 DB GAIN
-50.2805267
-46.7565579
-44.1194939
-42.0463313
-39.9811042
-37.9974935
-37.8263692
-34.2948749
-30.0091962
-27.2116067
-25.3764198
-22.4863497
-20.5715381
-19.1380978
-16.5051503
-13.9229089
-12.1958964
-10.5743522
-9.09449937
-7.70642365
-6.82538364
-6.01774233
-5.77483411
-5.55873661
-5.52346368
-5.3331883
-5.13267159
-4.87643276
-4.54405415
-4.3580715
-4.15270946
-4.02112448

8210
8310
8440
8510
8630
8790
8950
9030
9150
9300
9500
9720
9940
10000
10100
12000
15310
17800
22930
29650
38990
51690
60670
72770
80510
100090
155100
230000
338600
474000
707000
963000
1030000

1.010651939
1.025069052
1.043418727
1.053112882
1.069424079
1.090562379
1.110997778
1.12095086
1.135549558
1.153240737
1.175872268
1.199520474
1.221889424
1.227772389
1.237373599
1.377102204
1.493361758
1.530782973
1.561592721
1.57335055
1.577776725
1.579289185
1.579632323
1.579829943
1.579891396
1.579963105
1.580005792
1.580012897
1.580014355
1.580014646
1.580014728
1.580014743
1.580014744

0.639650153
0.648774866
0.66038853
0.666524043
0.676847537
0.690226146
0.703159883
0.709459273
0.718698911
0.729895809
0.744219495
0.759186645
0.773344143
0.777067521
0.783144208
0.871579622
0.945161277
0.96884548
0.98834523
0.995786859
0.998588223
0.999545472
0.999762647
0.999887722
0.999926616
0.999972002
0.999999019
1.000003515
1.000004438
1.000004622
1.000004674
1.000004684
1.000004684

-3.88114983
-3.75811967
-3.60400957
-3.5236836
-3.39018294
-3.22017187
-3.0589183
-2.98145061
-2.86906026
-2.7347826
-2.56597915
-2.3930288
-2.23254399
-2.19082486
-2.1231652
-1.19385864
-0.48988159
-0.27490965
-0.10182659
-0.03667218
-0.0122712
-0.00394888
-0.00206187
-0.00097529
-0.00063743
-0.00024319
-8.525E-06
3.05312E-05
3.85457E-05
4.0149E-05
4.05994E-05
4.06803E-05
4.06881E-05

10

0
1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

VOLTAGE GAIN (V)

-10

-20
EXPERIMENTAL
SIMULATION
THEORITICAL

-30

-40

-50

-60

FREQUENCY(Hz)

AIM: To design a Band Pass filter using op-amps.

R1 =9.91 K, Rf = 9.92 K, R1 =9.79 K, Rf = 9.90 K
R = 15.88 K, C = 0.011 F, R = 3.182 K, C = 0.005 F
Freq (fH) = 10 KHz (LOW PASS)
Freq (fl) = 1 KHz (HIGH PASS)

Circuit diagram

AC Analysis

Frequency Response on Excel (Freq VS Gain)

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Freq (Hz)

Vin

Vout

Gain=(Vout/Vin)

Normalized Gain

20 DB Gain

320
465
630
724
778
869
906
918
926
934
944
952
960
974
993
960
974
993
1000
1010
1090
1240
1370
1480
1630
1760
1820
1920
2110
2380
2550
2840
3160
3420
3560
4020
4490
5310
6140
6770
7590
8030

1.12
1.28
1.52
1.72
1.76
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84

1.35
2.11
3.25
3.97
4.38
4.57
4.96
5.04
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.44
5.76
5.92
6.08
6.24
6.24
6.4
6.4
6.48
6.48
6.48
6.56
6.96
6.86
6.56
6.48
6.4
6.24
6.08
5.92
5.76
5.6

1.205357143
1.6484375
2.138157895
2.308139535
2.488636364
2.483695652
2.695652174
2.739130435
2.782608696
2.782608696
2.782608696
2.782608696
2.782608696
2.782608696
2.782608696
2.782608696
2.782608696
2.826086957
2.826086957
2.826086957
2.956521739
3.130434783
3.217391304
3.304347826
3.391304348
3.391304348
3.47826087
3.47826087
3.52173913
3.52173913
3.52173913
3.565217391
3.782608696
3.72826087
3.565217391
3.52173913
3.47826087
3.391304348
3.304347826
3.217391304
3.130434783
3.043478261

0.318657635
0.435793822
0.565260133
0.610197808
0.65791536
0.656609195
0.712643678
0.724137931
0.735632184
0.735632184
0.735632184
0.735632184
0.735632184
0.735632184
0.735632184
0.735632184
0.735632184
0.747126437
0.747126437
0.747126437
0.781609195
0.827586207
0.850574713
0.873563218
0.896551724
0.896551724
0.91954023
0.91954023
0.931034483
0.931034483
0.931034483
0.942528736
1
0.985632184
0.942528736
0.931034483
0.91954023
0.896551724
0.873563218
0.850574713
0.827586207
0.804597701

-9.933513416
-7.21437862
-4.955032872
-4.290587136
-3.636599479
-3.653860792
-2.942551263
-2.803574064
-2.666785573
-2.666785573
-2.666785573
-2.666785573
-2.666785573
-2.666785573
-2.666785573
-2.666785573
-2.666785573
-2.53211792
-2.53211792
-2.53211792
-2.140206799
-1.643735125
-1.405750659
-1.174113208
-0.948492999
-0.948492999
-0.728585313
-0.728585313
-0.620684676
-0.620684676
-0.620684676
-0.514108005
-7.98703E-10
-0.125702479
-0.514108005
-0.620684676
-0.728585313
-0.948492999
-1.174113208
-1.405750659
-1.643735125
-1.888424253

8640
8890
9000
9140
9220
9350
9540
9650
9190
9860
9920
10030
10110
10190
10630
10760
11060
12130
13650
15550
16810
17610
18690
19820
20510
21270
22380
24530
25780
28940
29630
33070
36270
38950
42960
48410
54090
64870
75660
80390

1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84

5.44
5.44
5.44
5.28
5.28
5.28
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
5.12
4.96
4.96
4.88
4.64
4.32
4
3.68
3.6
3.52
3.36
3.2
3.12
3.04
2.72
2.72
2.4
2.4
2.24
2.08
1.92
1.68
1.52
1.44
1.12
0.96
0.88

2.956521739
2.956521739
2.956521739
2.869565217
2.869565217
2.869565217
2.826086957
2.826086957
2.826086957
2.782608696
2.782608696
2.782608696
2.782608696
2.782608696
2.695652174
2.695652174
2.652173913
2.52173913
2.347826087
2.173913043
2
1.956521739
1.913043478
1.826086957
1.739130435
1.695652174
1.652173913
1.47826087
1.47826087
1.304347826
1.304347826
1.217391304
1.130434783
1.043478261
0.913043478
0.826086957
0.782608696
0.608695652
0.52173913
0.47826087

0.781609195
0.781609195
0.781609195
0.75862069
0.75862069
0.75862069
0.747126437
0.747126437
0.747126437
0.735632184
0.735632184
0.735632184
0.735632184
0.735632184
0.712643678
0.712643678
0.701149425
0.666666667
0.620689655
0.574712644
0.528735632
0.517241379
0.505747126
0.482758621
0.459770115
0.448275862
0.436781609
0.390804598
0.390804598
0.344827586
0.344827586
0.32183908
0.298850575
0.275862069
0.24137931
0.218390805
0.206896552
0.16091954
0.137931034
0.126436782

-2.140206799
-2.140206799
-2.140206799
-2.399506342
-2.399506342
-2.399506342
-2.53211792
-2.53211792
-2.53211792
-2.666785573
-2.666785573
-2.666785573
-2.666785573
-2.666785573
-2.942551263
-2.942551263
-3.083788353
-3.521825182
-4.142509857
-4.810984966
-5.53522842
-5.726134778
-5.921331523
-6.325399245
-6.749185227
-6.969092913
-7.194713121
-8.160806712
-8.160806712
-9.247959959
-9.247959959
-9.847224426
-10.49091809
-11.18616022
-12.34599916
-13.21531303
-13.68493495
-15.86782434
-17.20676013
-17.96253135

SIMULATION DATA
FREQUENCY

GAIN

NORMALIZED
GAIN

20 DB GAIN

125.8925412
158.4893192

0.502481544
0.629671857

0.137770874
0.172644036

-17.21685175
-15.25696837

199.5262315
251.1886432
316.227766
398.1071706
501.1872336
630.9573445
794.3282347
1000
1258.925412
1584.893192
1995.262315
2511.886432
3162.27766
3981.071706
5011.872336
6309.573445
7943.282347
10000
12589.25412
15848.93192
19952.62315
25118.86432
31622.7766
39810.71706
50118.72336
63095.73445
79432.82347
100000

0.786995034
0.979673364
1.212116875
1.486278916
1.799243546
2.140621691
2.491361763
2.826081057
3.119346391
3.352755268
3.518143516
3.615361045
3.647226225
3.615206351
3.517811369
3.352200622
3.118503337
2.824865184
2.489672057
2.138339716
1.796228681
1.482360221
1.20708298
0.973261563
0.778880473
0.619458316
0.48969706
0.384412667

0.215779057
0.268607787
0.332339372
0.407509385
0.493318329
0.586917717
0.683083968
0.774857627
0.855265399
0.919261669
0.964607978
0.991263174
1
0.99122076
0.96451691
0.919109596
0.855034249
0.774524258
0.682620683
0.586292043
0.49249171
0.406434953
0.330959174
0.266849793
0.213554198
0.169843678
0.134265612
0.105398635

-13.3198142
-11.41762804
-9.568364093
-7.797247696
-6.137454969
-4.628455603
-3.310518145
-2.215561759
-1.357981958
-0.731216969
-0.312983006
-0.076220556
1.92865E-15
-0.076592215
-0.313803077
-0.732653993
-1.360329778
-2.219299517
-3.316411141
-4.637719996
-6.152021505
-7.820178997
-9.604511515
-11.4746626
-13.40983772
-15.39901229
-17.44070411
-19.54330023

THEORITICAL DATA
Freq
(Hz)

f/fl

(f/fh)^2

(f/fl)^2

gain

normalized
Gain

20 DB GAIN

320
465
630
724
778
869
906
918
926
934
944
952

0.320933113
0.46635593
0.631837066
0.726111168
0.780268631
0.871533985
0.908641876
0.920676868
0.928700196
0.936723524
0.946752683
0.954776011

1.00101456
1.002142317
1.003932411
1.005193438
1.005997041
1.007481994
1.00813269
1.008349552
1.008495712
1.008643141
1.008829209
1.008979491

1.102998063
1.217487853
1.399218078
1.527237429
1.608819137
1.759571487
1.825630059
1.847645895
1.862484054
1.87745096
1.896340644
1.911597232

1.221706678
1.68880877
2.132407246
2.344147883
2.453308567
2.618316929
2.679091224
2.698064311
2.710517521
2.722816335
2.73797536
2.749933074

0.335739975
0.464105356
0.586011657
0.64420058
0.674199274
0.719545595
0.736247117
0.741461154
0.744883448
0.748263313
0.752429199
0.755715326

-9.479938935
-6.667668383
-4.6418749
-3.819577772
-3.424234386
-2.85883362
-2.659527858
-2.598231947
-2.558233516
-2.518910945
-2.470687186
-2.432835406

960
974
993
960
974
993
1000
1010
1090
1240
1370
1480
1630
1760
1820
1920
2110
2380
2550
2840
3160
3420
3560
4020
4490
5310
6140
6770
7590
8030
8640
8890
9000
9140
9220
9350
9540
9650
9190
9860
9920
10030
10110
10190
10630
10760
11060
12130

0.962799339
0.976840163
0.995895566
0.962799339
0.976840163
0.995895566
1.002915978
1.012945138
1.093178416
1.243615813
1.37399489
1.484315648
1.634753044
1.765132122
1.82530708
1.925598678
2.116152714
2.386940028
2.557435744
2.848281378
3.169214491
3.429972645
3.570380882
4.031722232
4.503092742
5.325483844
6.157904106
6.789741172
7.612132275
8.053415305
8.665194052
8.915923046
9.026243804
9.166652041
9.246885319
9.377264396
9.567818432
9.67813919
9.21679784
9.888751545
9.948926504
10.05924726
10.13948054
10.21971382
10.66099685
10.79137593
11.09225072
12.16537082

1.009131041
1.009399305
1.00976959
1.009131041
1.009399305
1.00976959
1.009907813
1.010106961
1.011771473
1.015234254
1.018595975
1.021702075
1.02632407
1.030690443
1.032818641
1.036524164
1.044110576
1.056121819
1.064425557
1.07991246
1.098935462
1.115885749
1.125567665
1.160114229
1.19974251
1.279361699
1.373520604
1.454103823
1.570770308
1.638864728
1.739614311
1.783035304
1.80253289
1.827694773
1.842247369
1.866165822
1.901725955
1.922640358
1.836775284
1.963233661
1.974992254
1.99673495
2.012698419
2.028788709
2.119552206
2.147102863
2.21195941
2.457804957

1.926982567
1.954216704
1.991807979
1.926982567
1.954216704
1.991807979
2.005840459
2.026057853
2.19503905
2.54658029
2.887861958
3.203192942
3.672417516
4.115691407
4.331745938
4.707930269
5.478102309
6.697482698
7.540477587
9.112706809
11.04392049
12.76471235
13.74761965
17.25478416
21.27784424
29.36077818
38.91978298
47.10058519
58.94455777
65.85749807
76.08558795
80.49368377
82.47307721
85.02750964
86.5048881
88.93308756
92.54314955
94.66637818
85.94936242
98.78740712
99.98113858
102.1884555
103.8090656
105.4425505
114.6568538
117.4537944
124.038026
148.9962471

2.761741966
2.782054525
2.80891704
2.761741966
2.782054525
2.80891704
2.818613204
2.832280828
2.934193152
3.093744249
3.204467831
3.281954608
3.368168919
3.428085799
3.451853912
3.486751883
3.539310627
3.589952408
3.610835044
3.631824943
3.638847831
3.635258227
3.630571396
3.604503509
3.565028831
3.475670593
3.368915505
3.281726249
3.164376271
3.100744049
3.012732676
2.976908116
2.961210992
2.941298984
2.929956455
2.911584186
2.884873748
2.869491529
2.934206738
2.840302968
2.832008005
2.816854063
2.805877481
2.794939201
2.735493814
2.718171546
2.678635801
2.542868898

0.758960554
0.764542694
0.771924843
0.758960554
0.764542694
0.771924843
0.774589468
0.778345498
0.806352254
0.850198852
0.88062705
0.901921366
0.925614116
0.942080009
0.948611778
0.958202169
0.972645956
0.986562938
0.992301743
0.998070024
1
0.999013533
0.997725534
0.990561759
0.979713634
0.955156894
0.925819287
0.901858611
0.869609398
0.852122483
0.827935879
0.81809085
0.813777088
0.808305024
0.805187958
0.800139033
0.792798677
0.788571455
0.806355988
0.780550081
0.778270523
0.774106034
0.771089535
0.768083561
0.75174724
0.746986868
0.736121961
0.698811551

-2.395615908
-2.331965145
-2.248499639
-2.395615908
-2.331965145
-2.248499639
-2.218568252
-2.176551642
-1.86950391
-1.409589714
-1.104159571
-0.896626491
-0.671400614
-0.518244233
-0.458229745
-0.37085701
-0.240904291
-0.117504069
-0.067124918
-0.016779754
3.05183E-10
-0.008572575
-0.019778261
-0.082368841
-0.178016966
-0.398505704
-0.669475521
-0.897230877
-1.213515511
-1.389959516
-1.640065936
-1.743969292
-1.789890838
-1.848494434
-1.882054574
-1.936690856
-2.016741661
-2.063178954
-1.869463692
-2.151984543
-2.177388363
-2.223990946
-2.257903822
-2.291830593
-2.478563153
-2.533740655
-2.661004512
-3.112798495

13650
15550
16810
17610
18690
19820
20510
21270
22380
24530
25780
28940
29630
33070
36270
38950
42960
48410
54090
64870
75660
80390

13.6898031
15.59534346
16.85901759
17.66135038
18.74449963
19.87779469
20.56980671
21.33202286
22.44525959
24.60152895
25.85517392
29.02438841
29.71640043
33.1664314
36.37576253
39.06357735
43.08527042
48.5511625
54.24772526
65.05915951
75.88062291
80.62441549

2.846048572
3.395734063
3.799711285
4.072532836
4.460958755
4.892110138
5.167821798
5.482422617
5.962471041
6.961738428
7.584816047
9.298027591
9.698435029
11.8354315
14.03385641
16.03116856
19.28548005
24.21923924
29.98756823
42.69323723
57.71664005
65.02976064

188.410709
244.2147377
285.2264742
312.9232971
352.3562665
396.1267217
424.1169482
456.0551991
504.7896782
606.2352265
669.4900183
843.4151225
884.0644548
1101.012172
1324.1961
1526.963075
1857.340527
2358.215381
2943.815696
4233.694236
5758.868933
6501.296373

2.364739182
2.166218025
2.048434299
1.978940113
1.891162029
1.806188235
1.757493079
1.706463765
1.636500904
1.514755908
1.451318982
1.311012889
1.283699577
1.162172591
1.067351417
0.998700221
0.910600365
0.812620253
0.73032403
0.612109545
0.526467736
0.495987248

0.649859321
0.595303273
0.562934861
0.543837007
0.519714513
0.496362673
0.482980647
0.468957166
0.449730514
0.416273496
0.398840251
0.360282416
0.352776383
0.319379277
0.293321256
0.274455066
0.250244145
0.223318009
0.200701998
0.168215208
0.144679789
0.136303377

-3.743612946
-4.50523459
-4.990837112
-5.290624861
-5.684703106
-6.084017712
-6.321405423
-6.577336476
-6.940952901
-7.612424793
-7.984020385
-8.867138666
-9.05000993
-9.913865322
-10.65312928
-11.23057498
-12.03272149
-13.02152505
-13.94896609
-15.48269486
-16.79184267
-17.30986769

VOLTAGE GAIN (V)

10

100

1000

10000

100000

-5

-10

EXPERIMENTAL

SIMULATION

-15

THEORITICAL
-20

-25
FREQUENCY (Hz)

AIM: To design a Band Reject filter using op-amps.

R1 =10 K, Rf = 10 K, R1 =10 K, Rf = 10 K
R = 5.92 K, C = 0.01 F, R = 48.34 K, C = 0.005 F
Freq (fH) = 700 Hz (LOW PASS)
Freq (fl) = 3 KHz (HIGH PASS)

Circuit diagram

AC Analysis

Frequency Response on Excel (Freq VS Gain)

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
freqy

vin

vout

gain

normalize
gain

20DB GAIN

102

1.72

3.32

1.930232558

6.27895E-10

150

1.72

3.28

1.906976744

0.987951807

-0.105284799

216

1.72

3.16

1.837209302

0.951807229

-0.429020021

282

1.72

1.744186047

0.903614458

-0.880336579

307

1.72

2.92

1.697674419

0.879518072

-1.115104644

350

1.72

2.84

1.651162791

0.855421687

-1.356394873

414

1.72

2.64

1.534883721

0.795180723

-1.990683136

460

1.72

2.56

1.488372093

0.771084337

-2.257962367

515

1.72

2.4

1.395348837

0.722891566

-2.818536839

602

1.72

2.08

1.209302326

0.626506024

-4.061494974

623

1.72

2.08

1.209302326

0.626506024

-4.061494974

656

1.72

2.04

1.186046512

0.614457831

-4.230158325

662

1.72

1.162790698

0.602409639

-4.40216176

674

1.72

1.96

1.139534884

0.590361446

-4.577640246

695

1.72

1.92

1.11627907

0.578313253

-4.756737099

707

1.72

1.92

1.11627907

0.578313253

-4.756737099

729

1.72

1.84

1.069767442

0.554216868

-5.126405213

738

1.72

1.84

1.069767442

0.554216868

-5.126405213

758

1.72

1.76

1.023255814

0.530120482

-5.512508317

776

1.72

1.76

1.023255814

0.530120482

-5.512508317

783

1.72

1.72

0.518072289

-5.712192735

804

1.72

1.68

0.976744186

0.506024096

-5.916576039

822

1.72

1.68

0.976744186

0.506024096

-5.916576039

837

1.72

1.64

0.953488372

0.493975904

-6.125884712

860

1.72

1.6

0.930232558

0.481927711

-6.34036202

842

1.72

1.52

0.88372093

0.457831325

-6.785889915

918

1.72

1.48

0.860465116

0.445783133

-7.017527366

967

1.72

1.44

0.837209302

0.43373494

-7.255511832

1020

1.72

1.36

0.790697674

0.409638554

-7.751983506

1270

1.72

1.12

0.651162791

0.337349398

-9.43840122

1490

1.72

1.12

0.651162791

0.337349398

-9.43840122

1760

1.72

1.36

0.790697674

0.409638554

-7.751983506

1980

1.72

1.52

0.88372093

0.457831325

-6.785889915

2100

1.72

1.6

0.930232558

0.481927711

-6.34036202

2190

1.72

1.68

0.976744186

0.506024096

-5.916576039

2350

1.72

1.8

1.046511628

0.542168675

-5.317311571

2460

1.72

1.88

1.093023256

0.56626506

-4.939604688

2530

1.72

1.92

1.11627907

0.578313253

-4.756737099

2610

1.72

1.96

1.139534884

0.590361446

-4.577640246

2870

1.72

2.12

1.23255814

0.638554217

-3.896044455

3010

1.72

2.16

1.255813953

0.65060241

-3.73368665

3270

1.72

2.32

1.348837209

0.698795181

-3.113001976

3410

1.72

2.4

1.395348837

0.722891566

-2.818536839

3670

1.72

2.48

1.441860465

0.746987952

-2.533728057

3850

1.72

2.48

1.441860465

0.746987952

-2.533728057

4090

1.72

2.6

1.511627907

0.78313253

-2.123294714

4380

1.72

2.68

1.558139535

0.807228916

-1.860065793

4670

1.72

2.72

1.581395349

0.819277108

-1.731383593

4880

1.72

2.76

1.604651163

0.831325301

-1.604580032

5300

1.72

2.84

1.651162791

0.855421687

-1.356394873

5640

1.72

2.92

1.697674419

0.879518072

-1.115104644

5880

1.72

2.92

1.697674419

0.879518072

-1.115104644

6290

1.72

1.744186047

0.903614458

-0.880336579

7130

1.72

3.04

1.76744186

0.915662651

-0.765290001

7850

1.72

3.08

1.790697674

0.927710843

-0.651747343

9970

1.72

3.16

1.837209302

0.951807229

-0.429020021

10100 1.72

3.16

1.837209302

0.951807229

-0.429020021

14740 1.72

3.24

1.88372093

0.975903615

-0.211861469

22580 1.72

3.32

1.930232558

6.27895E-10

SIMULATION DATA
freq

gain

normalized
gain

20 DB GAIN

1.999789117

1.31863E-09

1.258925412 1.999787372

0.999999127

-7.57944E-06

1.584893192 1.999784606

0.999997744

-1.95941E-05

1.995262315 1.999780222

0.999995552

-3.86361E-05

2.511886432 1.999773273

0.999992077

-6.88154E-05

3.16227766

1.999762261

0.999986571

-0.000116646

3.981071706 1.999744808

0.999977843

-0.000192452

5.011872336 1.999717148

0.999964012

-0.000312595

6.309573445 1.999673312

0.999942091

-0.000503004

7.943282347

0.999907352

-0.000804771

1.99960384

10

1.999493745

0.999852298

-0.001283014

12.58925412 1.999319285

0.999765059

-0.002040911

15.84893192 1.999042853

0.999626829

-0.003241929

19.95262315 1.998604915

0.999407836

-0.005144992

25.11886432 1.997911268

0.999060977

-0.008160086

31.6227766

1.996813016

0.998511792

-0.012936035

39.81071706 1.995075168

0.997642777

-0.020498748

50.11872336 1.992327787

0.996268941

-0.032468171

63.09573445 1.987990771

0.994100205

-0.051396732

79.43282347 1.981160123

0.990684521

-0.081292455

100

1.970440963

0.985324376

-0.128415463

125.8925412

1.95371454

0.976960282

-0.202461838

158.4893192 1.927842069

0.964022682

-0.318254951

199.5262315 1.888356116

0.944277624

-0.498006026

251.1886432 1.829297897

0.9147454

-0.773995312

1.743540393

0.871862127

-1.191043745

398.1071706 1.624119411

0.812145339

-1.807324875

501.1872336 1.467024306

0.733589504

-2.690937824

630.9573445 1.275315765

0.637725125

-3.907329444

794.3282347 1.063874021

0.531993105

-5.481879932

0.865150852

0.432621042

-7.277847213

1258.925412 0.735718654

0.367898119

-8.685448657

1584.893192 0.737995874

0.369036849

-8.658605335

1995.262315 0.870630351

0.435361081

-7.223007952

2511.886432 1.070450804

0.535281843

-5.428349758

3162.27766

1.281625055

0.640880103

-3.864464229

3981.071706 1.472345674

0.736250469

-2.659488317

5011.872336 1.628158188

0.814164941

-1.785752057

6309.573445

1.74626366

0.873223904

-1.177487683

7943.282347 1.830778781

0.915485921

-0.766966608

1.888640165

0.944419664

-0.496699583

12589.25412 1.926846671

0.963524931

-0.32274087

15848.93192 1.951145351

0.975675552

-0.213891542

19952.62315 1.965695354

0.982951321

-0.149359789

25118.86432 1.973184531

0.986696304

-0.11632997

31622.7766

1.975055417

0.987631846

-0.108098296

39810.71706 1.971673503

0.985940711

-0.12298401

50118.72336 1.962373948

0.981290443

-0.164048618

63095.73445 1.945373038

0.972789091

-0.239626164

79432.82347 1.917566459

0.958884335

-0.364675521

316.227766

1000

10000

voltage gain (V)

10

100

1000

10000

100000

-2

-4

EXPERIMENTAL
SIMULATION
THEORITICAL

-6

-8

-10

-12

frequency (Hz)