/(50$7(0$7.

,, DERS NOTLARI

3URI'UgPHU/WIL'HLUPHQFL

2007

Blm 3 ok'HLNHQOL)RQNVL\RQODU

%X E|OPGH ELUGHQ ID]OD GHLNHQ LoHUHQ IRQNVL\RQODUQ OLPLW VUHNOLOLN YH WUHYOHUL LQFHOHQHFHNYHGDKDoRNLNLGHLNHQOLIRQNVL\RQODUDDUONYHULOHFHNWLU

3.1. NL'HLNHQOLFonksiyonlar TanP. D R 2 blgesinin her (x,yVD\oLIWLQHELUYH\DOQ]ELU z = f ( x, y ) JHUoHOVD\VQ NDUON JHWLUHQ ELU f EDQWVQD Dden, R\H ELU IRQNVL\RQ GHQLU '\H IRQNVL\RQXQ WDQP NPHVLGHQLU)RQNVL\RQXQGHHUOHUNPHVLise G = {z : z = f ( x, y ), ( x, y ) D, z R}
/ / /
HNOLQGHGLU (HU 

(1)

x, y VD\ LNLOLVLQL P = x i + y j vektr ile temsil edersek z = f ( x, y ) ,

G

fonksiyonunu z = f (P)  HNOLQGH GH J|VWHUHELOLUL] z = f ( x, y )  NRXOXnu gerekleyen (x,y,z) QRNWDODUJHUoHOX]D\GD ELU\]H\ROXWXUXUODU%X\]H\H z = f ( x, y ) IRQNVL\RQXQXQJUDILL denir.

rnek 1. z = ln( x + y 1 x) fonksiyonu x + y 1 0 ve x + y 1 x 0  NRXOODUQ VDOD\DQ [,y) ikililerinin ROXWXUGXX E|OJHGH WDQPOGU %LULQFL NRXO y = x + 1

GRUXVX YH RQXQ VWQGHNL G]OHPL LNLQFL NRXO LVH

y = x 2 x + 1 parabol ile onun stndeki dzlem blgesini gstermektedir. )RQNVL\RQXQ WDQP NPHVL, HNLO .1de
WDUDORODUDNJ|VWHULOHQDoNE|OJHGLU

(HU

z = f ( x, y ) , x ve y GHLNHQOHULQLQ ELU SROLQRPX

(HU IRQNVL\RQ

HNOLQGH LVH EX GXUXPGD IRQNVL\RQ UHHO G]OHPLQ KHU \HULQGH WDQPO ROXU %X GXUXPGD

D = R 2 dir.

z=

f ( x, y )  JLEL LNL IRQNVL\RQXQ E|OP ELoLPLQGH LVH WDQP g ( x, y )

kmesi, f ( x, y ) ve g ( x, y )  IRQNVL\RQODUQQ WDQP kmelerinin arakesit kmesinin, g ( x, y ) 0  HLWVL]OLLQL

VDOD\DQHOHPDQODUQGDQROXXU

x y  IRQNVL\RQXQXQ WDQP NPHVL arcsin( x + y ) x y 0 , 1 x + y 1 ve x + y 0  NRXOODUQ ELUOLNWH VDOD\DQ x,y VD\ LNLOLOHULQLQ ROXWXUGXX E|OJHGLU YH rnek 2. z =
HNLOGHWDUDORODUDNJ|VWHULOHQDoNE|OJH\LROXWXUXU

89

NL'HLNHQOL)RQNVL\RQODUQ*UDILNOHUL

D R2

GHWDQPOLNLGHLNHQOL

z = f ( x, y ) IRQNVL\RQXQXQJUDILL ( x, y ) D olmak zere

( x, y, f ( x, y ))  QRNWDODUQQ NPHVLGLU NL GHLNHQOL ELU IRQNVL\RQXQ JUDILLQL LNL ER\XWOX

NDW]HULQGHJ|VWHUPHNLoLQJHQHOGHG]H\HULOHULQGHQ\DUDUODQOU

7DQP 

. z = f ( x, y )   IRQNVL\RQX YHULOGLLQGH IRQNVL\RQXQ EHOLUOHGLL \]H\LQ z = z0

dzlemi ile arakesiti olaQHUL\H fonksiyonun z = z0 G]H\HULVLGHQLU%LUIRQNVL\RQXQRODV

WPG]H\HULOHULQLQELOHNHVLIRQNVL\RQXQEHOLUOHGLL\]H\LYHULU

rnek 1. z = x 2 + y 2 IRQNVL\RQXQXQJUDILLQLG]H\HULOHUL\|QWHPLLOHoL]LQL]

zm )RQNVL\RQXQ WDQP NPHVL D = R 2 dir.

'HHUOHU NPHVL LVH

R + {0} kmesidir. (0,0,0) Yani

QRNWDVQQ JUDILN ]HULQGH ROGXX DoNWU

fonksiyonun z

 G]H\ HULVL  QRNWDVGU

z0>0 olmak zere, z = x 2 + y 2 yzeyinin, z=z0 dzlemi ile arakesiti ise

z0 = x 2 + y 2

emberleridir.

)RQNVL\RQXQ ED] G]H\ HULOHUL

HNLOGHJ|VWHULOPLWLU

NL'HLNHQOL)RQNVL\RQODUGD/LPLWYH6UHNOLOLN 7DQP

1a (Limit). z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu, bir D R 2  E|OJHVLQGH WDQPO ROVXQ > 0 f ( P) L < ( )

G G

NH\ILVD\V LoLQ

P P0 <  NRXOXQX VDOD\DQ P D vektr ya da ( x, y ) D  VD\ LNLOLOHUL olacak

HNLOGH

iin,

( ) 

VD\ODU

EXOXQDELOL\RUVD

z = f ( x, y )

fonksiyonunun P0 ( x0 , y0 ) QRNWDVQGDNLOLPLWLLdir denir ve

( x , y )( x0 , y0 )

lim

f ( x, y ) = L

(1)

HNOLQGHJ|VWHULOLU

/LPLWLoLQSUDWLNWHGDKDNXOODQOELUWDQPYHUHELOLUL]

90

7DQP

1b (Limit).

( x , y )( x0 , y0 )

lim

f ( x, y ) = L  ROPDV LoLQ JHUHN YH \HWHU NRXO 1 , 2 > 0 keyfi

VD\ODU LoLQ

x x0 < 1 ve y y0 < 2  NRXOODUQ VDOD\DQ ( x, y )  VD\ LNLOLOHUL iin

f ( x, y ) L < ( )  NRXOX VDODQDFDN HNLOGH ( )  VD\ODUQQ EXOXQDELOPHVLGLU %XUDGD

= Max{ 1 , 2 } dir.
rnek 1. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 xy fonksiyonunun (-QRNWDVQGDNLOLPLWLQLDUDWUQ] x+ y
QRNWDVQGDNL OLPLWLQL

zm. fonksiyonun (-

EXQXQJHUoHNWHQOLPLWROXSROPDGQDUDWUDOP

n - RODFDQ WDKPLQ HGHELOLUL] x +1 < ve y 2 < olmak zere

LPGL

x 2 + 2 xy x 2 + 2 xy + 3 x + 3 y ( x + 1) 2 + x 1 + 2 xy + 3 y ( 3) = = = x+ y x+ y x+ y = = ( x + 1) 2 + ( x + 1) 2 + 2 y ( x + 1) + y ( x + 1) + ( y 2) + 1 ( x + 1) 2 + ( x + 1) + ( y 2) + 2 y ( x + 1) ( x + 1) + ( y 2) + 1 x +1 + x +1 + y 2 + 2 y x +1 < 1 x +1 y 2
2

olur. y < 2 RODFDQGDQ

2 + + + 2 3 2 + 2 x 2 + 2 xy = ( ) = + 3) < x+ y 1 1 2
yazabiliriz. Bylece, x 2 + 2 xy = 3 ( x , y )( 1, 2 ) x+ y lim
ROGXXDQODOPROXU

( x , y ) ( x0 , y 0 )

lim

f ( x, y ) = L  \D]OP WDQP NPHVLQGH ( x, y )  GHLNHQ QRNWDV ( x 0 , y 0 )  QRNWDVQD f ( x, y ) nin de L GHHULQH \DNODDFDQ LIDGH HGHU $QFDN \DNODPDQQ QH
NRQXVXQGD ELU VQUODPD RODFD

\DNODUOHQ HNLOGH

getirmez. Yani, ( x, y )  GHLNHQ QRNWDV herhangi bir yolu izleyerek ( x 0 , y 0 )  QRNWDVQD

\DNODDELOLU %LU \DNODPD |UQHL RODUDN |QFH

A( x, y )  QRNWDVQ B( x0 , y )  QRNWDVQD EXUDGDQ da C ( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDVQD J|WUHQ \DNODP ya da nce A( x, y )  QRNWDVQ D ( x, y0 )  QRNWDVQD buradan da C ( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDVQD J|WUHQ

91

\DNODPDODELOLUL]

BXWUO\DNODPlar iinHHUOLPLWPHYFXWLVH (2)

( x , y )( x0 , y0 )

lim

f ( x, y ) = lim lim f ( x, y ) = lim lim f ( x, y ) = L y y x x x x0 y y0 0 0

RODFDDoNWU$QFDNEXQXQNDUWGRUXROPD\DELOLU<DQL

x x0

lim lim f ( x, y ) = lim lim f ( x, y ) = L y y x x y y 0 0 0

ROPDV OLPLWLQ

L RODFD DQODPQD gelmeyebilir. /LPLWLQ YDURODELOPHVL LoLQ \DNODP \ROX QH lim f ( x, y ) LIDGHVLQLQD\QGHHUH\DNODPDVJHUHNLU olursa olsun,
( x , y ) ( x0 , y 0 )

rnek 2. f ( x, y ) =

x2 y 2 x4 + y4

IRQNVL\RQXQXQQRNWDVQGDNLOLPLWLQLDUDWUQ]

zm. nce, lim lim f ( x, y ) = lim lim f ( x, y ) = L ROXSROPDGQDUDWUDOP y y x x x x0 y y0 0 0 x2 y2 = lim (0) = 0 lim lim f ( x, y ) = lim lim 4 x x y y y y 4 x x0 0 0 0 x + y x x0 x2 y2 = lim (0 ) = 0 lim lim f ( x, y ) = lim lim 4 y y x x x x 4 y y0 0 0 0 x + y y y0 Buna gre, lim lim f ( x, y ) = lim lim f ( x, y ) = 0 y y x x y y 0 0 0 , y=mx

x x0

GU%XGXUXP OLPLWLQYDUYHDHLWROGXXQXJDUDQWLHWPH]LPGLGHQRNWDVQD GRUXODUER\XQFD\DNODDOP%XGXUXPGD

( x , y )( 0 , 0 )

lim

f ( x, y ) =

x2 y 2 x 2 (mx) 2 = lim 4 ( x , y )( 0 , 0 ) x 4 + y 4 x0 x + ( mx ) 4 lim mx 4 m = x0 ( m + 1) x 4 m +1

= lim

HOGH HGLOLU <DQL  QRNWDVQD IDUNO GRUXODU LOH \DNODWP]GD IDUNO OLPLW GHHUOHULQH XOD\RUX]%XGXUXPGD V|]NRQXVXIRQNVL\RQXQQRNWDVQGDOLPLWL\RNWXUGHUL]

Teorem 1.

( x , y )( x0 , y0 )

lim

f ( x, y ) = L1 ve

a) i)

( x , y )( x0 , y0 )

lim

( f ( x, y ) + g ( x, y )) = L1 + L2

( x , y )( x0 , y0 )

lim

g ( x, y ) = L2 limitleri var ise (3a)

92

b) ii)

( x , y )( x0 , y0 )

lim

( f ( x, y) g ( x, y )) = L1 L2
( x , y )( x0 , y0 )

(3b) (3c)

c) iii) k R iin

lim

kf ( x, y ) = kL1

d) iv) g ( x, y ) 0 ve L2 0 olmak zere f ( x, y ) L1 = lim ( x , y )( x0 , y0 ) g ( x, y ) L2 dir. rnek 3. sin( xy) OLPLWLQLKHVDSOD\Q] ( x , y ) ( 0,1) x lim

(3d)

zm. y 0 ROGXXQGDQ lim sin( xy) sin( xy) sin( xy ) = lim y = lim y lim ( x , y )( 0 ,1) ( x , y )( 0 ,1) ( x , y )( 0,1) x xy xy

( x , y )( 0 ,1)

yazabiliriz. u = xy G|QP|\DSOUVD lim sin( xy) sin u = lim y lim =1 y 1 u 0 x u

( x , y )( 0 ,1)

elde edilir. rnek 4. f ( x, y ) = x3 + y3 fonksiyonunun,  QRNWDVQdaki limitini, kutupsal koordinatlar x2 + y2

\DUGP\ODDUDWUQ]

zm. Kutupsal loordinatlarda x = r cos ve y = r sin f ( x, y ) = f ( r , ) =

ROGXXQDJ|UH

(r cos ) 3 + (r sin ) 3 r 3 (cos3 + sin 3 ) r (cos3 + sin 3 ) = = (r cos ) 2 + (r sin ) 2 r 2 (cos 2 + sin 2 ) cos 2 + sin 2

= r (cos3 + sin 3 ) olur. ( x, y ) (0,0) r 0 ROGXXQGDQ

( x , y )( 0 , 0 )

lim

f ( x, y ) = lim f (r , ) = lim r (cos 3 + sin 3 ) = 0

r 0 r 0

elde edilir.

93

rnek 5. 6DQGYLoVNWUPD\|QWHPLQLNXOODQDUDN zm. u = xy

 WDQPODPDVQ \DSDOP YH FRV

( x , y )( 0 , 0 )

lim

4 4 cos xy xy

limitini bulunuz.

u fonksiyonunu, u

  QRNWDVQGD 7D\ORU

VHULVLQHDoDOP

cos u = 1

u2 u4 + ... . 2! 4!

Seri aOWHUQDWLIROGXXQGDQ 1 u2 u2 u4 < cos u < 1 + 2! 2! 4!

yazabiliriz. uQXQGHHUL\HULQH\]DOUVD

xy 1 < cos 2
elde edilir. Buradan 4 2 xy < 4 cos 2 xy

u 2 x2 y2 xy < 1 + 2! 24

xy < 4 2 xy +

x2 y2 6

x2 y 2 < 4 4 cos xy < 2 xy 6

ve son olarak da 2 xy 4 4 cos xy < <2 6 xy

HLWVL]OLLHOGHHGLOLU%XUDGDQOLPLWDOQUVD

4 4 cos xy xy < lim < lim 2 lim 2 ( x , y )( 0,0 ) ( x , y )( 0 , 0 ) ( x , y )( 0, 0 ) 6 xy 2< lim 4 4 cos xy xy <2

( x , y )( 0, 0 )

elde ediOLU2KDOGHVDQGYLo|]HOOLLQGHQ lim 4 4 cos xy xy =2

( x , y )( 0 , 0 )

94

olur.
7DQP  6UHNOLOLN

. D R 2 GH WDQPO ELU f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu ile ( x0 , y0 ) D  QRNWDV

verilsin.(HU
( x , y )( x0 , y0 )

lim

f ( x, y ) = f ( x0 , y 0 )

(4)

oluyorsa, f fonksiyonuna ( x0 , y0 ) D  QRNWDVQGD VUHNOLGLU GHQLU (HU f fonksiyonu, D NPHVLQLQKHUQRNWDVQGDVUHNOLLVHEXGXUXPGD f fonksiyonu Dde sreklidir denir. rnek 6. x3 , ( x, y ) (0,0) LVH, f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 0 , ( x, y ) = (0,0) LVH gsteriniz. R 2 GH

fonksiyonunun

VUHNOL

ROGXXQX

zm.

x3 x2 + y 2

 IRQNVL\RQXQXQ  GQGDNL KHU QRNWDGD WDQPO YH VUHNOL ROGXX

DoNWULPGLQRNWDVQGDNLVUHNOLOLLDUDWUDOP

x3 r 3 cos 3 = lim 2 = lim r cos 3 = 0 = f (0,0) ( x , y )( 0, 0 ) x 2 + y 2 r 0 r (cos 2 + sin 2 ) r 0 lim

RKDOGHIRQNVL\RQQRNWDVQGDGDVUHNOLGLU

NL'HLNHQOL)RQNVL\RQODUQ.VPL7UHYOHUL 7DQP  'RUXOWX WUHYOHUL QRNWDV YHULOVLQ

u0 = ( , ), ( 2 + 2 = 1) herhangi bir birim vektr olmak zere, mevcut f ( x0 + h, y0 + h) f ( x0 , y0 ) h

G

D R 2 GH WDQPO ELU f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu ile ( x0 , y0 ) D

ROPDVGXUXPXQGD

/ Du0 f ( x, y ) = lim

h 0

(1)

limitine, f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun, u 0 doUXOWXVXQGDNLWUHYLGHQLU

95

'RUXOWX

u0 = i + j , ( 2 + 2 = 1) birim vektr verilsin.'HLNHQ ELU P(h) = P0 + hu 0 = x i + y j

WUHYLQLQ

JHRPHWULN

DQODP

X

HNLOGH

YHULOHELOLU

P0 = x0 i + y 0 j
G G G

ile
G

vektr, u0 vektr boyunca P0 vektrne \DNODUVD,EXGXUXPGDPHYFXWROPDVKDOLQGH f ( P0 + hu0 ) f ( P0 ) / Du0 f ( x, y ) = lim h0 h

G G G G

(2)

/ limitine, f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun, u0  GRUXOWXVXQGDNL WUHYL GHQLU Buna gre, Du0 f ( x, y )

ynl trevi, z = f ( x, y ) yzeyine, zerindeki ( x0 , y0 , f ( x0 , y0 )) 

GRUXOWXVXQGDoL]LOHQWHHWLQHLPLGLU

QRNWDVQGDQ

YH

u0

rnek 1. f ( x, y ) = xy IRQNVL\RQXQXQJHQHOGRUXOWXtrev fonksiyonunu bulunuz. zm. 7DQPJHUHL

/ Du0 f ( x, y ) = lim

f ( x0 + h, y0 + h) f ( x0 , y0 ) h0 h ( x + h)( y0 + h) x0 y0 = lim 0 h0 h x y + ( x0 + y0 )h + h 2 x0 y0 = lim 0 0 h0 h [x0 + y0 + h]h = lim h0 h = lim( x0 + y0 + h)

h0

= x0 + y0

rnek 2. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 fonksiyonunun, u0 (1 / 2, 3 / 2)  ELULP YHNW|U GRUXOWXVXQGDNL trevini bulunuz. zm. <|QOWUHYWDQPQGDQ

96

/ Du0 f ( x, y ) = lim

f ( x0 + h, y0 + h) f ( x0 , y0 ) h 2 2 2 ( x + h) + ( y0 + h) 2 x0 + y0 = lim 0 h0 h 2(x0 + y0 )h + ( 2 + 2 )h 2 = lim h0 h = lim 2(x0 + y0 ) + ( 2 + 2 )h

h0 h0

= 2(x0 + y0 ) D(1/ 2, olur.

7DQP

3 / 2)

f ( x, y ) = x0 + 3 y0

2 .VPL 7UHY. D R 2 GH WDQPO ELU f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu ile ( x0 , y0 ) D  QRNWDV f ( x0 + h, y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 ) h

YHULOVLQ0HYFXWROPDVGXUXPXQGD

lim
h0

(3) f ( x0 , y0 ) ya da x

limitine, f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun x GHLNHQLQH J|UH NVPL trevi denir ve

f x ( x0 , y0 ) sembollerinden biri ile gsterilir. %HQ]HUHNLOGHPHYFXWROPDVKDOLQGH f ( x0 , y 0 + h ) f ( x0 , y 0 ) h

lim
h0

(4)

limitine de, f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun yGHLNHQLQHJ|UHNVPLWUHYLGHQLUYH

G

f ( x0 , y0 ) ya da y G f y ( x0 , y0 ) sembollerinden biri ile gsterilir. f x ( x0 , y0 ) NVPLWUHYLQLQ u0 (1,0) ynndeki ve f y ( x0 , y0 ) NVPLWUHYLQLQGH u0 (0,1) \|QQGHNLWUHYOHUROGXXQDGLNNDWHGLOPHOLGLU

x GHLNHQLQH J|UH , y GHLNHQL VDELW WXWXOPDNWDGU Bu ise, z = f ( x, y ) yzeyi ile y = y0 dzleminin arakesiti olan z = f ( x, y0 )  HULVLQin x = x0  QRNWDVQGDNL trevi DQODPQD JHOLU %DND ELU GHLOH, f x ( x0 , y0 )  NVPL WUHYL z = f ( x, y ) yzeyine, zerindeki ( x0 , y0 , z0 )  QRNWDVQdan ve xoz dzlemine paralel olarak izilen WHHWLQ HLPLGLU %HQ]HU RODUDN f ( x , y ) y 0 0
7DQPD J|UH |UQHLQ NVPL WUHY DOQGQGD

z = f ( x, y ) yzeyine, yine zerindeki ( x0 , y0 , z0 )  QRNWDVQGDQ YH \oz

NVPL WUHYL LVH G]OHPLQH SDUDOHO RODUDN oL]LOHQ WHHWLQ

97

HLPLGLU HNLO GH GHQNOHPL

z = f ( x, y ) olan E yzeyine, zerindeki P( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) QRNWDVQGDQYH y = y G]OHPLQGHRODFDNHNLOGH TWHHWLoL]LOPLWLU TWHHWLQLQ, xy-dzlemi 0 LOH \DSW DoQQ WDQMDQW \DQL WHHWLQ xy-dzlemine g|UH HLPL z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun, ( x0 , y0 ) QRNWDVQGD, xGHLNHQLQHJ|UHNVPLWUHYLGLU

rnek 3 .VPL WUHY WDQPQ NXOODQDUDN z = x 2 + y 2 fonksiyonunun f x (1,1) ve f x (0,0)

NVPLWUHYOHULQLQROXSROPDGQDUDWUQ]

zm.

f ( x0 + h, y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 ) WDQPQNXOODQUVDN = lim h0 x h f (1 + h,1) f (1,1) = f x (1,1) = lim h0 h (1 + h) 2 + 1 1 1 h 2 + 2h = lim = lim = lim(h + 2) = 2 h0 h0 h0 h h f x (0,0) = lim
h0

f (h,0) f (0, 0) h2 = lim = lim h = 0 h0 h h0 h

elde edilir. rnek 4. x2 , ( x, y ) (0,0) LVH, f ( x, y ) = x + y 0 , ( x, y ) = (0,0) LVH fonksiyonunun varsa f x (0,0) ve f y (0, 0) NVPLWUHYOHULQLKHVDSOD\Q] zm. h2 0 f (h, 0) f (0,0) h2 h+0 f x (0,0) = lim = lim = lim 2 = 1 h0 h0 h0 h h h f y (0,0) = lim
h 0

00 f (0, h) f (0,0) = lim =0 h0 h h

rnek 5. z = xe x+ y fonksiyonunun z x ve z y NVPLWUHYOHULQLEXOXQX] zm. zx = z = e x+ y + xe x+ y = e x+ y (1 + x ) x 98

zy =

z = xe x + y y

7DQP

3<NVHNPHUWHEHGHQNVPLWUHYOHU. z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun, f x ve f y NVPL x ve yye gre trevleri var ise bu trevlere z = f ( x, y )

WUHYOHULQLQ WDQP NPHVLQGH

fonksiyonunXQ LNLQFL PHUWHEHGHQ NVPL WUHYOHUL GHQLU f x  NVPL WUHYLQLQ xH J|UH NVPL trevi z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun, xH J|UH LNLQFL PHUWHEHGHQ NVPL WUHYLGLU YH f xx ile
J|VWHULOLU<DQLPHYFXWROPDVGXUX

munda, xHJ|UHLNLQFLPHUWHEHGHQNVPLWUHY (5) de (6) (7)

f xx =

2 f f ( )= 2 x x x 2 f f ( )= , yx y x

HNOLQGHGLU%HQ]HURODUDNGLHULNLQFLPHUWHEHWUHYOHU

f xy = ( f x ) y = f yy = ve f yx

2 f f ( )= 2 y y y

2 f f ( )= xy x y

(8)

biiminde gsterilir. %LUIRQNVL\RQXQWDQPOROGXXE|OJHGHGDKD\NVHNPHUWHEHGHQNVPL trevleri de mevcut olabilir. rnek 4. f ( x, y ) = x ln( xy) IRQNVL\RQXQXQLNLQFLPHUWHEHNVPLWUHYOHULQLEXOXQX] zm. fx = f xx = f y = ln( xy ) + x = ln( xy ) + 1 x xy y 1 2 f f ( )= 2 = = xy x x x x 2 f f x 1 ( )= = = y x yx xy y

f xy = ( f x ) y = fy = f yy =

f x x =x = xy y y f 2 f x ( )= 2 = 2 y y y y

99

f yx

1 2 f f ( )= = xy y x y

Teorem 1. z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun f x , f y , f xy ;0 f yx ,  NVPL WUHY IRQNVL\RQODU KHUKDQJL bir ADoNNPHVLQGHWDQPOYH ( x0 , y0 ) A QRNWDVQGDsrekli iseler f xy ( x0 , y0 ) = f yx ( x0 , y0 ) dir. . ( x0 + h, y0 + k ) A RODFDNHNLOGHh ve kSR]LWLIVD\ODU verilsin. LPGL, F ( x0 , y0 ) = [ f ( x0 + h, y0 + k ) f ( x0 + h, y0 )] [ f ( x0 , y0 + k ) f ( x0 , y0 )] diyelim ve G ( x ) = f ( x, y 0 + k ) f ( x , y 0 ) fonksiyonXQXWDQPOD\DOP%XGXUXPGD F ( x0 , y0 ) = G ( x0 + h) G ( x0 ) olur.GHQWUHYDOUVDN G ( x) = f x ( x, y0 + k ) f x ( x, y0 )
YH  HLWOLLQH GLIHUDQVL\HO KHVDEQ RUWDODPD GHHU WHRUHPLQL X\JXODUVDN

(9)

VSDW

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)
0 < < 1 olmak

zere F ( x0 , y0 ) = G ( x0 + h) G ( x0 ) = hG ( x0 + h) ifadesini YH\DUGP\ODGD F ( x0 , y0 ) = hG ( x0 + h) = h[ f x ( x0 + h, y0 + k ) f x ( x0 + h, y0 )] 0 < < 1 olmak zere (16) (15) (14)

yazabiliriz. (HU  HLWOLLQGH SDUDQWH] LoHULVLQH ELU NH] GDKD RUWDODPD GHHU WHRUHPL
X\JXODQUVD

F ( x0 , y0 ) = hkf xy ( x0 + h, y0 + k ) elde ederiz. %HQ]HUHNLOGH, H ( y ) = f ( x0 + h, y ) f ( x0 , y )

IRQNVL\RQXWDQPOD\DOPHLWOLLQHJ|UH

(17)

F ( x0 , y0 ) = H ( y0 + k ) H ( y0 )
ROXU2UWDODPDGHHUWHRUHPLX\JXODQUVD

(18) , 0 < < 1 olmak zere (19)

F ( x0 , y0 ) = kH y ( y0 + k )

100

olur. (17)den y\HJ|UHWUHYDOQUGD\HULQH\D]OUVD

F ( x0 , y0 ) = k f y ( x0 + h, y0 + k ) f y ( x0 , y0 + k

(20) 0 < < 1 olmak

ROXU 3DUDQWH] LoHULVLQH ELU NH] GDKD RUWDODPD GHHU WHRUHPL X\JXODQUVD

zere
F ( x0 , y0 ) = khf yx ( x0 + h, y0 + k )

(21)

olur. Son olarak, h 0 ve k 0 OLPLWGXUXPXLoLQYHEDQWODUQQVD\DQODUQQ

HLWOLLQGHQ

f xy ( x0 , y0 ) = f yx ( x0 , y0 ) elde ederiz.

(22)

<XNDUGDNL WHRUHP GDKD \NVHN PHUWHEHGHQ NVPL WUHYOHUH GH X\JXODQDELOLU %XQXQOD LOJLOL DDGDNLWHRUHPLLVSDWV]YHU\RUX]

Teorem 2. z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun, D\Q LQGLV NPHVLQL LoHUHQ EWQ \NVHN PHUWHEHGHQ

NVPLWUHYOHULHLWWLU

rnek 5. f ( x, y ) = e x+ y sin( xy) fonksiyonunu iin f xyx = f xxy ROGXXQXJ|VWHULQLQ]

zm. f x = ye x+ y cos(xy ) f xy = e x+ y cos( xy ) + ye x+ y cos( xy) xye x+ y sin( xy)

f xyx = e x + y cos( xy ) ye x + y sin( xy ) + ye x + y cos( xy ) y 2 e x + y sin( xy ) ye x + y sin( xy ) xye x + y sin( xy ) xy 2 e x + y cos( xy ) = 1 + y xy 2 e x + y cos( xy ) y 2 + 2 y + xy e x + y sin( xy )
ROXU'LHU\DQGDQ

f xx = ye x+ y cos( xy ) y 2 e x+ y sin( xy )

f xxy = e x+ y cos( xy ) + ye x+ y cos( xy) xye x+ y sin( xy) = 2 ye x+ y sin( xy ) y 2 e x+ y sin( xy) xy 2 e x+ y cos( xy) olur. Buna gre f xyx = f xxy dir. = ( + y xy 2 )e x+ y cos( xy) (y 2 + 2 y + xy )e x+ y sin( xy) 1

rnek 6. c bir sabit olmak zere,

101

 2u u =c 2 x t
NVPL WUHY GHQNOHPLQH \D\OPD GHQNOHPL GHQLU $DGDNL IRQNVL\RQODUQ \D\OPD

GHQNOHPLQLVDOD\SVDODPDGNODUQJ|VWHULQL]

a) u ( x, t ) = e ax+bt

b) u ( x, t ) = sin( ax + bt ) u = be ax+bt t

zm a) u ( x, t ) = e ax+bt

2u u = ae ax+bt 2 = a 2 e ax+bt x x 2u u = c 2 be ax+bt = ca 2 e ax+bt x t b c= 2 a bulunur. O halde, u ( x, t ) = e ax+bt IRQNVL\RQX\D\OPDGHQNOHPLQLVDODPDNWDGUYH c = b dir a2

b)

u ( x, t ) = sin( ax + bt )

u = b cos(ax + bt ) t

2u u = a cos(ax + bt ) 2 = a 2 sin( ax + bt ) x x o halde, x, t R iin 2u u =c 2 x t olPDGQGDQ u ( x, t ) = sin( ax + bt ) fonksiyonu,

GHLOGLU \D\OPD GHQNOHPLQL

n bir genel zm

Bununla birlikte, u ( x, t ) = sin( ax + bt ) fonksiyonu b ) ca 2 zel zmdr.

ax + bt = arctan(

NRXOXQXQVDODQPDVGXUXPODUQGDELU

rnek 7. boyutlu Laplace denklemi 2 f 2 f 2 f =0 + + x 2 y 2 z 2

102

HNOLQGH LNLQFL PHUWHEHGHQ NVPL GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPGLU $DGDNLIRQNVL\RQODUQ /DSODFH GHQNOHPLQLVDODGNODUQJ|VWHULQL]

a) f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 2 z 2 b) f (r ) = 1 r

zm a) f ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 2 z 2 2 f f = 2x 2 = 2 x x 2 f f = 2y 2 = 2 y y 2 f f = 2z 2 = 2 z z ve bylece 2 f 2 f 2 f = 2 + 2 2 2 = 0 + + x 2 y 2 z 2 olur.
G G G

r = x i + y j + z k r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 f ( r ) = f ( x, y , z ) = b) x r 3 3 xr 2 4 2 2 x + y2 + z2 x 2 f f r = r 3x r = 3 2 = = 2 x x x + y2 + z2 r r6 r7
2

1 x + y2 + z2
2

ROXU%HQ]HUHNLOGH

2 f r 4 3 y 2r 2 f y = 3 2 = r7 y y r z 2 f r 4 3z 2 r 2 f = 3 2 = z z r r7 ve buradan da 2 f 2 f 2 f r 4 3x 2 r 2 r 4 3 y 2 r 2 r 4 3z 2 r 2 = + + + + x 2 y 2 z 2 r7 r7 r7 3r 4 3r 2 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) r7 3r 4 3r 4 = =0 r7 = olur. 103

=LQFLU.XUDO

Teorem 1. D R 2 GH WDQPO ELU z = f ( x, y )  IRQNVL\RQX YHULOVLQ (HU f x ve f y  NVPL

WUHYOHUL HNLO GD J|VWHULOHQ YH

P(a, b) D ve Q (c, d ) D  QRNWDODUQ ELUOHWLUHQ GLN , a < m < c ve b < n < d olmak zere

DoO\ROXQKHUQRNWDVQGDWDQPOLVHOHU

f (c, d ) f ( a, b) = f x ( m, d )(c a ) + f y (a, n)( d b)

GU

(1)

VSDW

. f ( c, d ) f ( a , b ) = f ( c , d ) f ( a , d ) + f ( a , d ) f ( a , b )

(2)

(LWOLLQL\D]S

z 1 ( x ) = f ( x, d )
ve z2 ( y ) = f (a , y )
IRQNVL\RQODUQWDQPOD\DOP%XGXUXPGD

(3a)

(3b)

z1 (c) z1 (a ) = f (c, d ) f (a, d ) olur ve a < m < c ROPDN]HUHRUWDODPDGHHUWHRUHPLQGHQ f (c, d ) f (a, d ) = z1x (m)(c a ) = f x (m, d )(c a )
HOGHHGLOLU%HQ]HUHNLOGHGQFH\OH

(4)

(5)

f (a, d ) f (a, b) = z 2 y (n)(d b) = f y (a, n)(d b)

\D]ODELOLU%|\OHFHYHEDQWODUGH\HULQH\D]OUVD

(6)

f (c, d ) f (a, b) = f x (m, d )(c a ) + f y (a, n)(d b) 104

elde edilir. Teorem 2. D R 2 GH WDQPO ELU z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu verilsin. znin, x ve yGHLNHQOHUL t\H
EDO ELUHU VNDOHU IRQNVL\RQODU ROVXQODU

x = g (t ) , y = h(t ) . x = g (t ) ve y = h(t )

IRQNVL\RQODUQQJUDILNOHULQLQ

D E|OJHVLQGHROPDVNRXOX\ODz fonksiyonunun, tGHLNHQLQH

gre trevi dz z dx z dy + = dt x dt y dt
GU

(7)

VSDW

. z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunu z (t ) = f ( x, y ) = f ( g (t ), h(t )) (8)

HNOLQGH\D]DELOLUL] 7UHYWDQPQDJ|UH

z (t ) =

dz z (t + h) z (t ) f ( g (t + h), h(t + h)) f ( g (t ), h(t )) = lim = lim h0 h0 dt h h

(9)

olur.HLWOLLQGH c = g (t + h), d = h(t + h), a = g (t ), b = h(t )

DOQU

(10)

sa dz f ( g (t + h), h(t + h)) f ( g (t ), h(t )) = lim h0 dt h f (m, h(t + h))[g (t + h) g (t )] + f y ( g (t ), n)[h(t + h) h(t )] dz = lim x h0 dt h (11)

elde edilir. Burada a < m < c ve b < n < d yani g (t ) < m < g (t + h) ve h(t ) < n < h(t + h) dir.
'ROD\V\OH EDQWVQGDQ

h 0 limit durumunda, m g (t ) ve n h(t ) olur. Sonu olarak, (11)

dz = f x ( g (t ), h(t )) g (t ) + f y ( g (t ), h(t ))h(t ) dt ya da dz f dx f dy = + dt x dt y dt zincir NXUDOHOGHHGLOLU

(12)

(13)

105

rnek 1. f ( x, y ) =

xy fonksiyonunun x ve yGHLNHQOHUL tnin x(t ) = sin t , y (t ) = a cos t x+ y ft ( 3 1 , ) GHHULQLEXOXQX] 2 2

HNOLQGHNLIRQNVL\RQODUROGXXQDJ|UH

zm.

3 1 = sin t t = ve = a cos den a = 1 bulunur. fQLQ]LQFLUNXUDO\DUGP\OD, 2 3 2 3

tye gre treviDOQUVD

df x ( x + y ) xy f x f y y ( x + y ) xy cos t + ( a sin t ) = + = 2 dt dx dt dy dt ( x + y) ( x + y)2 y2 ax 2 y 2 cos t ax 2 sin t cos t sin t = = ( x + y)2 ( x + y)2 ( x + y)2
elde edilir. O halde, 1 3 11 3 3 ( ) 2 cos 1( ) 2 sin 3 1 4 3 2 3 = 4 2 4 2 = 1 3 3 ft ( , ) = 2 2 2 8 (1 + 3 ) 2 3 1 2 3 +1 2 ( ( ) + ) 2 2 2 3 1 1 f t ( , ) = (1 3 3 ) 3 2 2 8 olur. rnek 2. f ( x, y ) = xy sin( x + y ) fonksiyonunun f x ve f y  NVPL WUHYOHULQL ]LQFLU NXUDO LOH bulunuz. zm. u = xy , v = sin( x + y ) WDQPODPDODU\OD f ( x, y ) = g (u , v) = uv olur. Buna gre f g u g v = vy + u cos( x + y ) = y sin( x + y ) + xy cos( x + y ) + = x u x v x f g u g v = vx + u cos( x + y ) = x sin( x + y ) + xy cos( x + y ) + = y u y v y

Teorem 3. D R 2 GHWDQPOELU z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu verilsin. z = f ( x, y ) QLQEHOLUOHGLL yzey zerindeki bir c HULVL LOH onun xy-G]OHPLQGHNL L]GP RODQ c  HULVLQL J|]|QQH
DODOP

c HULVL]HULQGHNLKHUKDQJLELUQRNWDGDNLWUHY

106

f dy = x dx fy ile verilir.

(14)

VSDW

. c  L]GP HULVLQLQ GHQNOHPL y = h(x) olsun. Buna gre, c zerindeki noktalar

HNOLQGH LNHQ

( x, h( x),0) 

c

HULVLQGH EXQODUD NDUON JHOHQ QR

ktalar ( x, h( x), f ( x, y ))

HNOLQGHGLULPGL HULVL]HULQGH

x-HNVHQLGRUXOWXVXQGDNLWUHYL\D]DOP (15)

df f x f y . + = dx x x y x Bu trevin, c  df x y dy =0, = 1 ve = DOQPDOGU%XQDJ|UH dx x x dx

L]GP HULVL ]HULQGHNL NDUOQ HOGH HWPHN LoLQ  EDQWVQGD

f ( x, y ) = 0 GROD\VL\OH f f dy =0 + x y dx ve buradan da f f dy = x x f dx fy y

elde edilir. Teorem bize, f ( x, y ) = 0  HNOLQGH YHULOHQ LNL GHLNHQOL NDSDO bir fonksiyon iin dy / dx trevinin QDVOEXOXQDFDQLIDGHHWPHNWHGLU

rnek 3. Dzlemde, dik koordinat sistemi ilHXoODNNRRUGLQDWVLVWHPLDUDVQGD

x = r cos ve y = r sin
G|QPIRUPOOHULYDUGU

r ve \x ve ynin fonksiyonu olarak ifade etmeden,

dr d ve dx dx

trevlerini bulunuz.
G

zm. Dzlemin (x,y

G

QRNWDODUQ

F ( x, y ) = ( x, y ) vektrleriyle temsil edersek, ulak

G

koordinatlarda ( x, y ) = F ( x, y ) = F (r , ) = (r cos , r sin )  \D]DELOLUL] =LQFLU NXUDOQ F (r , )

YHNW|UGHHUOLIRQNVL\RQXQDX\JXODUVDN

F F r F = + x r x x olur. Burada

(*)

107

F = (cos , sin ) r ve F = (r sin , r sin ) dir.$\UFD F ( r , ) = ( x, y ) F (r , ) = (1,0) x olur.%XQDJ|UH HLWOLLQLYHNW|UHOIRUPGD\HQLGHQ (1,0) = (cos , sin ) r + (r sin , r cos ) x x ne
G
/
HLWOLLQGHQGH

HNOLQGH\D]DELOLUL]%XYHNW|UHOGHQNOHP\HUL

r r sin x r sin + r cos x cos

=1 x =0 x

skaler denklem sistemini yazabiliriz. Bu denklem sistemi zlerek sin r = = cos YH r x x elde edilir. g = f ( x, y, z )  HNOLQGH o GHLNHQOL ELU IRQNVL\RQ YHULOLU YH x, y ve z t

%HQ]HU RODUDN HHU

VHUEHVWGHLNHOHULQLQKHUELULQLQ|UQHLQELU SDUDPHWUHVLQHEDOIRQNVL\RQODUROGXXNDEXO HGLOLUVHEXGXUXPGDLOHYHULOHQ]LQFLUNXUDO

dg df f dx f dy f dz = = + + dt dt x dt y dt z dt
ELoLPLQGHJHQLOHWLOHELOLU

(16)

Son olarak, g = f ( x, y, z ) fonksiyonunda x, y ve z GHLNHQOHULQLQKHUELULQLQ u ve vnin birer

IRQNVL\RQXROGXXQXNDEXOHGHOLP

x = x(u , v),

y = y (u , v),

z = z (u , v) .

Bu durumda, fnin, u ve v\HJ|UHNVPLWUHYOHUL

108

dg df f x f y f z , = = + + du du x u y u z u dg df f x f y f z + + = = dv dv x v y v z v olur. rnek 4. x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy = 0

(17a) (17b)

NDSDOIRQNVL\RQXLoLQ

dy / dx trevini bulunuz.

zm. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy

WDQPODPDVQ\DSDUVDN

f dy 2x + 2 y = x = = 1 dx fy 2 y + 2x elde ederiz. 3.6. Tam Diferansiyel D R 2  E|OJHVLQGH WDQPO z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu verilsin. znin, x ve yH J|UH NVPL
WUHYOHUL WDQPO YH VUHNOL ROVXQODU

x ve y

GHLNHQOHULQH VUDV\OD

h ve k

DUWPDODU

YHULOGLLQGH EDOGHLNHQLQGHRUWD\DoNDQ

artmaPLNWDU z olsun. Buna gre, (1)

z = f ( x + h, y + k ) f ( x, y ) veya z = f ( x + h, y + k ) f ( x, y + k ) + f ( x, y + k ) f ( x, y )

(2)

\D]DELOLUL] (LWOLLQ VD WDUDIQGDNL LON LNL YH VRQ LNL WHULP NHQGL DUDODUQGD JUXSODQGUOU YH ELUGHLNHQOLIRQNVL\RQODUGDWDQPODQDQ DOQUVD

diferansiyelKHVDEQRUWDODPDGHHUWHRUHPL dikkate 0 < 1 < 1 (3a) (3b)

f ( x + h, y + k ) f ( x, y + k ) = hf x ( x + 1 h, y + k ), f ( x, y + k ) f ( x, y ) = kf y ( x, y + 2 k ),
\D]ODELOLU

0 <2 <1

f x ve f y  NVPL WUHYOHULQLQ VUHNOL ROPDV QHGHQL ve sonlu artmalar teoremi

JHUHLQFH

f x ( x + 1h, y + k ) = f x ( x, y ) + 1
f y ( x , y + 2 k ) = f y ( x, y ) + 2

(4a) (4b)

yazabiliriz (burada, 1 ve 2 , h ve kLOHELUOLNWHD\Q]DPDQGDVRQVX]NoNLNLQLFHOLNWLU2

KDOGHEDQWV

z = hf x ( x, y ) + kf y ( x, y ) + 1 h + 2 k

(5)

109

olur. 1h ve 2 k niceliklerinin, h ve k\D J|UH LNLQFL GHUHFHGHQ VRQVX] NoN GHHUOHU

ROGXNODUQD

dikkat edilmelidir. hf x ( x, y ) + kf y ( x, y ) QLFHOLLQH z QLQDVDOGHHULdenir.

7DQP 

. D R 2  E|OJHVLQGH WDQPO z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu verilsin. znin, x ve ye gre dx ve dyVUDV\ODx ve yVHUEHVWGHLNHQOHULQGHNL (7)

NVPLWUHYOHULWDQPOYHVUHNOLROVXQODU DUWPDPLNWDUODU

olmak zere

dz = f x ( x, y )dx + f y ( x, y )dy ifadesine, z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun tam diferansiyeli denir.

EDQWVQGD

h=dx ve k=dyDOQUYHWDPGLIHUDQVL\HOLLOHNDUODWUOUVD (8)

z = dz + 1 h + 2 k

elde edilir. O halde, tam diferansiyel fonkVL\RQGDNL DUWPD PLNWDU GHLO IDNDW RQD oRN \DNQ
ELUGHHUGLU

1h 0 ve 2 k 0 ROGXXQDGLNNDWHGLQL]).

rnek 1. z = xy ln( x + y ) fonksiyonunun tam diferansiyelini bulunuz. zm. xy xy dz = y ln( x + y ) + dx + x ln( x + y ) + x + y dy x + y

rnek 2. z = arctan(xy ) fonksiyonunun tam diferansiyelini bulunuz. zm. dz = y x ydx + xdy dx + dy = 2 2 2 2 1+ x y 1+ x y 1+ x2 y 2

rnek 2. z = e x / y fonksiyonunun tam diferansiyelini bulunuz. zm. dz = 1 x/ y x ex/ y e dx 2 e x / y dy = 2 [ydx xdy ] y y y

110

3.7. Tam DiferansiyelLQ*HRPHWULN$QODP z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu ile verilen bir E s yzeyini GLNNDWH DODOP Bu yzeye, zerindeki bir N 0 ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) QRNWDVQGDWHHWRODQ ET dzlemiHNLO,
Z = F ( x, y ) = f x ( x0 , y0 )( x x0 ) + f y ( x0 , y 0 )( y y0 ) + z 0

(1)

denklemi ile verilir. Burada, M ( x, y, F ( x, y ))  dzleminin, N ( x, y, f ( x, y )) ( x, y ) = ( x 0 , y 0 )

QRNWDVQGDQ GHLNHQ QRNWDV

GHLNHQ QRNWDV

, sz konusu ET

WHHW

ise E s  \]H\LQLQ QRNWDODUQ WHPVLO HWsinler.

ROPDV GXUXPXQGD

, Z = z 0  RODFD DoNWU (HU, xy-dzleminde, ( x0 , y0 )

QRNWDVQD \HU

x = x0 + dx ve y = y0 + dy ile verilen bir ( x0 + dx, y 0 + dy )  , dz = Z z 0 

IDUN

GHLWLULOLUVH EX GXUXPGD

ET

WHHW

dzleminin, ( x0 + dx, y 0 + dy )

QRNWDVQGDNL NRWX 

xy-G]OHPLQH J|UH \NVHNOLL LOH E s yzeyinin, ( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDVQGDNL

z0 = f ( x0 , y0 ) NRWXDUDVQGDNLNRWIDUNQYHULU z = z z 0 IDUN ise E s \]H\LQLQVUDV\OD ( x, y ) ve ( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDODUQGDNL NRW IDUNGU HNLO GHQ DQODODFD ]HUH dx 0 ve dy 0 durumunda ( z z0 ) = z dz = ( Z z0 ) olur. Bu yeniden
dz = f x ( x0 , y0 ) dx + f y ( x0 , y0 )dy
NRXOODU DOWQGD

(1) denklemini

(2)
QRNWDVQGDNL

biiminde yazabiliriz. O halde, z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun, ( x0 , y0 ) 

tam

diferansiyelini, geometrik olarak, z = f ( x, y ) yzeyine, zerindeki ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )  QRNWDVQGDQ

111

izilen

WHHW G]OHPLQ

( x0 + dx, y 0 + dy ) 

QRNWDVQGDNL NRWX LOH

z = f ( x, y ) yzeyinin,

( x0 , y0 ) QRNWDVQGDki z0 = f ( x0 , y0 ) NRWXDUDVQGDNLIDUNHNOLQGHLIDGHHGHELOLUL]
dx 0 ve dy 0 ROPDVGXUXPXQGD\DQLVHUEHVWGHLNHQOHUGHNLDUWPDODUQGHLLPOHULQ)
oRN oRN NoN ROPDV GXUXPXQGD

, dz f ( x0 + dx, y0 + dy ) f ( x0 , y0 ) = z  RODFD DoNWr.

Bundan yararlanarak, VHUEHVW GHLNHQOHU ]HULQGH RUWD\D oNDQ NoN KDWDODUQ, z EDO
GHLNHQLQGH RUWD\D oNDUDFDNODU \DUGP\OD\DNODNRODUDNKHVDSOD

toplam hata\ (2) ile verilen tam diferansiyel forml

yabiliriz

3.8+DWD+HVDE z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu verilsin. x ve y VHUEHVW GHLNHQOHULQLQ GHHUOHUL x ve x hata ile belli ise zEDOGHLNHQLQGHRUWD\DoNDFDNKDWDWDPGLIHUDQVL\HOGHQ\DUDUODQODUDN\DNODN olarak z = z dz = f x ( x0 , y0 )dx + f y ( x0 , y0 )dy f x ( x0 , y0 ) x + f y ( x0 , y0 ) y ifadesi ile bulunabilir. rnek 1 %LU GLNG|UWJHQLQ NHQDU X]XQOXNODU 2 mm hata ile 12 cm ve 9 cm olarak
|OoOPWU'LNG|UWJHQLQDODQQKDWDV\ODELUOLNWHEHOLUWLQL]

(1)

zm'LNG|UWJHQLQNHQDUX]XQOXNODUQx ve y ile gsterirsek alan fonksiyonu A = f ( x, y ) = xy olur. x0 = 12 ve y0 = 9 DOQUVD A = f (12, 9) = 12 9 = 108 FP  elde edilir.LPGLGHDODQKDWDVQKHVDSOD\DOP. AQQWDPGLIHUDQVL\HOLDOQUVD dA = ydx + xdy olur. Buna gre, hata formlnden z = A dA = y0 dx + x0 dy y0 x + x0 y elde ederiz. x = y = 0.2 FP ROGXXQGDQ A 9 0.2 + 12 0.2 = 4.2 FP  olur. O halde,V|]NRQXVXGLNG|UWJHQLQDODQLoLQ

112

A = 108 4.2 FP  yazabiliriz.

3.9. Gradiyent Teorem 1. z = f ( x, y )  IRQNVL\RQX WDQP NPHVLQLQ ELU  ( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDVQGD WUHYOHQHELOLU ise, bu noktada her u 0 = i + j birim vektr GRUXOWXsunda da GRUXOWXWUHYLYDUGUYHEX trev
/ Du0 f ( x0 , y0 ) = f x ( x0 , y0 ) + f y ( x0 , y0 )

(1)

dir. . Kesim 3.6nin (1) ve (5) formllerinde h = t ve k = t DOQUVD

/ Du0 f ( x0 , y0 ) = lim

VSDW

t 0

f ( x0 + t , y 0 + t ) f ( x 0 , y 0 ) t

(2)

ya da
/ Du0 f ( x0 , y0 ) = lim

[ f ( x0 + t , y 0 + t ) f ( x0 , y 0 + t ) ] [ f ( x0 , y 0 + t ) f ( x0 , y 0 ) ]
t

t 0

(3) irlikte

yazabiliriz.

'LIHUDQVL\HO KHVDEQ RUWDODPD GHHU YH VRQOX DUWPDODU WHRUHPOHUL E

J|]|QQHDOQUVDEN].HVLPDEDYHEIRUPOOHUL

/ Du0 f ( x0 , y0 ) = lim

tf x ( x0 , y0 ) + 1t + tf y ( x0 , y0 ) + 2 t t 0 t
(4)

ya da
/ Du0 f ( x0 , y0 ) = f x ( x0 , y0 ) + f y ( x0 , y0 ) + lim(1 + 2 )

t 0

EDQWV HOGH HGLOLU

t 0  GXUXPXQGDVD WDUDIWDNL OLPLWLQ GHVIUD JLGHFHLQL ELOL\RUXz. Bu

QHGHQOHEDQWVQ
/ Du0 f ( x0 , y0 ) = f x ( x0 , y0 ) + f y ( x0 , y0 )

(5)

ELoLPLQGH\D]DELOLUL]%|\OHFHLVSDWWDPDPODQPROXU

7DQP

1 (Gradiyent). EDQWVQQYHNW|UHOJ|VWHULPL
/ Du0 f ( x0 , y0 ) = f x ( x0 , y0 ) i + f y ( x0 , y0 ) j i + j

][

(6)

113

GLNNDWHDOQGQGDRUWD\DoNDQ

G i+ x y

j f ( x0 , y0 ) ifadesine, z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun,

( x0 , y 0 ) QRNWDVQGDNLJUDGL\HQWLGHQLUYH f ( x0 , y 0 ) =
G G G f ( x0 , y 0 ) G f ( x0 , y0 ) G i+ j = f x ( x0 , y 0 ) i + f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) j x y

(7)

HNOLQGHJ|VWHULOLUEXUDGD

f ifadesi nabla f biiminde okunur).

BunDJ|UHEDQWVQJUDGL\HQWWDQPQGLNNDWHDODUDN
/ Du0 f ( x0 , y0 ) = u 0 f ( x0 , y 0 )

G G

(8)
G

HNOLQGH\D]DELOLUL]

O halde, bir z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun, ( x0 , y0 ) QRNWDVQGDYH u0 birim u0 birim

G G

YHNW|U GRUXOWXVXQGDNL GRUXOWX WUHYL IRQNVL\RQXQ EX QRNWDGDNL JUDGL\HQWL LOH

YHNW|UQQ VNDOHU oDUSPQD HLWWLU

Gradiyent vektr ile u0  ELULP YHNW|U DUDVQGDNL Do\

ile gsterirsek, skaleroDUSPWDQPQGDQ

/ Du0 f ( x0 , y0 ) = f ( x0 , y 0 ) u 0 cos

(9)
GRUXOWX WUHYOHULQLQ HQ E\N GHHUOLVL

yazabiliriz. Buna gre, z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun

/ /

= 0 iin elde edilir ki, bu da f veNW|UGRUXOWXVXQdaki GRUXOWXtrevidir. %DNDGHLOH

z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu, HQ K]O, f
 YHNW|U GRUXOWXVXQGD GHLPHNWHGLU %HQ]HU RODUDN

z = f ( x, y )  IRQNVL\RQXQXQ HQ \DYD GHLLP J|VWHUGLL GRUXOWX LVH f vektr ( = ) ynndedir. 2

G

7DQP

ho GHLNHQOL IRQNVL\RQODUQ JUDGL\HQWL  ho GHLNHQOL ELU

g = f ( x, y , z )

fonksiyonunun gradiyenti g = f ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = ya da g = f ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) = f x ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )i + f y ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) j + f z ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )k
HNOLQGHWDQPODQU

f ( x0 , y0 , z 0 ) G f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) G f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) G i + j+ k x y z
G G G

(10a)

(10b)

.
G

rnek 1. z = x 2 y yzeyinin P  QRNWDVQGD YH A(3, 4)  \|QQGHNL GRUXOWX WUHYLQLQ

GHHULQLEXOXQX]

114

/ G 3 4 zm. A(3, 4) ynndeki birim vektr u 0 ( , ) ve z = f ( x, y ) = x 2 y fonksiyonunun 5 5

gradiyenti
f = 2 xy i + x 2 j
/ /
/ / /

dir. Gradiyentin PQRNWDVQGDNLGHHULKHVDSODQUVD

fP = 2 i + j

/
G

elde edilir. O halde, PQRNWDVQGDYH A(3, 4) \|QQGHNLGRUXOWXWUHYL

G G G G 3G 4 G 6 4 / Du0 f (1, 1) = f p u 0 = (2 i + j )( i + j ) = + = 2 5 5 5 5

olur. rnek 2. z = 2 x + 3 y yzeyinin, ox-ekseni ile 30o Do \DSDQ GRUXOWXGDNL WUHYLQL YH EX trevin PQRNWDVQGDNLGHHULQLEXOXQX] zm. ox-ekseni ile 30o
Do \DSDQ GRUXOWXGDNL ELULP YHNW|U

u0 (

3 1 , ) dir. 2 2

z = f ( x, y ) = 2 x + 3 y fonksiyonunun gradiyenti
f = 2 i + 3 j
/ / /

ve u 0 (

3 1 , ) \|QQGHNLGRUXOWXWUHYLLVH 2 2
/ Du0 f ( x, y ) = f u 0 = (2 i + 3 j )(

3G 1 G 3 i + j) = 3 + 2 2 2
G

olup sabittir. Yani, z = f ( x, y ) = 2 x + 3 y fonksiyonunun, u 0 (

3 1 , ) ynndeki trevleri, 2 2

IRQNVL\RQXQ WDQP NPHVLQLQ KHU \HULQGH D\Q GHHUGHGLU %X GD IRQNVL\RQXQ EHOLUWWLL \]H\LQELUG]OHPROPDVQGDQND\QDNODQPDNWDGU

Teorem 2

(HU

z = f ( x, y ) 

IRQNVL\RQX

WDQP

NPHVLQLQ

ELU

( x0 , y 0 ) 

QRNWDVQGD

diferansiyellenebilirse ve f ( x0 , y0 ) , z = f ( x, y )  IRQNVL\RQXQ ELU \HUHO HNVWUHPXP GHHUL LVH bu durumda f ( x0 , y 0 ) = 0 olur.

G

115

VSDW

. z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu, ( x0 , y 0 ) 
G

QRNWDVQGD GLIHUDQVL\HOOHQHELOLU ROGXXQGDQ EX

noktada srekli ve

KHU GRUXOWXGD GRUXOWX WUHYLQH VDKLSWLU (HU

f ( x0 , y0 ) , bir yerel

ekstremum ise, herhangi bir u0 ( , ) ELULPYHNW|UGRUXOWXVXQGDNLGRUXOWXWUHYL

/ Du0 f ( x0 , y0 ) = lim

t 0

f ( x 0 + t , y 0 + t ) f ( x0 , y 0 ) =0 t
G G

(11)

ROPDOGU %XUDGDQ |]HO RODUD

k u 0 (1,0)  GRUXOWXVX LoLQ f x ( x0 , y0 ) = 0 , u 0 (0,1)  GRUXOWXVX

iin de f y ( x0 , y0 ) = 0  HOGH HGLOLU %|\OHFH JUDGL\HQW WDQP JHUHLQFH \HUHO HNVWUHPXP

QRNWDVQGD

f ( x0 , y 0 ) = 0 olur.

(12)

7HRUHP  2UWDODPD GHHU WHRUHPL

. z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu, bir D blgesinin her P0 , P1 D QRNWDODUQELUOHWLUHQGRUXQXQWDPDP

QRNWDVQGDVUHNLNVPLWUHYOHUHVDKLSYH

D blgesinde olsun. Bu durumda f ( P1 ) f ( P0 ) = f ( P )( P1 P0 )

RODFDNHNLOGHELU

P D QRNWDVYDUGU
P1 = ( x1, y1 ) 

VSDW

. P0 = ( x0 , y 0 ) 

QRNWDVQ

QRNWDVQD ELUOHWLUHQ

[P0 P1 ]

 GRUX SDUoDVQQ

denklemi, t [0, 1] olmak zere, x x0 y y0 = =t x1 x0 y1 y 0 dir. Buradan, [P0 P1 ] GRUXSDUoDVQQ parametrik denklemleri olarak x = x0 + t ( x1 x0 ) = h(t ) y = y0 + t ( y1 y0 ) = g (t ), yazabiliriz. Bylece, z = f ( x, y ) f (h(t ), g (t )) = F (t )
HNOLQGHWHNGHLNHQNLELU

(13)

t [0, 1]

(14)

(15)

F (t ) foQNVL\RQXWDQPOD\DELOLUL] Burada
G G

F (0) = f (h(0), g (0)) = f ( P0 ) F (1) = f (h(1), g (1)) = f ( P1 )

(16)

116

RODFD NROD\FD J|UOU

f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu D blgesinde ve h(t) ve g(t IRQNVL\RQODU GD

ROGXNODUQGDQ

[0,1]

DUDOQGD

WUHYOHQHELOLU

F(t) fonksiyonu da

[0,1]

DUDOQGD

trevlenebilirdir. Bylece, [0,1]

GHHUWHRUHPLJHUHLQFH

ROPDN ]HUH WHN GHLNHQOL IRQNVL\RQODUGD RUWDODPD

F (1) F (0) = F ( )(1 0) = F ( )

\D]ODELOLU=LQFLUNXUDOJHUHLQFH

(17)

dF f dx f dy + = dt x dt y dt
RODFDQGDQ

(18)

dF ( ) = f x ( )( x1 x0 ) + f y ( )( y1 y0 ) dt olur. x = x0 + ( x1 x0 ) ve y = y 0 + ( y1 y0 )
EDQWODU LOH WDQPODQDQ

(19)

(20a)

(20b)

P ( x , y )  QRNWDV P0  P H ELUOHWLUHQ GRUX ]HULQGHGLU YH EX 1

G

nedenle P ( x , y ) D GLU%|\OHFHEDQWVQQHGHHULRODUDN F ( ) = f ( P )( P1 P0 )

EDQWVQYHEDQWODU\DUGP\ODGD

(21)
G G

f ( P1 ) f ( P0 ) = f ( P )( P1 P0 ) elde ederiz. rnek 3. f ( x, y ) = e x + y fonksiyonu veriliyor. P0 (0,1) ve P1 (1,2) QRNWDODUDUDVQGD f ( P1 ) f ( P0 ) G G f ( P ) = ( P1 P0 )

RODFDNHNLOGHELU

(22)

P ( x , y ) QRNWDVEXOXQX]

zm. t [0,1] olmak zere, P0 (0,1) ve P (1,2)  QRNWDODUQ ELUOHWLUHQ GRUX SDUoDVQQ 1 parametrik denklemleri x = 0 + t (1 0) = t = h(t ) y = 1 + t (2 1) = t + 1 = g (t ), t [0,1]

117

F (t ) = f (h(t ), g (t )) = e 2t +1 , t [0,1] fonksiyonunda F (0) = e = f ( P0 ) ve F (1) = e 3 = f ( P1 ) olur. %XQD J|UH WHN GHLNHQOL F(t IRQNVL\RQX LoLQ RUWDODPD GHHU WHRUHPLQGHQ [0,1] olmak zere F (1) F (0) = F ( ) e 3 e = 2e 2 +1 = ln e2 1 2
G
/

elde ederiz. O halde, x = h( ) = ln ve aranan nokta da P ( x , y ) = (ln olur. Bu nokta iin

G

e2 1 e2 1 , y = g ( ) = 1 + ln 2 2

e2 1 e2 1 ,1 + ln ) 2 2
K

f ( P1 ) f ( P 2 ) = e 3 e
ve 1+2 ln f ( P )( P1 P0 ) = e
G G G
e 2 1 G 2

i +e

1+ 2 ln

e2 1 2

G G

j (i + j )

= 2e = 2e

1+ 2 ln 2

e2 1 2

= 2ee

2 ln

e 2 1 2

e 1 = e3 e 2 G K = f ( P1 ) f ( P2 ) elde edilir.

.DSDO)RQNVL\RQODUGD7

rev
LVSDWQ

n-GHLNHQOL ELU NDSDO IRQNVL\RQ f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) = 0  HNOLQGH WDQPODQU Burada

YHUPH\HFHL

miz YDUON WHRUHPOHUL,

KDQJL NRXOODU VDODQGQGD ELU NDSDO IRQNVL\RQXQ

GHLNHQOHULQGHQELULQLQGLHUOHULQLQIRQNVL\RQXRODUDN\D]ODELOHFHLQLRUWD\DNR\DUODU

118

Teorem 1

*HQHO YDUON WHRUHPL

. D R n bir

DoN E|OJH

, f, f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) = 0  HNOLQGH

WDQPODQDQ YH ELULQFL PHUWHEHGHQ EWQ NVPL WUHYOHUL GHLNHQOLELUNDSDOIRQNVL\RQ

D blgesinde srekli olan, n-

, N c ( xi 0 ) , xi 0 QELUcNRPXOXX N ( x10 ,..., xn 1,0 , xn +1,0 ,...xn 0 )

QRNWDVQQ

ise

( x10 ,..., xn 1,0 , xn +1,0 ,...xn 0 ) R n 1 

bir

-NRPXOXX

ROVXQ

(HU

P0 = ( x10 , x20 ,..., xn 0 ) D iin, f ( x10 , x20 ,..., xn 0 ) = 0 ve f xi ( x10 , x20 ,..., xn 0 ) 0 oluyorsa bu durumda, xi 0 = g ( x10 ,..., xn 1,0 , xn +1,0 ,...xn 0 ) N c ( xi 0 )
RODFDN HNLOGH W

ek bir

xi 0 = g ( x10 ,..., xn 1,0 , xn +1,0 ,...xn 0 ) fonksiyonu bulunabilir. Yani,

xi 0 = g ( x10 ,..., xn 1,0 , xn +1,0 ,...xn 0 ) fonksiyonu, f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) = 0 fonksiyonunun, xi 0 a gre zmdr.

%XQGDQVRQUDNLNVPODUGDDUWNYDUONWHRUHPL\OHLOJLOHQPH\HFHNIDNDWNDSDOELoLPGHYHULOHQ ELU IRQNVL\RQXQ KHUKDQJL ELU GHLNHQLQLQ  RODQDNO ROPDV GXUXPXQGD  GLHU GHLNHQOHU FLQVLQGHQLIDGHVLQLYHNVPLWUHYOHULQLDUDWUDFD]

3.10.1. NL'HLNHQOL.DSDO)RQNVL\RQ Bu, daha nce, Kesim 3.5deki Teorem fonksiyonundan xHJ|UHWUHYDOQUVD f f dy =0 + x y dx ve buradan da, f y 0 olmak zere, f f dy = x = x f dx fy y (1)
GH YHULOPLWL %XQD J|UH

, f ( x, y ) = 0

NDSDO

(2)

elde edilir. Bu kural uygulanarak, GDKD \NVHN PHUWHEHGHQ WUHYOHU GH HOGH HGLOHELOLU LPGL f ( x, y ) = 0 NDSDOIRQNVL\RQXLoLQ LNLQFLPHUWHEHGHQ (1) formln fx + f y dy =0 dx d2y trevini ifade edelim. Bunun iin dx 2

119

HNOLQGH\D]S

xe gre tekrar tretirsek dy dy dy d2y + ( f yx + f yy ) + f y 2 = 0 dx dx dx dx dy d2y dy + f yy + f y 2 = 0 dx dx dx f xx + 2 f xy dy dy + f yy dx dx fy

2 2

f xx + f xy

f xx + 2 f xy

d2y = dx 2

olur. Buradan, EDQWV\DUGP\OD f 2 f 2 f x f y f xy + f x 2 f yy d2y = y xx dx 2 f y3 elde edilir. rnek 1. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 xy = 0 NDSDOIRQNVL\RQXLoLQ y ve y trevleriQLKHVDSOD\Q] zm. f x = 2 x + 2 y,
f xx = 2, f y = 2 x, f yy = 0, f xy = 2

(3)

oOGXXQGDQ, f y = 2 x 0 olmak zere, (2) formlnden y = x+ y x 2 + xy xy 1 = = = , 2 2 xy x x 2

(3) formlnden de d2y (2 x)2 2 2 (2 x + 2 y ) (2 x) 2 + (2 x + 2 y )2 0 = dx 2 (2 x)3 d2y 8 x 2 16 x( x + y ) x + 2 y x 2 + 2 xy = = = =0 dx 2 8x3 x2 x3 elde edilir.

3.10.2. DeLNHQOL.DSDO)RQNVL\RQ f ( x, y, z ) = 0  HNOLQGH o GHLNHQOL ELU NDSDO IRQNVL\RQXQ YHULOGLLQL YDUVD\DOP %DO
GHLNHQ RODUDN

z

VHoLOLU YH HHU GLHUOHUL FLQVLQGHQ LIDGH HGLOHELOPHVL RODQDNO ROXUVD

f ( x, y , z ) = 0
NXOODQODELOLU

NDSDO

fonksiyonu yerine, HGHHUL RODUDN, z = g ( x, y )  HNOLQGH ELU IRQNVL\RQ

zEDOx ve yVHUEHVWGHLNHQOHUROPDN]HUH f ( x, y, z ) = 0 NDSDOIRQNVL\RQX

xe gre tretilirse

120

fx + fz

z =0 x

(1)

ve buradan da, f z 0 olmak zere, f ( x, y ) z = g x ( x, y ) = x f z ( x, y ) x elde edilir. Benzer olarak, y\HJ|UHWUHYDOQDUDNGD\LQH f z 0 olmak zere, f y ( x, y ) z = g y ( x, y ) = f z ( x, y ) y elde edilir. rnek 1. f ( x, y, z ) = x5 + y 5 z 5 = 0  NDSDO IRQNVL\RQX LoLQ z x = g x ( x, y ) ve z y = g y ( x, y )
NVPLWUHYOHULQLEXOXQX]

(2)

(3)

zm. (2) formlnden f ( x, y ) x 4 z = g x ( x, y ) = x = , f z ( x, y ) z 4 x ve (3) formlnden de f y ( x, y ) y 4 z = g y ( x, y ) = = , f z ( x, y ) z 4 y z0 z0

elde edilir. O halde, z 0 durumunda, zGHLNHQLx ve yGHLNHQOHULFLQVLQGHQo|]OHELOLU Bu \DSOUVD z = g ( x, y ) = 5 x5 + y 5 elde edilir.

NL'HLNHQYHNL%LOLQPL\HQOL.DSDO)RQNVL\RQ6LVWHPL

x ve y deLNHQOHULLOHu ve vELOLQPL\HQOHULQGHQROXDQ F ( x, y , u , v ) = 0 G ( x, y , u , v ) = 0
GHQNOHPVLVWHPLYHULOPLROVXQ%XUDGD

(1) u ve v bilinmiyenleri, x ve yGHLNHQOHULQH (2) (1) sisteminden xHJ|UHWUHYDOQDUDN

u = f ( x, y ) v = g ( x, y )
HNOLQGHEDOROVXQODU

121

Fu f x + Fv g x = Fx Gu f x + Gv g x = Gx

(3)

sistemini elde ederiz. (3) sisteminin, f x ve g x e gre bir zme sahip olabilmesi iin
NDWVD\ODUGHWHUPLQDQWQQVIUGDQIDUNOROPDVJHUHNLU

Yani, (4)

J=

Fu Gu

Fv 0. Gv f x ve g x IRQNVL\RQODUWHNWUOEXOXQDELOLU

NRXOXVDODQUVDVLVWHPLQLVDOD\DQ

7DQP-DFREL'HWHUPLQDQW

. (4) forml ile verilen

J=

Fu Gu

Fv Gv

GHWHUPLQHQWQD-DFRELGHWHUPLQDQW-DFRELDQGHQLUYH

J=

( F , G ) Fu = (u , v) Gu

Fv Gv

(5)

HNOLQGHJ|VWHULOLU

J 0  ROPDV GXUXPXQGD (3) sistemi, Cramer yntemi ile zlerek ve Jacobi GHWHUPLQDQW
J|VWHULPLNXOODQODUDN

fx =

1 ( F , G) = J ( x, v )

Fx Gx J Fu

Fv Gv Fx

Fx Gv Fv Gx J

(4a)

gx =

G Gx G F Fx Gu 1 ( F , G) = u = x u J (u , x) J J

(4b)

olur.%HQ]HUHNLOGHVLVWHPLQGHQyHJ|UHWUHYDOQDUDN da Fy fy = Fv (5a) G y Gv Fy Gv Fv G y 1 ( F , G ) = = J ( y , v) J J Fu gy = Fy (5b) Gu G y G y Fu Fy Gu 1 ( F , G) = = J (u , y ) J J lde edilir.

NVPLWUHYOHULH

122

rnek 1.

u + v = x2 + y 2 uv = xy
ROGXXQD J|UH

Sistemi veriliyor. u = f ( x, y ) ve v = g ( x, y )  trevlerini bulunuz. zm. Denklem sistemini F ( x, y , u , v ) = u + v x 2 y = 0 G ( x, y, u , v) = uv xy = 0

HNOLQGH\D]DOP%XQDJ|UH-DFRELDQ

f x , g x , f y ve g y 

NVPL

J=

Fu Gu

Fv Gv

1 1 = uv v u

dir. O halde, J = u v 0 olmak zere, (4a,b) ile (5a,b) forPOOHULX\JXODQUVD 1 ( F , G) = J ( x, v ) 1 ( F , G ) = J (u , x) Fx Gx J Fu Gu J Fy Gy J Fu Gu J Fy Gy Fv Gv Fx Gx Fv Gv 2 x 1 y u 2 xu y = = , u v u v 1 2 x v y y 2 xv = = , u v u v 2 y 1 x u u x , = = u v u v 1 2 y v x xv = = u v u v

fx =

gx =

fy =

1 ( F , G) = J ( y, v)

gy =

1 ( F , G) = J (u , y )

elde edilir. ( x, y, u , v) = (1, 1,1, 1) QRNWDV, verilen denklem sisteminin bir zel zm ve bu
GHHUOHU LoLQ

J=2 ( 0  ROGXXQGDQ u = f ( x, y ) ve v = g ( x, y )  IRQNVL\RQODUQQ FHELUVHO -

LIDGHOHULQLELOPL\RUROPDP]D UDPHQEXIRQNVL\RQODUQ QRNWDVQGDNLNVPL WUHYOHULQL

kolayca hesaplayabiliriz. Buna gre, yXNDUGD EXOGXXPX] NVPL WUHY IRUPOOHULQGH x=1, y=-1, u=1, v=-1 alarak, 2 11 (1) 3 2 (1) 1 1 = , = 0, fy = 1 ( 1) 2 1 (1) 1 2 1 (1) 1 1 2 (1) (1) = , gy = =1 gx = 1 ( 1) 2 1 ( 1) fx =

123

GHHUOHULQL HOGH HGHUL] GHHUL $UWN

Bu durumda, |UQHLQ u = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun (1,- QRNWDVQGDNL u = f ( x, y )

u=f(1,-1)=1YHEXQRNWDGDNL NVPLWUHYOHULQLQ GHHUOHULGHVUDV\OD fx=3/2, fy=0dr.

LNL GHLNHQOL IRQNVL\RQODUQ VHUL DoOPQGDQ \DUDUODQODUDN

fonksiyonunun, (1,- QRNWDVQQ NRPXOXXQGDNL EDND ELU QRNWDGD DODFD GHHU \DNODN olarak, hesaplanabilir. Bu durumu, LNLGHLNHQOLELUNDSDOIRQNVL\RQ|UQHLLoLQJ|UHOLP rnek 2. F ( x, y ) = x 2 y 3 xy = 0 
x = 1.1 iin yGHHULQLEXOXQX]

NDSDO IRQNVL\RQX YHULOL\RU

y = f ( x) 

ROGXXQD J|UH

zm. (x,y)=(1,1), verilen denklemin bir zmdr. Bu noktada Fy 0 ROGXXQGDQyyi, x cinsinden y = f ( x) 

HNOLQGH \D]DELOLUL]

O halde, y = f ( x) fonksiyonu, x=1

QRNWDV

FLYDUQGD7D\ORUVHULVLQHDoODUDN

f(1.1LQ\DNODNGHHULKHVDSODQDELOLU%XQDJ|UH f (1) ( x 1)2 + ... 2! x

f ( x) = f (1) + f (1)( x 1) +
(HU

, F ( x, y ) = x 2 y 3 xy = 0 y = f ( x) =

WDQPODPDVQ\DSDUYH HJ|UHWUHYDOUVDN

Fx 2 xy 3 y = 2 2 Fy 3x y x

elde ederiz. xHJ|UHELUNH]GDKDWUHYDOUVDN f ( x) = olur. Bylece, x f (1) = 1, 2 y 3 (3 x 2 y 2 x) (6 xy 2 1)(2 xy 3 y ) (3 x 2 y 2 x)2

QRNWDVQGD

1 f (1) = , 2 Bylece, x

f (1) =

1 4

GHHUOHULQLHOGHHGHUL]

QRNWDVFLYDUQGDNL7D\ORUDoOP

1 1 f ( x) = 1 ( x 1) + ( x 1) 2 + ... 2 8 olur. Buradan, LNLQFLPHUWHEHGHQ\DNODNOD, 1 1 f ( x) 1 ( x 1) + ( x 1) 2 2 8 alabiliriz. Buna gre fLQ\DNODNGHHUL 1 1 f (1.1) 1 0.1 + (0.1)2 = 0.9513 2 8 dir.

124

.RRUGLQDW'|QPOHULYH7HUV)RQNVL\RQ %XUDGDGLNNRRUGLQDWVLVWHPOHULDUDVQGDNLG|QPOHULGLNNDWHDODFD]

u, vNRRUWGLQDWODU

dik koordinat sisteminin bir DE|OJHVLQLQHOHPDQODUROVXQODU x = f (u , v ) y = g (u , v) (1)

dnP IRUPOOHUL LOH u, v) koortdinat sisteminden, (x, y NRRUWGLQDW VLVWHPLQH G|QP

\DSP ROXUX] 

u, v QRNWDODU uv-dzlemindeki bir D blgesini tararken, (x, y QRNWDODU GD

xy-dzlemindeki bir C E|OJHVLQL WDUDUODU 2 KDOGH  G|QP IRUPOOHUL uv-dzleminin D blgesini, xy-dzleminin C sembol ile gsterirsek
T : D C ya da T : (u , v) ( x, y ) = ( f (u , v), g (u , v ))
E|OJHVLQH G|QWUP ROXU %X QHGHQOH  NRRUGLQDW

G|QPQH E|OJH G|QP GH GHQLU %X HNLOGH WDQPODQDQ E|OJH G|QPQ

yazabiliriz. . T  LOH YHULOHQ G|QP IRUPOOHUL \DUGP\OD uv-dzleminin

E|OJHVLQH G|QWUHQ E|OJH G|QP ROVXQ

7DQP  7HUV G|QP

bir D blgesini, xy-dzleminin bir C

G|QPQQ   ROPDV KDOLQGH G|QWUHQE|OJHG|QPQH

xy-dzleminin C blgesini, uv-dzleminin D blgesine

TG|QPQQWHUVLGHQLUYHT-1 ile gsterilir. Yani,

T 1 : C D T 1 : ( x, y ) (u , v) dir. T ve T-1G|QPOHULQL ( x, y ) = T (u , v) (u , v) = T 1 ( x, y )
HNOLQGHGHLIDGHHGHELOLUL]

(2a) (2b)

LPGL

R2GH WDQPO ELU T G|QPQQ WHUVLQLQ YDUO LoLQ JHUHN NRXOX ELU WHRUHP LOH

verelim. Teorem 1. (u,v NRRUGLQDWODU D R 2  DoN E|OJHVLQL WDQPODVQODU (HU x = f (u, v) ve y = g (u , v)  IRQNVL\RQODUQQ ELULQFL PHUWHEHGHQ NVPL WUHYOHUL D blgesinde srekli ve
-DFRELGHWHUPLQDQWVIU\DQL

J=

( f , g ) 0 (u , v ) 125

ise T : (u , v) ( x, y ) = ( f (u , v), g (u , v )) G|QPQQWHUVLYDUGUYH T 1 : ( x, y ) (u , v ) = ( ( x, y ), ( x, y ))

HNOLQGHGLU%DNDELUGHLOHG|QPIRUPOOHULQLQWHUVLHHUYDUVD

(3)

u = ( x, y ) v = ( x, y )
HNOLQGHGLU

(4)

VSDW

. Teorem, J 0  ROPDV KDOLQGH  VLVWHPLQLQ u ve vye gUH o|]OHELOHFHLQL YH u ve v), iki

o|]POHULQELoLPLQGH RODFDQLIDGHHWPHNWHGLUVLVWHPLLNLELOLQPL\HQOL GHQNOHPGHQROXDQELUVLVWHPGLUVLVWHPLQL

F ( x, y , u , v) = f (u , v) x = 0 G ( x, y, u , v) = g (u , v) y = 0
ELoLPLQGH\HQLGHQ\D]S HJ|UHWUHYDOUVDN

(5)

Fu u x + Fv vx = Fx Gu u x + Gv vx = Gx

(5)

GHQNOHP VLVWHPLQL HOGH HGHUL] LQ WHN WUO o|]PQQ RODELOPHVL LoLQ NDWVD\ODU GHWHUPLQDQW-DFRELGHWHUPLQDQWVIUGDQIDUNO\DQL

J=

( F , G ) Fu = (u , v) Gu

Fv Gv

(6) ux ve vx NVPL WUHYOHULQLQ YDUOQ JDUDQWL HGHU %HQ]HU

ROPDOGU  NRXOXQXQ VDODQPDV

olarak, (1) sisteminden y\HJ|UHWUHYDOQDUDNGD Fu u y + Fv v y = Fy Gu u y + Gv v y = G y

GHQNOHP VLVWHPL HOGH HGLOLU YH  NRXOXQXQ VDODQPDV GXUXPXQGD

(7) uy ve vy
NVPL

trevleULQLQ YDUO GD JDUDQWLOHQPL ROXU 6RQXo RODUDN  NRXOX u ve v IRQNVL\RQODUQQ

ELULQFL PHUWHEHGHQ NVPL WUHYOHULQLQ HGHU %X LVH D\Q E|OJHGH IRQNVL\RQODU

D R 2  E|OJHVLQGH YDUOQ YH VUHNOLOLNOHULQL JDUDQWL

u ve v IRQNVL\RQODUQQ YDUO DQODPQD JHOLU 2 KDOGH u ve v

x ve y\HEDORODUDN (8) u(x,y) ve v(x,y)

u = ( x, y ) v = ( x, y )
HNOLQGH \D]ODELOLU $\UFD  YH  VLVWHPOHUL D\U D\U o|]OHUHN IRQNVL\RQODUQQNVPLWUHYOHUL

126

Fx G 1 ( F , G) ux = x = = x Fu J ( x, v ) Gu Fu G 1 ( F , G) vx = x = = u Fu J (u , x ) Gu Fy uy = y = Gy 1 ( F , G) = Fu J ( y , v) Gu Fu Gu

Fv 1 f v Gv 0 gv g = = v Fv Fu Fv J Gv Gu Gv Fx Gx = Fv Gv Fv fu gu Fu Gu 1 0 g = u Fv J Gv

(9a)

(9b)

0 fv Gv 1 g v f = = v Fv Fu Fv J Gv Gu Gv Fy Gy fu g = u Fv Fu Gv Gu 0 1 f = u Fv J Gv

(9c)

vy = y =

1 ( F , G ) = Fu J (u , y ) Gu

(9d)

HNOLQGHHOGHHGLOHELOLU

rnek 1. T :

x = f (u , v ) y = g (u , v) J ( J 0 ) ve Jacobi matrisi J T ;

NRRUGLQDWG|QPQQ-DFRELGHWHUPLQDQW

T :

u = ( x, y ) v = ( x, y )
J ( J 0 ) ve Jacobi matrisi J T olsun. Bu

WHUVNRRUGLQDWG|QPQQ-DFRELGHWHUPLQDQW

LNLG|QPQ-DFRELPDWULVOHULQLQELUELUOHULQLQWHUVL\DQL

J T = J T 1
ROGXXQXJ|VWHULQL]

zmYHEDQWODUQGDQ\DUDUODQDUDN T: x = f (u , v ) y = g (u , v)

koordLQDWG|QPQQ-DFRELGHWHUPLQDQWLoLQ J 0 YDUVD\\RUX]

127

J=

( F , G ) Fu = (u , v) Gu = = fu gu

Fv = Gv fv x = u gv yu xv = yv

( f , g ) ( x, y ) = (u , v) (u , v)

yazabiliriz. O halde, Jacobi matrisi x JT = u yu u = ( x, y ) v = ( x, y )

G|QPQQ-DFRELGHWHUPLQDQW

xv yv

olur. Benzer olarak,

J ( J 0 YDUVD\\RUX]

J = =

(u , v) u f = ( f , g ) v f (u , v) u x = ( x, g ) vx

ug = vg uy x y = vy x y

ve Jacobi matrisi de x y JT = x y olur. Buradan x y xu JT JT = x y yu elde edilir. u = ( x, y ) v = ( x, y )

HLWOLNOHULQLQ

xv x xu + y yu x xv + y yv = yv x xu + y yu x xv + y yv

u ve v\HJ|UHWUHYOHULDOQUVD

1 = x xu + y yu ; 0 = x xv + y yv ; 0 = x xu + y yu ; 1 = x xv + y yv elde edilir. O halde, 1 0 JT JT = =I 0 1 yani,

128

J T = J T 1 olur. 2 KDOGH WHUV G|QPOHULQ -DFREL GHWHUPLQDQWODU DUDVQGD GD J J 1 = 1  EDQWV vardU rnek 2. FLNLGHLNHQOLIRQNVL\RQXYHULOL\RU F ( x + z, y z) = 0
GHQNOHPL\OHWDQPODQDQ

z = z ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun

z x z y = 1
GHQNOHPLQLVDODGQJ|VWHULQL]

zm. F ( x + z , y z ) = 0 denklemine u = x + z ve v = y z G|QPOHULQLX\JXODUVDN F (u , v) = 0 elde ederiz. Buradan, x ve y\HJ|UHWUHYDOQUVD dF F u F v = + =0 dx u x v x ve dF F u F v = + =0 dy u y v y

ROXU'|QPIRUPOOHULQ

e gre v = zx , x v = 1 zy y

u = 1 + zx , x
ROGXXQGDQ

u = zy , y

dF = Fu (1 + z x ) Fv z x = 0 dx dF = Fu z y + Fv (1 z y ) = 0 dy
ROXU%XHLWOLNOHUGHQ

z x ve z y NVPLWUHYOHULoHNLOLUVH zy = Fv Fu Fv

zx =

Fu , Fu Fv

elde edilir. Buradan da zx z y = elde edilir. Fu Fv F Fu ( )= u = 1 Fu Fv Fu Fv Fu Fv

129

rnek 3. Dik koordinatlarda u v = x y ve u v = y x (*)

HLWOLNOHULQLVDOD\DQ

u = u ( x, y ) ve v = v( x, y ) IRQNVL\RQODUYHULOL\RU y = r sin u ve vIRQNVL\RQODUQQKHUELULQLQ

x = r cos ;

G|QPIRUPOOHULLOHXoODNNRRUGLQDWODUDJHoLOGLLQGH

2u 1 u 1 2u + + = 0, r 2 r r r 2 2

2 v 1 v 1 2 v + + =0 r 2 r r r 2 2

GHQNOHPOHULQLVDOD\DFDQJ|VWHULQL]

zm.

u v u v = HLWOLLQLQxe gre = HLWOLLQLQGHye gre trevini alUVDN x y y x

2u 2 v 2u 2v ve 2 = = x 2 xy y yx ve buradan da u fonksiyonu iin 2u 2u 2u 2u = 2 2 + 2 =0 x 2 y x y fonksiyonu iin 2v 2v + =0 x 2 y 2 denklemi elde edilir. x = r cos ; y = r sin x ve yHJ|UHWUHYOHUDOQDUDN sin , r cos , r0 r (***) (**) y
GHLNHQLQH J|UH WUHWLOLUVH

GHQNOHPLQL HOGH HGHUL] %HQ]HU HNLOGH   HLWOLNOHUL

NRRUGLQDWG|QPOHULQGHQ

rx = cos ,

ry = sin ,

x =

y =

ROGXX NROD\FD J|VWHULOHELOLU DOQUVD

u = u ( x, y ) = u (r cos , r sin ) fonksiyonunun xe gre trevi

u u r u = + x r x x u sin u = cos = A. r r

(****)

ifadesi elde edilir. xHJ|UHELUNH]GDKDWUHYDOQUVD

130

 2u A r A = + x 2 r x x u sin u u sin u sin = cos cos + cos r r ( r ) r r r 2u 2sin cos u sin 2 u sin 2 2u 2sin cos 2u = cos 2 2 + + + 2 r r r r 2 r r r

(*****)

Bu kez, u = u ( x, y ) = u (r cos , r sin ) fonksiyonunun ye gre iki kez trHYLDOQUVD 2u 2u 2sin cos u cos 2 u cos 2 2u 2sin cos 2u = sin 2 2 + + + r r r r 2 2 r y 2 r r
LIDGHVLHOGHHGLOLU6RQLNLEDQW

(******)

(***) ifadesinde yerine konursa

2u 1 u 1 2u + + =0 r 2 r r r 2 2
GHQNOHPLHOGHHGLOLU%HQ]HULOHPOHU IRQNVL\RQXLoLQGH\DSODUDN

2 v 1 v 1 2 v + + =0 r 2 r r r 2 2 deQNOHPLHOGHHGLOLU%XGHQNOHPOHULQJHoHUOLROPDVLoLQ r 0 ROPDVJHUHNWLLDoNWU

)RQNVL\RQHO%DPOON 7DQP

. D R 2 DoNE|OJHVLQGHWDQPO u = f ( x, y ) ve v = g ( x, y ) IRQNVL\RQODUQQELULQFL D blgesinde srekli olsun.

PHUWHEHGHQNVPLWUHYOHUL

D = {(u , v) u f ( D), v g ( D)} ile D  E|OJHVLQL WDQPOD\DOP (HU ( x, y ) D iin, u ile v DUDVQGD ELULQFL PHUWHEHGHQ
NVPLW

revleri D blgesinde srekli olan ve F (u , v ) = 0 NRXOXQXVDOD\DQELUF fonksiyonu

varsa (bulunabilirse), u = f ( x, y ) ve v = g ( x, y )  IRQNVL\RQODUQD IRQNVL\RQHO EDPOGU denir. u = f ( x, y ) F (u , v ) = 0  ve v = g ( x, y )

7DQPD

J|UH

DUDODUQGD

IRQNVL\RQHO

EDPO

RODQ

IRQNVL\RQODUQGDQ

x ve y yok edilerek, u ile v

DUDVQGD

HNOLQGH ELU LOLNL

EXOXQDELOLULPGLIRQNVL\RQHOEDPOOQJHUHNYH\HWHUNRXOXQXELUWHRUHPLOHYHUHOLP

131

Teorem 1. D R 2 DoNE|OJHVLQGH WDQPOYHELULQFLPHUWHEHGHQNVPLWUHYOHULEXE|OJHGH srekli olan u = f ( x, y ) ve v = g ( x, y ) 

ROPDODULoLQJHUHNYH\HWHUNRXO IRQNVL\RQODUQQ DUDODUQGD IRQNVL\RQHO EDPO

J=
ROPDVGU

(u , v) =0 ( x, y )

(1)

VSDW

%XUDGD

WHRUHPLQ

LVSDW

\DSOUNHQ

ELULQFL

PHUWHEHGHQ

NVPL

WUHYOHUL

D = {(u , v) u f ( D), v g ( D)} blgesinde srekli olan, F (u , v) = 0  HNOLQGHNL ELU LOLNLQLQ

YDUO RUWD\D NRQPDOGU .VPL WUHYOHULQ YDUO

F (u , v) = 0  IRQNVL\RQXQXQ GD YDUOQ

garanti eder. a) Gereklilik: u = f ( x, y ) ve v = g ( x, y ) fonksiyonelEDPOROVXQODU2KDOGH ( x, y ) D iin, u ile vDUDVQGD Fu ve Fv NVPLWUHYOHUL D E|OJHVLQGHVUHNOLRODFDNHNLOGH F (u , v) = 0

LOLNLVLYDUGUGHQNOHPLQGHQ

(2) x ve yye gre trev alarak (3)

Fu u x + Fv vx = 0 Fu u x + Fv vx = 0

sistemini elde ederiz. Burada Fu ve Fv ye bilinmeyenler ve u x ve u y \H GH NDWVD\ODU gzyle bakarsak, (3) sistemi Fu ve Fv ye gre bir lineer homojen sistemdir ve zmnn
RODELOPHVLLoLQNDWVD\ODUGHWHUPLQDQWQQVIUROPDVJHUHNLU

J=

(u , v ) u x = ( x, y ) v x

uy vy

= 0.

(4)

b) Yeterlilik: ( x, y) D iin J= (u , v ) u x = ( x, y ) vx uy vy =0

ROGXXQXYDUVD\DUVDN-DFRELDQQVIUROGXXXGXUXPODULQFHOHPHPL]JHUHNLU

i) u x = u y = vx = v y = 0 durumu. Bu durumda u = c1 ve v = c2 ELUHUVDELWIRQNVL\RQODUGUYH F (u , v ) = u + kv = c1 + kc2 = 0 (5)

132

RODFDN HNLOGH ELU

k R  YDUGU YH GROD\V\OH u = f ( x, y ) ve v = g ( x, y ) fonkVL\RQODU

DUDODUQGDIRQNVL\RQHOEDPOGU

ii) u x = u y = 0

ve

vx = v y 0 durumu

Bu durumda, u, u = c  HNOLQGH ELU VDELW IRQNVL\RQGXU YH VDELW IRQNVL\RQODU KHU IRQNVL\RQOD
EDPOGU%XGXUXPGD

u ile vDUDVQGDNLLOLNL (6) vx = v y = 0 GXUXPXEHQ]HUHNLOGHGHHUOHQGLULOHELOLU

u F (u , v) = v(1 ) = 0 c
HNOLQGHGLU

ux = u y 0

ve

iii) u x = u y 0 Bu durumda,

ve

vx = v y 0 durumu

LNL VWQX D\Q |HOHUGHQ ROXDFDQGDQ -DFRELDQ VIU ROXU

u ve vnin birinci

PHUWHEHGHQ NVPL WUHYOHULQLQ HLW ROPDV

x ve ynin birinci mertebeden ve simetrik

IRQNVL\RQODU ROGXNODU DQODPQD JHOLU %|\OH LNL IRQNVL\RQ GDLPD IRQNVL\RQHO EDOGU gUQHLQ

u = tan( x + y ) ve v = ln( x + y) ise

F (u , v ) = arctan u ev = 0 olur. iv) u x = vx 0

ve u y = v y 0 durumu

Bu durumda, LNLVDWUD\Q|HOHUGHQROXDFDQGDQ-DFRELDQVIUROXU.ROD\FDDQODODFD
]HUHEXNRXOODUDOWQGD

u ve vHLWIRQNVL\RQODUGUYHDUDODUQGD (7)

F (u , v ) = u v = 0
IRQNVL\RQHOLOLNLVLVQL\D]DELOLUL]

v) u x ve u y NVPLWUHYOHULQGHQHQD]ELULQLQVIUGDQIDUNOROGXXJHQHOGXUXP u y = f y 0 kabul edelim ( u x = f x 0 dXUXPXEHQ]HUHNLOGHLQFHOHQHELOLU F (u , x, y ) = u f ( x, y ) = 0

IRQNVL\RQXQXWDQPOD\DOP

(8)

8) ifadesinin yHJ|UHWUHYLDOQUVD (9)

Fy (u , x, y ) = f y ( x, y ) 0

elde ederiz. Bu ise, y GHLNHQLQLQ 8 HLWOLLQGHQ x ve u cinsLQGHQ o|]OHELOHFHL DQODPQD gelir. O halde, (8HLWOLLQLVDOD\DFDNHNLOGHELU

133

y = ( x, u )
IRQNVL\RQXYDUGU

(10) 10) ifadesi, u = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunda yerine konursa, xHEDOROPD\DQ (11)

u = f ( x, ( x, u ))
|]GHOLLQLHOGHHGHUL]

(11) ifadesinden xe gre trev alarak (12)

u x = f x + f y x = 0 ve buradan da

x =

fx fy , y = ( x, u ) zmn, v = g ( x, y ) ifadesinde yerine yazarsak

(13)

HOGHHGHUL]'LHUWDUDIWDQ

v = g ( x, ( x, u )) = H ( x, u ) ifadesini ve xe gre trev alarak da vx = H x ( x, u ) = g x + g y x = g x + g y (

EDQWVQHOGHHGHUL]2KDOGH

(14)

fx J )= =0 fy fy

(15)

H(x,u) fonksiyonu xHEDOGHLOGLU<DQi, v fonksiyonunu (16) u ile vDUDVQGD

v = H ( x, u ) = M (u )
HNOLQGHWDQPOD\DELOLUL]%|\OHFH

F (u , v ) = v M (u ) = 0
LOLNLVLHOGHHGLOPLROXU

rnek 1. u = ln x ln y,

v=

x2 + y2 , ( x 0, y 0) xy

IRQNVL\RQODUQQ DUDODUQGD IRQNVL\RQHO EDPO ROXS ROPDGNODUQ J|VWHULS EDO LVHOHU DUDODUQGDNLLOLNL\LEXOXQX]

zm. u ve v IRQNVL\RQODUQQ DUDODUQGD IRQNVL\RQHO EDPO ROPDODU LoLQ JHUHN YH \HWHU
NRXOXQ

J=

(u , v ) u x = ( x, y ) vx

uy vy

=0

ROPDVJHUHNWLLQLELO

iyoruz. Buna gre, 1 uy x = 2 vy x y2 x2 y 1 y

(u , v ) u x = J= ( x, y ) vx

y2 x2 xy 2 134

, ( x 0, y 0)

J=

1 y 2 x2 1 x2 y 2 + =0 x xy 2 y x2 y

ROXSIRQNVL\RQODUDUDODUQGDIRQNVL\RQHOEDPOGUODULPGLGHDUDODUQGDNLLOLNL\LEXODOP

v=

x2 + y 2 = xy

y2 (

x2 x2 + 1) 1 + 2 y2 y = x x y2 y y

ve u = ln x ln y = ln x x = eu y y

olur. Bunu vnin ifadesinde yerine yazarsak v= ya da F (u , v ) = v 2 cosh u = 0

IRQNVL\RQHOLOLNLVLQLHOGHHGHUL]

1 + e2 u eu + e u v=2 = 2 cosh u eu 2

rnek 2. u = arctan x arctan y,

v=

x y , 1 + xy

IRQNVL\RQODUQQ DUDODUQGD EDO ROXS ROPDGNODUQ J|VWHULS EDO LVHOHU DUDODUQGDNL LOLNL\L

bulunuz. zm. (u , v ) u x = ( x, y ) vx uy = vy 1+ y2 (1 + xy ) 2 1 1 + x2 1 1 + y2

J=

(1 + x 2 ) (1 + xy ) 2

, ( x 0, y 0)

J =
ROGXXQGDQ

1 1 + =0 2 (1 + xy ) (1 + xy ) 2 x y =v 1 + xy

u ve vIRQNVL\RQODUDUDODUQGDIRQNVL\RQHOEDPOGUODUYH

u = arctan x arctan y tan u = F (u , v ) = tan u v = 0 aranan fonksiyonel EDQWGU

135

$DGDIRQNVL\RQHOEDPOONLoLQJHQHOWHRUHPLLVSDWV]RODUDNYHUL\RUX]

Teorem 2. D R n DoNE|OJHVLQGH WDQPOYHELULQFLPHUWHEHGHQNVPLWUHYOHULEXE|OJHGH srekli olan, k tane n-GHLNHQOLIRQNVL\RQ u1 = f1 ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) u2 = f 2 ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) ......................... uk = f k ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )
HNOLQGH YHULOGLLQGH HHU IRQNVL\RQ VD\V GHLNHQ VD\VQD HLW  IRQNVL\RQXQDUDODUQGDIRQNVL\RQHOEDPOROPDVLoLQJHUHNYH\HWHUNRXO

(17)

k=n) ise, bu k

u1x1 J= (u1 , u2 ,..., un ) u2 x1 = ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) ... unx1

u1x2 u2 x2 ... unx2

... u1xn ... u2 xn ... ... ... unxn =0 (18)

ROPDVGU(HUIRQNVL\RQVD\VGHLNHQVD\VQGDQNoN

(k < n) ise, bu durumda verilen

kWDQHIRQNVL\RQXQDUDODUQGDIRQNVL\RQHOEDPOROPDVLoLQJHUHNYH\HWHUNRXO u1x1 u2 x J = 1 ... ukx 1 u1x2 u 2 x2 ... ukx2 ... u1xn ... u2 xn ... ... ... ukxn

(19)

-DFRELPDWULVLQLQUDQNQQIRQNVL\RQVD\VQGDQNoNROPDV\DQL

rank ( J ) < k
NRXOXQXQVDODQPDVGU

(20)

Not: (20 NRXOX HGHHU RODUDN 9) LOH YHULOHQ PDWULVH LOLNLQ k k boyutlu btn alt
PDWULVOHULQGHWHUPLQDQWODUQQVIURODPVHNOLQGHGHLIDGHHGLOHELOLU

rnek 3. u = ( x + y + z ) 2 ,

v = 2 xy 2 xz 2 yz ,

w = x2 + y2 + z 2

fRQNVL\RQODUQQOLQHHUEDPOROXSROPDGNODUQDUDWUQ]YHHHUEDOLVHOHUDUDODUQGDNL
LOLNL\LEXOXQX]

zm.

136

2( x + y + z ) 2( x + y + z ) 2( x + y + z ) (u , v, w) = 2( y + z ) 2( x + z ) 2( x + y ) = 0 J= ( x, y , z ) 2x 2y 2z
ROGXXQX J|UPHN ]RU GHLOGLU 2 K

alde u, v, w IRQNVL\RQODU DUDODUQGD OLQHHU EDPOGU

LPGLGHDUDODUQGDNLLOLNL\LEXODOP

u + v = ( x + y + z ) 2 2 xy 2 xz 2 yz = x2 + y 2 + z 2 u + v = w ya da F (u , v, w) = u + v w = 0
GU

NL*HUoHO'HLNHQOL)RQNVL\RQODULoLQ7D\ORU)RUPO

z = f ( x, y ) , D R 2  DoN E|OJHVLQGH WDQPO YH (n+1)-ci PHUWHEHGHQ NVPL WUHYOHUL EX

E|OJHGHWDQPOYHVUHNOLRODQLNL JHUoHOGHLNHQOLELUIRQNVL\RQ ROVXQ

H ve k birer kk

nicelik ve 0 t 1 olmak zere x = x + th y = y + tk

G|QPOHULLOH \HEDOELUGHLNHQOL

(1)

F (t ) = f ( x , y )
IRQNVL\RQXQXWDQPOD\DOP

(2)

F (1) = f ( x + h, y + k ) ve F (0) = f ( x, y )
ROGXXQDG

(3)

(4)
QRNWDVQGDNL7D\ORUIRUPO

ikkat edilmelidir. F (t ) fonksiyonu iin, t

F (t ) = F (0) + F (0)t + olup, Rn kalan terimi Rn =

F (0) 2 F ( n ) (0) n t + ... + t + Rn , n! 2!

(5)

F ( n +1) ( ) n +1 t , 0 < < t (n + 1)!

 LPGL

(6) F (t ) fonksiyonunun t=0

forml ile verilir (bkz. Kesim 1.8de forml

QRNWDVQGDNLWUHYOHULQLGHHUOHQGLUHOLP%XQXQLoLQ IRUPOQH]LQFLUNXUDOX\JXODQUVD

137

F (t ) = f x* ( x* , y* )h + f y* ( x* , y* )k bulunur.
 EDQWODU JHUHLQFH

(7)

f ( x* , y* ) nin x* ve y* ye gre trevleri, x ve yye gre

D\QEDVDPDNWDQWUHYOHUHHLWRODFDQGDQEDQWVQ

F (t ) = f x ( x* , y* )h + f y ( x* , y* )k biiminde yazabiliriz. Son olarak, (8) formlnde t=0 iin x (0) = x, y (0) = y nnde tutulursa,
F (0) = f x ( x, y ) h + f y ( x, y ) k
ROGXX

(8) gz

(9)

elde edilir. (8) ifadesi, tye gre bir kez daha tretilirse F (t ) = f xx ( x* , y* )h 2 + 2 f xy ( x* , y* )hk + f yy ( x* , y* )k 2 olur. Bylece, ikinci trevin t=0 nRNWDVQGDNLGHHULLoLQ F (0) = f xx ( x, y )h 2 + 2 f xy ( x, y )hk + f yy ( x, y )k 2 ifadesi elde edilir. Burada ( x x0 ) + ( y y0 ) x y 9) ve (11) ile verilen birinci ve ikinci trevleri (13) (12) (11) (10)

RSHUDW|UQGLNNDWHDOUVDN

F (0) = h + k f ( x, y ) y x ve F (0) = h + k f ( x, y ) y x
HNOLQGH \D]DELOLUL] %|\OHFH GHYDP HGLOLUVH

(14) F (t ) fonksiyonunun t
 QRNWDVQGDNL

n-ci

mertebeden trevi iin de F

(n)

(0) = h + k f ( x, y ) y x

(15)

ifadesini elde ederiz. BuradD%LQRPIRUPOQHJ|UHDoODFDNRODQSDUDQWH]OLLIDGH n n n n n h + k = h n n + h n 1k n 1 + h n 2 k 2 n 2 2 + ... + y x 1 x y 2 x y x n nr r n n + ... + k n n h k x n r y r y r

HNOLQGHGLU

(16)

138

Bylece,

 YH  HLWOLNOHUL LOH 

15) genel gsterimini dikkate alarak (5) ile verilen Taylor

formln (x0, y0QRNWDVLoLQ\D]DUYH h = x x0 k = y y0

G|QPOHULQLGHX\JXODUVDN

(17)

f ( x, y ) = f ( x0 , y0 ) + +

1 f x ( x0 , y0 )( x x0 ) + f y ( x0 , y0 )( y y0 ) 1!

1 f xx ( x0 , y0 )( x x0 )2 + 2 f xy ( x0 , y0 )( x x0 )( y y0 ) + f yy ( x0 , y0 )( y y0 ) 2 + (18) 2!
n

1 + ... + ( x x0 ) + ( y y0 ) f ( x0 , y0 ) + Rn n! x y serisini elde ederiz. Burada Rn kalan terimi iin 1 Rn = ( x x0 ) x + ( y y0 ) y (n + 1)!

LIDGHVLQLHOGHHGHUL](HU

n +1

f ( x, y )
( , )

, x0 < < x, x0 < < y

(19)

n +1 f ( x, y ) M , i = 1, 2,..., n + 1 x i y n +1i ( x , y )
0 0

(20)

olaFDNHNLOGHELUMVWVQUYDULVHEXGXUXPGDNDODQWHULPLLoLQ Rn M ( x x0 + y y0 (n + 1)!

n +1

(21)

VQUODPDVQ\DSDELOLUL]

Son olarak, (18) serisini, ( x0 , y0 ) = (0, 0) iin yeniden yazarsak, yani

f ( x, y ) fonksiyonuQXFLYDUQGD0DFODXULQVHULVLQHDoDUVDN f ( x, y ) = f ( x0 , y0 ) + + 1 f x ( x0 , y0 ) x + f y ( x0 , y0 ) y 1! (22)

1 f xx ( x0 , y0 ) x 2 + 2 f xy ( x0 , y0 ) xy + f yy ( x0 , y0 ) y 2 + 2!
n

1 + ... + x + y f ( x0 , y0 ) + Rn n ! x y ifadesini elde ederiz. Bu durumda kalan terim 1 Rn = x x + y y (n + 1)! olur.

n +1

f ( x, y )
( , )

, 0 < < x, 0 < < y

(23)

139

rnek 1. f ( x, y ) = e xy IRQNVL\RQXQXFLYDUQGDG|UGQFPHUWebeden Taylor formln bulunuz. zm.QRNWDVFLYDUQGDG|UGQFPHUWHEHGHQ7D\ORUIRUPO f ( x, y ) = f (0, 0) + f x x + f y y + + 1 f xx x 2 + 2 f xy xy + f yy y 2 + 2!

1 f xxx x3 + 3 f xxy x 2 y + 3 f xyy xy 2 + f yyy y 3 + 3! 1 + f xxxx x 4 + 4 f xxxy x3 y + 6 f xxyy x 2 y 2 + 4 f xyyy xy 3 + f yyyy y 4 + R4 4!

ROGXXQGDQLOJLOLWUHYGHHUOHULQLKHVDSOD\DOP

f x ( x, y ) = ye xy f x (0, 0) = 0 , f y ( x, y ) = xe xy f y (0, 0) = 0 ,

f xx ( x, y ) = y 2 e xy f xx (0, 0) = 0 , f yy ( x, y ) = x 2 e xy f yy (0, 0) = 0 ,

f xy ( x, y ) = e xy + xye xy f x (0, 0) = 1 ,
f xxx ( x, y ) = y 3e xy f xxx (0, 0) = 0 , f xxy ( x, y ) = 2 ye xy + xy 2 e xy f xxy (0, 0) = 0 ,

f xyy ( x, y ) = 2 xe xy + x 2 ye xy f xyy (0, 0) = 0 , f yyy ( x, y ) = x3e xy f yyy (0, 0) = 0 ,

f xxxx ( x, y ) = y 4 e xy f xxxx (0, 0) = 0 , f xxxy ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 e xy + y 4 e xy f xxxy (0, 0) = 0 ,

f xxyy ( x, y ) = 2e xy + 4 xye xy + x 2 y 2 e xy f xxyy (0, 0) = 2 , f xyyy ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 e xy + x 3 ye xy f xyyy (0, 0) = 0 , f yyyy ( x, y ) = x 4 e xy f yyyy (0, 0) = 0 . Bylece, e xy = 1 + xy + olur ( eu nun, u 1 2 2 x y + R4 2 0 < < x ve 0 < < y olmak

 FLYDUQGDNL VHUL DoOP LOH NDUODWUQ]

zere, kalan terim, R4 = = 1 ( x x0 ) x + ( y y0 ) y f ( x, y ) 5!

5

( , )

1 f xxxxx 5 + 5 f xxxxy 4 + 10 f xxxyy 3 2 + 10 f xxyyy 2 3 + 5 f xyyyy 1 4 + f yyyyy 5 5!

EDQWVLOHGHHUOHQGLULOHELOLU

140

rnek 2. f ( x, y ) = x 3 y 2 xy fonksiyonunu (x-1) ve (yLQNXYYHWOHULFLQVLQGHQ\D]Q] zm. f (1, 1) = 2 ve f x ( x, y ) = 3x 2 y 2 y f x (1, 1) = 4 f xx ( x, y ) = 6 xy f xx (1, 1) = 6

2

f y ( x, y ) = 2 x3 y x f y (1, 1) = 3 f yy ( x, y ) = 2 x3 f yy (1, 1) = 2 f yyy ( x, y ) = 0 f yy (1, 1) = 0

f xxx ( x, y ) = 6 y 2 f xxx (1, 1) = 6 f xxxx ( x, y ) = 0 f xxxx (1, 1) = 0 f xy ( x, y ) = 6 x 2 y 1 f xy (1, 1) = 7 f xxy ( x, y ) = 12 xy f xxy (1, 1) = 12 f xyy ( x, y ) = 6 x 2 f xyy (1, 1) = 6 f xxxy ( x, y ) = 12 y f xxxy (1, 1) = 12
ROGXXQGDQ

f xxxyy ( x, y ) = 12 f xxxyy (1, 1) = 12 f xxyy ( x, y ) = 12 x f xxyy (1, 1) = 12 f xyyy ( x, y ) = 0 f xyyy (1, 1) = 0

1 f ( x, y ) = 2 + 4( x 1) 3( y + 1) + 6( x 1) 2 14( x 1)( y + 1) + 2( y 1) 2 2 1 + 6( x 1)3 36( x 1)2 ( y + 1) + 18( x 1)( y + 1)2 6 1 + 48( x 1)3 ( y + 1) + 72( x 1)2 ( y + 1)2 + ( x 1)3 ( y + 1) 2 24
NXYYHW\D]OPHO

de edilir.

rnek 3. f ( x, y ) = ln( x + y + 1) IRQNVL\RQXQXFLYDUQGD7D\ORUVHULVLQHDoQ] zm. f (0, 0) = 0 , f x ( x, y ) (0,0) = f xx ( x, y ) (0,0) = f xxx ( x, y ) (0,0) = 1 = 1 = (1)1+1 0! , x + y + 1 (0,0) 1 ( x + y + 1)2 2 ( x + y + 1)3 f y ( x, y )
(0,0)

1 = 1 = (1)1+1 0! , x + y + 1 (0,0) 1 ( x + y + 1) 2 = 1 = (1) 2+11! ,

(0,0)

= 1 = ( 1) 2+11! , f yy ( x, y )
(0,0)

(0,0)

= 2 = (1)3+1 2! ,
(0,0)

f yyy ( x, y )

(0,0)

2 ( x + y + 1)3

= 2 = (1)3+1 2!,
(0,0)

141

f xy ( x, y )

(0,0)

1 ( x + y + 1)2 2 ( x + y + 1)3

= 1 = (1) 2+11! ,
(0,0)

f xyy ( x, y )

(0,0)

= 2 = (1)3+1 2! .
(0,0)

*|UOG ]HUH

f ( x, y ) = ln( x + y + 1) QLQ  QRNWDVQGDNL |UQHLQ NBF GHUHFHGHQ NVPL

WUHYOHULWUHYOHULQKDQJLGHLNHQHJ|UHROGXXQGDQEDPV]RODUDNHLWWLUgUQHLQ

f xx ( x, y ) (0,0) = f yy ( x, y ) = f xy ( x, y ) (0,0) = 1 = (1) 2+11! (0,0) ve f xxx ( x, y ) (0,0) = f yyy ( x, y ) = f xyy ( x, y ) (0,0) = (0,0)
GU%XQDJ|UHJHQHOIRUPORODUDN

2 ( x + y + 1)3

= 2 = (1)3+1 2!
(0,0)

n f ( x, y ) = (1) n+1 (n 1)! k x n k y yazabiliriz. O halde, 1 f ( x, y ) = x + y f ( x, y ) (0,0) + Rn y k = 0 k ! x

n k

1 1 = 0 + x + y f ( x, y ) (0,0) + x + y f ( x, y ) (0,0) + 1! x 2! x y y 1 + x + y f ( x, y ) (0,0) + ... + 3! x y 1 + x + y f ( x, y ) (0,0) + Rn n ! x y = 1 1 (1)1+1 (1 1)!( x + y ) + (1)2 +1 (2 1)!( x + y )2 + 1! 2! 1 + (1)3+1 (3 1)!( x + y )3 + ... + 3! 1 + (1)n +1 (n 1)!( x + y )n + Rn n! 1 1 1 1 = x + y x 2 xy y 2 + x 3 + 2 x 2 y + 2 xy 2 + y 3 + ... + 2 2 3 3 n +1 (1) ( x + y ) n + Rn + n
n 3

142

1 Rn = + x x + y y (n + 1)!

n +1

f ( x, y ) ( , )

1 (1)n n+ 2 n +1 (1) n !( + ) = ( + ) n +1 = n +1 (n + 1)! Rn = ( + ) n +1 ( + ) n +1 n +1

n
RODFDQGDQ VHULQLQ \DNQVDNON E|OJHVL RODUDN

elde ederiz. + < 1 iin lim Rn = 0 

+ < 1 DOQDELOLU

NL*HUoHO'HLNHQOL)RQNVL\RQODUQ(NVWUHPXP1RNWDODU 7DQP  (NVWUHPXP 1RNWDODU

. D R2 
/

DoN E|OJHVLQGH WDQPO ELU

z = f ( x, y )

fonksiyonu verilsin. D E|OJHVLQLQ QRNWDODUQ P( x, y )  YHNW|UOHULQLQ Xo QRNWDODU LOH WHPVLO

HGHOLP (HU

P0 ( x0 , y0 ) D 

QRNWDVQQ

ELU

N ( P0 ) 

NRPXOXXQXQ

KHU

QRNWDVQGD

f ( P) f ( P0 ) oluyorsa, f fonksiyonunun ( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDVQGD ELU \HUHO PDNVLPXPX YDUGU denir. ( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDVQD IRQNVL\RQXQ \HUHO PDNVLPXP QRNWDV Ye f ( x0 , y0 )  GHHULQH GH
IRQNVL\RQXQ\HUHOPDNVLPXPGHHULGHQLU%XQGDQEDNDHHU

P0 ( x0 , y0 ) D QRNWDVQQELU

N ( P0 )  NRPXOXXQXQ KHU QRNWDVQGD f ( P) f ( P0 ) oluyorsa, f fonksiyonunun ( x0 , y0 )

QRNWDVQGD ELU \HUHO PLQLPXPX YDUGU GHQLU %X GXUXPGD

( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDVQD IRQNVL\RQXQ

\HUHO PLQLPXP QRNWDV YH

f ( x0 , y0 )  GHHULQH GH IRQNVL\RQXQ \HUHO PLQLPXP GHHUL GHQLU

Bir fonksiyonun
QRNWDODUGHQLU

\HUHO PDNVLPXP \D GD \HUHO PLQLPXP QRNWDODUQD NVDFD HNVWUHPXP

z = f ( x, y )  IRQNVL\RQXQXQ \HUHO HNVWUHPXPODU LoLQ JHUHN NRXOXQ f ( x, y ) = 0  ROGXXQX

V|\OHPLWLN 2 KDOGH ELU IRQNVL\RQXQ HHU HNVWUHPXP QRNWDODU YDUVD EXQODU \D JUDGL\HQWLQ VIU ROGXX QRNWDODUGD \D GD ELULQFL PHUWHEHGHQ WUHYOHULQ WDQPV] ROGXX QRNWDODUGDGU LPGLGH\HUHOHNVWUHPXPQRNWDODULoLQ\HWHUNRXOODUELUWHRUHPLOHYHUHOLP

143

Teorem 1. D R 2  DoN E|OJH YH z = f ( x, y )  GH HQ D]QGDQ oQF PHUWHEH\H NDGDU NVPL trevleri D E|OJHVLQGH WDQPO YH VUHNOL RODQ ELU IRQNVL\RQ ROPDN ]HUH ELU P0 ( x0 , y0 ) D
QRNWDVQGD

f ( P0 ) = 0 olsun. = f xy ( P0 ) 2 f xx ( P0 ) f yy ( P0 ) olmak zere i. < 0 ve f xx ( P0 ) < 0ise P0 ( x0 , y0 ) ELU\HUHOPDNVLPXPQRNWDVGU ii. < 0 ve f xx ( P0 ) > 0ise P0 ( x0 , y0 ) ELU\HUHOPLQLPXPQRNWDVGU iii. > 0 ise P0 ( x0 , y0 ) ELUHHUQRNWDVROXSHNVWUHPXPQRNWDVGHLOGLU. iv. = 0 LNLQFLPHUWHEHGHQNVPLWUHYWHVWLLOHNDUDUYHULOHPH]
/ / / / / /

(1)

(2)

VSDW

. z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunu P0 ( x0 , y0 ) D QRNWDVQGD7D\ORUVHULVLQHDoDUVDN f ( x, y ) = f ( x0 , y0 ) + f x ( x0 , y0 )( x x0 ) + f y ( x0 , y0 )( y y0 ) + + 1 f xx ( x0 , y0 )( x x0 ) 2 + f xy ( x0 , y0 )( x x0 )( y y0 ) + 2 1 + f yy ( x0 , y0 )( y y0 ) 2 + R2 2 (3)

olur. Ekstremum noNWDODULoLQJHUHNNRXOGLNNDWHDOQUVDLONLNLWHULPVIUROXU%|\OHFH

EDQWVQ

f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) =

1 f xx ( x0 , y0 )( x x0 ) 2 + f xy ( x0 , y0 )( x x0 )( y y0 ) + 2 1 + f yy ( x0 , y0 )( y y0 ) 2 + R2 2
QRNWDVQQ \DNQ NRPXOXXQ

(4)

HNOLQGH \D]DELOLUL]

P0 ( x0 , y0 ) 

u, R2 << 1 olacaN

HNLOGH

seHELOHFHLPL]GHQ E|\OHVL ELU NRPXOXN LoHULVLQGH  EDQWVQQ LDUHWL LON o WHULPLQ

LNLQFL GHUHFH NVPL WUHYOL WHULPOHULQ LDUHWLQH EDO ROXU ON o WHULP

( x x0 ) ya da

( y y0 ) cinsinden ikinci dereceden biUSROLQRPGXU(HULONoWHULPH, ( x x0 ) cinsinden bir ikinci derece polinom gz ile bakar ve A=
/ / / 1 1 f xx ( P0 ), B = f xy ( P0 )( y y0 ), C = f yy ( P0 )( y y0 ) 2 2 2

(5)

olmak zere

144

F ( x, y ) = A( x x0 )2 + B ( x x0 ) + C
WDQPODPDVQ\DSDUVDNEXGXUXPGD

(6)
/ /

(6) parDEROXQXQGLVNLULPLQDQW (7)

= B 2 4 AC = f xy ( P0 ) 2 ( y y0 )2 f xx ( P0 ) f yy ( P0 )( y y0 )2 = f xy ( P0 ) 2 f xx ( P0 ) f yy ( P0 ) ( y y0 ) 2 olur ve HHU < 0 ya da ( ( y y0 ) 2 > 0 ROGXXQGDQ = f xy ( P0 ) 2 f xx ( P0 ) f yy ( P0 ) < 0 ise F(x,yIRQNVL\RQXLDUHWGHLWLUPH]2KDOGHHHU < 0 ve A>0 ( f xx ( P0 ) >0)
/ / / / / / /

(8)

(9)

ise F(x,y! YH GROD\V\OH x,y QRNWDV ( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDVQD \HWHULQFH \DNQ NDOG VUHFH f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) ! ROXU 2 KDOGH WDQP JHUHL P0 ( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDV ELU \HUHO PLQLPXP
QRNWDVROXU%HQ]HURODUDNHHU

< 0 ve A<0 ( f xx ( P0 ) <0)

(10)

ise F(x,y YH GROD\V\OH x,y QRNWDV ( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDVQD \HWHULQFH \DNQ NDOG VUHFH f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y0 )  ROXU %XQD J|UH WDQP JHUHL P0 ( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDV ELU \HUHO PDNVLPXP
QRNWDVGU LPGL GH

> 0 durumunu inceleyelim. Bu durumda F(x,y) parabolu, ( x0 , y0 )

QRNWDVQGD VIU GHHULQH YH RQXQ LNL WDUDIQGD IDUNO LDUHWOHUH VDKLS RODFDNWU 2 KDOGH  QRNWDVQQ

x,y)

( x0 , y0 ) 

QRNWDVQD \DNODP \|QQH EDO RODUDN

F(x,y)>0 ya da F(x,y)<0

RODFDNWU 6RQXo RODUDN

( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDVQQ NRPXOXXQGD YH ( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDVQD \DNODP f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) > 0 ya da f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) < 0  RODFDNWU 2

/

GRUXOWXVXQD EDO RODUDN

halde, > 0 durumunda, f ( P0 ) = 0  NRXOXQXQ VDODQPDVQD UDPHQ ( x0 , y0 )  QRNWDV ELU

HNVWUHPXP QRNWDV GHLOGLU %|\OH QRNWDODUD \DQL JUDGL\HQWLQ VIU ROPDVQD NDUQ HNVWUHPXPQRNWDVROPD\DQQRNWDODUDHHUQRNWDVGHQLU

Teorem 1, = f xy ( P0 )2 f xx ( P0 ) f yy ( P0 ) = 0 dXUXPXQGD HNVWUHPXP QRNWDODU KDNNQGD ELU

NDUDUYHUPHPL]HRODQDNYHUPHPHNWHGLU%|\OHVLGXUXPODUGDGDKDD\UQWOLQFHOHPHJHUHNLU

7DQP  .ULWLN 1RNWDODU

. D R 2 aoN E|OJHVLQGH WDQPO ELU z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu

verilsin. D blgesinin, z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonuQXQ ELULQFL PHUWHEHGHQ NVPL WUHYOHULQLQ VIU

\DGDWDQPV]ROGXXQRNWDODUD

z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonuQXQNULWLNQRNWDODUGHQLU

145

9DU ROPDV KDOLQGH ELU IRQNVL\RQXQ \HUHO HNVWUHPXP QRNWDODUQQ V|] NRQXVX IRQNVL\RQXQ NULWLNQRNWDODUDUDVQGD\DGDWDQPE|OJHVLQLQVQU]HULQGHEXOXQDFDDoNWU

rnek 1. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2  IRQNVL\RQXQXQ YDUVD \HUHO YH PXWODN HNVWUHPXP QRNWDODUQ bulunuz. zm. f x ( x, y ) = 2 x = 0 (0, 0) kritik noktadU f y ( x, y ) = 2 y = 0 Bu noktada
f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, f xy ( x, y ) = 0
ROGXXQGDQ

= f xy 2 f xx f yy = 4 < 0 olur. < 0 ve f xx ( x, y ) > 0 ROGXXQGDQIRQNVL\RQXQELUPLQLPXPQRNWDVGU

rnek 2. f ( x, y ) = 2 x3 y + x fonkVL\RQXQXQ YDUVD \HUHO YH PXWODN HNVWUHPXP QRNWDODUQ bulunuz. zm. f ( x, y )  WDQP E|OJHVL R 3  RODQ G|UGQF GHUHFHGHQ ELU SROLQRP ROGXXQGDQ HQ
D]QGDQoQFPHUWHEHGHQNVPLWUHYOHULEXE|OJHGHWDQPOYH

sreklidir.

f x ( x, y ) = 6 x 2 y + 1; f y ( x, y ) = 2 x ;
3

f xx ( x, y ) = 12 xy; f yy ( x, y ) = 0;

f xy ( x, y ) = 6 x

ROXS%LULQFLPHUWHEHGHQNVPLWUHYOHULQVIUROGXX\HUOHU

f x ( x, y ) = 6 x 2 y + 1 = 0 f y ( x, y ) = 2 x 3 =0

GHQNOHPVLVWHPLQLQo|]PQRNWDODUGU$QFDNGHQNOHPVLVWHPLQLQo|]PV]ROGXXDoNWU

O halde, fonksiyonun bir yerel eNVWUHPXPQRNWDV\RNWXU

146

rnek 3. AQRNWDVQQ z = f ( x, y ) = 2 x + y \]H\LQHHQ\DNQX]DNOQEXOXQX] zm. z = f ( x, y ) = 2 x + y  B( x, y, 2 x + y ) ile

\]H\L

]HULQGHNL GHLNHQ QRNWDODU

gsterebiliriz. Bu durumda, A ile BDUDVQGDNLX]DNONIRQNVL\RQXQX F ( x, y ) = ( x 2)2 + ( y 1)2 + (2 x + y 1)2 = 5 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 4 xy 8 x 4 y + 6

IRQNVL\RQX LOH WDQPOD\DELOLUL] %X GXUXPGD SUREOHP

F ( x, y ) = 5 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 4 xy 8 x 4 y

IRQNVL\RQXQXQ

\D

GD

EXQD

HGHHU

RODUDN

G ( x, y ) = 5 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 4 xy 8 x 4 y + 6 G ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun

IRQNVL\RQXQXQ PLQLPXP GHHULQL EXOPD\D G|QP ROXU LPGL NVPLWUHYOHULQLQVIUROGXXQRNWDODUDUDWUDOP

Gx ( x, y ) = 10 x + 4 y 8 = 0 G y ( x, y ) = 4 x + 4 y 4 = 0

2 1 Buradan zm olaraksistemi zlrse, ( , ) elde edilir. O halde, yzey zerinde, 3 3

DUDGP]QRNWDQQNRRUGLQDWODU

2 1 5 ( , , ) ROXSQRNWDVQDX]DNO 3 3 3

2 1 2 1 21 2 1 F ( , ) = 5( ) 2 + 2( ) 2 + 4 8 4 + 6 3 3 3 3 33 3 3 = dr. 20 2 8 48 12 54 24 2 6 + + + = = 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3

3.15. .RXOOX(NVWUHPXPODU/DJUDQJHdDUSDQODU
'HLNHQOHUL ELUELUOHUL LOH LOLNLOL oRN GHLNHQOL ELU IRQNVL\RQXQ HNVWUHPXP QRNWDODUQQ DUDWUOPDV SUREOHPL oRN VN UDVWODQODQ GXUXPGXU %X GXUXP ELOHHQOHUL DUDVQGD

g ( x, y, z ) = 0 ve h( x, y , z ) = 0 

HNOLQGH LOLNL EXOXQDQ ELU

w = f ( x, y, z ) fonksiyonunun n
GHLNHQOL ELU

HNVWUHPXP QRNWDODUQ DUDWUPDN HNOLQGH |UQNOHQGLULOHELOLU *HQHOGH

fonksiyon ve n-1 NRXO RODELOLU %XUDGD o GHLNHQOL YH LNL NRXOOX SUREOHPL GLNNDWH DODFDN
YHVRQXFXJHQHOOH\HFHL]

147

g ( x, y, z ) = 0 ve h( x, y , z ) = 0 NRXOODULOHELU w = f ( x, y, z ) IRQNVL\RQXQXQYHULOGLLQLYHEX
NRXOODU DOWQGD IRQNVL\RQXQ HNVWUHPXP QRNWDODUQ DUDWUGP] YDUVD\DOP %X GXUXPGD YHULOHQ NRXOODUGDQ GHLNHQOHUGHQ ELUL GLHU LNLVL FLQVLQGHQ LIDGH HGLOHELOLUVH |UQHLQ GHLNHQL

x ve y cinsinden z = ( x, y )  HNOLQGH LIDGH HGLOLU YH DVO IRQNVL\RQGD EX LIDGH w = f ( x, y, ( x, y))  IRQNVL\RQXQXQ HNVWUHPXP QRNWDODU D\Q
NRXOODUQ GD VDODUODU %|\OHFH NRXOOX HNVWUHPXP

\HULQH \D]OUVD HOGH HGLOHQ

zamanda g ( x, y, z ) = 0 ve h( x, y , z ) = 0

SUREOHPLQRUPDOHNVWUHPXPSUREOHPLQHLQGLUJHQPLROXU$QFDNSUDWLNWHoRX]DPDQYHULOHQ NRXOODUGDQELOLQPH\HQVD\]QD]DOWPDNPPNQRODPD]YHEXGXUXPGDNRXOOXHNVWUHPXP QRNWDODUQ EXOPDN LoLQ EDN

a bir yntem kullanmak gerekir. Bu kesimde, Lagrange

oDUSDQODUGHQLOHQ\|QWHPDQODWODFDNWU

g ( x, y, z ) = 0 ve h( x, y , z ) = 0 

NRXOODUQQ KHU ELUL X]D\GD ELUHU \]H\ EHOLUOHUNHQ LNL

GHQNOHPLQ D\Q DQGD VDODQG \HUOHU EX LNL \]H\LQ DUDNHVLW HULVLGLU 2 KDOGH NRXOOX

ekstremum problemi, ( x, y, z )  QRNWDV EX DUDNHVLW HULVL ER\XQFD \HU GHLWLUPHN NRXOX LOH w = f ( x, y , z ) 
IRQNVL\RQXQXQ DODFD PDNVLPXP YH PLQLPXP QRNWDODU EXOPD LOHPLQH

dQPHNWHGLU%|\OHVLELUHNVWUHPXPQRNWDVQGD f ( x, y, z ) QLQHULER\XQFDRODQGRUXOWX
WUHYL \DQL HULQLQ V|] NRQXVX QRNWDVQGDNL WHHWL GRUXOWXVXQGDNL GRUXOWX WUHYL VIU ROPDOGU
/ Du0 f ( x0 , y0 ) = u0f ( x0 , y0 ) = 0 ,

(1)
QRNWDVQGDNL WHHW GRUXOWXVXGXU %XUDGDQ

burada u0 

DUDNHVLW HULVLQLQ

P0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) 

f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) YHNW|UQQHULQLQ P0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) QRNWDVQGDNLQRUPDOGRUXOWXVXQXLoHUHQELU
G]OHPGH ROGXX DQODOU hVWHOLN 

g ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) ve h( x0 , y0 , z0 )  f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) , g ( x0 , y0 , z0 )

YHNW|UOHUL GH D\Q

G]OHPGHGLUOHU

%DND

ELU

GHLOH

ve

h( x0 , y0 , z0 )

YHNW|UOHULQLQoGHD\QG]OHPOL\DQLOLQHHUEDOGUODU2KDOGHRQODUDUDVQGD

f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) + 1g ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) + 2h( x0 , y0 , z0 ) = 0
HLWOLL VDODQDFDN HNLOGH

(2)

1 ve 2  VD\ODU YDUGU YH EXQODUD /DJUDQJH oDUSDQODU DG

verilir. (2) ile verilen vektrel denklem f x + 1 g x + 2 hx = 0 f y + 1 g y + 2 hy = 0 f z + 1 g z + 2 hz = 0 (3)

148

ELoLPLQGH oVNDOHU GHQNOHPGHQ ROXDQ ELU GHQNOHPVLVWHPLQHHGHHUGLU .RXO GHQNOHPOHUL GHGLNNDWHDOQUVDEHELOLQPH\HQOLEHGHQNOHPGHQROXDQ

f x + 1 g x + 2 hx = 0 f y + 1 g y + 2 hy = 0 f z + 1 g z + 2 hz = 0 g ( x, y , z ) = 0 h ( x, y , z ) = 0

(4)

denklem sistemi elde edilir ve sistemin zmnden 1 ve 2  /DJUDQJH oDUSDQODU LOH ( x, y, z )  NULWLN QRNWDODU HOGH HGLOLU %X NULWLN QRNWDODU IRQNVL\RQXQ YHULOHQ NRXO DOWQGDNL ekstremumQRNWDODU\DGDHHUQRNWDODUGU(HU G ( x, y, z , 1 , 2 ) = f ( x, y, z ) + 1 g ( x, y, z ) + 2 h( x, y , z )
IRQNVL\RQXQXWDQPODUVDNVLVWHPLQL

(5)

Gx ( x, y , z , 1 , 2 ) = 0 G y ( x, y, z , 1 , 2 ) = 0 Gz ( x, y , z , 1 , 2 ) = 0 g ( x, y , z ) = 0 h ( x, y , z ) = 0 biiminde de yazabiliriz.

(6)

Genel olarak ifade edecek olursak, nGHLNHQOLELUIIRQNVL\Rnu ile k (k n 1) denklemden

ROXDQNRXOODUYHULOGLLQGHVLVWHPLQHEHQ]HURODUDN

n+k bilinmeyenli ve n+k denklemden k

ROXDQ ELU VLVWHP HOGH HGLOLU YH EX VLVWHPLQ o|]OPHVL LOH DGHW /DJUDQJH oDUSDQ LOH ELUOLNWH

aranan kritik noktalaUEXOXQPXROXU

rnek 1. f ( x, y, z ) = xyz fonksiyonunun, g ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 1 = 0  NRXOX DOWQGDNL

HNVWUHPXPQRNWDODUQEXOXQX]

zm. G ( x, y , z ) = f ( x, y , z ) + g ( x, y , z )
WDQPODPDVQ\DSDUVDN

149

Gx ( x, y , z , ) = yz + 2 x = 0 G y ( x, y, z , ) = xz + 2 y = 0 Gz ( x, y , z , ) = xy + 2 z = 0 denklem sistemini elGHHGHUL]%XGHQNOHPOHUVUDV\ODx, y, zLOHoDUSOSWRSODQUVD 3 xyz + 2 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 0

YHNRXOGHQNOHPL\DUGP\ODGD

2 = 3xyz elde edilir. Bylece, birinci denklemden yz 3x 2 yz = 0 yz = 0 veya x = bulunur. i.

(HU

3 3

y=0 ve z 0 ise, ikinci denklemden x

 HOGH HGLOLU .RXO GHQNOHPL JHUHLQFH GH

z = 1 RODFDQGDQNULWLNQRNWDODU 1 ) olur.

ii.

(HU

z=0 ve y 0 ise, nc denklemden x=0 HOGH HGLOLU .RXO GHQNOHPL JHUHLQFH GH

y = 1 RODFDQGDQNULWLNQRNWDODU 1 ,0) olur. iii.

(HU

z=0 ve y = 0  LVH NRXO GHQNOHPL JHUHLQFH x = 1  RODFDQGDQ NULWLN noktalar

( 1 ,0,0) olur. iv.

(HU

x=

3 3 ise, ikinci denklemden, y = 3 3

 YH NRXO GHQNOHPLQGHQ GH

z=

3 3

elde edilir. Bylece, (

3 3 3 , , ) HNOLQGHVHNL]WDQe kritik nokta elde edilir. 3 3 3

6RQXoRODUDNSUREOHPLQWRSODPWDQHNULWLNQRNWDVYDUGU%XQRNWDODUYHIRQNVL\RQXQEX QRNWDODUGDDOGGHHUOHULQELUWDEORVXQX\DSDUDNHNVWUHPXPQRNWDODUQDUDWUDOP

Kritik nokta no

f(x,y,z)= xyz

$oNODPD
(HUQRNWDV

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 0 0 0 -1 1 - 3 2

0 0 -1 1 0 0 - 3 2

-1 1 0 0 0 0 - 3 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 - 3 9

Minimum

150

Kritik nokta no

f(x,y,z)= xyz

$oNODPD
Maksimum Maksimum Minimum Maksimum Minimum Minimum Maksimum

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

- 3 2 - 3 2 - 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2

- 3 2 3 2 3 2 - 3 2 - 3 2 3 2 3 2

3 2 - 3 2 3 2 - 3 2 3 2 - 3 2 3 2

3 9 3 9 - 3 9 3 9 - 3 9 - 3 9 3 9

%XQD J|UH IRQNVL\RQXQ YHULOHQ NRXO DOWQGD G|UW PDNVLPXP G|UW PLQLPXP YH DOW WDQH GH HHUQRNWDVYDUGU

rnek 2. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 6 x + 2 fonksiyonunun, D = {( x, y ) 0 x 5, 3 y 0}
E|OJHVLQGHNLHNVWUHPXPQRNWDODUQEXOXQX]

zm. fx = 2x + y 6 = 0 fy = x + 2y =0 denklem sistemi zlrse (4 ,-2) elde edilir. O halde, A(4, - NULWLN QRNWDGU LPGL GH D
E|OJHVLQLQVQUODUQLQFHOH\HOLP

i) x

GRUXVX]HULQGH

f ( x, y ) = y 2 + 2
ROXSELUNULWLNQRNWDGU

ii) x

GRUXVX]HULQGH

f ( x, y ) = y 2 + 5 y 3 olup, (5, -ELUNULWLNQRNWDGU iii) y

GRUXVX]HULQGH

f ( x, y ) = x 2 6 x + 2 oluSELUNULWLNQRNWDGU iv) y=-GRUXVX]HULQGH

151

f ( x, y ) = x 2 9 x + 11 olup, (9/2, -ELUNULWLNQRNWDGU2KDOGHELUWDEORKDOLQGHJ|VWHUHFHNROXUVDN

Kritik Nokta No 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 3 9/2 4 0 -5/2 0 -3 -2 2 -37/4 -7 -37/4 -10 Mutlak minimum Mutlak Maksimum

z=f(x,y)

$oNODPD

HOGH HGHUL] %XQD J|UH IRQNVL\RQXQ PXWODN PLQLPXP QRNWDV  GHHUL

-2) ve mutlak minimum

- LNHQ PXWODN PDNVLPXP QRNWDV   YH PXWODN PDNVLPXP GHHUL GH GLU

)RQNVL\RQXQWDQPNPHVLYHNULWLNQRNWDODUHNLOGHJ|VWHULOPLWLU

3.16. En Kk Kareler Yntemi

dRN GHLNHQOL IRQNVL\RQODUQ HNVWUHPXP QRNWDODU \|QWHPLQGHQ \DUDUODQDUDN ELU GHQH\ VRQXFXQGD HOGH HGLOHQ J|]OHP QRNWDODUQD HQ L\L X\XP VDOD\DQ

y = f ( x) fonksiyonu

belirlenebilir. Burada y = f ( x)  IRQNVL\RQX \DSODQ GHQHLQ GD\DQG NXUDP WDUDIQGDQ

|QJ|UOHQ WUGHQ ELU HUL GRUX SDUDERO SHUL\RGLN HUL YE J|VWHULU %L] EXUDGD HQ EDVLW

olarak y = f ( x) = ax + b HNOLQGHNLOLQHHUIRQNVL\RQXGLNNDWHDODFD]%HQ]HULOHPOHUGLHU
WUGHQ IRQNVL\RQODUD GD X\JXODQDELOLU HNLO GH ELU GHQH\ VRQXFXQGD HOGH HGLOHQ J|]OHP QRNWDODU LOH EX QRNWDODUD HQ L\L X\XP

VDOD\DQ GRUX WHPVLOL RODUDN J|VWHULOPLWLU $PDFP] HOGH E|\OHVL J|]OHP QRNWDODU

YDUNHQ EXQODUD HQ L\L X\P VDOD\DQ GRUXQXQ GHQNOHPLQL EXOPDNWU %XQXQ LoLQ NDWVD\ODU NDUON |OH EHOLUOHQPHOLGLU

a ve b xilere gzlem

NL

JHOHQ

yi

(i=1,2,...,n)

QRNWDODUQQ

y = f ( x) = ax + b 

GRUXVXQGDQ

VDSPDODUQQ WRSODP PLQLPXP

olsun. Burada yi

J|]OHP QRNWDODUQQ V|] NRQXVX GRUXGDQ

n

J|]OHP QRNWDODUQQ VD\VGU $QFDN

VDSPDODU SR]LWLI \D GD QHJDWLI RODELOHFHLQGHQ EXQXQ \HULQH VDSPDODUQ NDUHOHULQLQ

152

WRSODPQPLQLPXP\DSPDNGDKDGRUXRODFDNWU2KDOGHSUREOHPLQo|]P

olarak, a ve b

cinsinden iki bilinmiyenli f (a, b) = [ yi axi b ]

i =1 n 2

(1) f (a, b) fonksiyonunun a ve bye

IRQNVL\RQXQXPLQLPXPQRNWDVDUDWUOPDOGU%XQDJ|UH J|UH ELULQFL WUHYOHULQLQ VIU ROGXX \HUOHU DUDQDQ

a ve b GHHUOHULQL YH GROD\V\OH DUDQDQ a ve b\HJ|UHWUHYOHULDOQUVD

GRUXGHQNOHPLQLYHUHFHNWLU%|\OHFHLIDGHVLQLQ

n f a = 2 xi ( yi axi b) = 0 i =1 n f b = 2 ( yi axi b) = 0 i =1

(2)

ve gerekli dzenlemeleri yaparak da

n n n a xi 2 + b xi = xi yi i =1 i =1 i =1 n n a xi + bn = yi i =1 i =1

(3)

denklem sistemini elde ederiz.

n f aa = 2 xi 2 0, i =1 f bb = 2n > 0 n f ab = 2 xi i =1

(4)

olup, buradan da diskiriminant iin = f ab

2 n n f aa f bb = 4 xi 4n xi 2 i =1 i =1 2

(5)

ifadesini elde ederiz.

n n xi < n xi 2 i =1 i =1
HLWVL]OLLQLQ YDUO ELOLQGLLQGHQ VRQXo

(6) olarak < 0 elde ederiz ki, bu da bize, (3) f ( a, b) 

IRQNVL\RQXQXQ ELU PLQLPXP GHHUL

sisteminden bulunacak (a,b

ROGXXQXJ|VWHULU

QRNWDVQQ

153

rnek 1.

$DGD ELU GHQH\ VRQXFXQGD HOGH HGLOHQ  DGHW J|]OHP QRNWDVQD LOLNLQ

x ve y

|OoP GHHUOHUL YHULOPLWLU

x ile y DUDVQGD y=ax+b HNOLQGH GRUXVDO ELU LOLNL EHNOHQGLLQH

J|UHJ|]OHPQRNWDODUQHQL\LWHPVLOHGHQGRUXGHQNOHPLQLEXOXQX]

lm No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

x 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00

y 3.50 6.50 8.20 8.50 12.08 13.40 17.60 18.00 20.90 21.92

zm*|]OHPYHULOHULQLNXOODQDUDNDDGDNLWDEOR\XROXWXUDOP
lm No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
n

x 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00

y 3.50 6.50 8.20 8.50 12.08 13.40 17.60 18.00 20.90 21.92

x2 0.00 1.00 4.00 9.00 16.00 25.00 36.00 49.00 64.00 81.00

xy 0.00 6.50 16.40 25.50 48.32 67.00 105.60 125.99 167.20 197.28

xi = 45
i =1

yi = 130.60
i =1

xi 2 = 285.00
i =1

x y
i i =1

= 759.75

Buna gre, (3) formllerinden 285a + 45b = 759.75 45a + 10b = 130.6 denklem sistemi ve zmnden de a=2.09 ve
E HOGHHGLOLU2KDOGHDUDQDQGRUXGHQNOHPL

y = 2.09 x + 3.65
ROXS J|]OHP QRNWDODU LOH ELUOLNWH HNLO  J|VWHULOPLWLU

de

154

3.17. Skalar ve Vektr Alanlar

7DQP 

. D R n  E|OJHVLQGH WDQPO f skalar fonksiyonu, D blgesinin her bir ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) R  VD\VQ NDUON JHWLULU %|\OHFH D WDQP NPHVL LOH f(D) D blgesinde, f fonksiyonu ile belirlenen bir skalar alan denir.

QRNWDVQD ELU

GHHUOHUNPHVLQHELUOLNWH

7DQPD J|UH |UQHLQ \HU\]QGHNL FRUDILN QRNWDODUQ UDNPODU \D GD |UQHLQ JQHLQ LoHULVLQGHNLKHUKDQJLELUQRNWDQQ\RXQOXX\DGDVFDNOHNOLQGHWDQPODQDQIRQNVL\RQODU ELUHU VNDODU DODQ WDQPODUODU %XQD J|UH |UQHLQ NRQXP YHNW|U LWLEDUHQ |OoOPHN ]HUH JQHLQ LoLQGHNL VFDNON DODQQ 

r  JQHLQ PHUNH]LQGHQ

T (r ) skalar fonksiyonu ile

gsterirsek, T (r ) = c (c VDELW GHQNOHPLQL VDOD\DQ \]H\H VFDNONO c olan H VFDNON yzeyi GHQLU %HQ]HU RODUDN 5 \DUoDSO ELU \OG]Q GQGDNL QRNWDODUQ NRQXP YHNW|UOHULQL yine r ( r = r > R  LOH J|VWHULUVHN YH \OG]Q G NVPQGDNL SRWDQVL\HO DODQQ GD (r )
VNDODU IRQNVL\RQX LOH WDQPODUVDN EX GXUXPGD GD

(r ) = c (c VDELW GHQNOHPLQL VDOD\DQ

yzeylere HSRWDQVL\HO\]H\ler denir.

/

7DQP 

. D R n  E|OJHVLQGH WDQPO YHNW|U GHHUOL F fonksiyonu, D blgesinin her bir

/ /

( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )  QRNWDVQD F ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )  HNOLQGH ELU YHNW|U NDUON JHWLULU D tanP NPHVL ile F ( D )  GHHUOHU NPHVLQH ELUOLNWH D blgesinde, F fonksiyonu ile belirlenen bir vektr
DODQGHQLU

%LU YHNW|U DODQQ EHOLUWPHN LoLQ V|] NRQXVX E|OJHGH WDQPO YHNW|U GHHUOL IRQNVL\RQXQ

ifaGHVLQL

YHUPHN \HWHUOLGLU %LU YHNW|U DODQ |UQHN ELU NDo YHNW|U LOH HPDWLN RODUDN

J|VWHULOHELOLU(HU|]HORODUDNoER\XWOXX]D\LOHLOJLOHQLUVHN

/
YHNW|UDODQEXX]D\QKHU

bir (x, y, zQRNWDVQD

F ( x , y , z ) = P ( x , y , z )i + Q ( x , y , z ) j + R ( x , y , z ) k
HNOLQGHELUYHNW|UNDUONJHWLULU

(1)

rnek 1. Yerin merkezini orijin kabul eden bir dik koordinat sisteminde, herhangi bir (x, y, zQRNWDVQGDNLoHNLPNXYYHWLQL xi + yj + zk GM r = 2 F ( x, y , z ) = GM 2 2 2 3/ 2 (x + y + z ) r r
/ / / / /

(2)

155

forml ile verebiliriz. Burada, r = xi + yj + zk ve r, szkonusu (x, y, z QRNWDVQQ NRQXP

YHNW|U YH RULMLQH RODQ X]DNO LNHQ

G, evrensel ekim sabiti ve M de yerin ktlesidir Bylece, koordinat

( G = 6.668 108 cgs, M=5.97 1027 g ). (2) fonksiyonu, yer merkezli bir

VLVWHPLQGHELUYHNW|UDODQWDQPODU%XYHNW|UDODQ HNLO GH HPDWLN RODUDN J|VWHULOPLWLU HNLOGH EWQ YHNW|UOHULQ \HULQ PHUNH]LQH GRUX \|QHOPL ROGXNODUQD YH PHUNH]GHQ X]DNODWNoD YHNW|UOHULQ LGGHWOHULQLQNoOGQHGLNNDWHGLQL]

rnek 2. F ( x, y , z ) = yj

fonksiyonu, y-eksenine

SDUDOHOELUYHNW|UDODQWDQPODUHNLO%XDODQGDNL

vektrler daima y-eksenine paraleldirler ve y ile

YHULOHQGHLNHQLGGHWHVDKLSWLUOHU

f(x,y,z

ELULQFL PHUWHEHGHQ VUHNOL NVPL WUHYOHUH V

ahip bir fonksiyon olmak zere, f

fonksiyonunun gradiyentini f = gradf = f / f / f / i+ j+ k x y z (3)

HNOLQGH WDQPODPWN LPGL GH VNDODU YH YHNW|UHO DODQODU LoLQ GLHU ED] WDQPODPDODU

verelim.
/ / / /

7DQP  'LYHUMDQV

. F ( x, y , z ) = P( x, y, z )i + Q ( x, y , z ) j + R ( x, y , z )k vekt|U DODQ YHULOVLQ

ve P, Q ve R VNDODU IRQNVL\RQODU VUDV\OD x, y, ve z\H J|UH VUHNOL NVPL WUHYOHUH VDKLS olsun. Bu durumda divF = F =
/ /

P Q R + + x y z

(4)

156

VNDODU GHHULQH

F ( x, y , z )  YHNW|U GHHUOL IRQNVL\RQXQXQ diverjDQV GHQLU 'LYHUMDQV VIU

RODQYHNW|UDODQODUQDVHUEHVWGLYHUMDQVODODQODUGHQLU

7DQP

5 (Rotasyonel). F ( x, y , z ) = P( x, y, z )i + Q ( x, y , z ) j + R ( x, y , z )k

/
YHNW|UDODQYHULOVLQ

ve P, Q ve R VNDODU IRQNVL\RQODU ELULQFL PHUWHEHGHQ VUHNOL NVPL WUHYOHUH VDKLS ROVXQ %u durumda i rotF = curlF = F =
/ / / / / /

x P

y Q

/ / / = ( Ry Qz )i + ( Pz Rx ) j + (Qx Py )k y R

(5)

YHNW|UHOGHHULQH

F ( x, y , z ) YHNW|UGHHUOLIRQNVL\RQXQXQrotasyoneli ya da curlu denir.

rnek 3. F ( x, y , z ) = yzi + xzj + xyk IRQNVL\RQXQXQGLYHUMDQVQYHFXUOXQXEXOXQX] zm. divF = F =

/ /

P Q R + + =0 x y z
/

i / / curlF = F = x yz dir.

j y xz

k =0 y xy

rnek 4dHNLPDODQQQGLYHUMDQVQQVIUROGXXQXJ|VWHULQL] zmdHNLPDODQIRQNVL\RQXQX xi + yj + zk F ( x, y , z ) = GM 2 ( x + y 2 + z 2 )3/ 2 / / / GMx GMy GMz =( 2 )i + ( 2 ) j +( 2 )k 2 2 3/ 2 2 2 3/ 2 2 2 3/ 2 (x + y + z ) (x + y + z ) (x + y + z )

HNOLQGH\D]DUVDN

157

GMx GMx , = 2 2 3/ 2 (x + y + z ) r3 GMy GMy = Q ( x, y , z ) = 2 , 2 2 3/ 2 (x + y + z ) r3 GMz GMz R ( x, y , z ) = 2 = 2 2 3/ 2 (x + y + z ) r3 P ( x, y , z ) =

2

elde ederiz. Buradan P = x GMr 3 + 3GMr 2 x r6 x 2 2 r = GMr + 3GMx r5

ve benzer olarak Q GMr 2 + 3GMy 2 R GMr 2 + 3GMz 2 ve = = r5 r5 y z

HOGHHGHUL]%|\OHFHoHNLPDODQQQGLYHUMDQV

divF = F = =

P Q R + + = x y z

GMr 2 + 3GMx 2 GMr 2 + 3GMy 2 GMr 2 + 3GMz 2 + + r5 r5 r5 2 2 2 GM x + y +r = 3 3 + 3GM ( ) r r5 GM r2 = 3 3 + 3GM ( 5 ) = 0 r r olur.

9HNW|UHODODQODUDLOLNLQD\UQWONRQXODULOHULGH9HNW|UHO$QDOL]%|OPQGHYHULOHFHNWLU

158

Blm 4

NL .DWOQWHJUDOOHU

%X E|OPQ DPDF

iki NDWO LQWHJUDOOHUL WDQPODPDN YH oHLWOL IRQNVL\RQODUQ IDUNO E|OJHOHU

]HULQGHNLLNLNDWOLQWHJUDOOHULQLKHVDSODPDNWU

NL.DWOQWHJUDOOHU

). z = f ( x, y )  VQUO D R 2 blgesiQGH WDQPO ROVXQ D blJHVLQL HNLO GH J|VWHULOGLL JLEL x- ve y-HNVHQOHULQH SDUDOHO GRUXODUOD DOW E|OJHOHUH D\UDOP DQLQ GLNG|UWJHQVHO SDUoDODQ YH elde edilen alt blgeleri, 1den nye kadar QXPDUDODQGUDOP D E|OJHVLQLQDODQ A olmak zere, DQLQ SDUoDODQQGDNi i-ci alt blgenin * * DODQQ A ile gsterelim. LPGL ( x , y ) ile i-ci alt blge ierisindeki her hangi bir nokta\ i i i gstererek
7DQP  NL .DWO QWHJUDO

f ( x , y )A
* i * i i =1

(1)

WRSODPQROXWXUDOP(HU

Dnin soQVX]SDUoDODQLoLQ  n  WRSODPWHN ELUVRQOX VOLPLWLQH\DNQVDUVDEXOLPLWH z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun, DE|OJHVLQGHNLLNLNDWOLQWHJUDOL denir ve

HNLO

4.1

f ( x, y )dxdy = lim f ( xi* , yi* )Ai

n i =1

(2)

ile gsterilir. 159

Not. D E|OJHVLQLQ SDUoDODQQGD NXOODQGP] GRUXODU EXUDGDNL JLEL x- ve y-eksenlerine paralel ROPDN ]RUXQGD GHLOGLU hVWHOLN SDUoDODQPD G|UWJHQVHO ROPDN ]RUXQGD GD GHLOGLU Ancak, HHU, drtgensel paralanma uygulanacaksa, matemaWLN DoGDQ E\N NROD\ON VDOD\DFDQGDQ x- ve y-HNVHQOHULQH SDUDOHO GRUXODUQ NXOODQOPDV WHUFLK HGLOLU gUQHLQ uoODNNRRUGLQDWODUNXOODQOGQGDLVHparalama iin, sabit r ve sabit HUileriNXOODQOU

4.2NL.DWOQWHJUDOin Geometrik AQODP z = f ( x, y ) srekli fonksiyonunun, i-FL DOW E|OJH LoHULVLQGHNL HQ NoN GHHUL mi , en byk GHHULGH M olsun. Bu durumda, i
mi Ai f ( xi* , yi* ) Ai M i Ai
HLWVL]OLLQL \D]DELOLUL] (LWVL]OLLQ VRO YH VD WDUDIODU  WDEDQ DODQODU VUDV\OD

(1) , Ai ve ykseklikleri,

mi ve M i  RODQ GLN SUL]PDODUQ KDFLPOHULQH HLWWLU (1 HLWVL]OLL GLNNDWH DOQUVD nceki kesimdeki WRSODPQ

mi Ai f ( xi* , yi* )Ai M i Ai

i =1 i =1 i =1
HNOLQGH DOWWDQ YH VWWHQ VQUOD\DELOLUL] EN] HNLO 

(2)

. D E|OJHVLQLQ VRQVX] SDUoDODQ durumunda, Ai  DODQODU VIUD \DNODUNHQ z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun, her bir alt blgedeki

HQ NoN YH HQ E\N GHHUOHUL GH GRDO RODUDN ELUELUOHULQH \DNODDFDNWU 'ROD\V\OH

m A
i i =1

ve

M A
i i =1

i WRSODPODUD\QELUOLPLWH\DNQVD\DFDNYHEXOLPLW

inGHHUL de, WDEDQ

D blgesi olan dik silindirin, z = f ( x, y )  \]H\L LOH VWWHQVQUODQPDV\OD HOGHHGLOHQ FLVPLQ KDFPL RODFDNWU(HU, bu hacmi V ile gsterirsek, (2HLWVL]OLLQGHQ n iin limite geer YHVDQGYLoNXUDOQdikkate alUVDN

f ( x , y )A = f ( x, y )dxdy = lim = V
* i * i i i =1 D n

(3)

yazabiliriz. Buna gre, z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun, bir D E|OJHVL ]HULQGHQ DOQDQ LNL NDWO integraliWDEDQ bu D blgesi olan YHWDYDQda z = f ( x, y ) yzeyi ile belirlenen dik silindirin hacPLQHHLWWLU

7DQP 

f ( x, y)dxdy
D

 HNOLQGH YHULOHQ LNL NDWO LQWHJUDOGH

x ve yye integrasyon

GHLNHQOHUL, f ( x, y ) ye integrand ve D blgesine de integrasyon blgesi denir.

160

Teorem 2. (Birinci Fubini Teoremi). z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu, D = {( x, y ) a x b, c y d } R 2

E|OJHVLQGHWDQPOYHVUHNOLROVXQ%XGXUXPGD

f ( x, y )dxdy
D

LNLNDWOLQWHJUDOL

d b b d f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( x, y )dx dy = f ( x, y )dy dx c a a c

(4)

HNOLQGHWHNNDWO DUGNLQWHJUDOOHUELoLPLQGHKHVDSODQDELOLU

VSDW

f ( x, y )dxdy
D

LQWHJUDOL WDEDQ

x=a, x=b, y=c ve y=d

GRUXODU LOH EHOLUOHQHQ

GLNG|UWJHQ YH WDYDQ GD

z = f ( x, y ) yzeyi ile belirlenen cismin

KDFPL RODFDNWU %X KDF

mi,

ekil 2deki JLEL WDEDQQQ VRQVX] SDUoDODQPDV\OD HOGH HGLOHQ GLN SUL]PD HNOLQGHNL KDFLP elemanODUQQWRSODPRODUDNGQbiliriz.

HNLOGHNL

KLMNE|OJHVLQLQDODQ
d

A( KLMN ) = f ( x, y )dy
c

(5)

ve KLMNPQRS cisminin hacmi de

b d V = H ( KLMNPQRS ) = f ( x, y )dy dx a c

(6)

olur. Bu sefer KPQLE|OJHVLQLGLNNDWHDOUVDN

161

A( KPQL) = f ( x, y )dx
a

(7)

ve KLMNPQRS cisminin hacmi de

d b V = H ( KLMNPQRS ) = f ( x, y )dx dy c a

(8)

ROXU6RQXoRODUDNLNLNDWOLQWHJUDOLQKHVDSODQPDVLoLQ

d b b d V = f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( x, y )dx dy = f ( x, y )dy dx D c a a c

(9)

HNOLQGHDUGNLQWHJUDOIRUPOOHULQLHOGHHGHUL]

Not NL NDWO LQWHJUDOLQ DUGN LQWHJUDOOHU LOH KHVDSODQPDV LoLQ WDQP NPHVLQLQ PXWODND GLNG|UWJHQE|OJHROPDV]RUXQOXGHLOGLULPGLEXQXQODLOJLOi teoremi verelim.

Teorem 3 NLQFL )XELQL 7HRUHPL u ( x) ve v( x) , [a, b ]  NDSDO DUDOQGD WDQPO YH VUHNOL fonksiyonlar ve z = f ( x, y ) de, D = {( x, y ) a x b, u ( x ) y v ( x)} R 2 basit
GH\ E|OJHVLQGH WDQPO YH VUHNOL IRQNVL\RQ ROVXQ %X GXUXPGD

f ( x, y )dxdy
D

iki

NDWOLQWHJUDOL

b v(x) f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( x, y )dy dx a u ( x )

(10)

HNOLQGHWHNNDWODUGNLQWHJUDOELoLPLQGHKHVDSODQDELOLU

. Burada, D basit blgesi ile z = f ( x, y ) \]H\LQLQ WDQPODG FLVPLQ xy-dzlemindeki WDEDQQQ HNLO 4GH J|UOG JLEL DOW YH VW NHQDUODU VUDV\OD u ( x ) ve v ( x )  IRQNVL\RQODU LOH belirlenen ve y-HNVHQLQH SDUDOHO RODQ HULWOHUH E|OQG YDUVD\OU %X HULWOHU ile z = f ( x, y )
VSDW \]H\LQLQ EHOLUOHGLL KDFLP HOHPDQODUQQ WRSODP

aranan hacmi verecektir. z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu,

%HQ]HU

RODUDN

HHU

162

D = {( x, y ) u ( y ) x v ( y ), c y d } R 2
EDVLW\DWD\E|OJHVLQGHWDQPODQPVDLNLNDWO

(11)

integral (12)

v( y) f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( x, y )dx dy c u ( y )
d

HNOLQGH KHVDSODQDELOLU %XUDGD GD

D

WDQP NPHVL

HNVHQLQH SDUDOHO HULWOHUH E|OQP HNLO KDFPLQ EX HULWOHU LOH

, x4.4) ve toplam

hacim elemDQODUQQ
DOQPWU

z = f ( x, y )  \]H\LQLQ EHOLUOHGLL WRSODPQD HLW ROGXX dikkate

rnek 1. z = xy fonksiyonunun, x D = ( x, y ) 1 x 3, y 2 x R 2 2
EDVLWGH\E|OJHVLQGHNLLNLNDWOLQWHJUDOLQLKHVDSOD\Q]

zm. D E|OJHVL HNLO .5GH J|VWHULOGLL JLEL ELU GH\ EDVLW E|OJH olup, y-HNVHQLQH SDUDOHO HULWOHUGHQ
ROXWXXGQOUVH

3 2x f ( x, y )dxdy = xydy dx 1 x/2

\D]DELOLUL]gQFHLoWHNLLQWHJUDOLDOUVDN

3 2x 3 1 xydxdy = xydy dx = xy 2 21 D 1 x/2

2x

dx
x/2

= =

1 x 2 x(4 x 4 )dx 21 1 15 x3
2

) 4

dx =

15
8

x dx
3 1

elde ederiz. Buradan da

163

 xydxdy =
D

15 3 15 4 3 x dx = 32 x 1 8 1 15 4 4 15 75 (3 1 ) = 80 = 32 32 2

sonucunu elde ederiz.

rnek 2. z = e x + y fonksiyonunun, D = {( x, y ) y x 2 y , 0 y 2} R 2
EDVLW\DWD\E|OJHVLQGHNLLNLNDWOLQWHJUDOLQLKHVDSOD\Q]

zm. DE|OJHVLEDVLW\DWD\E|OJHRODUDNWDQPODQGQGDQ
2 2 y e x + y dxdy = e x + y dx dy D 0 y

yazabiliriz. Buna gre

e
D

x+ y

2 2 y x+ y dxdy = e dx dy = e x + y 0 y 0 2 2

2y y

dy
2

1 1 = (e3 y e 2 y )dy = ( e3 y e2 y ) 3 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 = ( e6 e 4 ) ( ) 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 = e6 e 4 + 3 2 6 sonucunu elde ederiz.

rnek 3. D blgesi, y = x 2 parabol ile y = 2 x GRUXVXDUDVQGDNDODQE|OJHROGXXQDJ|UH, z = 2 x + y 1 fonksiyonunun D blgesindeki LNLNDWOLQWHJUDOLQL basit yatay blge forml ile
KHVDSOD\Q]

zm. y = x 2 parabol ile y = 2 x  GRUXVXQXQ NHVLP QRNWDODU (0,0) ve (2,4)tr. D E|OJHVLQLHNLO4GDJ|UOGJLELELUEDVLW\DWD\E|OJHRODUDNGLNNDWHDOUVDN

164

4 y (2 x + y 1)dxdy = (2 x + y 1) dx dy D 0 y/2

yazabiliriz. Buna gre

2 (2 x + y 1)dxdy = ( x + xy x) D 0 4 y y/2

dy

4 y2 y2 y = ( y + y 3/ 2 y1/ 2 ) ( + ) dy 4 2 2 0 4 3y2 3y = + + y 3/ 2 y1/ 2 dy 4 2 0

y 3 3 y 2 2 y 5/ 2 2 y 3/ 2 ) = ( + + 4 4 5 3 0 = 43 3 4 2 2 45 / 2 2 43/ 2 + + 4 4 5 3 64 16 = 16 + 12 + 5 3 52 = 15 , D blgesi,
HNLO

VRQXFXQD XODU] (HU

4.7deki gibi bLU EDVLW GH\ E|OJH RODUDN VHoLOirse,

bu durumda da
2 2x (2 x + y 1) dxdy = (2 x + y 1)dy dx D 0 x2

y2 = (2 xy + y ) dx 2 0 x2
2 x4 = (4 x 2 + 2 x 2 2 x) (2 x3 + x 2 ) dx 2 0

2x

= (
0

x4 2 x 3 + 7 x 2 2 x)dx 2
2

x5 x 4 7 x3 = + x2 10 2 3 0 =

25 24 7 23 + 22 10 2 3 16 56 = + 12 5 3 52 = 15

165

elde edilirdi. Bu rnekten GH J|UOG JLEL NL NDWO ELU LQWHJUDOLQ KHVDSODQPDV D WDQP NPHVLni, integral hesaE daha kolay yapPDN DPDF\ODGH\ ya da yatay basit blge olarak alabiliriz.
D\Q VRQXo VUDVQGD LQWHJUDQGQ

Teorem 4. Di (i = 1, 2,..., n) ler, kme olan blgeler ve D = *Di

i =1 n

VQU oL]JLOHUL KDULo ROPDN ]HUH LNLHU LNLHU DUDNHVLWOHUL ER

(13)

olmak ]HUHHHU z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonu, Di (i = 1, 2,..., n) alt blgelerinin her birindHWDQPO ve srekli ise

f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( x, y )dxdy + f ( x, y )dxdy + ... + f ( x, y )dxdy

D D1 D2 Dn

(14)

olur. .

VSDW

f ( x, y)dxdy
D

integralinin, D blgesi ile f ( x, y ) \]H\LDUDVQGDNDODQFLVPLQKDFPLROGXXGQOUVHEX hacmin, (14) deki gibi, arakesitlerL ER NPH RODQ n WDQH FLVPLQ KDFLPOHUL WRSODP HNOLQGH
\D]ODELOHFHLNROD\FDDQODOU

7HRUHP  JHUHLQFH ELU LNL NDWO LQWHJUDO KHVDSODQUNHQ LQWHJUDQG E|OJHVL DUDNHVLWOHUL ER NPH RODQ VRQOX VD\GD EDVLW E|OJHQLQ ELUOHLPL RODUDN GQOHELOLU LPGL EXQD ELU |UQHN

verelim.

rnek 4. DWDQP E|OJHVL y = 2 x y = x + 6 GRUXODULOH x olmak zere

GRUXVXQXQ EHOLUOHGLLE|OJH

xydxdy
D
LQWHJUDOLQLKHVDSOD\Q]

zm. HNLO4.8de gUOG]HUH D = D1 D2 ve D1 D2 = ROGXXQGDQ

166

 xydxdy = xydxdy + xydxdy

D D1 D2

olur. Her iki blge de,HNLOGHJ|VWHULOGLLJLEL,EDVLWGH\E|OJHOHURODUDNGLNNDWHDOQUVD

2 2x 6 x +6 xydxdy = xydy dx + xydy dx D 0 0 2 0

xy 2 xy 2 = ( ) dx + ( ) 2 0 2 0 0 2 = 2 x3 dx +
0 2 2 6

2x

x +6

dx

x( x + 6)2 dx 2
6

x = 2

4 2

1 x4 + ( 4 x3 + 3 x 2 ) 2 4 0 2

1 64 24 = 8 + ( 4 63 + 3 6 2 ) ( 4 2 3 + 3 2 2 ) 2 4 4 1 = 8 + (432 16) = 216 2 sonucunu elde ederiz.

NL.DWOQWHJUDOOHULQ'LHUg]HOOLNOHUL

i) f ( x, y ) ve g ( x, y ) ler, D E|OJHVLQGH WDQPO YH VUHNOL LNL IRQNVL\RQ YH h ile k keyfi iki sabit olmak zere

[hf ( x, y) + kg ( x, y)] dxdy = h f ( x, y)dxdy + k g ( x, y)dxdy

D D D

(1)

olur. ii)(HU'E|OJHVLQLQKHU\HULQGH f ( x, y ) g ( x, y ) ise

f ( x, y )dxdy g ( x, y )dxdy
D D
HLWVL]OLLVDODQU

(2)

iii) (NL .DWO QWHJUDO KHVDEQ RUWDODPD GHHU WHRUHPL). f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun, D blgesindeki en NoNYHHQE\NGHHUOHULVUDV\ODm ve M ve DE|OJHVLQLQDODQA olmak zere, mA < f ( x, y )dxdy < MA
D

(3)

167

HLWVL]OLNOHUL \D]ODELOHFHLQGHQ

ve f ( x, y )  VUHNOL ( x0 , y0 ) D QRNWDVEXOXQDELOLUNL, bu nokta iin

ELU IRQNVL\RQ ROGXXQGDQ |OH ELU

f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( x , y ) A
0 0 D

(4)

ya da f ( x0 , y0 ) = 1 f ( x, y )dxdy A D (5)

\D]ODELOLU%XUDGD

, f ( x0 , y0 ) nin (6) kkat edilmelidir. (5) ile verilen f ( x0 , y0 )  GHHULQH

m < f ( x0 , y0 ) < M
HLWVL]OLLQL VDOD\DQ ELU VD\ ROGXXQD GL

f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun, DE|OJHVLQGHNLRUWDODPDGHHULGHQLU iv) f ( x, y ) , DE|OJHVLQGHWDQPOYHVUHNOLELr fonksiyon olmak zere

f ( x, y )dxdy
D D
HLWVL]OLLYDUGU

f ( x, y ) dxdy

(7)

v) DE|OJHVLQLQDODQA ise, f ( x, y ) = 1 DOQarak, A = dxdy

D

(8)

elde edilir.

rnek 1. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 fonksiyonunun, x = 0, x = 2, y = 0, y = 1  belirlenen DE|OJHVL]HULQGHQRUWDODPDVQEXOXQX]

GRUXODU

ile

zm. ( x0 , y0 ) D olmak zere, f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 fonksiyonunun, sz konusu blgedeki RUWDOD GHHUL f ( x , y ) olsun. Bu durumda, LNL NDWO LQWHJUDO KHVDEQ RUWDODma GHHU WHRUHPL 0 0
JHUHLQFH

f ( x0 , y0 ) =

1 f ( x, y )dxdy A D

yazabiliriz. DE|OJHVLQLQDODQ

168

A = 2 br 2
ROGXXQDJ|UH

1 2 1 1 f ( x0 , y0 ) = f ( x, y )dxdy = ( x 2 + y 2 )dx dy AD 2 0 0

1 x3 1 8 2 2 ( 3 + xy ) dy = 2 ( 3 + 2 y )dy 20 0 0
1

1 8 y 2 y3 1 8 2 5 f ( x0 , y0 ) = ( + ) = ( + )= 2 3 3 0 6 3 3 9 elde edilir. O halde, D blgesinde f ( x0 , y0 ) = x0 2 + y0 2 =

GHQNOHPLQL VDOD\DQ QRNWDODU

5 9 da yani, merkezi (0,0)

YH \DUoDS

r = 5 / 3 olan emberin, D f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 fonksiyonu E|OJHVL LoHULVLQGH NDODQ \D\ ]HULQGHNL QRNWDODUQ KHSVLQGH, Not: Bir fonksiyon, belli bir D da alabilir.

RUWDODPDGHHULQHVDKLSWLUYHEXGHHUGXU

E|OJHVLQGHNL RUWDODPD GHHULQL E|OJHQLQ \DOQ]FD ELU

QRNWDVQGD DODELOHFHL JLEL \XNDUGDNL |UQHNWH ROGXX JLEL E|OJHQLQ ELUGHQ

ok noktaVQGD

rnek 2.

HNLO

4.9da verilen D

E|OJHVLQLQ DODQQ

KHVDSOD\Q]

zm. nce GRUXQXQGHQNOHPLQLEXODOP x y + =1 y = x + 2 . 2 2

LPGLGHSDUDEROLOHGRUXQXQNHVLPQRNWDODUQEXODOP 3DUDEROYHGRUXIRQNVL\RQODUQHLWOHUVHN

x 2 = x + 2 x 2 x 2 = 0 ( x + 1)( x 2) = 0 x1 = 1, x2 = 2 elde ederiz. O halde,

NHVLP QRNWDODU VUDV\OD

A(-1, 1) ve (2,4)dU %XQD J|UH EDVLW GH\

E|OJHRODUDNGLNNDWHDOUVDN

DE|OJHVLQLQDODQ

169

2 2 x+2 x+2 A = dxdy = dy dx = y x 2 dx = ( x + 2 x 2 )dx D 1 x 2 1 1 2

x2 x3 = + 2x 2 3 olur.

=(
1

22 23 (1) 2 (1)3 7 )= + 2 2 ) ( + 2 (1) 2 3 2 3 2

4.4NL.DWOQWHJUDOOHUGH'HLNHQ'HLWLULOPHVL%|OJH'|QPOHUL uv-dzleminde bir B blgesinin HNLO 4.10DGD J|VWHULOGLL JLEL koordinat eksenlerine SDUDOHOGRUXODUODVRQVX]SDUoDODQ ile bu SDUoDODQQELU K M DODQHOHPDQQ GLNNDWH L N DODOPuv-dzleminden, xy-d]OHPLQHELUE|OJHG|QP x = x(u , v ) T y = y (u , v)
G|QP IRUPOOHUL LOH YHULOVLQ

(1)

uv-dzlemindeki bir B blgesi, T G|QP LOH xyLM N alan elemDQGDKLMNDODQHOHPDQQDG|QVQ dzlemindeki bir D blgesine ve K HNLO 4.10(b)de, K QRNWDVQQ NRRUGLQDWODU K ( x, y ) = K ( x (u , v ), y (u , v )) olsun. Bu durumda,
SDUoDODQQ VRQVX] ROPDV QHGHQL\OH LNLQFL PHUWHEHGHQ WUHYOHUL LoHUHQ WHULPOHUL LKPDO

edersek, L, ve N N (x +

QRNWDODUQQ

NRRUGLQDWODUQ

VUDV\OD

L( x +

x y du , y + du )  HNOLQGH \D]DELOLUL] KLMN DODQ HOHPDQQQ DODQ dA , KLN gen u u DODQQQ LNL NDWGU KLN oJHQLQLQ DODQ N|HOHULQLQ \XNDUGD YHUGLLPL] NRRUGLQDWODU cinsinden

x y dv, y + dv ) v v

ve

170

x x dA = x + dv v x x + du u

y 1 y y + dv 1 v y y + du 1 u

(2)

HNOLQGHLIDGHHGLOHELOLU'HWHUPLQDQWDoOUYHG]HQOHQLUVH

dA =

x y x y dudv = J dudv u v v u

(3)

elde edilir. Burada J, TG|QPQQ-DFRELGHWHUPLQDQW olup x ( x, y ) u = J= (u , v ) x v y u x v

(4)

DE|OJHVLQGHWDQPOYHVUHNOLELU z = f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun LNL NDWO LQWHJUDOLQL VRQVX] SDUoDODQQ x- ve y-HNVHQOHULQH SDUDOHO GRUXODUOD \DSOG
EDQWV\ODWDQPODQULPGL GXUXPGLNNDWHDODOPYHEXLQWHJUDOL

I = f ( x, y )dxdy
D
LOHJ|VWHUHOLP+DOEXNLHNLO

(5) 4.10EGHNLSDUoDODQGLNNDWHDOGP]GDI integralini (6)

I = f ( x(u , v), y (u , v))dA

B
HNOLQGH \D]PDP] JHUHNLU %XUDGD

dA HNLO 4.10EGH J|VWHULOHQ VRQVX] SDUoDODQQ DODQ elHPDQQQDODQROXSIRUPOLOHEHOOLGLU2KDOGHLIDGHVLQL6)da yerine yazar ve (5) I = f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( x(u , v), y (u , v )) J dudv
D B

LOHHLWOLLQLGLNNDWHDOUVDNLNLNDWOLQWHJUDOLoLQGHLNHQGHLWLUPHIRUPOGHGLLPL]

(7)

EDQWVQ HOGH HGHU

, ( x, y ) (u , v)  HNOLQGH ELU GHLNHQ GHLLPL \DSODFDNVD dxdy yerine dudv  GHLO J dudv

iz. Sonu olarak,

HHU LNL NDWO ELU LQWHJUDOGH   LOH YHULOGLL JLEL

\D]OPDOGU

rnek 1. D blgesi, x + y = 1,

x + y = 2, x y = 2,

x y = 1 GRUXODULOHYHULOPHNWHGLU

171

u = x+ y v = x y
G|QPIRUPOOHULLOH

D blgesi, uv-dzlemindeki bir BE|OJHVLQHG|QWUOPHNWHGLU%XQD

gre I = ( x y ) 2 dxdy
D

integralini, yeni GHLNHQOHUFLQVLQGHQKHVDSOD\Q] zm. D E|OJHVL HNLO 4.11(a)), u = x + y , v = x y  G|QPOHUL 4.10(b)deki BE|OJHVLQHG|QU%XQDJ|UHG|QPQ-DFRELGHWHUPLQDQW

DOWQGD

HNLO

J=

( x, y ) 1 1 1 = = = (u , v ) 1 1 (u , v ) 2 ( x, y ) 1 1

ROGXXQGDQ

I = ( x y ) 2 dxdy = v 2 J dudv
D B

1 1 2 2 1 2 1 32 7 2 v dudv = 2 v (u 1 )dv = 2 v dv = 6 v 1 = 6 211 1 1

2 2

sonucu elde edilir. QWHJUDOL GHLNHQ GHLWLUPH LOHPLQL X\JXODPDGDQ GRUXGDQ D blgesi
]HULQGHQ KHVDSODPD\D oDODUDN X\JXQ ELU HNLOGH \DSODQ GHLNHQ GHLWLUPHQLQ VDODG

kola\ONJ|UOHELOLU

172

4.4. Ulak Koordinatlarda NL.DWOQWHJUDOOHU

'LN NRRUGLQDWODUGD WDQPO ELU

f ( x, y ) fonksiyonunun, D R 2  E|OJHVL ]HULQGHQ LNL NDWO LQWHJUDOLQL GLNNDWH DODOP %D]HQ EX LQWHJUDOLQ KHVDE XoODN NRRUGLQDWODrda olduka kolay olabilir. Bylesi durumda, integrale x = r cos y = r sin
%XUDGDGLNNRRUGLQDWVLVWHPLQLQ RULMLQL XoODNNRRUGLQDWVLVWHPLQLQXoODNQRNWDV YH

(1) x-ekseni

GH XoODN HNVHQL RODUDN VHoLOPLWLU ']OHPLQ KHU KDQJL ELU QRNWDVQ GLNNDWH DOGP]GD

r YH \DUoDS YHNW|UQQXoODNHNVHQLLOHSR]LWLI\|QGH\DSWDoGD GU%|\OHFe, D blgesi zerinden LNLNDWOLQWHJUDOi, ulak koordinatlarda,

XoODN QRNWDVQ V|] NRQXVX QRNWD\D EDOD\DQ \DUoDS YHNW|UQQ E\NO

I = f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( x(r , ), y (r , ))dA

D D
HNOLQGH\D]DELOLUL]

(2)

Burada, dA, XoODNNRRUGLQDWODUGDVHoLOHQDODQHODPDQQQDODQGU8oODN NRRUGLQDWODUGD DODQ HODPDQ r = sabit ve =sabit  HULOHUL LOH ROXWXUXOXU HNLO  LPGL dAQQGHHULQLKHVDSOD\DOPHNLO2deki KLMNDODQHOHPDQQGLNNDWHDODOP%XDODQQ DOWYHVWNHQDUODUVUDV\OD r ve r+dr\DUoDSOoHPEHU\D\ODU YHNHQDUODUGDVUDV\OD ve + d  GRUXODUQGDQ ROXPDNWDGU Bylece, sonsuz paralanma durumunda bir dikdrtgen

RODUDNGQHELOHFHLPL]./01DODQHOHPDQQQDODQ

dA = rdrd

(3)

olur. (HU(3) ile verilen DODQHODPDQQ, (2) integralinde yerine yazarsak I = f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( x(r , ), y (r , ))rdrd
D D
LQWHJUDOG|QPIRUPO

(4)

n elde ederiz. Burada

173

J =

x ( x, y ) = r yr ( r , )

x y

=r

(5)
a r b ve iin tm D DODQQ

ROGXX NROD\FD J|VWHULOHELOLU (HU DODQ HODPDQ

WDUDPROXUVDLOHYHULOHQLQWHJUDOLDUGNLQWHJUDOOHUFLQVLQGHQ

b f ( x(r , ), y (r , ))rdrd = f ( x(r , ), y (r , ))rdr d a b = f ( x(r , ), y (r , ))rd dr a

(6)

HNOLQGH\D]DELOLUL]

rnek 1. 8oODNNRRUGLQDWODU\DUGP\OD D =

{( x, y ) 1 x 2, 0 y 2 x} blgesi zerinden

y
D

x 2 + y 2 dxdy (atan(2)=1.1071 rad=63o.435).

LQWHJUDOLQLKHVDSOD\Q]

zm. HNLO 3GHQ J|UOHFHL ]HUH D blgesi, y=0 ve y=2x GRUXODU LOH x=1 ve x  GRUXODU
WDUDIQGDQ VQUODQPWU .DUWH]\HQ YH XoODN

koordinatlDUDUDVQGD x = r cos y = r sin ya da r = x 2 + y 2 , tan = y x D blgesinin 1 2 r cos cos

G|QP IRUPOOHUL ROGXXQD J|UH XoODNNRRUGLQDWODUGDNLVQUODULoLQ

0 tan 2 0 1.1071rad ve

yazabiliriz. Ulak koordinaWODUD G|QPGH -DFREL GHWHUPLQDQW J = r  ROGXXQdan aranan integral

174

2 2 y x + y dxdy = D

1.1071 2 / cos

1.1071 2 / cos r sin r 2 rdr d = sin r 3 dr d 0 1/ cos 1/ cos

1 = 4 = = 1 4

1.1071

sin (r 4 ) 2 / cos d 1/ cos sin ( 16 1 )d 4 cos cos 4

1.1071

15 4

1.1071

sin d cos 4

olur. Burada, u = cos GHLNHQGHLWLUPHVL\DSDUak da

y
D

x 2 + y 2 dxdy = =

15 du 5 1 = 4 u4 4 u3
1.1071

5 1 4 cos3

=
0

5 (11.1803 1) 4

= 12.7254
VRQXFXQDXODU]

rnek 2. D blgesi, 2 x 2 + 6 xy + 5 y 2 = 1 HOLSVLLOHWDQPODQGQDJ|UH x = 2u v y = u + v

G|QPIRUPOOHUL\DUGP\OD

2 x 2 + 6 xy + 5 y 2 dxdy

LQWHJUDOLQLKHVDSOD\Q]

zm. $QDOLWLNJHRPHWULGHQELOLQGLL]HUHNDUWH]\HQNRRUGLQDtlarda genel konik denklemi Ax 2 + 2 Bxy + Cy 2 + 2 Dx + 2 Ey + F = 0

HNOLQGHGLU.RQLLQDVDOHNVHQLQLQ

x-HNVHQLLOHSR]LWLI\|QGH\DSW DoV

tan 2 =

2B AC d ve D determinantlarNRQLLQWUQEHOLUOHU 175

EDQWVLOHYHULOLU$DGDYHULOHQ

A B d= , B C

A B D= B C D E

D E. F

Buna gre, konikleriXHNLOGHVQIODQGUDELOLUL] D<0 D=0 D>0 D<0 D=0 D>0 D<0 D=0 D>0 Hiperbol,
.HVLHQLNLGRUX+LSHUEROLNGRUXODU

d<0

Hiperbol, Parabol,
3DUHOHOLNL'RUX

d=0

d>0

Parabol, Elips, Nokta, Sanal elips.

gUQHLPL]HG|QHUVHN

2 3 d= = 1 > 0, 3 5

2 3 D= 3 5

0 0 = 1 < 0 0 0 1

2 x 2 + 6 xy + 5 y 2 = 1 ifadesi bir elips gstermektedir. Sz konusu elipsin asal ekseninin, x-HNVHQLLOHSR]LWLI\|QGH\DSW DoV ise
ROGXXQGDQ

tan 2 =

2B 6 = = 2 AC 25 D
E|OJHVL HNLO

LOH EHOOLGLU %X KDWUODWPDODUGDQ VRQUD SUREOHPLQ o|]PQH JHOHOLP

DGDNLJLELELUHOLSWLNE|OJHGLU(HUYHULOHQHOLSVGHQNOHPLQHLOJLOLG|QPIRUPOOHULQL

uygularsak 2 x 2 + 6 xy + 5 y 2 = 1 2(2u v) 2 + 6(2u v)( u + v) + 5(u + v )2 = = (8u 2 8uv + 2v 2 ) + (12u 2 + 18uv 6v 2 ) + (5u 2 10uv + 5v 2 ) = u 2 + v2 = 1 B elde ederiz. O halde, xy-dzlemindeki D eliptik blgesi, uv-dzleminde birim emberin B blgesine G|QPHNWHGLUHNLOE'|QPQ-DFRELGHWHUPLQDQWLVH J = x ( x, y ) = u yu (u , v) xv 2 1 = =1 yv 1 1

EHOLUOHGLL

176

dir. O halde,

2 x 2 + 6 xy + 5 y 2 dxdy = u 2 + v 2 dudv
B

yazabiliriz. LPGL GH XoODN NRRUGLQDWODUD G|QP \DSDUVDN -DFREL GHWHUPLQDQWQQ J = r

ROGXXGLNNDWHDOQUVD

2 x 2 + 6 xy + 5 y 2 dxdy = u 2 + v 2 dudv = r 2 rdrd

B B

= r 2 drd =
B 2

r dr d
2 0 0 2

= elde edilir.

r 1 d = 3 0 3

3 1

d =
0

2 3

rnek 3. r = 1 + cos  NDUGL\RGLQLQ GQda ve r  oHPEHULQLQ LoLQGH NDODQ E|OJHQLQ DODQQ bulunuz. zm.

%HOLUWLOHQ

E|OJH

HNLO

GH

J|VWHULOPLWLU

Buna greWDUDOblgenin DODQ

177

A = rdrd =
D

3 2

2 1 1 1 rdr d = r 2 d 2 0 1+cos 1+cos 3 2

1 = 2

1 (1 + cos )
3 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

2 cos + cos 1

3 2

2 cos + 2 (1 + cos 2 ) d
1 1
0

2 cos + 2 + 2 cos 2 ) d
3 2

1 1 1 2 = 2sin + + sin 2 2 2 4

1 3 = ( 2 + + 0) (2 + + 0) 2 4 4 1 4 = (4 + ) = 2 2 olur.

4.5. QFH%LU/HYKDQQ.WOHVL xy-dzleminde verilen bir D blgesiQL E|OJOHUH D\UDOP D E|OJHVLQLQ DODQ A ve blglerin DODQ GD A (i = 1, 2,..., n)  ROVXQ %|OJOHULQ KHU ELULQLQ Lo NVPQGDNL KHU KDQJL ( x , y ) i i i QRNWDODUQ GLNNDWH DODOP YH EX QRNWDODUGDNL \RXQOXNODU ( x , y ) ile gsterelim. (HU i-ci i i blgnn ktlesini M i ile gsterirsek M i = ( xi , yi )Ai
HNOLQGHLIDGHHGHELOLUL]%|OJVD\VQQVRQVX]ROPDVGXUXPXQGDHHU

(1)

lim ( xi , yi ) Ai
n i =1

(2)

limiti sonlu ELU VD\\D \DNQV\RUVD EX OLPLWH, D E|OJHVLQL NDSVD\DQ LQFH OHYKDQQ NWOHVL denir. O halde, iNLNDWOLQWHJUDOWDQPQGDQ\DUDUODQDUDNsz konusu lHYKDQQNWOHVLQL

178

M = ( x, y ) dxdy
D
HNOLQGH\D]DELOLUL]

(3)

rnek 1. D blgesi x=0, x=2, y=0 ve y  GRUXODU LOH EHOLUOHQHQ LQFH OHYKD ROXS OHYKDQQ \RXQOXXy-HNVHQLQHX]DNONODGRUXRUDQWOGU/HYKDQQNWOHVLQLKHVDSOD\Q] zm 2UDQW NDWVD\V k olmak zere, blge ierisindeki her hangi bir (x,y QRNWDVQGDNL
\RXQOXX

( x, y ) = kx
HNOLQGHLIDGHHGHELOLUL]2KDOGHV|]NRQXVXOHYKDQQNWOHVL

x2 M = ( x, y )dxdy = kxdxdy = k dy 2 0 D 0 0 0 = 2k dy = 4k
0 2

2 2

olur.

rnek 2. D blgesiPHUNH]OHULQRNWDVQGDEXOXQDQr=2 ve r \DUoDSOLNLHPHUNH]OL dDLUH DUDVQGD NDODQ E|OJH ROXS E|OJH LoHULVLQGHNL \RXQOXN RUMLQH RODQ X]DNONOD WHUV RUDQWOGUDE|OJHVLQLQWDQPODGLQFHOHYKDQQNWOHVLQLKHVDSOD\Q] zm ' E|OJHVL HNLO GD J|VWHULOGLL JLELGLU LPGL D blgesini kapsayan ince levKD\ GLNNDWHDODOP ( x, y ) D  QRNWDVQGDNL /HYKDQQ KHU KDQJL ELU
\RXQOXXNRUDQWVDELWLROPDN]HUH

1 =k , r

r = x2 + y 2

HNOLQGHLIDGHHGLOHELOLU2KDOGHOHYKDQQNWOHVLLoLQ

M = ( x, y )dxdy =
D D

k x + y2
2

dxdy

yazabiliriz8oODNNRRUGLQDWODUDG|P\DSDUYH J = r ROGXXQXda KDWUODUVDN

179

k 4 M = rdrd = k drd =k r 2 d = 2k d = 4 k r D 0 2 0 0
GHHULQLHOGHHGHUL]

2 4

4.6. %LU/HYKDQQ0RPHQWLYH$UON0HUNH]L Bir D E|OJHVL LOH WDQPODQDQ LQFH ELU OHYKDQQ NRRUGLQDW HNVHQOerine gre momentleri, iki NDWOLQWHJUDOOHU\DUGP\ODLIDGHHGLOHELOLU%XUDGDKDUHNHWQRNWDV,ELUOHYKDQQKHUKDQJLELU
HNVHQHJ|UHWRSODPPRPHQWLQLQOHYKD\ROXWXUDQVRQVX]E|OJGHNLKHUELUNWOHHOHPDQQQ

sz konusu eksene gre mementleri toplamQDHLWROGXXGXUgQFHNLNHVLPGHROGXXJLEL D E|OJHVLQLQELUE|OJVQGLNNDWHDODOPi-FLE|OJQQDODQQ A (i = 1, 2,..., n) \RXQOXXQX i ( xi , yi ) ile gsterir ve blg ierisindeki keyfi bir ( xi , yi ) noNWDVQGLNNDWHDOUVDNEXNWOH HOHPDQQQx- ve y-HNVHQOHULQHJ|UHPRPHQWOHULVUDV\OD M x = yi ( xi , yi )Ai M y = xi ( xi , yi )Ai
HNOLQGH WDQPODQU %|\OHFH VRQVX] E|OQ GLNNDWH DOQDUDN

(1)

D OHYKDVQQ HNVHQOHU J|UH

toplam momentleri iin M x = y ( x, y )dxdy D M y = x ( x, y )dxdy D

LNLNDWOLQWHJUDOOHULQLHOGHH

(2)

deriz.

7DQP  $UON 0HUNH]L PRPHQWOHULVUDV\OD

. Ktlesi M olan bir D OHYKDVQQ x- ve y-eksenlerine gre Mx ve My olsun. MNWOHOLQRNWDVDOELUFLVPLQ'OHYKDV\ODD\Q Mx ve MyPRPHQWOHULQHVDKLS ROPDV LoLQVDKLSROPDV JHUHNHQNRRUGLQDWODUQD DOHYKDVQQ DUON merkezi denir.
%X WDQPD J|UH IL]LNVHO ED] SUREOHPOHULQ o|]P VUDVQGD ELU

D OHYKDVQ, istersek tm NWOHVL DUON PHUNH]LQGH WRSODQP JLEL dikkate DODELOHFHLPL] DQODOU O halde, aUON PHUNH]LQLQNRRUGLQDWODUQ ( x , y ) LOHJ|VWHULUVHN7DQPJHUHLQFH M x = My M y = Mx
\DGDEDQWODUQGDGLNNDWHDODUDNDUONPHUNH]LQLQNRRUGLQDWODULoLQ

(3)

180

x=

1 M

x ( x, y)dxdy
y ( x, y )dxdy D
D

(4)

1 y= M

yazabiliriz. Burada, Mnin, DOHYKDVQQNWOHVLROGXXQXYH nceki kesimin (3) nolu forml

LOHYHULOGLLQLKDWUODWDOP

rnek 1. DE|OJHVLPHUNH]LQRNWDVQGDRODQr \DUoDSOGDLUHQLQI. blgedeki, drtte ELUOLN NVP ROGXXQD J|UH D E|OJHVLQL NDSVD\DQ KRPRMHQ \RXQOXNOX LQFH OHYKDQQ DUON
PHUNH]LQLKHVDSOD\Q]

zm. D

E|OJHVLQL NDSVD\DQ KRPRMHQ \RXQOXNOX LQFH

OHYKDQQHNLONWOHVL

1 M = ( r 2 ) = 4 4
GLU LPGL V|] NRQXVX OHYKDQQ DUON PHUNH]LQLQ NRRUGLQDWQKHVDSOD\DOP

x=

1 M

x ( x, y)dxdy = M xdxdy = xdxdy .

D D D

(HUXoODNNRRUGLQDWODUDJHoHUVHN

4 4 x = r cos rdrd = D = 4 3
/2

/2

1 2 r dr cos d 0
/2
0

cos d = 3 sin
0

4 3

elde ederiz. Simetri nedeniyle de y= 4 3 , ( 4 4 , ) QRNWDVQGDGU$\Q 3 3

ROGXX DQODOU2KDOGH V|]NRQXVXOHYKDQQDUONPHUNH]L OHYKDQQ

x-HNVHQLQHJ|UHPRPHQWLLVHYHEDQWODUQGDQ\DUDUODQODUDN

M x = y ( x, y )dxdy = My =
D

4 = 4 3 3

181

olarak elde edilir. Yine simetri nedeniyle, M y =

RODFDDoNWU

rnek 2. D E|OJHVL PHUNH]L  QRNWDVQGD RODQ r  \DUoDSO oHPEHU LOH PHUNH]L  QRNWDVQGD RODQ r  \DUoDSO oHPEHU DUDVQGD NDODQ E|OJH RODUDN WDQPODQ\RU D blgesini kapsayan homojen \RXQOXNOX LQFH OHYKDQQ Mx ve My PRPHQWOHUL LOH DUON PHUNH]LQL
KHVDSOD\Q]

zm. D

E|OJHVL HNLO GH J|VWHULOGLL JLELGLU

HNLOGHQGHJ|UOHFHLJLEL

D = D1 D2 D3
ROGXXQGDQ

Mx momentini, bu alt blgenin momentleri toSODPRODUDN M x = y ( x, y )dxdy = y ( x, y )dxdy

D i =1 Di 3

HNOLQGH

\D]DELOLUL]

/HYKD

KRPRMHQ

\RXQOXNOX

ROGXXQGDQ

( x, y ) =  DODUDN YH XoODN NRRUGLQDWODUQ

kullanarak M x = r sin rdrd = r 2 sin drd

i =1 Di i =1 Di 3 3

yazabiliriz. D1 ve D2 E|OJHOHULVLPHWULNROGXXQGDQ M x1 = M x2 = r 2 sin drd

D1
ROXULPGL

D1 E|OJHVLQLQVQUODUQEHOLUOH\HOLP.oNoHPEHULQGHQNOHPL

x 2 + ( y 1)2 = 1 (r cos )2 + (r sin 1)2 = 1 r 2 2r sin + 1 = 1 r = 2sin iken byk emberin denklemi r=2dir. O halde, M x1 = M x2 = r 2 sin drd =
D1

/2

r 2 sin drd

0 2sin

/2

2 2 /2 2 r dr sin d = r 3 sin d 2sin 3 0 2sin

182

M x1 = M x2 = =

/2

(8 8sin
0

) sin d =

/2 /2 8 sin d sin 4 d 3 0 0

HOGHHGHUL]<DUPDoIRUPOOHULNXOODQODUDN

3 1 1 sin 4 = cos 2 + cos 4 8 2 8

ROGXXNROD\FDJ|VWHULOHELOLU2KDOGH

M x1 = M x2 = = =

/2 /2 8 3 1 1 sin d ( cos 2 + cos 4 )d 3 0 8 2 8 0

8 3 1 1 cos sin 2 + sin 4 3 8 4 32 0 8 3 (1 ) 3 16

/2

HOGHHGLOLULPGLGHOHYKDQQ

D3 E|OJHVLQGHNLNVPQQPRPHQWLQLKHVDSOD\DOP
3 / 2 2

M x3 = r 2 sin drd = 2
D3 3 / 2

r
0

sin drd

= 2 = 16 3

3 / 2 2 2 2 3 2 r dr sin d = r 0 sin d 3 0

3 / 2

sin d =

16 3 / 2 cos 3

16 16 [0 (1)] = 3 3

Sonu olarak, x-eksenine gre toplam moment 8 3 16 M x = M x1 + M x2 + M x3 = 2 (1 ) 3 16 3 = olur. /HYKDQQNWOHVL M = ( 2 2 12 ) = 3

ROGXXQDJ|UHDUONPHUNH]LQLQ RUGLQDWLoLQ

183

y=

Mx 1 = = M 3 3
x = 0  RODFD DoNWU 2 KDOGH V|] NRQXVX OHYKDQQ

GHHULQL EXOXUX] 6LPHWUL QHGHQL\OH

1 DUONPHUNH]L (0, ) QRNWDVQGDGU 3

rnek 3. y = sin x , x [0, ] HULVLLOHx-HNVHQLDUDVQGDNDODQKRPRMHQ\RXQOXNOXOHYKDQQ

DUONPHUNH]LQLEXOXQX]

zm HNLO GDQ J|UOG ]HUH y = sin x HULVL x = GRUXVXQDJ|UHVLPHWULNWLU Bu nedenle, x = GLU LPGL y  GHHULQL 2 EXOPD\D oDODOP Bunun iin, (3) formllerine gre D blgesinin ktlesi ile x-eksenine gre
PRPHQWLQL KHVDSODPDP] JHUHNLU gQFH NWOHVLQL KHVDSOD\DOP

M = dxdy =
D 0

sin x

dydx

= sin xdx = cos x = (1 1) = 2 .

0 0
LPGLGH

D blgesinin, x-HNVHQLQHJ|UHPRPHQWLQLKHVDSOD\DOP
sin x

M x = ydxdy =
D 0

ydydx

1 2 sin xdx = 2 2 (1 cos 2 x)dx 20 0 1 ( x sin 2 x) = . 4 2 4 0

Mx =

%|\OHFHDUONPHUNH]LLoLQ

Mx y= = 4 = M 2 8
HOGHHGHUL]%XQDJ|UHV|]NRQXVXOHYKDQQDUONPHUNH]L

(0, ) QRNWDVQGDGU 8

184

4.7. %LU/HYKDQQ(\OHPVL]OLN0RPHQWL
7DQP(NVHQH*|UH(\OHPVL]OLN0RPHQWL

D R 2 E|OJHVLQGHWDQPODQDQELUOHYKD ile d ax + by + cz + d = 0  X]D\ GRUXVX YHULOVLQ D OHYKDVQQ ELU NWOH HOHPDQQ dmi = ( xi , yi )dAi ile ve bu elema QQ d GRUXVXQD RODQ GLN X]DNOQ GD ri ile gsterelim.

Bylece elde edilen ri 2 dmi  GHHULQH NWOH HOHPDQQQ d GRUXsuna gre eylemsizlik momenti denir. 7P OHYKDQQ d GRUXVXQD J|UH H\OHPVL]OLN PRPHQWL D blgesinin sonsuz SDUoDODQQGDNL EWQ NWOH HOHPDQODUQQ H\OHPVL]OLN PRPHQWOHULQLQ WRSODPQD HLWWLU YH Id
LOHJ|VWHULOLU2KDOGHLNLNDWOLQWHJUDOWDQPQGDNXOODQUVDN

I d = lim ri 2 dmi = r 2 dm = r 2 ( x, y )dxdy

n i =1 D D
HOGH HGHUL] %XUDGDNL VRQ HLWOLNWH YDUVD\OPWU(HU

(1)

Dnin, x- ve y-eksenlerinH SDUDOHO GRUXODUOD SDUoDODQG DE|OJHVLQH\HUOHWLULOHQOHYKDKRPRMHQ\RXQOXNOXLVHLIDGHVLQL (2)

I d = r 2 dxdy
D
HNOLQGH\D]DELOLUL]8oODNNRRUGLQDWODUGLNNDWHDOUVDNH\OHPVL]OLNPRPHQWLQL

I d = r 3 drd
D

(3)

HNOLQGH\D]DELOHFHLPL]NROD\FDJ|VWHULOHELOLULPGLKRPRMHQ\RXQOXNOXELUOHYKDQQED]

zel eksenlere gre eylemsizlik momentlerini inceleyelim i) z-eksenine gre eylemsizlik momenti: Bu durumda r 2 = x2 + y 2
RODFDQGDQ

(4)

, (2) ve (3) formlleri (5)

I z = ( x 2 + y 2 )dxdy = r 3drd
D D
HNOLQ

de \D]ODELOLU

ii) x-eksenine gre eylemsizlik momenti: D blgesindeki her hangi bir (x,yQRNWDVQQx-HNVHQLQHX]DNOr=ydir. UODNNRRUGLQDWODU GLNNDWHDOUVDN ( x = r cos , y = r sin ) , eylemsizlik momenti iin I x = y 2 dxdy = r 3 sin 2 drd
D D
EDQWVQHOGHHGHUL]

(6)

185

iii) y-eksenine gre eylemsizlik momenti: D blgesindeki her hangi bir (x,yQRNWDVQQy-HNVHQLQHX]DNOr=xGLU8oODNNRRUGLQDWODU GLNNDWHDOUVDN ( x = r cos , y = r sin ) , eylemsizlik momenti iin I y = x 2 dxdy = r 3 cos 2 drd
D D
EDQWVQHOGHHGHUL]

(7)

Teorem 1. xy-dzlemindeki bir D E|OJHVLQH \HUOHWLULOPL KRPRMHQ \RXQOXNOX ELU OHYKDQQ x-, y- ve z-HNVHQOHULQHJ|UHH\OHPVL]OLNPRPHQWOHULVUDV\ODIx, Iy ve Iz olsun. Bu durumda
Iz = Ix + I y

(8)

dir.
VSDW<XNDUGDYHULOHQYHEDQWODUGLNNDWHDOQDUDNWHRUHPLQGRUXOXXNROD\FD

gsterilebilir.

rnek 1. x 2 + y 2 = 1 ile verilen D E|OJHVLQH \HUOHPL KRPRMHQ \RXQOXNOX LQFH OHYKDQQ eksenlere gre eylemsizlik momentlerini bulunuz. zm8oODNNRRUGLQDWODUGDoDOUVDN, z-eksenine rre eylemsizlik momenti I z = ( x 2 + y 2 )dxdy = r 3 drd = r 3 drd
D D 0 0 2 1

d =
0

olur. Simetri nedeniyle x- ve y-HNVHQOHULQH J|UH H\OHPVL]OLN PRPHQWOHUL HLW RODFDNWU LPGL x-eksenine gre eylemsizlik momentinLKHVDSOD\DOP I x = y 2 dxdy = r 3 sin 2 drd = r 3 sin 2 drd
D D 0 0 2 1

Ix = =

sin
0

d =

4
2

2 (1 cos 2 )d
0

1 ( sin 2 ) = 8 2 4 0

Sonu olarak,

186

Iz =

, Ix = , Iy = 2 4 4

elde ederiz. Buradan da I z = I x + I y ROGXXJ|UOU

rnek 2. 'LN NHQDU X]XQOXNODU a ve b olan bir dik gen ierisine \HUOHPL KRPRMHQ \RXQOXNOX LQFH OHYKDQQ a uzunluklu dik kenarODUQD YH GLN NHQDUODUQ NHVLP QRNWDVQGDQ levha dzlemine dik olarak geen eksene gre eylemsizlik momentlerini bulunuz. zm .RRUGLQDW VLVWHPLQL HNLO GHNL JLEL seelim. Bu durumda, aranan eylemsizlik momentleri, y-eksenine ve zHNLOGHNL OHYKDQQ x-eksenine,
HNVHQLQH J|UH H\OHPVL]OLN PRPHQWOHULGLU /HYKDQQ

hipotensnn denklemi y= b x+b a

dir. nce, x-HNVHQLQHJ|UHH\OHPVL]OLNPRPHQWLQL\D]DOP b x +b a b a x +b 2 2 I x = y dxdy = y dy dx = ( y 3 ) a dx 0 30 D 0 0

a

b b3 3b3 3b3 x + b3 )dx ( x + b)3 dx = ( 3 x 3 + 2 x 2 a a 3 a 30 a 0

a a a

b3 x 4 3b3 x3 3b3 x 2 ab3 I x = 3 . + 2 + b3 x = a 2 3 a 4 a 3 12 0

%HQ]HURODUDNHHU

y-HNVHQLQHJ|UHH\OHPVL]OLNPRPHQWL\D]OUVD

Iy =

ba 3 12

elde edilir. BXUDGDQGDOHYKDQQz-eksenine gre eylemsizlik momenti Iz = Ix + Iy = olur.

ab3 ba 3 + = ab(a 2 + b 2 ) 12 12 12

187

rnek 3. D blgesi, y = x 2 parabol ile y = 2 x  HULVL DUDVQGD NDODQ  HULOHUHNLO GHNL KRPRMHQ \RXQOXNOX LQFH OHYKDQQ a) DUON PHUNH]LQL b) x-eksenine gre eylemsizlik momentini bulunuz. zm. a) ONRODUDNLNLHULQLQNHVLPQRNWDODUQEXODOP
x 2 = x x1 = 0, x2 = 1.

DOHYKDVQQNWOHVL M = dxdy = dydx

D 0 x2 1 x

1 1 = ( x x 2 )dx = ( ) = 2 3 6 0
LPGLGHVUDV\OD

x ve yHNVHQOHULQHJ|UHPRPHQWOHULQLKHVDSOD\DOP
1 x

M x = ydxdy = ydydx
D 0 x2

1 1 2 x 2 4 ( y ) x2 dx = 2 ( x x )dx = 2 ( 3 5 ) = 15 , 20 0
1 x

M y = xdxdy = xdydx
D 0 x2 1

1 1 x = x ( y ) x2 dx = ( x 2 x 3 )dx = ( ) = . 3 4 12 0 0 Buna gre, DOHYKDVQQDUONPHUNH]LQLQNRRUGLQDWODU

1 x= = 12 = , 2 M 6
My
GU<DQL

M x 15 2 y= = = 5 M 6

1 2 DOHYKDVQQDUONPHUNH]L ( , ) QRNWDVQGDGU 2 5

b) DOHYKDVQQx-eksenine gre eylemsizlik momenti

1 x 1 x I x = y 2 dxdy = y 2 dy dx = ( y 3 ) 2 dx x 30 D 0 x2

188

Ix = dir.

1 3 6 1 1 ( x x )dx = 3 ( 4 7 ) = 28 30

rnek 4. D R 2 E|OJHVLQH\HUOHPL MNWOHOLELU LQFHOHYKDQQDUONPHUNH]LQLQNRQXP / vektr rG  ROVXQ (HU OHYKDQQ G DUON PHUNH]L YH z-eksenine grere eylemsizlik moPHQWOHULVUDV\OD, I G ve I z ise
2 I z = I G + MrG

RODFDQJ|VWHULQL]

zm. D

E|OJHVLQLQ HNVHQOHUH SDUDOHO GRUXODUOD VRQVX] SDUoDODQQGDNL

ri , ktlesi mi = ( xi , yi )xi yi YH EX NWOH HOHPDQQQ DUON / / / / / / / merkezine gre konum vektr de r*i olsun. Bu durumda, rG , ri ve r*i DUDVQGD, ri = r*i + rG LOLNLVLQL\D]DELOLUL]%|\OHFH,OHYKDQQz-eksenine gre eylemsizlik momenti
HOHPDQQQ NRQXP YHNW|U

i-ci ktle

I z = r 2 dm = r dm = (r* + rG )2 dm
D D 2 2 = r* dm + 2 rG r* dm + rG dm = I G + MrG + 2 rG r* dm 2 D D D D

/2

/ /

/ /

(*)

olur. 6DWDUDIWDNLVRQLQWHJUDOi

r r dm = r r dm
G * G * D D
HNOLQGH\D]DOPLPGL

/ /

GDUONPerkezini, vektrel formda, 1

/
G

rG =

1 M

rdm = M (r
D D

+ r* )dm =

1 / 1 rG dm + M D M

r dm = r
* D

/
G

1 M

r dm
* D

HNOLQGHWDQPODUVDN

r dm = 0
* D
ROGXX DQODOU EX VRQ LQWHJUDOLQ DQODPQ GQQ] %|\OHFH   HLWOLLQH JHUL

dnecek olursak
2 I z = I G + MrG

sonucuna ulDU]

189

rnek 4. ( x 1)2 + y 2 = 1  oHPEHULQLQ NDSODG DODQD \HUOHPL KRPRMHQ \RXQOXNOX LQFH OHYKDQQa) ktle merkezine gre, b) orijine gre eylemsizlik momentlerini bulunuz. zm. a) /HYKDQQ DUON PHUNH]LQLQ G QRNWDV ROGXX DoNWU (HU DUON merkezini orijin kabul eden yeni bir koordinat sistemi tasarlar ve dm NWOH HOHPDQQQ EX sistemdeki konum vektrn r* = x*i + y* j , r* = r* , x* = r* cos , y* = r* sin , ile gsterirsek
2 1 I G = r*2 dm = r*2 dxdy = r*2 r*dr* d = r*3dr* d D D D 0 0 1 = 2 = 4 2

/ /

HOGH HGHUL] /HYKDQQ NWOHVL

M = R 2 =  YH \DUoDS R

 EU ROGXXQGDQ \XNDUGDNL

ifade 1 1 I G = = MR 2 2 2
LIDGHVLQH HGHHUGLU 2 KDOGH

M ktleli ve R \DUoDSO, homojen, ince, dairesel bir OHYKDQQ dairenin merkezine gre (\DQL OHYKDQQ DUON PHUNH]LQH J|UH Hylemsizlik momenti, ktlesi

LOH\DUoDSQQNDUHVLQLQoDUSPQQ\DUVQDHLWWLU

KWOH PHUNH]LQLQ RULMLQH X]DNO rG = 1  ROGXXQGDQ |QFHNL |UQHNWHQ \DUDUODQDUDN OHYKDQQ z-eksenine gre (bu rnekte, koordinat sisteminin orijinine gre) eylemsizlik momentini
2 I z = I G + MrG =

3 + = 2 2

olarak buluruz.

190

Blm 5

ho.DWOQWHJUDOOHU

%XE|OPGHoNDWOLQWHJUDONDYUDPYHLOJLOLGLHUWDQPYHWHRUHPOHUYHULOHFHNWLU

ho.DWOQWHJUDOOHU

 .DWO QWHJUDO). w = f ( x, y, z )  VQUO D R 3 blgesinde tDQPO ROVXQ D E|OJHVLQLQ GLNG|UWJHQVHO SUL]PDODU HNOLQGHNL SDUoDODQQ HNLO  GLNNDWH DODOP ve elde edilen alt blgeleri, 1den n\H NDGDU QXPDUDODQGUDOP D blgesinin hacmi V olmak zere, DQLQ SDUoDODQQGDNL i-ci alt blgenin hacmini Vi = xi yi zi ile gsterelim.
7DQP   LPGL

( xi* , yi* , zi* )

KHU

ile, i-ci alt blge

KDQJL ELU QRNWD\

LoHULVLQGHNL

gstererek

f ( x , y , z )V
* i * i * i i =1

(1) Dnin sonsuz

WRSODPQ ROXWXUDOP (HU

SDUoDODQ LoLQ  n   WRSODPQQ tek bir sonlu limiti varsa, bu limite, w = f ( x, y , z ) fonksiyonunun, D E|OJHVLQGHNLoNDWOLQWHJUDOLGHQLUYH

f ( x, y , z )dxdydz = lim f ( xi* , yi* , zi* )Vi

n i =1

(2)

HNOLQGHJ|VWHULOLU

NL NDWO LQWHJUDOOHUGH ROGXX JLEL o NDWO LQWHJUDOOHU GH VUDO WHN NDWO LQWHJUDOOHU FLQVLQGHQ \D]ODELOLU (HU LQWHJUDO VUDV LQFHOHPH\OHLQWHJUDOGHLNHQOHULQ

dzdydx  HNOLQGH inVQUODU

VHoLOLUVH

D

E|OJHVL ]HULQGHQ \DSODQ

x1 x x2 ,

u ( x) y v( x),

g ( x, y ) z h ( x, y )

(3)

HNOLQGHEXOXQGXNWDQVRQUD

x2 v ( x ) h ( x , y )

f ( x, y , y )dxdydz =

x1 u ( x ) g ( x , y )

f ( x, y, z )dzdydx NDWOLQWHJUDO

(4)

IRUPONXOODQODUDNoNDWOLQWHJUDOKHVDSODQU

191

z2 v ( z ) h ( y , z )

f ( x, y , y )dxdydz =

z1 u ( z ) g ( y , z )

f ( x, y , z )dxdydz

(5)

HNOLQGH GH KHVDSODQDELOLU

o NDWO LQWHJUDOLQ KHVDSODQPDVQGD NXOODQODELOHFHN  YH 

EHQ]HULVUDOLQWHJUDO IRUPOOHULQLQWRSODP GHLLN HNLOGH\D]ODELOHFHLDoNWU%XQODUGDQ KDQJLVLQLQNXOODQODFDQD

D blgesinin incelenmesi ile karar verilir.

rnek 1. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 kresi ile z =

KHVDSOD\Q]

1  G]OHPL DUDVQGD NDODQ ' E|OJHVLQLQ KDFPLQL 2

zm.

x2 + y2 + z 2 = 1

kresi

ile

z=

1 2

dzleminin arakesiti x2 + y 2 = 3 4

oHPEHUL ROXS EX oHPEHULQ EHOLUOHGLL E|OJH\L % LOH

gsterelim. D blgesinin hacmi iin z2 V = dxdydz = dz dxdy D B z1

\D]DELOLUL] HNLO  LQFHOHQLUVH

1 z 1 x2 y2 2

ROGXX DQODOU 2 KDOGH DUDQDQ

hacim V = dxdydz = D B
1 x 2 y 2

1 2

dz dxdy

1 = 1 x 2 y 2 dxdy 2 B olur. B x 2 + y 2 = 3 blgesi iin 4

3 3 , x 2 2 3 2 3 2 x y x 4 4

192

dir. Ulak koordinatylara geersek 1 1 V = 1 x 2 y 2 dxdy = ( 1 r 2 )rdrd 2 2 B B

2

3 2 1 2 ( 1 r 2 )rdr d 0

elde ederiz. Burada u = 1 r 2 GHLNHQG|QPX\JXODUVDN 1 V = 2 = = = 1 2 1 2

2

1 4 1 ( u 2 )du d 1
1/ 4

2 3/ 2 1 ( 3 u 2 u) 1 d 0

( 3 ( 4 )
0

2 1

3/ 2

11 2 1 ) ( ) d 24 3 2

5 48

d = 24
0

sonucunu elde ederiz.

ho.DWOQWHJUDO

in zellikleri

Bir

YH LNL NDWO LQWHJUDOOHUGH JHoHUOL RODQ WHPHO |]HOOLNOHU o NDWO LQWHJUDOOHUGH GH JHoHUOLGLU

hoNDWOLQWHJUDOOHULoLQXWHPHO|]HOOLNOHUYHULOHELOLU

i) f ( x, y, z ) ve g ( x, y, z ) ler, D R 3 blgesLQGH WDQPO YH VUHNOL LNL IRQNVL\RQ YH h ile k keyfi iki sabit olmak zere

[hf ( x, y, z ) + kg ( x, y, z )] dxdydz = h f ( x, y, z)dxdydz + k g ( x, y, z)dxdydz

D D D

(1)

olur. ii)(HU'E|OJHVLQLQKHU\HULQGH f ( x, y, z ) g ( x, y, z ) ise

f ( x, y, z )dxdydz g ( x, y, z )dxdydz
D D
HLWVL]OLLVDODQU

(2)

193

iii) ( .DWO QWHJUDO KHVDEQ RUWDODPD GHHU WHRUHPL). Srekli bir f ( x, y, z ) fonksiyonunun, D E|OJHVLQGHNL HQ NoN YH HQ E\N GHHUOHUL VUDV\OD m ve M ve D blgesinin hacmi V olmak zere, mV < f ( x, y , z )dxdydz < MV
D
HLWVL]OLNOHUL \D]ODELOHFHLQGHQ YH

(3)

f ( x, y, z )  VUHNOL ELU IRQNVL\RQ ROGXXQGDQ |OH ELU

( x0 , y0 , z0 ) D QRNWDVEXOXQDELOLUNLEXQRNWDLoLQ

f ( x, y, z )dxdydz = f ( x , y , z )V
0 0 0 D

(4)

ya da f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) = 1 V

f ( x, y, z)dxdydz
D

(5)

\D]ODELOLU%XUDGD

f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) nin (6) f ( x0 , y0 , z0 )

m < f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) < M
HLWVL]OLLQL VDOD\DQ ELU VD\ ROGXXQD GLNNDW HGLOPHOLGLU  LOH YHULOHQ GHHULQH

f ( x, y, z ) fonksiyonunun, DE|OJHVLQGHNLRUWDODPDGHHULGHQLU

iv) f ( x, y, z ) , DE|OJHVLQGHWDQPOYHVUHNOLELUIRQNVL\RQROPDN]HUH

f ( x, y, z )dxdydz
D D
HLWVL]OLLYDUGU

f ( x, y, z ) dxdydz

(7)

v) D blgesinin hacmi V ise, f ( x, y, z ) = 1 DOQDUDN V = dxdydz

D

(8)

elde edilir. vi)

(HU

f, D

E|OJHVLQGHNL \RXQOXN IRQNOVL\RQX LVH \DQL

f ( x, y, z ) = ( x, y, z ) ise, D

E|OJHVLQH\HUOHPLFLVPLQNWOHVL

M = ( x, y, z )dxdydz
D
oNDWOLQWHJUDOLLOHYHULOLUg]HORODUDNHHU

(9) DE|OJHVLKRPRMHQ\RXQOXNOXLVHEXGXUXPGD

194

M = dxdydz = V
D

(10)

olur.

rnek 1. D Blgesi

D = {( x, y , z ) 0 x , 0 y , 0 z }

HNOLQGH

YHULOL\RU

f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + yz fonksiyonunun, DE|OJHVL]HULQGHQRUWDODPDVQEXOXQX] zm. D E|OJHVL GLNG|UWJHQOHU SUL]PDV HNOLQGH ROXS KDFPL V = 3 br 3 tr. Ortalama GHHUWHRUHPLQHJ|UH f ( x, y , z ) fonksiyonunun, DE|OJHVLQGHNLRUWDODPDGHHULLoLQ 1 1 f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) = f ( x, y, z ) dxdydz = 3 ( x 2 + yz )dxdydz V D D yazabiliriz.6UDOLQWHJUDOIRUPOQX\JXODUVDN f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) = = 1 3
2 ( x + yz)dxdydz = D

1 ( x 2 + yz ) dx dy dz 3 0 0 0

1 x3 ( + xyz ) dy dz 3 0 0 3 0 3 1 = 3 ( + yz )dy dz 0 0 3 1 3 2 = 3 ( y + y z ) dz 2 0 3 0

1 4 3 1 4 3 2 z )dz = 3 ( z + z ) = 3 ( + 2 4 0 3 3 0 1 5 5 7 2 == 3 ( + ) = 4 12 3 elde ederiz. O halde, f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + yz fonksiyonu, DE|OJHVLQGHNLRUWDODPDGHHULQL f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + yz =

GHQNOHPLQLVDOD\DQ

7 2 12

( x, y, z ) QRNWDODUQGDDOPDNWDGU

rnek 2. D blgesi, x + 2 y + z = 1  G]OHPL ROGXXQDJ|UHD blgesinin hacmini bulunuz.

YH NRRUGLQDW HNVHQOHUL LOH VQUODQDQ E|OJH

195

zm. HNLOQLQFHOHQPHVLLOHDE|OJHVLQLQVQUODULoLQ

0 x 1, 0 y
\D]ODELOHFHLDQODOU

1 (1 x), 0 z 1 x 2 y 2

O halde, aranan hacim

1 (1 x ) 1 x 2 y 1 2

V = dxdydz =
D 0

dzdydx
1 1 (1 x )

=
0 1

1 (1 x ) 1 2

(1 x 2 y )dydx = ( y xy y 2 ) 2
0 0

1 1 1 = (1 x) ( x x 2 ) (1 x) 2 dx 2 2 4 0 = = = olur. 1 1 1 2 2 (1 x)dx 2 ( x x )dx 4 (1 2 x + x )dx 20 0 0 1 x2 1 x 2 x3 1 x3 ( x ) ( ) ( x x2 + ) 2 2 0 2 2 3 0 4 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (1 ) ( ) (1 1 + ) = = 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 4 12 12 12

1 1 1 1 1 1

rnek 3. x 2 + y 2 = 1 silindiri ile z=0 ve z = x + y + 5 G]OHPOHULDUDVQGDNDODQE|OJHD ise a) D blgesi zerinden, f ( x, y, z ) = xy IRQNVL\RQXQXQoNDWOLQWHJUDOLQLKHVDSOD\Q] 196

b) DE|OJHVLQLQKDFPLQLKHVDSOD\Q] c) D E|OJHVLQH \HUOHWLULOHQ FLVPLQ \RXQOXN IRQNVL\RQX ( x, y, x ) = x  HNOLQGH LVH FLVPLQ ktlesini hesapOD\Q] zm a)6|]NRQXVXE|OJHQLQWDQP D = ( x, y, z ) 1 x 1, 1 x 2 y 1 x 2 , 0 z x + y + 5
HNOLQGHGLU

Buna gre
1 1 x 2 x + y + 5

f ( x, y, z )dxdydz =
D

1 1 x 2

xydzdydx

1 1 x 2

1 x 2

xy ( x + y + 5)dydx
1 x 2

x2 x 5x 2 = ( y 2 + y3 + y ) 2 3 2 1 = 2 2 3/ 2 x(1 x ) dx 3 1 1 3/ 2 u du = 0 3 0
0 1

dx
1 x 2

= elde edilir.

b) V = dxdydz =
D

1 1 x

1 x 2 x + y + 5

2 2

dzdydx =

1 1 x

1 x 2

( x + y + 5)dydx
2

= ( xy +
1 1

1 2 y + 5 y) 2

1 x

dx
1 x 2

= (2 x 1 x 2 + 10 1 x 2 )dx.
1

= 2 x 1 x 2 dx + 10 1 x 2 dx
1 1

Burada, u = 1 x 2  G|QP grlebilir. O halde,

1

\DSODUDN VD WDUDIWDNL LON LQWHJUDOLQ VIU ROGXX NROD\FD

V = dxdydz = 10 1 x 2 dx
D 1

197

olur. Burada x = sin G|QP\DSOUVD V = dxdydz = 10

D

cos 2 d
2

1 1 = 10 (1 + cos 2 )d = 5( + sin 2 ) = 5 2 2 2 2 elde edilir.

c) M = ( x, y, z )dxdydz = xdxdydz
D D

1 1 x 2 1 2

1 x

x + y +5

xdzdydx =

1 1 x 2 1 x 2

1 x 2

x( x + y + 5)dydx
1

x = ( x y + y 2 + 5 xy ) 2 1
1 1 1 1

1 x 2

dx = (2 x 2 1 x 2 + 10 x 1 x 2 )dx
1

= 2 x 2 1 x 2 dx + 10 x 1 x 2 dx elde edilir. SDGDNL LNLQFL LQWHJUDOLQ VIU ROGXXnu (b NNQGDQ ELOL\RUX] Bu durumda, cismin ktlesi M = 2 x 2 1 x 2 dx
1 1

dir. Burada, x = sin G|QP\DSOUVD

2

M=

sin 2 cos 2 d

HOGHHGLOLU<DUPDoIRUPOOHULNXOODQOUVD

1 1 1 sin 2 cos 2 = (1 cos 2 ) (1 + cos 2 ) = (1 cos 2 2 ) 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 = 1 (1 + cos 4 ) = cos 4 4 2 8 4 yazabiliriz. Bylece, DE|OJHVLQH\HUOHPLFLVPLQNWOHVL

198

M=

1 1 1 1 2 8 4 cos 4 d = 8 2 d 4 2 cos 4 d
2

1 1 = ( sin 4 ) = 8 16 8 2 olur.

5.3 Silindirik ve Kresel Koordinatlarda ho.DWOQWHJUDO 5.3.1 Silindirik Koordinatlarda ho.DWOQWHJUDO Kartezyen koordinatlarda verilen bir N ( x, y, z )  QRNWDVQ GLNNDWH DODOP N QRNWDVQGDQ xydzlemine indirilen dikme, xy-dzlemini, N  QRNWDVQGD NHVVLQ 2ULMLQL N  QRNWDVQD ELUOHWLUHQ YHNW|UQ E\NO r ve x-ekseni ilH \DSW Do  HNLO  ROPDN ]HUH N QRNWDVQQNRQXPXQXr, , zVD\oOVLOHGHJ|VWHUHELOLUL]%|\OHFHHOGHHGLOHQNRRUGLQDW sistemine silindirik koordinat sistemi denir. HNLO GHQ DQODODFD ]HUH NDUWH]\HQ
NRRUGLQDWODULOHVLOLQGLULNNRRUGLQDWODUDUDVQGDNLG|QPIRUPOOHUL

x = r cos y = r sin z=z

HNOLQGHGLU%XQDJ|UHG|QPQ-DFRELGHWHUPLQDQW

(1)

cos ( x, y , z ) = sin J= (r , , z ) 0

r sin r cos 0

0 0 =r 1

(2)

199

GU (HU

, D

E|OJHVL HNLO GH J|VWHULOGLL JLEL NDUSX] GLOLPLQL DQGUDQ ELU HNLOGH

dV = rdrd dz RODFDDQODOU2KDOGHX]D\QELUD blgesi zerinden, kartezyen koordinatlarda verilen

SDUoDODQPD\D WDEL WXWXOXUVD HOGH HGLOHQ SDUoDODQPDQQ KDFLP HOHPDQQQ NDWOLQWHJUDOLQVLOLQGLULNNRRUGLQDWODUGDNLNDUOLoLQ

I = f ( x, y, z )dxdydz = f (r cos , r sin , z )rdrd dz

D D

(3)

G|QP IRUPOQ HOGH HGHUL] D blgesinin hacmini, silindirik koordinatlarda yazmak iin (3) ifadesinde f ( x, y, z ) = 1 almak yeterlidir. Buna gre, silindirik koordinatlarda hacim integrali

V = rdrd dz
D
HNOLQGHGLU

(4)

5.3.2 Kresel Koordinatlarda ho.DWOQWHJUDO HNLO GH J|VWHULOGLL JLEL X]D\Q bir D blgesindeki herhangi bir N ( x, y , z )  QRNWDVQ GLNNDWH DODOP Orijini, N QRNWDVQD ELUOHWLUHQ \DUoDS YHNW|UQQ X]XQOXX r ve pozitif zHNVHQL LOH \DSW Do olsun. %XQGDQ EDND N QRNWDVQQ xy-G]OHPLQGHNL L]GP QRNWDVQ N ve ON nn x-HNVHQL LOH SR]LWLI \|QGH \DSW Do\ GD ile gsterelim. %|\OHFH 1 QRNWDVQQ NRQXPXQX ( r , , )  oOV LOH WHN WUO LIDGH HGHELOHFHLPL] DQODOU %X HNLOGH HOGH HGLOHQ NRRUGLQDW VLVWHPLQH kresel koordinat sistemi GHQLU HNLO LQ incelenmesi ile kDUWH]\HQYHNUHVHONRRUGLQDWODUDUDVQGDNLG|QPIRUPOOHULnin

b x = r sin cos y = r sin sin z = r cos 200

(5)

HNOLQGHROGXXDQODOU

Kolayca g|VWHULOHELOHFHL]HUHG|QPQ-DFRELGHWHUPLQDQW r cos cos r cos sin r sin r sin sin r sin cos = r 2 sin 0

sin cos ( x, y , z ) = sin sin J= (r , , ) cos

GU LPGL

(6)

D E|OJHVLQLQ HNLO GH J|VWHULOGLL JLEL NUHVHO NDEXN HNOLQGHNL KDFLPsel GLNNDWH DODOP 6RQVX] E|OQ GXUXPXQGD hacim elemaQQQ 2 dV = r sin drd d  HNOLQGH LIDGH HGLOHELOHFHL HNLO GHQ NROD\FD J|UOHELOLU Bu durumda, f ( x, y, z ) fonksiyonunun, D E|OJHVL ]HULQGHQ o NDWO LQWHJUDOLQL, kresel koordinatlarda
E|OQQ

I = f ( x, y, z )dxdydz = f (r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos )r 2 sin drd d

D D

(7) D

Buradan da, f (r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos ) = 1 alarak, blgesinin hacmi iin, kresel koordinatlarda
HNOLQGH \D]DELOLUL]

X]D\Q ELU

V = r 2 sin drd d
D

(8)

ifadesini elde ederiz.

rnek 1. D blgesi, z 2 = 1 x 2 y 2 konisi, x 2 + y 2 = 1 silindiri ve z  G]OHPL DUDVQGD 2 NDODQ E|OJH ROGXXQD J|UH a) D blgesinin hacmini b) D blgesi zerinde f ( x, y , z ) = x yz
IRQNVL\RQXQXQLQWHJUDOLQLKHVDSOD\Q]

zm. Sz konusu DE|OJHVLHNLOGHJ|VWHULOPLWLUBlge, kartezyen koordinatlarda

D = ( x, y, z ) 1 x 1, 1 x 2 y 1 x 2 ,

1 x2 y2 z 1

201

HNOLQGHJ|VWHULOHELOLU

ken, silindirik koordinatlarda 1 r2 z 1

D = (r , , z ) 0 r 1, 0 2 ,
HNOLQGHGLU%XQDJ|UH

a) dz dr d D D 0 1 r 2 2 2 0 1 1 1 3 V = d + udu d = + 2 = 2 0 2 0 1 4 2 V = dxdydz = rdrd dz =

2 1

1 r 0

olur. b) I = x 2 zdxdydz = r 3 cos 2 zdrd dz =

D D 2 2

1 0

1 r 2

zdz r 3 dr cos 2 d

= = olur.

2 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 r ) r dr cos 2 d = cos 2 d = (1 + cos 2 )d ( 12 24 0 0 2 0

1 (2 + 0) = 24 12

rnek 2. D blgesi, alttan z 2 = x 2 + y 2 konisi ile, stten de x 2 + y 2 + ( z 1) 2 = 1 kresinin st \DUV LOH VQUODQGQD gre a) D blgesinin hacmini, b) D blgesi zerinden 2 2 2 12 f ( x, y, z ) = ( x + y + z ) IRQNVL\RQXQXQLQWHJUDOLQLKHVDSOD\Q]

zm. Kresel koordinatlara geilirse sz konusu koni = ve YH NUHQLQ GHQNOHPOHULQLQ VUDV\OD 4 r = 2 cos  ROGXX NROD\FD J|VWHULOHELOLU D blgesi ve kresel koordiQDWODUGDNL KDFLP HOHPDQ HNLO GD J|VWHULOPLWLU Buna gre, D blgesini, kresel koordinatlarda D = {(r , , ) 0 r 2 cos , 0 / 4, 0 2 }
HNOLQGHEHOLUWHELOLUL]%XQDJ|UH

202

a) V = dxdydz = r 2 sin drd d

D D 2

= =

0 0 0 2

/4

2cos

2 / 4 2cos 1 r 2 dr sin d d = r 3 sin d d 0 300 2 /2

8 3

2 / 4 3 8 cos sin d d = 30 0 2 4 (u ) 0 2/2 1

u 3 du d

2 3

d =

1 2

d = .
0

b) I = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )1 2 dxdydz = rr 2 sin drd d

D D 2

0 0 0

/4

2cos

2 / 4 2cos 1 r 3 dr sin d d = r 4 sin d d 0 4 00

2 / 4 2 = 4 cos 4 sin d d = 4 0 0 0

2/2

u 4 du d

4 5

5 u 0

2/2 1

d =

4 5

(
0

2 4 2 1)2 . 1)d = ( 8 5 8

5.4 Ktle bir DE|OJHVLQH\HUOHPL YH ( x, y, z ) HNOLQGHELU\RXQOXN IRQNVL\RQXQDVDKLS ELU cismiGLNNDWHDODOPDE|OJHVLQLQELUVRQVX]SDUoDODQQGLNNDWHDODOPD blgesinin hacmi V ve blglerin hacimleri de Vi (i = 1, 2,..., n ) oOVXQ%|OJOHULQKHUELULQLQLoNVPQGDNLKHU hangi ( xi , yi , zi )  QRNWDODUQ GLNNDWH DODOP YH EX QRNWDODUGDNL \RXQOXNODU ( xi , yi , zi ) ile J|VWHUHOLP(HUi-ci blgnn ktlesini M ile gsterirsek i
8]D\Q

M i = ( xi , yi , zi )Vi
HNOLQGHLIDGHHGHELOLUL]%|OJVD\VQQVRQVX]ROPDVGXUXPXQGDHHU

(1)

lim ( xi , yi , zi )Vi
n i =1
OLPLWL VRQOX ELU VD\\D \DNQV\RUVD EX OLPLWH

(2)

D blgesini kapsayan cismin ktlesi denir. O halde, oNDWONDWOLQWHJUDOWDQPQGDQ\DUDUODQDUDNV|]NRQXVXcismin ktlesini

203

M = ( x, y, z )dxdydz
D
HNOLQGH\D]DELOLUL](HUFLVLPKRPRMHQ\RXQOXNOXLVH\HULQH

(3)

M = dxdydz = V
D

(4)

yazabiliriz. Ktle, silindirik koordinatlarda M = (r , , z )rdrd dz

D

(5)

integrali ile verilirken kresel koordinatlarda ise M = (r , , )r 2 sin drd dz

D

(6)

ifadesi ile verilir.

rnek 1. (r ) = 0 e r  HNOLQGH \RXQOXN GDOPQD VDKLS RODQ R \DUoDSO NUHVHO ELU

\OG]QNWOHVLQLKHVDSOD\Q]

zm.

6|]NRQXVX \OG]Q PHUNH]LQL NRRUGLQDW VLVWHPLQLQ PHUNH]L RODUDN VHoHUVHN NUHVHO

NRRUGLQDWODUNXOODQDUDNNWOHVLQL

M = (r , , )r sin drd d = 0 e r sin drd d = 0

2 r 2 D D
HNOLQGH \D]DELO

2 R

0 0 0

r 2

r sin drd d ,

iriz.

QWHJUDV\RQ

VQUODUQQ

GHLNHQOHUH

EDO

ROPDPDV

QHGHQL\OH

\XNDUGDNLoNDWOLQWHJUDOL

M = 0 d sin d e r r 2 dr = 4 0 e r r 2 dr
0 0 0 0
HNOLQGH\D]DELOLUL]

Son olarak, kVPLLQWHJUDV\RQIRUPOQX\JXOD\DUDNGD

R 0

M = 4 0 r 2 e r 2re r 2e r

= 4 0 ( R 2 e R 2 Re R 2e R ) (2) = 4 0 2e R R 2 2 R 2 e R ifadesini elde ederiz.

204

5.5 0RPHQWYH$UON0HUNH]L Bir D E|OJHVL LOH WDQPODQDQ FLVPLQ NRRUGLQDW dzlemlerine gre momentleri, bir ince levhaQQNRRUGLQDWHNVHQOHULQHJ|UHPRPHQWOHULQHEHQ]HURODUDNWDQPODQDELOLU%XQDJ|UH D E|OJHVLQH\HUOHPLELUFLVPLQVRQVX]SDUoDODQQGDNL i-FLKDFLPHOHPDQQQNWOHVL m ve i
NRRUGLQDW GD

( xi , yi , zi ) olsun. Bu durumda, mi  dzlemi) gre momenti M ix = xi mi

NWOH HOHPDQQQ

yz-dzlemine (x=0

(1)

mi  NWOH HOHPDQQQ xz- ve xy-G]OHPOHULQH VUDV\OD y=0 ve z  G]OHPOHUL J|UH PRPHQWOHUL GH VUDV\OD M iy = yi mi ve M iz = zi mi olur. Bylece, PRPHQWLQWRSODQDELOLUOLN|]HOOLLQGHQ\DUDUODQDUDNDE|OJHVLQH\HUOHPLM ktleli cismin x=0, y=0 ve z G]OHPOHULQHJ|UHPRPHQWOHULQLoNDWOLQWHJUDOOHU\DUGP\OD
HNOLQGH WDQPODQU %HQ]HU RODUDN

M x = x ( x, y, z )dxdyz D M y = y ( x, y, z )dxdyz D M z = z ( x, y, z )dxdyz D

HNOLQGH WDQPODU] %XUDGDQ GD FLVPLQ DUON PHUNH]LQLQ

(2)

kartezyen

NRRUGLQDWODU

(x, y, z )

iinVUDV\OD x= 1 M

y ( x, y, z )dxdyz D 1 z= y ( x, y, z )dxdyz M D
D

x ( x, y, z )dxdyz
(3)

1 y= M

ifadelerini elde ederiz.

%XUDGD YHUGLLPL]  LQWHJUDOOHUL X\JXQ G|QPOHU YDVWDV\OD VLOLQGLULN \D GD NUHVHO

koordinatlar cinsinden de hesaplanabilirler.

rnek 1. D blgesi, stten x + y + z = 2 dzlemi, alttan z = 1 dzlemi ve yanlardan da 1 x 2 + y 2 = VLOLQGLUL LOHVQUODQPWU DE|OJHVLQH\HUOHWLULOPLKRPRMHQ \RXQOXNOXFLVPLQ 2 a) hacmini, b)DUONPerkezini bulunuz.

205

zm. D blgesinin

\DQ NHQDUODU VLOLQGLU ROGXXQGDQ VLOLQGLULN NRRUGLQDWODU NXOODQPDN

o|]PEDVLWOHWLUHFHNWLU

D blgesini, silindirik koordinatlarda

2 D = ( r , , z ) 0 r , 0 2 ,1 z 2 r (cos + sin ) 2
HNOL

nde ifade edebiliriz. Buna gre,

a) V = dxdydz = rdrd dz =
D D 2 2

0 0

2/2

2 r (cos + sin ) dz rdr d 1

= = olur. b)

0 0

2/2

2/2 2 r2 r3 [1 r (cos + sin )]rdr d = (cos + sin ) d 2 3 0 0 2

1 1 2 2 (cos + sin ) d = (sin cos ) = 12 2 4 12 4 0

D E|OJHVLQH \HUOHPL FLVPLQ, koordinat dzlemlerine J|UHPRPHQWOHULQLKHVDSOD\DOP Simetri nedeniyle, M = M RODFDDoNWU%XQDJ|UH x y

ON |Q  IRUPOOHUL \DUGP\OD

ce,

2 M x = x ( x, y, z )dxdydz = r 2 cos drd dz = D D 0 2 2 / 2 = [1 r (cos + sin )]r 2 dr cos d 0 0

2/2

2 r (cos +sin ) 2 dz r dr cos d 1

r3 r 4 = (cos + sin ) 3 4 0 0

2/2

cos d

2 2 1 1 = cos cos 2 sin cos d 12 16 16 0 2 2 1 1 Mx = cos (1 + cos 2 ) sin cos d 12 32 16 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 = cos d 32 (1 + cos 2 )d 16 sin cos d 0 0 12 0 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 = sin 0 ( + sin 2 ) sin = 32 2 32 16 12 0 0

olur. Cismin, z=0 dzlemine gre momentinin

206

 M z = z ( x, y, z )dxdydz = zdrd dz = D D 0
2

2/2

2 r (cos +sin ) zdz r 2 dr cos d 1

olGXXNROD\FDJ|VWHULOHELOLU Cisim,KRPRMHQ\RXQOXNOXROGXXQGDQNWOHVL M = V = diU%|\OHFHNWOHPHUNH]LQLQNRRUGLQDWODULoLQIRUPOOHULQGHQ x= 1 M

x ( x, y, z )dxdyz = ( 16 ) = 8
D

2 1 1 y ( x, y, z )dxdyz = ( 16 ) = 8 D 2 1 1 1 z= y ( x, y, z )dxdyz = ( 8 ) = 4 M D 2 1 y= M
HOGHHGHUL]%DNDELUGHLOH

1 1 1 , cismin ktle merkezi ( , , ) QRNWDVQGDGU 8 8 4

5.6 Eylemsizlik Momenti D R 3 blgesLQH

\HUOHPL YH \RXQOXN GDOP

( x, y , z ) 

RODQ ELU FLVPLQ X]D\Q

KHUKDQJLELUQRNWDVQDGRUXVXQD\DGDG]OHPLQHJ|UHH\OHPVL]OLNPRPHQWL

I = d 2 dm = d 2 ( x, y, z )dxdydz
D D

(1)

HOHPDQODUQQ V|] NRQXVX QRNWD GRUX \D GD G]OHPH X]DNOGU

FLVPLQ dm ktle zel olarak, koordinat HNVHQOHULQHJ|UHH\OHPVL]OLNPRPHQWOHUL\D]ODELOLU z-eksenine gre eylemsizlik momenti: bu durumda d 2 = x 2 + y 2 RODFDQGDQ E|OJHVLQH \HUOHPL

forml ile verilir. Burada, d = d ( x, y , z ) , D

I z = d 2 dm = ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x, y, z )dxdydz
D D

(2)

olur. Benzer olarak, x_ ve y-HNVHQOHULQHJ|UHH\OHPVL]OLNPRPHQWOHULGHVUDV\OD I x = d 2 dm = ( y 2 + z 2 ) ( x, y, z )dxdydz

D D

(3)

ve

207

I y = d 2 dm = ( x 2 + z 2 ) ( x, y , z )dxdydz
D D
HNOLQGH\D]

(4)

labilir. Bir cismin eylemsizlik momenti, silindirik ve kresel koordinatlarda ise (5)

I = d 2 (r cos , r sin , z )rdrd dz

D

ve I = d 2 (r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos )r 2 sin drd d

D
HNOLQGH \D]ODELOLU

(6)

Burada, d fonksiyonunun, silindirik koordinatlarda d (r cos , r sin , z ) HNOLQGH NUHVHO NRRUGLQDWODUGD GD LVH d ( r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos )  HNOLQGH RODFDQ
KDWUODWPDNWDID\GDYDUGU

rnek 1. Yerin ktlesi 5.97 1027 g  YH \DUoDS 6.371108 cm GLU +RPRMHQ \RXQOXNOX ve kresHO \DSGD ROGXXQX YDUVD\DUDN yerin, apODUQGDQ ELULQH gre eylemsizlik momentini
KHVDSOD\Q]

zm

gQFH KRPRMHQ \RXQOXNOX ELU NUHQLQ oDSQD J|UH H\OHPVL]OLN PRPHQWLQL

KHVDSOD\DOP

HNLO GH J|VWHULOGLL JLEL Noordinat sisteminin orijinini, krenin merkezinde seerek, z-HNVHQLQH J|UH H\OHPVL]OLN PRPHQWLQL KHVDSOD\DOP Kresel koordinatlarda, dmNWOHHOHPDQQQ]-HNVHQLQHRODQX]DNO

d 2 = z 2 r 2 = x 2 + y 2 = r 2 sin 2 cos 2 + r 2 sin 2 sin 2 = r 2 sin 2

ROGXXQGDQ

208

I z = r 2 sin 2 r 2 sin drd d = r 4 sin 3 drd d

D D

= d sin 3 d r 4 dr =
0 0 0

2 R 5

sin
0

2 R 5 2 R 5 2 2 d = = (1 cos ) sin 1 (1 u )du 5 0 5 2 R 5 = 5 u3 2 4 R 5 2 4 2 u = = ( R 3 ) R 2 = MR 2 3 1 5 3 5 3 5

1

sonucunu elde ederiz. Buna grH\HULQoDSODUQGDQELULQHJ|UHH\OHPVL]OLNPRPHQWL I yer = 2 2 MR 2 = 5.97 1027 (6.371 108 ) 2 = 9.693 10 44 g cm 2 5 5 d = 1.496 1013 cm 
RODQ ELU oHPEHU NDEXO HGHUHN \XNDUGD

<HULQ \|UQJHVLQL \DUoDS

EXOGXXPX] oDSD J|UH H\OHPVL]OLN PRPHQWLQL \HULQ JQHH J|UH H\OHPVL]OLN PR NDUODWUDELOLUL]

menti ile YDUoDS \|UQJH \DUoDS \DQQGD oRN NoN ROGXXQGDQ \HUL QRNWDVDO ktle olarak varsayabiliriz. %XQDJ|UH\HULQJQHHJ|UHH\OHPVL]OLNPRPHQWLLoLQ I = Md 2 = 5.97 10 27 (1.496 1013 ) 2 = 1.336 1054 g cm 2

GHHULQL HOGH HGHUL] %XQD J|UH \HULQ JQHH J|UH H\OHPVL]OLN PRPHQWL oDSQD J|UH H\OHPVL]OLNPRPHQWLQLQ\DNODNRODUDNNDWGU)L]LNWHDoVDOPRPHQWXP

L = I
IRUPO LOH WDQPODQU %XUDGD

, G|QPHGRODQPD DoVDO K]GU <HULQ, dnme ve dolanma Pdn = 24saat = 86400s ve Pdol = 365.25 g = 3.156 107 s  ROGXXQGDQ, dnemleri VUDV\OD yerin G|QPHYHGRODQPDDoVDOPRPHQWXPODUiinVUDV\OD
Ldn = I ap dn = 2 I ap = 7.049 1040 g cm 2s -1 Pdn

ve Ldol = I gne GRO = 2 I JQH = 2.660 1047 g cm 2s -1 Pdol

GHHUOHULQL HOGH HGHUL] *|UOG ]HUH \HULQ G|QPH DoVDO PRPHQWXPX GRODQPD DoVDO PRPHQWXPX\DQQGDLKPDO HGLOHELOHFHNNDGDUNoNWUdLIW\OG]ODUGXUXPXQGDGDJHQHOGH GXUXP E|\OHGLU $QFDN ED] \DNQ YH K]O G|QHQ ELOHHQOHUH VDKLS oLIW VLVWHPOHULQ LKPDO

edilemeyecek kDGDU E\N G|QPH DoVDO PRPHQWXPODUQD VDKLS RODELOGLNOHULQL GH EHOLUWPHN gerekir.

209