SEMINAR REPORT ON

LAUNCHING VEHICLES & SATELLITES

BY

RAGHU.R (1ME04ME012)

CONTENTS
PART-1: INTRODUCTION TO

LAUNCHING VEHICLES. PART-2: PRINCIPLE OF LAUNCHING VEHICLES. PART-3: IMPLEMENTATION OF LAUNCHING VEHICLES. PART-4: SATELLITES.

PART-1

INTRODUCTION
Every day satellites are being launched , repaired or retrieved in space. Satellites are very important to the world & it finds its applications in all fields. These satellites are launched by using launching vehicles.

What is launching vehicle?

Launching vehicle is a system that is used to launch a satellite into a stable orbit unless two parameters that are uniquely coupled together the velocity vector and the orbital height are simultaneously correct.

PART-2

Launching vehicle principle

It works on the principle of Newtons third law of motion ie., every action has equal and opposite reaction.

Types of launching vehicles

Classified based on propellants used:

1.Solid rockets

2.Liquid rockets
3.Hybrid rockets

It can further be classified based on life span as

1. ELV 2. RLV 3. SSTO & RLV capability

Associated physics
Thrust(Strength of the rocket measured in newtons) Projectile & escape velocity Impulse & momentum

PART-3

Launch vehicles recently used by ISRO

1. 2. 3. 4. SLV ASLV PSLV GSLV

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF SLVs LAUNCHED Gross Mass(Kg) SLV3-1 10,800 SLV3-2 4,900 SLV3-3 1,500 SLV3-4 360

Fuel Mass(Kg)

8.660

3.150

1,060

260

Empty Mass(Kg)

2,140

1,750

440

98

(Stage FuelMass-Ratio) Motor Fuel-MassRatio Length(m)

(0.802) 0.851

(0.643) 0.843

(0.707) 0.875

(0.728) 0.847

10.0

6.4

2.3

1.5

ASLV (Augmented satellite launch vehicle)

Development in the traditional SLV Due to incorporation of boosters It consisted of more than one stage.

GSLV
It is employed to place satellite in the geostationary orbit First launch April 18th 2001 Telecommunication, environmental monitoring, navigation, remote sensing etc

Stage 1
First stage

Stage 2

Stage 3
A typical booster that was used on the GSLV

PSLV
Employed to place a satellite in polar orbit Satellites are particularly useful for remote sensing, earth atmospheric conditions

Stage 1 Nomenclature Core PSI + Strapon PSOM 6Nos. Solid HTPB Based

Stage 2 PS2

Stage 3 PS3

Stage 4 PS4

Propellant Propellant Mass (tonnes) Stage Mass (tonnes) Max Thrust (kN) Burn time (sec) Stage Dia(m) Stage Length(m)

Liquid UDMH+ N204

Solid HTPB Based

Bi-Prop MMH+ N204

138.0+6X9.0
229

40.6
46

7.2
8.4

2.0
2.89

725 4628+662x6 107.4 45 2.8 1.0 20 10 163 2.8 12.5

340 76 2.0 3.6

7.4x2 415 1.3 2.1

PART-4
SATELLITES

What is a satellite?
A satellite is basically any object that revolves around the planet in a circular orbit or elliptical path purposely to perform a specific mission,

Important terms associated with satellites

Path a satellite follows is known as orbit

Apogee(farthest point from earth) Perigee(nearest point to earth)

Basic parts of a satellite

BUS BATTERIES ONBOARD COMPUTER RADIO SYSTEM AND ANTENNA ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEM

How is a satellite launched into the orbit?

All satellites get into orbit by riding on a rocket or in a space shuttle. For most launches rocket is aimed straight up at first.During first few minutes of the flight rocket generates very large thrust so as to overcome the gravitational force.after it launches straight up inertial guidance system comes into picture.

Applications of satellites
Its applications is found in all the fields Weather satellites tiros,cosmos,goes. Communications satellites Insat launched by India Broadcast satellites Scientific satellites Hubble telescope Navigation satellites GPS NAVSTAR Rescue satellites Earth observation satellites landsat satellites Military satellites

How Much Do Satellites Cost?

Satellite launches don't always go well, as shown by this story on failed launches in 1999. There is a great deal at stake. For example, this hurricane-watch satellite mission cost $290 million. This missile-warning satellite cost $682 million. Another important factor with satellites is the cost of the launch. According to this report, a satellite launch can cost anywhere between $50 million and $400 million. A shuttle mission pushes toward half a billion dollars (a shuttle mission could easily carry several satellites into orbit). You can see that building a satellite, getting it into orbit and then maintaining it from the ground control facility is a major financial endeavor! Major U.S. satellite firms include: Hughes Ball Aerospace &Technologies Corp. Boeing Lockheed Martin

What are the different types of satellite orbits?

Geosynchronous orbit Asynchronous orbit Polar orbit

History of satellite development

Pioneers satellites(1957)

NASA's Syncom programme (1963)

Early Bird (1965)

Later communications satellites

intelsat3

The Soviet Sputnik satellite was the first to orbit Earth, launched on October 4, 1957.

Sputnik is a good example of just how simple a satellite can be. As we will see later, today's satellites are generally far more complicated, but the basic idea is a straightforward one. After 92 days, gravity took over and Sputnik burned in Earth's atmosphere. Thirty days after the Sputnik launch, the dog Laika orbited in a half-ton Sputnik satellite with an air supply for the dog. It burned in the atmosphere in April 1958.

Indian space satellites

Established in 1983, the Indian National Satellite (INSAT) is the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia Pacific Region with nine satellites in operation. It provides services in telecommunication, television broadcasting, meteorology including disaster warning, teleeducation and telemedicine. The system has 175 transponders at present for communication services besides meteorological instruments (Very High Resolution Radiometer and Charged Coupled Device (CCD) cameras) for providing meteorological data. .

ISRO's latest satellite, INSAT-4B, was successfully launched on (March 12, 2007) by the European Ariane5 ECA launch vehicle of Arianespace. The 3,025 kg INSAT-4B is the second satellite in the INSAT-4 series. An identical satellite, INSAT-4A, was launched by Ariane-5 on December 22, 2005. INSAT-4B will further augment the INSAT capacity for Direct-To-Home (DTH) television services and other communication and TV services.

Indian space satellites

Aryabhata, the first Indian space satellite, was launched for India on April 19, 1975 Later, Bhaskara-I, an Earth Indian observation satellite, launched for India on June 7. 1979 India launched its own satellite for the first time on July 18, 1980. It was the Rohini-1 satellite carried aloft on a Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) rocket from the Sriharikota Island launch site. Since then, India has invested a great deal of its space development work in complex applications satellites. The nation's two main interests are satellites for remote sensing and communications used for weather pictures, disaster warnings and feeds to 552 television

Aryabhata

Rohini

India's Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) was launched on October 22, 2001, aboard a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C3) from Sriharikota to a 350-mL-high orbit.

ISRO image of India's Technology Experiment Satellite

The 2,440-lb. satellite tested new payload technologies, ranging from communications to remote sensing. It carried a panchromatic camera for Earth-imaging.

NAVSTAR GPS SATELLITE

Each of these 3,000- to 4,000-pound solar-powered satellites circles the globe at about 12,000 miles (19,300 km), making two complete rotations every day. The orbits are arranged so that at any time, anywhere on Earth, there are at least four satellites "visible" in the sky.

Hubble space telescope

In 1975, the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA began developing the space telescope. In 1977, Congress approved funds for the space telescope, and NASA named Lockheed Martin Aerospace Company as the prime contractor to oversee its construction. In 1983, the space telescope was named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, whose observations of variable stars in distant galaxies confirmed that the universe was expanding and gave support to the "Big Bang" theory. The "Eskimo" Nebula (NGC2392)

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