Solid Waste Management Bangladesh

The paper is prepared for the presentation for the National Workshop for REGA and CDM Awareness
Building & Motivation under the ADB PREGA Project

in the Western Inn. Ltd., Khulna Bangladesh on 03-04 July, 2005, organized by Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies
People’s Perception of the Existing Solid

Waste Management of Khulna City
Corporation (KCC) Area: A Case Study of
Participatory Management
The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the
views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Directors or the
governments they represent. ADB makes no representation concerning and does not guarantee the
source, originality, accuracy, completeness or reliability of any statement, information, data, finding,
interpretation, advice, opinion, or view presented.
Page no-1
The paper is prepared for the presentation for the National Workshop for REGA and CDM Awareness Building & Motivation under the ADB PREGA Project
People’s Perception of the Existing Solid Waste Management of Khulna

City Corporation (KCC) Area: A Case Study of Participatory Management
Professor Dr. Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Vice Chancellor, Khulna University, Bangladesh
Dr. Md. Salequzzaman, Associate Professor, Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University,
Bangladesh, and Research Fellow, Institute for Sustainability and Technology
Policy (ISTP), Murdoch University, Western Australia, Phone: +880 41 813239,
Fax: +880 41 731244, Email: salek_uz@yahoo.com / msalequzzaman@hotmail.com
Md. Mezbaul Bahar, Lecturer, Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh
Md. Nazim Uddin, Lecturer, Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh
Md. Atikul Islam, Lecturer, Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh; and
Md. Abdullah Yousuf al Harun, Lecturer, Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh
Abstract: Generation of solid waste (SW) is a major problem in urban areas, thus its management is one of
the important obligatory functions to not only urban local authority but also for the urban peoples. The
research focuses on existing solid waste management (SWM) system of Khulna City Corporation (KCC) area
for improving its inhabitant’s environmental health and how peoples perceived on SWM activities of the KCC
areas. The research also finds out the participatory management system through analyzing the peoples’
perceptions is an alternative to its regular activities. For example, house to house SWM. Finally the research
suggests some appropriate recommendations on how a participatory-sustainable solid waste management
system could be developed in the area of KCC to achieve its goals.
1. Introduction
Waste is nothing but useful material at wrong place. This waste management, particularly
solid waste management is one of the important obligatory functions of not only urban local
authority but also of the awareness of urban people. But this essential service of Khulna
City Corporation (KCC) is not efficiently and properly performed by the local bodies and
the people are not aware about this problem, resulting in many health, environmental and
sanitation problems. It is observed that lack of financial resources, institutional weakness,
improper selection of technology, transportation systems and disposal options, public’s
apathy towards environmental cleanliness and sanitation have made this service
unsatisfactory.
The fundamental objectives of solid waste management program are to minimize the
pollution of the environment as well as utilizing the waste as a resource. These goals should
be achieved in a way that is financially sustainable, i.e. using methods that can be afforded
by the community over the long term and with minimum risk to the persons involved.
Methods of solid waste management vary greatly with types of wastes and local conditions.
The best systems are designed by fixing together the fundamental goals, a clear analysis of
local conditions and factors, an understanding of the full range of technology options that
are available and an awareness of the traditional wisdom and systems that the local people
have developed.
1.1. Meaning of solid waste and its management
Solid wastes are all wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid
in nature and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. It is a generic term used to describe
the things we through away that include garbage, refuse, trash, and others.
Solid Waste Management refers all activities pertaining to the control, collection,
transportation, processing and disposal of those in accordance with the best principles of
public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental
considerations. It includes all the procedures from the source and final disposal which
Page no-2
should not have any harmful effect to the environment or least environmental effect that
could be integrate by any physical or technical or social activities. This management also
includes all attendant administrative, financial, legal and engineering functions.
1.2. Participatory Solid Waste Management:

Participatory or Community-based management of services backed by measures to
strengthen local institutions in implementing and sustaining solid waste management
programs, is one of the guiding principles in international declarations such as New Delhi
Consultation in 1990 and reconfirmed in Agenda 21 (Ahmed and Rahman, 2000).
Participatory management is an approach that seeks to make the best use resources available
within the community with support from government or any NGO or organization. In
communities or user groups, take on more tasks and responsibilities, relieving agencies of
routine solid waste management and maintenance duties through and learning approach by
promoting changes of prevailing attitude, behaviour, norms, skills and procedures.
2. Khulna City Corporation (KCC)

Khulna City is the third largest city of the Bangladesh, which is located in the in the
southwestern part of the country. It s situated between 210 38‫ ״‬and 230 1‫״‬north latitude and
890 8‫ & ״‬890 58‫״‬east longitude and is 16 ft. above mean sea level. The city stands on the
western bank of the river Bhairab. The initial growth of the city started along the river bank
in the south some times in early nineteenth century and the real spread started towards
north-west. It grew into a linear shape. The shape is influenced by a physical barrier-the
river on the east and in availability of build able land on the west. Although the city is
growing spatially in a substantial scale the city’s normal function has been founded to be
highly depended on the city center (Islam, M. A., 2004)). Total area of the Khulna city is
47.0 sq. km. comprising 31 wards. In 2004, total population of Khulna city was 1.5 Millions
with a growth rate of 1.54 (interview of KCC Authority). Gross population density of the
Khulna City is 18,000 persons per sq km (USAID, 2002). The Khulna Municipality was
established in 1884 and in the year of 1991 it was converted to Khulna City Corporation.
3. Generation of solid waste in KCC

According to interview of the KCC people and the relevant NGO Khulna City Corporation
generates around 455 tons of municipal solid waste per day considering all the sources and
the generation rate is 0.75 Kg/capita/day on an average. The maximum part is organic waste
among all generated wastes in KCC and rest is inorganic waste and the amount inorganic
hazardous wastes are 5 tons which are generating from the 50 hospitals/clinics. Waste
generation rate varies from area to area and season to season. High amount of municipal
waste is generated during May to July because various types of seasonal fruit are available
in that time.
Page no-3
Figure-01: Khulna City Corporation. (Salequzzaman, 2005).
3.1. Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in KCC

Domestic wastes are the main sources of MSW in Khulna city Corporation. The other
important sources of municipal solid wastes are Commercial wastes which comprises of
markets, hotels, restaurants, hospital/Clinical, institutions including schools, colleges and
government offices, construction & demolition, municipal services like street sweeping,
drain sweeping, treatment plant sites and other wastes.( Salequzzaman, Banerjee and
Ahmed, 2005) The household sector is the primary source of Municipal solid wastes in
Khulna city. About eighty percent wastes are coming from domestic sources. These are
includes organic, inorganic non-hazardous and inorganic hazardous. Mainly clinical and
some industrial wastes are inorganic hazardous wastes.
Page no-4
250
Waste Generation Rate, gm/capita/day.

200
150
100
50
0
Khalishpur R/A Mujgonni R/A Munshipara Nirala R/A Sonadanga R/A
R/A
Study Areas
Figure-02: Waste Generation Rate in Five Residential area in KCC. (Salequzzaman,

Banerjee, and Ahmed, 2005).
1000
900
800
aste Generation, Kg.
700
600
500
400
W
300
200
100
0
Khalishpur R/A Mujgonni R/A Munshipara Nirala R/A Sonadanga
R/A R/A
Study Areas
Figure-03: Quantity of waste in Five Residential areas in KCC. (Salequzzaman, Banerjee,

and Ahmed, 2005).
1% 2%
2% 1%
5%
Domestic
10% Commercial
institutional
Clinic/Hospital
Street Sweeping
Drain cleaning
79% others
Figure-04: Sources of generated solid waste in KCC. (, Banerjee and Ahmed, 2005).
Page no-5
6% 4%
Inorganic Hazardous
waste
Organic waste
Inorganic Non-
Hazardous waste
90%
Figure-05: Composition of MSW in KCC. (Salequzzaman et al., 1998).
Table 1: Quantity of degradable solid waste (in kg) in five residential areas of KCC
(Salequzzaman, Banerjee and Ahmed, 2005).
Composition Nirala Sonadanga(R/A) Mujgonni(R/A) Khalispur(R/A) Munshipara(R/A)
(R/A)
Bones 19.31 15.51 4.65 6.65 8.59
Cloth 8.658 1.557 6.96 7.763 2.95
Coir 18.93 7.137 6.44 14.39 9.57
Egg Shell 3.708 2.825 2.27 4.203 2.95
Feather 14.43 11.95 7.12 2.919 4.553
Fish Residue 34.456 20.57 23 10.507 7.66
Garden Trimmings 15.91 3.2 2.12 9.807 3.83
Meat Residue 23.331 13.581 20.58 4.495 5.57
Paper 45.04 6.89 14.85 30.24 8.48
Starch 27.503 26.022 22.41 26.291 13.03
Vegetables 651 149 139 356 327
Wood 17.154 0.991 3.7 1.343 3.71
4. Participatory Solid Waste Management System in KCC
In Khulna City the main responsibility of solid waste management system is on the Khulna
City Corporation. This Solid Waste Management System can be explained by two ways:
a) Collection and transportation of solid waste to the disposal site.
b) Resource recovery and composting of solid waste.
a) Collection and transportation of solid waste to the disposal site:

There are two types of solid waste collection and transportation to the disposal site in
Khulna City Corporation region. These are:
i) Conventional System
ii) Participatory System
i) Conventional System:
Waste is generated in the home and usually stored until a small amount has been
accumulated. In the conventional system it is the responsibility of the householders to carry
their wastes to the nearest solid waste bins or similar facilities which are provided by the
city corporation and deposit wastes there. The city corporation is responsible for the transfer
of this waste from the roadside bins to the final disposal site. Usually the city corporation’s
truck visits these locations at regular intervals and collects and hauls the accumulated
wastes to disposal sites.
Page no-6
Conventional Approach
Figure 06: Conventional waste collection system in KCC. (Khalequzaman, Salequzzaman

and Rahman, 2004))
ii) Participatory System:

In Khulna the city wards are divided into small areas called primary collection blocks.
These consist of approximately 500 households which are all served by one rickshaw van.
Waste generated in the home is stored in a bin, basket or bag and collected everyday by a
primary collector who transports the waste to nearby transfer points, normally in a rickshaw
van. This is primary collection and is the responsibility of the community. Transfer points
are places where waste is unloaded from primary collection vehicles to be taken away by
secondary transport. Several primary collection blocks are served by a transfer point. The
waste is then collected from the transfer points and taken to the final disposal point by a
large truck. This is secondary collection and is the responsibility of the city corporation.
In Khulna City Corporation there are 31 wards. Among these wards in 29 wards (except 22
and 29 no. ward) seventeen NGOs are working for Primary collection. In 31 no. ward the
maximum waste generated used for land reclamation of the surrounding low lying areas.
For secondary collection and conventional collection of solid waste city corporation has 34
trucks which have to provide trip more than one. The city corporation have 60 bigha own
land for dumping the solid waste at the edge of the Khulna city in the Rajbandh.
Page no-7
Community Approach
Figure 07: Community based waste collection system in KCC. (Khalequzaman,

Salequzzaman and Rahman, 2004))
Figure 08: Door to door waste collection. Figure 09: Van collection system.
Figure 10: Operation of the primary collection system: A rickshaw van collecting and
transporting waste.
b) Resource recovery and composting of solid waste:

The KCC does not perform any kind of resource recovery activities. solid waste like all
kinds of papers, metals and glass with other valuables things including polythene / plastic
bag have recycled and a group of people is engaged (locally called ‘Tokai’) to this
Page no-8
profession for their income and daily life maintenance. In general, wastes having some
market value are being reclaimed or salvaged in three stages:
In first stage, housewives separate refuse of higher market value such as papers, bottles,
fresh containers, old clothes, shoes, etc. and sell them to street hawkers. In second stage,
mostly children of slum dwellers ‘Tokai’ carry out salvaging by collecting different items of
low market value from waste collection bins. Scavengers at the final disposal sites do the
third stage of salvaging when municipal trucks unload fresh refuse. The reclaimed materials
reach the waste and old materials shop through street hawkers who purchase old materials
directly from households and through solid waste collectors who reclaim the materials from
bins and final disposal sites. These reclaimed materials require intermediate processing like
washing, drying and sorting. The refuse dealers separate the materials in proper form and
sell them to consumers as well as supply them to appropriate processing factories for reuse
as raw materials. Other mismanaged reusable/recyclable are going to different places such
as secondary disposal site, drain, low land filling, roadside & open spaces etc. More than
two hundreds and fifty shops in KCC areas and above one thousands of people earn their
lives depending on it.
Percentage of recycleable material in KCC area
2%
28% Plastic
Glass
Iron
55%
Paper
7% Animal Bone
8%
Figure 11: Percentage of Collected Recyclable Materials in KCC.
According to field survey it is estimated that at present 500 tokay’s are working for
collection of recyclable materials from Secondary disposal sites in KCC area. They
scavenge anything that has certain economic value in the market. For recovering, they use
either bare hand or bent rod or a wooden stick. They sell their recoverable material to
Hawkers or recycling shops and earn on an average 50 – 80 taka per day.
Table 02: Item and amount of recyclable materials at different locations in KCC (Murtaza,
Sarwar and Salequzzaman, 1998).
Average Quantity of Recycling Materials (Kg/day/shop)
Hazardous
Location of No. Animal Wastes (Saline
the Shops of Glass Metal Plastic Paper Bone bag, paint items
Shops etc.)
Sheikh Para 151 11.00 224.00 15.00 2.50 0.75 0.07
Fultala 2 25.00 121.00 30.00 7.50 - -
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Daulatpur 2 53.00 268.00 56.50 210.00 - 4.25

Khalishpur 24 27.50 47.00 22.00 15.00 - 0.40
Raligate 2 33.00 185.00 34.00 58.00 - -
Fulbarigate 5 18.00 91.00 11.00 8.00 - -
Shiromoni 2 - 61.00 8.00 13 - 0.30
Among the 17 NGOs who are working in KCC solid waste management there are 4 NGOs
make compost fertilizer from the solid waste. Khulna city corporation authority gives them
land for this activity. In present there are five composting factory. Among these Prism has
3, Rastic, Prodipan and Samadhan each has 1. In the city corporation region some
householders compost their waste to use in their home garden.
Figure 12: SWM labour separate some collected waste
5. Peoples Perception
From the above discussion it is clear that the solid waste of Khulna city is a serious Urban
Environmental Problem. However it is not always perceived to be a problem and among
some development economists there is a view that people in poor cities like Khulna are not
likely to consider such issues as solid waste very seriously (Salequzzaman and Newman,
2000). Therefore, this study has conducted interviews of KCC people to obtain their
perception on solid waste, its management and appropriate policy suggestions.
Page no-10
Figure 13: Scavenger separate waste materials.
Figure 14: Solid waste dumping in the roadside of Gollamari Bridge ignoring the
environmental health (Photograph taken by Dr. Md. Salequzzaman).
In general, city dwellers think that because they pay taxes, it is the sole responsibility of the
city authority to provide them with a nuisance-free habitable city. To build a pollution-free
city environment, along with other things, requires an efficient urban management plan
(Salequzzaman, Awal and Alam, 2001). Execution of such a plan may not bring any
positive change unless and until cooperation from every section of city dwellers could be
ensured.
Page no-11
Among the house holders, about 60% gives their waste to the waste collector or dumps into
the city corporation collection bin. The rest 40% had thrown their waste into roadside,
lowland, canals, drains or house premises (Figure 14).
House to house collection system supports 80%, communal 10% and others 10%. In Khulna
City waste from the house are collected during day time. This system support 80%
householder, the rest 15% night and 5% during afternoon. About 80% people known about
resource recovery from the solid waste but they don’t collect because in some household
these materials cause dirty, odor, risky for children etc. More than 40% people separate
resource such as paper, bottle, Plastic container, old cloth from the waste
More than 80% people of House holder, educated person, student, roadside shopkeeper,
people around the disposal site, scavenger etc. face several types of problem such as odor
pollution, air pollution, traffic jam, dirty roadside etc.
The opinion of different groups of people about the existing solid waste management
system in KCC is that 60% think this system is suitable, 20% think this system should
improve such as make regularity in collection, use covered vehicles for transportation of
waste, and increase of house to house waste collection system.
Most of the people suggest that the solid waste transportation through the KCC’s busy roads
during night time instead of day time. But the labors of KCC have some problem to work
during night time. The main problem is the lack of electricity. Because the waste generated
from different sources are not being separated, result in the solid waste contain hazardous
and toxic waste such as syringe, broken glass, hospital waste, and thy also afraid because
sometimes explosives may be hidden in the waste. Their security is also an important matter
of concern.
6. Discussion
It is evident that the city dwellers expressed their concerns about the solid waste
management system in KCC and its associated problems that they are encountering. There
are some hindrances in the KCC’s solid waste Management system. These problems are
arising from both the city corporation authority and the citizen of different levels. These are
as follows:
It is not uncommon that low-income neighborhoods often face considerable problems. In

slum areas of KCC inadequate solid waste management is just one of them and its
improvement may not have priority for a community. If solid waste management is not a
felt need, this will have consequences for their participation in the service and their
willingness to pay.
Households often behave contrary to schedules and rules of effective solid waste
management. Sometimes this is caused by a lack of facilities. If a transfer point or dumping
site is more than 100 meters away from their house, people tend to throw their waste much
more often in streets, open spaces and rivers. More often, however, it is due to households
lacking knowledge and incentives to keep to the rules of the collection system, and
operators lacking sanctions and authority.
Page no-12
In most of the cases residents of a neighborhood have a sense of responsibility for their
home and immediate environment, but the public places such as streets and drains are
considered the responsibility of the State.
Willingness to pay is a rather central point because it is important for the success of a
Participatory solid waste management project and it is related to many other aspects such as
the motivation of operators and households and the reliability of the service . Salequzzaman,
Islam and Stocker, 2001).
Community perception of fees and of the waste collection service is essential for its
willingness to pay. If residents think they already pay for collection through taxes, or if they
do not trust the service, they refuse to pay.
Management of Participatory solid waste services is often a voluntary activity, mostly

carried out by the more effluent residents, who are motivated by community benefits such
as a cleaner environment, a better health of neighborhood residents, status of the job, etc.
While motivated management is one of the success factors of Participatory solid waste
management project, exclusive dependence on one person who manages the operation of a
solid waste service is considered undesirable, because accountability to the community and
the continuity of the service may not be secured any more.
The accountability to the community of the managers of a solid waste service also depends
on the composition of the management committee. Whether it is an elected body or
appointed by the local government, whether it consists of traditional leaders or modern
community organizations, or of influential individuals.
There is a difference between remuneration of operation and of management of

Participatory solid waste management projects. Operational activities like collection of
waste, sorting, recycling etc. are almost entirely done on the basis of profit, i.e. a personal
salary, because work is hard and status is low.
The salary of operators of waste collection services is often low, because waste collectors
derive their income from waste collection fees and from the sale of recyclables. Both do not
yield much revenue in low-income neighborhoods. Fee collection is not high, because
households in low-income neighborhoods are not able to pay high fees. The waste that
remains to be collected is often worthless due to its high organic content. Another reason for
the low salary of operators of waste collection services is the size of coverage areas, which
is often too small to earn an adequate income.
The low status of waste collectors in the society may be caused by their low salary, the
nature of their work and sometimes by their waste-picker background. The nature of their
work is often considered unpleasant and filthy, not only collection but also activities such as
sorting of garbage at a composting plant.
An unreliable service, which does not arrive in time or is not carried out according to the
expectations of the community, has consequences for the trust of the community for their
participation and willingness to pay for the service. It may be caused by a lack of
performance control, a lack of priority of the service when waste collection is carried out as
a part time job. If operators have formerly been waste-pickers, they may cause additional
reliability problems.
Page no-13
7. Recommendation
To ameliorate this environmental problem, the following things could be done:
¾ Increase the facility of house to house collection in all areas of KCC.
¾ Assurance of regularity in collection and transportation of solid waste from the
house hold, bins and primary dumping stations.
¾ Separation and collection of separated waste separately from the house by increasing
awareness.
¾ Increase awareness for reduction of solid waste generation.
¾ Transportation of solid waste during nighttime instead of daytime. If it transport
during day time use cover on the waste transportation vehicle to reduce the odor
pollution and other associated problems.
¾ Increase the salary and safety of the labor who working in the solid waste
management system.
¾ Increase awareness to the people about the resource recovery from the solid waste.
¾ More composting of organic degradable waste and used as a fertilizer.
¾ Probability assessment of electricity generation from the solid waste.
¾ Establishment of sanitary land fill instead of open dumping if funds are available.
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Acknowledgement
The paper is the outcome of the field survey, sampling and relevant laboratory analysis by Mr. Md. Nurul
Amin (Out going student), Mr. Sharif Mahmood (4th year student) and Mr. Md. Mosharaf Hossain (4th year
student) of Environmental Science Discipline of Khulna University, Bangladesh. We acknowledge all of their
contributions with grateful thanks.
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The paper is prepared for the presentation for the National Workshop for REGA and CDM Awareness

Building & Motivation under the ADB PREGA Project

People’s Perception of the Existing Solid

People’s Perception of the Existing Solid Waste Management of Khulna

1.2. Participatory Solid Waste Management:

2. Khulna City Corporation (KCC)

3. Generation of solid waste in KCC

Figure-01: Khulna City Corporation. (Salequzzaman, 2005).

3.1. Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in KCC

Waste Generation Rate, gm/capita/day.

Figure-02: Waste Generation Rate in Five Residential area in KCC. (Salequzzaman,

Figure-03: Quantity of waste in Five Residential areas in KCC. (Salequzzaman, Banerjee,

Figure-05: Composition of MSW in KCC. (Salequzzaman et al., 1998).

a) Collection and transportation of solid waste to the disposal site:

Figure 06: Conventional waste collection system in KCC. (Khalequzaman, Salequzzaman

ii) Participatory System:

Figure 07: Community based waste collection system in KCC. (Khalequzaman,

b) Resource recovery and composting of solid waste:

Percentage of recycleable material in KCC area

Figure 11: Percentage of Collected Recyclable Materials in KCC.

Daulatpur 2 53.00 268.00 56.50 210.00 - 4.25

Figure 12: SWM labour separate some collected waste

Figure 13: Scavenger separate waste materials.

It is not uncommon that low-income neighborhoods often face considerable problems. In

Management of Participatory solid waste services is often a voluntary activity, mostly

There is a difference between remuneration of operation and of management of

IUGG 2003 International Conference, Japan (http:www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec-

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