Submitted To: Sir Dr. Zulqarnain Submitted By: Name: Humayun Khalid Roll #. 028-Regular MBA 1.

5 (HRM) Advance Research Methods Assignment: identification of variables used in different levels of measurement In social sciences, four basic levels of measurement a variable can have. These levels are nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio level. These levels are helpful to determine the statistical outcomes we use, but it depends on the level of measurement and the variable used in the research. Definitions and examples of these four methods are given below: Nominal Level of Measurement: The nominal scale simply places people, events, perceptions, etc. into categories based on some common trait. For example gender (male or female), Nationality (Pakistani or Arabian), Political parties ( PML N, PML Q, PPP, PTI), Religion (Islam and others), Marital status (single, married, in a relationship), blood group (A,B,AB,O) and etc. Ordinal Level of Measurement: The ordinal scale is basically used when we want to rank some items. In ordinal variables, the distance between categories does not have any meaning. For example class of people, (high class, middle class, low class) but in this example we cannot say how much someone is high class. Education level (less then high school, high school degree, college level etc.) Job satisfaction (no one can identify that how much someone is satisfy because the respondents will give different numeric values (2,3,5), information generation ( no one can give accurate results that how much information is generated by using some resource). Interval Level of Measurement: In interval measurement, the distance between the attributes, or categories, does have meaning. For example the distance between 30M to 40M and 60M to 70M is same in interval terms. Similarly, when temperature is measure, we can said that the interval between 30 C to 40 C and 40 C to 50 C is same. Ratio Level of Measurement Variables that are measured at the ratio level are similar to interval variables, however they have an absolute zero that is meaningful (i.e. no numbers exist below zero). Therefore, we can construct a meaningful ratio, or fraction, with a ratio variable. Height, weight, mass are some example of ratio variables. Because measurement of these cannot be go on zero, if zero it means that thing does not exist.

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