Document no : 01 - 42 08 071 -ES

Displacement, LWT and DWT

Attachment Number of pages

Miftahuddin nur rev. date Document Title Prepared by

Ir. Dwi Priyanta Ir. Hari ,MSE Prastowo, Msc. Reviwed by Approved by

Electrical Systems and Engine Room

Project Doc. No Displacement, LWT and DWT Rev. No page. No

: DESIGN IV : 01 - 42 08 071 - ES : : II

Table of contents 1. Introduction..... 1 2. Objective.... 1 3. Reference... 1 4. Abbreviation.... 1 5. Description of calculation....... 2 6. Summary .............................. 7 List of attachments attachments 1 Detail Equipment list code..

Project Doc. No Displasement, LWT dan DWT Rev. No page. No

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1. Introduction 1.1. Displasement Displasemen volume is the total volume of water displaced by the weight of an object. There are two factors that affect the displacement of the ship, the weight of the ship components that can be transformed (DWT) and the weight of the ship components that can not be changed (LWT). 1.2. Light Weight Tonnage Based on the book "Practical ship design chapter 4" LWT ship explained that consists of several components:
1.Weight of ship's structural 2.Weight of outfitting 3.Weight of Machinery 4.Recidual Weight

1.3. Dead Weight Tonnage Is the weight that come from the value of weight displacement minus the light weight tonnages. That consist of cargo's weight, fuel oil, fresh water, ballast water, provision and ship's crew weight 2. Objective The objective of this document is to determine the estimation of displacement, light weight tonnage, and dead weight tonnage in order to find the relation between 3. Reference
Practical Ship Design, Chapter 4 Weight-Based Designs, D.G.M. Watson

4. Abbreviation Lpp = Length of between perpendicular Lwl = Length of waterline B = Breadth of ship H = Height of ship T = Draught of ship Vs = Ships velocity Cb = Block coefficient sea water = Sea water density K = Wet steel weight's constant SFOC = Specific Fuel Oil Consumption

Project Doc. No Displasement, LWT dan DWT Rev. No page. No W res Wst E l1 l2 h1 h2 Woa Wm Wd MCR RPM Wr Wres = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Reserve weight Displacement volume Ships displacement Wet steel weight Steel weights parameter Length of forecastle deck Length of poop deck Height of forecastle deck Height of poop deck Weight of outfit and accomdation Machineriy weight Main engines weight Maximum continous rating (kW) Engine RPM Auxiliary engines weight Reserve weight

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5. Description of calculation 5.1 Displacement Calculation a. Displacement Volume = Lwl x B x T x Cb where : = Displacement volume Lwl = Ships length on the water line B = Ship width in the middle of ship T = Draft on fully cargo Cb = Block coefficients b. Weight Displacement = x sea water where : = ships displacement = ships displacement volume sea water = the density of sea water 5.2 Light Weight Tonnage a. Weight of ship's structural According to the book "Practical Ship Design chapter 4/4.2.4"by DGM Watson, to calculate the weight of the structure of the ship can use the formula :

Project Doc. No Displasement, LWT dan DWT Rev. No page. No Wst = K x E1,36
where : K = Coefisien, depend on ship type E = Equipment Numerical

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According the value of the number of equipment (E) Lyold appropriate as written in the book "Practical Ship Design"by DGM Watson, referring to the 1877 RINA (Lecure Ship Design and Ship Theory, Poels Herald p. 69A) with the following formula:
E = L ( B +T ) + 0.85 L ( D -T ) + 0.85 ( l1 h1 ) + 0.75 ( l2 h2 ) Where : L = legth between perpendicular B = breadth T = draft D = depth l1 = length of full width erection h1 = height of full width erection l2 = length of houses h2 = height of houses Calculation above,is for ship having Cb = 0.70 to 0.8 H. But, this ship have a Cb = 0,615, so that needed to do a correction .

b. Weight Outfit and accommodation (Woa)

For heavy outfit and accommodation according to Practical Ship Design, page 99 chapter 4.4, it can be seen the value of Wo/L xB.For container ships withLpp 112 m = 0,3

c.

Weight of Machinery
Divided into two components: propulsion machinery and remainder.

c.1. Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM Watson page 108 Chapter 4.5.4, Main Engine weight can be estimated with the following formula :
Wd = 12 (MCR/RPM)
0,84

c.2 Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM Watson page 110 Chapter 4.5.5, weight of remainder can be estimated with the following formula :
Wr = K x (MCR)^0.70

Project Doc. No Displasement, LWT dan DWT Rev. No page. No

So the result of Machinery Weight is Wd+Wr, Wm = Wd+Wr

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d. Recidual Weight According to Practical Ship Design on page 114, for the calculation of reserves it is necessary to add weight. Weight by 2-3% due to avoid mistakes in planning and things that might not been included in previous calculations. So the formula of recidual weight is :
Wres = 2% (Wst + Woa + Wd + Wr + Wmt)

Now we know the value - the value of weight above in accordance with the previous explanation, then we can calculate the value of LWT by summing the weight calculation remains the ship:
LWT = Wst + Woa + Wd + Wr + Wmt + Wres

5.3 Dead Weight Tonnage According to the book "Ship Knowledge A Modern Encyclopedia" page 28, Deadweight is the weight of that load cargo ship laden water up to a maximum allowable. This can be formulated with the formula: DWT = - LWT 5.4 Payload Payload is the total weight of cargo that can be transported by ship to the income (profit) of a ship. Here are steps in determining the payload. Payload = DWT - Wtotal where, DWT = Dead Weight Tonnage Wtotal =Weight of fuel oil, diesel oil, lubricating oil, crews and provision, fresh water i. HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil) a. HFO's weight The formula, as follows : WHFO = SFOC x BHP x time to voyage x constants addition of fuel Where, WHFO = weight of heavy fuel oil SFOC = specific fuel oil consumption (project guide) BHP = break horse power of main engine (project guide) constants addition of fuel = 1.3 - 1.5

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b. HFO's tank volume We should consider about the increasing temperature inside the tanks of HFO, so we add some alocation of expansion margins approximately 2% - 3%. The formula, as follows : VHFO = ((100%+3%)*WHFO)/ HFO Where, VHFO = HFO's tanks volume = weight of heavy fuel oil Alocation of expansion = 3% 3 HFO = 0.991ton/m ii. DO (Diesel Oil) a. DO's weight estimation of diesel oil's weight is 10%-20% of hfo weight for the result : WDO = 20% x WHFO b. DO's tanks volume We should consider about the increasing temperature inside the tanks of DO, so we add some alocation of expansion margins approximately 2% - 3%. The formula, as follows : VDO = ((100%+3%)*WDO)/ DO Where, VDO WDO = DO's tanks volume WHFO

= weight of heavy fuel oil Alocation of expansion = 3% 3 DO = 0.85 ton/m iii. LO (Lubricating Oil) a. LO's weight The formula, as follows : WLO = SLOC x BHP x time to voyage x constant addition of fuel where, SLOC = Specific Lubricating Oil Consumption = 0.95 g/BHPh Constants of fuel = 1.3 - 1.5, take 1.4

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b. LO's tanks volume We should consider the increasing temperature inside the tanks of LO,so we add some alocation of expansion margins approximately 2% 3%. The formula, as follows : VLO = WLO / LO where, 3 LO = 0.9 ton/m iv. Fresh Water a. Consumption for crew fresh water needs estimation = 20 kg/persons/day b. Bath and laundry needs fresh water needs estimation = 200 kg/persons/day c. Cooking needs fresh water needs estimation = 4 kg/persons/day d. Machinery needs 1. main engine fresh water needs estimation = 7 gr/kWh 2. auxiliary engine fresh water estimation = 0.2 from main engine's fresh water Total fresh water machinery = fw ME + fw AE Total Weight of Fresh Water = consumption for crew + bath and laundy + cooking + machinery Total Volume of Fresh Water = divide the total weight of fresh water by its density. v. Crew and Provision a. crew's weight total crews = 20 persons average weight of crews = 70 kg b. provision's weight
average provisions needs = 5 kg/person/day

Weight Total of Ship Supplies W total = WHFO+WDO+WLO+Wfreshwater+Wcrews+Wprov PAYLOAD = DWT - W supplies total

Project Doc. No Displasement, LWT dan DWT Rev. No page. No 6. Summary

NO CALCULATION Displacement Volume Weight Displacement Light Weight Tonnage Dead Weight Tonnage Payload SYMBOL LWT DWT 9402,12 9637,17 3953,68 5683,49 5538,85 RESULT

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1 2 3 4 5

m3 ton ton ton ton

Attachment 1 Detail Calculation of Displasement, LWT dan DWT

Project

Estimation of Displasement, Doc. No Rev. No LWT dan DWT

page. No 1. Calculation Details
Principal Dimension Container Ship Lpp = 112,00 meter Lwl = 117,60 meter B = 20,00 meter H= T= Cb = = 8,30 6,50 0,62 8,49 m/s meter meter h deck = Power Engine = = Sailing distance = Sailing time = 2,50 3900 5230
1487

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meter kW HP n mile Hours

120

Vs = 16,50 knots

>

Calculation of Ship's Displacement Volume Displacement = Lwl x B x T x Cb = 9402 m Weight Displacement

Because the ships operating at sea, then the value of rho(density) was used sea water rho(density) :
= 1,025 ton/m =x = 9637,2 ton Determination of the number of crew

In determining the number of the crew should be as efficient as possible, as this affects the size of the room and the limited amount of supplies of food and fresh water. Factors that influence the type of ship, large ship, the number of jobs served by the crew, sailing routes, sisitem existing automation on ships, and regulations of the country concerned.In determining the number of crew that is used is 20 people.
Payload

The payload is the cargo on board and pay (making money). The formula can be used to determine the payload is :
Payload = DWT - WProvision

So to be able to know the payload on the vessel which is designed we must calculate the first (LWT), which brought supplies and Weight Lightweight

Project

Estimation of Displasement, Doc. No Rev. No LWT dan DWT

page. No > Light weight (LWT) ~ Weight of ship's structural

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According to the book "Practical Ship Design chapter 4/4.2.4"by DGM Watson, to calculate the weight of the structure of the ship can use the formula perndekatan as follows:

Wst = K x E

1,36

where : K = Coefisien, depend on ship type E = Equipment Numerical According the value of the number of equipment (E) Lyold appropriate as written in the book "Practical Ship Design"by DGM Watson, referring to the 1877 RINA (Lecure Ship Design and Ship Theory, Poels Herald p. 69A) with the following formula:

E = L x (B + T) + 0,85L x (H - T) + 0,85 (l1 x h1) + 0,75 (l2 x h2)

L = Lpp = 112 H= Lfore = Hfore = L
MAIN DECK

m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m (the length of forecastle) (the height forecastle) (the length of MAIN DECK ) (the height of MAIN DECK) (the length of DECK A ) (the height of DECK A) (the length of DECK B) (the height of DECK B) (the length of DECK C) (the height of DECK C) (the length of DECK D) (the height of DECK D) (the length of navigation) (the height of navigation)

8,3 7,85 2,5 29,5 3,0 8,0 2,5 8,0 2,5 8,0 2,5 8,0 2,5 7,0 2,5

H MAIN DECK = LDECK A = H DECK A = LDECK B = H DECK B= L DECK C = H DECK C= L

DECK D

H DECK D= Lnav = Hnav =

l1 x h1 = the length and height of full width erections l2 x h2 = the length and height of houses l1 x h1 = Lfore x Hfore = 20 m2

Project

Estimation of Displasement, Doc. No Rev. No LWT dan DWT

page. No

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l2 x h2 = (LDECK A x HDECK A)+(LDECK B x HDECK B)+(LDECK C x HDECK C)+ (LDECK D x HDECK D)+ (Lnav x hnav)+(L MAIN DECK x H MAIN DECK) = 186 m2 E = L x (B + T) + 0,85L x (H - T) + 0,85 (l1 x h1) + 0,75 (l2 x h2) = 3295,5

K = 0,036 (for container ship) Wst = k x E1.36 = 2191 Ton Calculation above,is for ship having Cb = 0.70 to 0.8 H. But, this ship have a Cb = 0,615, so that needed to do a correction : correction of Cb = Cb + ( 1 - Cb x (0,8H - T) / 3T = 6,662 Thus obtained the weight of steel : Wst = Wst x [1 + 0,05 (Cb0,8H 0,7)] = 2844,4 Ton ~ Weight Outfit and accommodation (Woa) For heavy outfit and accommodation according to Practical Ship Design, page 99 chapter 4.4, it can be seen the value of Wo/L xB. For container ships with Lpp 112 m= 0,3 Woa = the value of(Wo / L xB) x Lpp x B = 672,00 Ton Propulsion machinery weight Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM Watson page 108 Chapter 4.5.4, Main Engine weight can be estimated with the following formula :

Project Estimation of Displasement, Doc. No LWT dan DWT Rev. No page. No

0,84 Wd = 12 (MCR/RPM) = 139,6 ton

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BHPMCR = 3900 kW rpm= 210

Calculation weight of remainder (Wr) Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM Watson page 110 Chapter 4.5.5 , weight of remainder can be estimated with the following formula : Wr = K x (MCR)^0.70 = 225,2 ton K = 0,69 (for bulk carriers and general cargo ship)
Weight of generator set (Wmt)

Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM Watson page 111 Chapter 4.5.6 Generator weight can be estimated with the following formula :
Wmt = 0.72(MCR)^0.78 where is : MCR = Maximum Continous Rating genset However, because of the power generator to be installed is not known, it is assumed that the generator will be installed is with the power of 120 kW of 3 sets. So the value can be calculated as follows wmt : Wmt = 0.72(MCR) 0.78 = 71,00 ton

Calculation of Recidual weight According to Practical Ship Design on page 114, for the calculation of reserves it is necessary to add weight. Weight by 2-3% due to avoid mistakes in planning and things that might not been included in previous calculations. Wres = 2% (Wst + Woa + Wd + Wr + Wmt) = 1,42 ton

Calculation of LWT Now we know the value - the value of weight above in accordance with the previous explanation, then we can calculate the value of LWT by summing the weight calculation remains the ship: LWT = Wst + Woa + Wd + Wr + Wmt + Wres = 3953,7 ton

Project

Estimation of Displasement, Doc. No Rev. No LWT dan DWT

page. No >

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Dead weight (DWT) According to the book "Ship Knowledge A Modern Encyclopedia" page 28, Deadweight is the weight of that load cargo ship laden water up to a maximum allowable. This can be formulated with the formula: DWT = - LWT
= 5683,5 ton

>

Payload Calculation
Payload is the total weight of cargo that can be transported by ship to the income (profit) of a ship.Here are the steps in determining the payload weight. Payload = DWT - Wconsumable Where : Wconsumable = WHFO + WMDO + WLO + WFW + WP + WCP

Calculation of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) Unknown: SFOC = P= 177 3900 g/kWh kW

Constanta addition of fuel oil = 1,3-1,5 taken = 1,3 -6 WHFO = SFOC x P x (S/Vs) x constanta addition of fuel oil x 10 = 107,7 ton Calculation of Volume HFO Tank VHFO = WHFO/ HFO HFO = 1 Ton/m3
3 = 108,66 m

According to the book "Ship Design and Construction section 5" page 65, in the calculation of the volume of the fuel tank (HFO) will need to add a margin of 2% ~ 4% to anticipate expansion of fuel because of increases in temperature in the tank, so that the volume of HFO tanks required:
VHFO = (1+4%) x WHFO)
3 = 111,99 m

Calculation of Marine Diesel Oil (DO) Diesel oil is usually used as fuel for generators and motor process of flushing the mains when not operated in the long term. Heavy Diesel Oil which is carried in shipping approximately 0.1 ~ 0.2 of weight carried HFO, in this case tken 0,2 Weight of Marine Diesel Oil (WMDO) WMDO = 0.2 x WHFO = 21,54 ton

Project

Estimation of Displasement, Doc. No Rev. No LWT dan DWT

page. No Calculation of tank volume MDO Selected : type of DO = DM-A DO (at 15 C) = 1 ton/m3 VMDO = WMDO/ MDO

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3 = 24,20 m According to the book "Ship Design and Construction section 5" page 65, in

the calculation of the volume of the fuel tank (DO) should be added margin of 2% ~ 4% to anticipate if fuel (DO) terekspansi because of increases in temperature in the tank, so that the volume of tank DO required: V MDO = (1+4%)x VMDO ~
3 = 25,17 m Calculation Lubricating Oil (LO) Based on data from "Project Guide Engine (MAN B & W L35MC) " on the condition of maximum obtained the following data: unknown : Lubricating Oil Consumption System Oil Approximate kg/cyl.24hours Cylinder Oil 2 0,8-1,2 g/kWh taken = 0,8 g/kWh -6 WLO = P x SLOC x (S/Vs) x 10 = 0,5 ton Calculation of Volume LO Tank Selected : 3 LO = 0,9 ton/m VLO = WLO / LO 3 = 0,52 m need increase 4% for construction and expansion, so loss volume = 1,04 x Vlo

= 0,541 m ~

Weight of Crew and Provision

Weight provision = Total crew x provision needed per day x Longest trip

Total crew = Weight per crew =

20 70

man kg

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Estimation of Displasement, Doc. No Rev. No LWT dan DWT

page. No

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Wcrew = 1,4 ton weight of total crew = total crew x the average weight of crew where : porvision need = 3.5 kg ~ 5 kg /man/day porvision need = 5 kg/man/ day Sea time = 5,00 day Wprov= 0,50 ton ~ Freshwater needs Supplies of fresh water on the ship in this case is calculated on the maximum demand conditions, namely when the ship set sail and when the ship was doing loading and unloading. The need for fresh water on board is divided over the need: a. Eat and drink of crew b. Washing and sanitary c. Cook d. Cooling Engine In the design of planned: Sea time = 5 day Loading and unloading = 2 day Based on data used to determine the need is : a. Eat and drink of crew (Wfwd) Consumption = 10 kg/man/day (estimation between 10 - 20 kg/man/day) Total time = Sea time + loading unloading = 7 day Water Needs = 1,4 ton b. Shower and wash (WFS) Consumption = 60 kg/man/day (estimation between 60 - 200 kg/man/day) Total time = Sea time + loading unloading = 7,0 day Water Needs = 8,4 ton c. Cooking (Wfwc) Consumption = 4 kg/man/day (estimation between 3 - 4 kg/man/day) Totalize time = Sea time + loading unloading

Project

Estimation of Displasement, Doc. No Rev. No LWT dan DWT

page. No = 7,0 day Water Needs = 0,6 ton

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d. Cooling engine - Cooling main engine (Wfwj) Taken (c) = 5 kg/kWh (cooling requirement estimated between 5 - 7 kg/kWh) Wfwj = P x c x (S/Vs) x 10 = 2,34 ton - Cooling auxiliary engine (Wfwae) Taken (c) = 0,15 kg/kWh (cooling fresh water requirement estimated between 0,1 - 0,2 Wfwj) Wfwae = Wfwj x c = 0,35 ton After knowing the weight of fresh water for each - each needs it, can know the total requirement of fresh water during travel and handling that is equal to: Wfw = Wfwd + Wfws + Wfwc + Wfwj + Wfae = 13,05 ton From the calculations above requirement can be further calculated the total weight by using the following calculation: W total provision = WHFO + WMDO + WLO + Wcrew + Wprov + Wfw = 144,64 ton Calculation of Payload After knowing the total weight of supplies and deadweight ship, the vessel can be calculated the amount of payload: Payload = DWT - W total provision = 5538,8 ton Type of container carried = @18 ton (20') Jumlah kontainer = Payload /container = 308 Container So,total 20' container which can be carried is 308 TEUS
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