The Dppler Effect

Due: 3:00pm on Monday, October 24, 2011 Note: You will receive no credit for late submissions. To learn more, read your instructor's Grading Policy [Switch to Standard Assignment View]

Doppler Shift
Learning Goal: To understand the terms in the Doppler shift formula. The Doppler shift formula gives the frequency by a source S at frequency : at which a listener L hears the sound emitted

, where is the speed of sound in the medium, velocity of source. Part A is the velocity of the listener, and is the

The velocity of the source is positive if the source is ______________. Note that this equation may not use the sign convention you are accustomed to. Think about the physical situation before answering. Hint A.1 Relating the frequency and the source velocity Hint not displayed ANSWER: traveling in the +x direction traveling toward the listener traveling away from the listener Correct Part B The velocity of the source is measured with respect to the ________. ANSWER: medium (such as air or water) listener Correct

Part C The velocity of the listener is positive if the listener is _____________. Hint C.1 Relating the frequency and the listener's velocity Hint not displayed ANSWER: traveling in the +x direction traveling toward the source traveling away from the source Correct Part D The velocity of the listener is measured with respect to the ________. ANSWER: source medium Correct Here are two rules to remember when using the Doppler shift formula: 1. Velocity is measured with respect to the medium. 2. The velocities are positive if they are in the direction from the listener to the source. Part E Imagine that the source is to the right of the listener, so that the positive reference direction (from the listener to the source) is in the direction. If the listener is stationary, what value does approach as the source's speed approaches the speed of sound moving to the right? ANSWER: 0

It approaches infinity.

Correct

Part F Now, imagine that the source is to the left of the listener, so that the positive reference direction is in the direction. If the source is stationary, what value does approach as the listener's speed (moving in the ANSWER: 0 direction) approaches the speed of sound?

It approaches infinity.

Correct Basically in this case the listener doesn't hear anything since the sound waves cannot catch up with him or her. Part G In this last case, imagine that the listener is stationary and the source is moving toward the listener at the speed of sound. (Note that it is irrelevant whether the source is moving to the right or to the left.) What is ANSWER: 0 when the sound waves reach the listener?

It approaches infinity.

Correct This case involves what is called a sonic boom. The listener will hear no sound ( ) until the sonic boom reaches him or her (just as the source passes by). At that instant, the frequency will be infinite. There is no time between the passing waves--they are literally right on top of each other. That's a lot of energy to pass by the listener at once, which explains why a sonic boom is so loud.

Two Traveling Waves Beating Together

Learning Goal: To see how two traveling waves of nearly the same frequency can create

beats and to interpret the superposition as a "walking" wave. Consider two similar traveling transverse waves, which might be traveling along a string for example: and They are similar because we assume that nearly equal. Part A and . are nearly equal and also that and are

Which one of the following statements about these waves is correct? ANSWER: Both waves are traveling in the direction. Both waves are traveling in the Only wave Only wave Correct The principle of superposition states that if two waves each separately satisfy the wave equation then the sum (or difference) also satisfies the wave equation. This follows from the fact that every term in the wave equation is linear in the amplitude of the wave. Consider the sum of the two waves given in the introduction, that is, . These waves have been chosen so that their sum can be written as follows: is traveling in the is traveling in the direction. direction. direction.

where

is a constant, and the functions

and

are trigonometric functions of and

. This form is especially significant because the first function, called the envelope, is a slowly varying function of both position ( ) and time ( ), whereas the second varies rapidly with both position ( ) and time ( ). Traditionally, the overall amplitude is represented by the constant and are trigonometric functions with unit amplitude. Part B Find , , and . Hint B.1 A useful trigonometric identity Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Which is the envelope and which is the carrier wave? Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of , , , , , , and . Separate the three terms with commas. Recall that (the second term) varies slowly whereas (the third term) varies quickly. Both and should be trigonometric functions of unit amplitude. ANSWER: , , , = All attempts used; correct answer displayed Part C Which of the following statements about is correct? ANSWER: It is a rapidly oscillating wave traveling in the It is a rapidly oscillating wave traveling in the , , while the functions

direction. direction.

It is slowly oscillating in time but is standing still. It is traveling rapidly but oscillating slowly. Correct Part D Which of the following statements about and ANSWER: are both positive? It is a slowly oscillating wave traveling in the It is a slowly oscillating wave traveling in the It is slowly oscillating in time but is standing still. It is traveling rapidly but oscillating slowly. Correct Part E The envelope function can be written simply in terms of do so, what is , the velocity of propagation of the envelope? Hint E.1 Substituting and Hint not displayed Hint E.2 Traveling wave velocity Hint not displayed Express your result in terms of and ANSWER: = Correct . and . If you direction. direction. is correct if you assume that

is called the group velocity because this ratio is the velocity at which the group of waves under a maximum of the envelope function appears to travel. It is technically defined as a derivative (although you found it for a finite difference):

. This contrasts with the velocity of propagation of the waves themselves:

. Information (e.g., applied as amplitude modulation of the wave, that is, as a variation in the envelope) travels at the group velocity. No information can be sent at the phase velocity of a wave, which therefore can exceed the speed of light. (Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity implies that neither a physical body nor information can travel faster than light.)

Beat Frequency Ranking Task

An all female guitar septet is getting ready to go on stage. The lead guitarist, Kira,who is always in tune, plucks her low E string and the other six members, sequentially, do the same. Each member records the initial beat frequency E string. Part A between her low E string and Kira's low

Rank each member on the basis of the frequency of her low E string. Hint A.1 Beat frequency Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Find the frequency of Aiko's E string Hint not displayed Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER:

View Correct Because the beat frequency between Kira's guitar and Diane's guitar is 0 , these guitars play the exact same note and are in tune. To tune an instrument using beats, more information than just the beat frequency is needed. In addition to recording the initial beat frequency records the change in the frequency in their low E string. Part B , each member, except Diane, also (increase or decrease) when they increase the tension

Rank each member on the basis of the initial frequency of their low E string. Hint B.1 Determine the relationship between tension and beat frequency Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Determine the initial frequency of Aiko's E string

Hint not displayed Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER:

View Correct

The Doppler Effect on a Train

A train is traveling at 30.0 relative to the ground in still air. The frequency of the note . . emitted by the train whistle is 262

The speed of sound in air should be taken as 344 Part A

What frequency is heard by a passenger on a train moving at a speed of 18.0 relative to the ground in a direction opposite to the first train and approaching it? Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Doppler shift equations for moving source or observer Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Doppler equations when both the source and the listener are in motion Hint not displayed Hint A.4 Determine the appropriate signs Hint not displayed Express your answer in hertz. ANSWER: 302 = Correct Part B What frequency is heard by a passenger on a train moving at a speed of 18.0 relative to the ground in a direction opposite to the first train and receding from it? Hint B.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Doppler shift equations for moving source or observer

Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Doppler equations when both the source and the listener are in motion Hint not displayed Hint B.4 Determine the appropriate signs Hint not displayed Express your answer in hertz. ANSWER: 228 = Correct

The Hearing of a Bat

Bats are mainly active at night. They have several senses that they use to find their way about, locate prey, avoid obstacles, and "see" in the dark. Besides the usual sense of vision, bats are able to emit high-frequency sound waves and hear the echo that bounces back when these sound waves hit an object. This sonar-like system is called echolocation. Typical frequencies emitted by bats are between 20 and 200 kHz. Note that the human ear is sensitive only to frequencies as high as 20 kHz. A moth of length 1.0 is flying about 1.0 from a bat when the bat emits a sound wave at

80.0 . The temperature of air is about 10.0 . To sense the presence of the moth using echolocation, the bat must emit a sound with a wavelength equal to or less than the length of the insect. The speed of sound that propagates in an ideal gas is given by

where is the ratio of heat capacities ( air, the average molar mass is ). Part A

for air),

is the absolute temperature in kelvins ), is the molar mass of the gas (for is the universal gas constant (

(which is equal to the Celsius temperature plus 273.15

), and

Find the wavelength of the 80.0wave emitted by the bat. Hint A.1 Relating wavelength, frequency, and speed of a wave Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Find the speed of sound in air Hint not displayed Express your answer in millimeters. ANSWER: 4.23 = Correct Part B Will the bat be able to locate the moth despite the darkness of the night? ANSWER: yes no Correct Part C How long after the bat emits the wave will it hear the echo from the moth? Hint C.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint C.2 Find the time needed for the sound wave to reach the moth Hint not displayed Express your answer in milliseconds to two significant figures. ANSWER: 5.9 Correct

The Beat Heard by a Bat

A bat flies toward a wall, emitting a steady sound with a frequency of 20.5 hears its own sound plus the sound reflected by the wall. . This bat

Part A How fast should the bat fly, , to hear a beat frequency of 195 . ?

Take the speed of sound to be 344

Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Find the frequency of the wave bouncing off the wall Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Find the frequency of the echo that the bat hears Hint not displayed Hint A.4 Find the expression for the beat frequency Hint not displayed Hint A.5 Working the math Hint not displayed Express your answer numerically in meters per second to three significant figures. ANSWER: 1.71 = Correct

Problem 16.77
Horseshoe bats (genus Rhinolophus) emit sounds from their nostrils, then listen to the frequency of the sound reflected from their prey to determine the prey's speed. (The "horseshoe" that gives the bat its name is a depression around the nostrils that acts like a focusing mirror, so that the bat emits sound in a narrow beam like a flashlight.) A Rhinolophus flying at speed emits sound of frequency . ; the sound it hears reflected from an insect flying toward it has a higher frequency Part A If the bat emits a sound at a frequency of 80.7 83.8 while traveling at a speed of 4.5

and hears it reflected at a frequency of , calculate the speed of the insect.

Use 344 for the speed of sound in air. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: 2.0 = Correct

Exercise 16.40
Two identical taut strings under the same tension frequency Part A produce a note of the same fundamental . . The tension in one of them is now increased by a very small amount

If they are played together in their fundamental, show that the frequency of the beat produced is . Essay answers are limited to about 500 words (3800 characters maximum, including spaces). ANSWER: My Answer:
I made it halfway through the derivation before I hit the wall. Could you please go over this in class if you feel it is important

Part B Two identical violin strings, when in tune and stretched with the same tension, have a fundamental frequency of 448.0 . One of the strings is retuned by increasing its tension. When this is done, 1.1 beats per second are heard when both strings are plucked simultaneously at their centers. By what percentage was the string tension changed? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: 0.49 = Correct

Problem 16.74
A 1.70sound wave travels through a pregnant womans abdomen and is reflected from the fetal heart wall of her unborn baby. The heart wall is moving toward the sound receiver as the heart beats. The reflected sound is then mixed with the transmitted sound, and 80 beats per second are detected. The speed of sound in body tissue is 1490 Part A .

Calculate the speed of the fetal heart wall at the instant this measurement is made. ANSWER: 3.51102 = Correct Score Summary: Your score on this assignment is 100.5%. You received 85.43 out of a possible total of 85 points. [ Print ]