— Contents 1 Nouns 1.1 Meaning 1.2 Form: plurals 1.3 Form: male and female 1.4 Form: compound nouns 1.5 Form: the possessive 2 Determiners I 2.1 Meaning 22 alan 23 the 24 thislthese that/those 3 Determiners II 3.1 Determiners which describe quantity 3.2 some 3.3. any 3.4 nolnone 3.5 muchimany 3.6 alotlalittlela few 3.7 Compounds: someone, anything, etc. 4 Determiners HI 4.1 Determiners which describe groups 42 all 43 every 44 each 4.5 both and either/neither 19 20 21 2 2 5 Adjectivals 5.1 Meaning 5.2 Form 5.3 Word order 5.4 Comparisons 5.5 Patterns with adjectives, 5.6 Nationalities 5.7 Numbers 6 Pronouns 6.1 Meaning 6.2 Form 6.3 Uses 6.4 Indirect object pronouns 6.5 Possessives 6.5 Reflexives 6.7 onelones otherlothers ‘anatherlone another 6.8 Relative pronouns 7 Prepositions 7.1 Meaning 7.2 Preposition + object 7.3 Prepositions referring to space 7.4 Prepositions referring to time 7.5 Prepositions describing other relationships 7.6 Fixed expressions 25 25 26 7 28 29 30 31 31 31 3B 33 34 35 36 37 37 38 41 4B “8 Introduction to verbs 8.1 Meaning 8.2 Tenses 83 Form 8.4 Regular and irregular verbs 8.5 Question and negative forms 8.6 Short forms 9 Simple and continuous forms 9.1 Present simple: alk, he listens 9.2 Past simple: talked 9.3 used t0 9.4 Continuous forms 9,5 Present continuous: anlisiare doing 9.6 Past continuous: was/were doing 9.7 Other continuous forms 10 Perfect tenses 10.1 Form 10.2 Present perfect: has/have talked 10.3 Present perfect continuous: hasthave been talking 104 Past perfect simple: had talked 10.5 Past perfect continuous: had been talking 11 The future 11.1 Ways of expressing the future 112 will 113 going to 6 7 48 51 52 6 62 114 Present tenses to express future 11.5 Summary 11.6 Note on tenses used in time clauses 12 Modals 12.1 Meaning, 12.2 Form 12.3. maylmight 124 canicould/be able to. 125 mustfhave fofhave got to. 12.6 shouldiought to 127 need 128 dare 13 Conditionals 13.1 Meaning 13.2 Form 14 The passive 14.1 Meaning 142 Form 14.3 Common uses ofthe passive 15 The imperative: 15.1 Meaning 15.2 Form 15.3 Uses 15.4 Uses of let 155 Polite imperatives 6 4 65 6 67 68 69 6 70 m 2 23 74r 16 Gerund and infinitive 16.1 Gerund 162 Infinitive 16.3 Verb + gerund or infinitive 17 Participles 17.1 The present participle: taking 17.2 The past participle: talked 18 Phrasal verbs 18.1 Meaning 18.2 Form 18.3 The use of phrasal verbs 19 Adverbials 19.1 Meaning 39.2 Form 19.3 Word order 19.4 Adverbials of place 19.5 Adverbials of time 19.6 Other adverbials 20 Conjunctions 20.5 Meaning 20.2 Time 20.3 Place 78 7 2 8 85 86 83 89 53 90 31 96 98 38 20.4 Other relationships 99 20.5 Conjunctions used in reported speech 100 21 Reported speech 21.1 Meaning 101 21.2 Form 101 21.3 Reporting verbs 103 21.4 Reporting questions 104 22 Punctuation 22.1 Summary of punctuation marks 106 22.2 Marks which separate 106 22.3 Marks which show the type of sentence 107 22.4 Thehyphen 108 22.5 Theapostrophe 108 22.6 Capital letters 108 23 Grammatical endings: pronunciation and spelling 23.1 Pronunciation of s/-es ending 110 23.2 Pronunciation of /-ed ending m 23.3 Doubling the consonant m2 23.4 Changing-y to-i- iz 23.5 Dropping tinal -e m3 Index m5