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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SECTOR-8 RK PURAM NEW DELHI

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT SESSION 2012/2013

SUBMITTED TO: MR. RAJKUMAR

SUBMITTED BY: SANJUKTA

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SANJUKTA, Of class 12th A Of KV sector -8, New Delhi Has prepared the following project on Foaming ability of soaps and detergents For the practical of class 12th conducted by Central Board Of Secondary Education For the session 2012-2013 With complete sincerity under my supervision

Sign: (Mr. RAJKUMAR)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am grateful to
MR. RAJKUMAR

for his valuable

tips and guidance which facilitated the early completion of this project and made it successful.

INDEX
AIM APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS USED THEORY PROCEDURE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OBSERVATIONS TEST ANALYSIS INFERENCE

AIM
a) To analyse which is a better cleansing agent detergent or soap. b) To analyse which is a better moisturizing agent soap or detergent.

APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS USED

Test tubes, test tube stand, distilled water, dil. HCL, burner, detergent

powder, and dove beauty soap.

THEORY
Cleansing action of soap and detergents:

Soaps and detergents remove dirt and grease from skin and clothes. But all soaps are not equally effective in their cleansing action. Soaps are the Na and K salts of higher fatty acids such as Palmitic acid, Stearic acid and Oleic acid. The cleansing action of soaps or detergents depends on the solubility of the long alkyl chain in grease and that of COONa or the COOK part in water. Whenever soap or detergent is applied on a dirty wet cloth, the non-polar alkyl group dissolves in grease while the polar COONa part dissolves in water. In this

manner, an emulsion is formed between grease and water which appears as foam. The washing ability of soap or detergent depends on foaming capacity, as well as the water used in cleaning. the salts of Ca and Mg disrupt the micelle formation. The presence of such salts makes the water hard. These salts thus make the soap inefficient in its cleaning action. This problem is solved by detergents which have high foaming capacity and thus have very efficient cleaning action. Thus, higher the foaming capacity, better the cleansing action.

Moisturizing action of soap or detergents: Soap contains alkali matter, which affects our skin and even skin may crack. To maintain the oily and moisture balance on our skin, fatty acid is required in soap. In general, the fatty matter in soap is approximately 70% to 80%. Fatty matter below 70% make our skin dry and rough whereas higher percentage of fatty matter i.e., above 80% make the soap sticky and oily and therefore washing becomes very difficult using soap. Detergents in turn contain very less amount of fatty acids and therefore are more suitable for washing clothes than soap.

PROCEDURE
About 0.3g of each soap and detergent sample was taken in a clean test tube. Water was added to both the test tubes and a solution was formed. Test tube containing detergent should be labelled as Test Tube-A and soap solution as Test Tube-B. Both the test tubes were shook for 1 minute and therefore foam was formed. The time for which the foam was present in the test tube was noted down. Now dil. HCL was added to both the test tubes and heated. The amount of oily matter formed on the uppermost layer was observed.

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OBSERVATIONS

Time taken by foam in Test TubeB to disappear = 5 minutes. Time taken by foam in Test TubeA to disappear = 2 minutes. Amount of oily material formed was greater in Test Tube-B than in Test Tube-A.

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TEST ANALYSIS
The experiment performed proved that since the foam produced by detergent solution existed for a longer period of time and also the fatty material present in it is in lesser quantity, detergents are suitable for cleaning and washing purposes and not for usage on skin. The foam produced due to soap solution existed for a lesser period of time and contained greater amount of fatty material and therefore is suitable

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for usage on skin and for washing purposes.

INFERENCE
Difference between soaps and detergents

Soaps
1) Soap

Detergents
1) Synthetic

are sodium salt of long chain carboxylic acids.

2) Soaps

are not suitable for washing purpose when water is 2) Synthetic detergent can be used for washing hard. even when water is hard. 3) Soaps have relatively weak

detergents are sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphonic acid.

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cleansing action.

3)Synthetic detergent have a strong cleansing agents

Bibliography
Parts of this project have been referred from the previous years projects and have been included in this investigatory project after editing. The references of the sources are as follows: Books: Together with Lab Manual Chemistry-XII Comprehension Chemistry-XII