ALC PDH RADIO Technical Training

Instructor Mr. Monthien Satantoranin

Senior Manager Technical Support
ALC 1

Training Topics
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

ALC Equipment Structure Installation , Configuration and Operating SCT Network Management Faults and Alarm Understanding Troubleshooting and Looback Test Path/Link Calculation

ALC

ALC Equipment Structure

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

ALC IDU ( Indoor Unit) ALC ODU ( Outdoor Unit) LIM ( Line Interface Module) RIM ( Radio Interface Module) Interconnection IDU to ODU cable

ALC

IDU ( Indoor Unit)

Mains Features Max capacity : 16 E1 + 3 Ethernet Port IDU size: 1U high only and single board Service channel: optional V11 codirectional. Loops: RF loop, IF loop and Baseband loops ATPC range : depending on frequency (20dB or 40 dB) Internal PRBS IDU-ODU cable: 370 meter of or RG8

ALC

IDU (Indoor Unit)

SCT LAN port LCT USB connector
Trib. 1-2-3-4

120ohm E1 Sub-D type connectors

PSU alarm LEDs PSU connector

Trib. 9-10-11-12

Q3 TX RX TEST R AL 1 2

LCT

USER IN/OUT

48V1

48V2 PS1 2 1 2

Trib. 5-6-7-8

Trib. 13-14-15-16

PS2

Manual operation / Loop active

Tx Rx TEST R AL 1 2

Fuse: 3.15A (M)

IDU-ODU cable SMA connectors

Reset Alarms
ALC

Active branch (Tx / Rx)

Reference Tooth

Volt/dBm in Rx Weight = 4.5 Kg

ODU (Outdoor Unit)

ALC 6

ODU Mounting

Max.1 dB Loss
ALC 7

ALC

ODU with Integrated antenna

1+1 ODU

1+0 ODU

Unprotected ODU
ALC 9

Interconnection cable
Frequency signals: Tx IF Rx IF Telemetry IDUODU Telemetry ODUIDU Power 48 VDC 330 MHz 140 MHz 17.5 MHz 5.2 MHz

Max length (1/4 inch or RG 8 cable)

4/16QAM

370 m
10

ALC

Equipment Composition
ALC is made up by different sub-modules housed in two mechanical structures: 1) IDU

LIM Controller RIM (one per branch)

2) ODU

Radiotransceiver (RT, one per branch)

ALC

11

Module functionalities
Line Line Bit

interfaces Mux-Demux circuits, Service Mux-demux circuits - Demodulator (digital side)

insertion-extraction, management

Modulator Switch BER

LIM

Service interfaces Management software ports Equipment controller EOC

counters

Power Cable

supply interface

RIM

CONTROLLER

Modulator

(analog side) 330 MHz (analog side) 140 MHz

Radio Cable IF

Alarm LEDs User in / Alarm out facilities

Demodulator

Power supply interface

RT
12

unit unit: Transmitter, Receiver

ALC

RF

Equipment structure
ALC 13

Controller

ALC

14

LIM

Tx direction

ALC

15

LIM

Rx direction
*FEC = Forward Error Corrector Example: FEC *
(block code)

Without BER=10-6 With BER=10-13 (+2.5 dB)

errors

ALC

16

RIM

ALC

17

ODU

ALC

18

ALC characteristics (1)

Tx

power (4QAM/16QAM): 7 GHz +27 dBm / +22 dBm 15 GHz +25 dBm / +20 dBm 23 GHz +20 dBm / +15 dBm spacing: 7 GHz 154/161/168/196/245 MHz 15 GHz 420/728 MHz 23 GHz 1008/1232 MHz consumption < 30 W < 55 W

Tx/Rx

Power

1+0 1+1
ALC

19

ALC characteristics (2)

Rx

HBER (10E-3) thresholds (4QAM/16QAM): - in 16x2 7 GHz -84 dBm / -80 dBm 15 GHz -83.5 dBm / -79.5 dBm 23 GHz -83 dBm / -79 dBm - in 4x2 7 GHz -90 dBm / -86 dBm 15 GHz -89.5 dBm / -85.5 dBm 23 GHz -89 dBm / -85 dBm Rx power - 20 dBm
20

Max
ALC

Installation ,Configuration and Operating

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

IDU, ODU Installation SCT :Network Management Software LCT :Local Craft Terminal Parameter and Configuration Alarm Monitoring Backup ,Upload and Download firmware

ALC

21

Installation
IDU

Installation Power Supply and Grounding E1 Cable and Wiring Antenna and ODU Mounting

ALC

22

Installation
IDU

Installation (1)
USB/LCT E1 Power Supply IDU to ODU Cable

ALC

23

Installation
IDU

Installation (2)

IDU to ODU Cable

ALC

24

 Power

Supply and Grounding

Power Supply -48 to -57.6 Vdc Nominal Consumption 44 watts (1+0) 24 watts ( IDU only)

Installation

ALC

25

Installation
Power

Supply and Grounding

1= IDU grounding point 2=ODU grounding point

5=IDU matching tail grounding 6=Battery grounding point

3= IDU-ODU interconnect cable 7=Grounding cord connect to Earth ground rod 4=Cable grounding/Station ground
ALC 26

Installation
ODU Grounding

ALC

27

Installation
E1

Cable and Wiring

ALC

28

Installation
Antenna

and ODU Mounting

ALC

29

Installation
Antenna

and ODU Mounting

ALC

30

Installation
Antenna

and ODU Mounting

ALC

31

Installation
Antenna

and ODU Mounting

ODU final housing position for Vertical Polarization

ODU final housing position for Horizontal Polarization

32

ALC

Antenna and ODU mounting

1 2 3

ALC

33

SCT/LCT : Main Features

SCT/LCT

connection SCT Main Window Menus Routing Stored Routing Table Station management Commang Logger Equipment features management Configuration backup/restore Alarm monitoring LCT Main Window Manus Radio Parameter Configurations
ALC 34

SUBNETWORK and LOCAL CRAFT TERMINAL SCT/LCT

PERSONAL COMPUTER WITH GRAPHICAL DISPLAY WINDOWS 98, NT, 2000, XP SW PLATFORM TCP/IP COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL USING: RS232 Serial port (COM1/2 + PPP) USB +PPP Ethernet LAN

ALC

35

ALC RADIO IP PROTOCOL STACK

APPLICATION SOFTWARE SNMP TCP / UDP IP / OSPF
LLC 802.2 MAC 802.3 802.3 (ETH LAN) LCT USB

PPP
EOC (Radio) 64Kb/s ASYN-RS232 57.6Kb/s

ALC

36

SCT : Connections

ALC

37

Connection to the equipment

ALC

38

Login

User: SYSTEM Password:

ALC

(read & write) ; RLOM

(read only)
39

siaemicr

Stations

Equipments inside the station

lo ory Hist

ALC

40

Read again the status of the equipment

User management and time alignment

Configuration upload/download and station management

Configuration of the equipment Log as SYSTEM an equipment in monitor

History log management

Configuration of the connection

list of commands

ALC

41

SCT Menu-Equipment

ALC

42

SCT Menu-Option

ALC

43

SCT Menu-Network

ALC

44

SCT Menu-Tool

ALC

45

Equipment menu

Equipment configuration Agent, name, time Alarms, group by group Alarms configuration Test, loops, manual operations Alarms reading (refresh) Firmware update Performance monitoring Units Automatic troubleshooting Routing and addressing

ALC

46

ALC

47

Properties
Equipment name Agent, used in alarm history and in subnetwork wizard Equipment time alignment and network time alignment Software restart (doesnt cut the traffic)

ALC

48

View Current Alarms

ALC

49

Alarm configuration

ALC

50

Manual operations list

ALC

51

Firmware Update
Firmware Switch Download of the firmware

Upload of the actual firmware

52

ALC

Download of the new firmware

Position of the file firmware.dwl

Overwriting of old firmware (total dowload slow) Download of different sections only (fast) or towards peripheral (radio) Bench switch after the download
ALC

53

Performance Monitoring

Start/Stop of selected item

Quality results Output power Input power Show of the results of the selected item

ALC

54

UNITS

Part number

Part number

Status

Kind of trouble
ALC

Trouble severity
55

Diagnosis
Reading the actual alarms the Diagnosis prepares an explanation of every trouble and the procedures to follow to solve the problem

ALC

56

Port addresses
All SIAE equipments, regarding SCT software and supervision, are routers: all interfaces need an address and relevant subnet mask

Addresses can be set clicking:

1. 2. 3.

Set values Store Restart

Client (always)
ALC 57

Routing

ALC

58

Routing
ALC Port and Address

ALC

59

Routing ALC Port and Address in daisy chain

ALC

60

Routing table
Type and address of crossed port towards Destination

Netmask and IP address of Destination Type and address of crossed port Default destination
ALC 61

Stored Routing Table

The Stored Routing Table adds routing lines, after a Restart, to the running Routing Table of the NE. In this way we can change Ports addresses (operation that needs a restart) without loosing a remote NE: 1. In Stored Routing Table add the routing lines relevant to new port addresses you are going to set 2. Set the new port addresses (the equipment restarts) 3. After the restart the equipment has new addresses and the routing table configured already: the NE management is still running

ALC

62

Station management
NEs connected to SCT can be assigned in various stations using the tool : Subnetwork Configuration Wizard

ALC

63

Alarm correlation
Every alarm is reported with Alarm beginning Alarm end (gravity info is maintained)

ALC

64

Alarm acknowledgement
Alarm acknowledge is available in alarm history list: every acknowledgement can be managed completely in station list: new alarm info is highlighted by an asterisk

ALC

65

Command logger
Cmd Logger reads the list of operations, executed by the users, stored on the controller of the equipment. The log, uploaded from equipment, is stored on the PC for further consultations. Following filters are available: Operations date User address User type Operation name

ALC

66

Configuration upload/download
Upload (from equipment)
From

Tool menu, open the proper Template Select Upload operation and the equipment you want to upload information from Save them in a file (*.cfg)

Download (to equipment)

From

Tool menu, open the proper file (*.cfg) Select Download operation and the equipment you want to download information to Uploaded parameters and *.cfg file are editable using Equipment Configuration Wizard.
ALC 67

Configuration Template
Configuration

template: it is relevant to equipment radio parameters as frequency, attenuation, capacity, thresholds,

Address

configuration template: it is relevant to management parameters as port IP addresses, routing tables, remote elements tables, OSPF. Both configurations are necessary during first installation or when Controller module is substituted with a spare one: you can use a file to download or set every parameter manually.
ALC 68

Full backup
The whole amount of parameters (equipment parameters, address parameters and remote element table) can be uploaded from equipment, saved in a file (*.bku), downloaded to equipment. These parameters cannot be editated.

ALC

69

LCT for ALC

ALC

70

Configuration

General
Bitrate Modulation

Link ID (local only)

ALC

71

Rx Power Low thresholds

HBer,LBer, EWL thresholds

1) General preset: thresholds

72

ALC

2) General preset: Rx switches

1+0 1+1

In case of no Rx

In case of Hber, Lber, EWL, first CRC correction

ALC 73

Radio link parameters

Main parameters of the link are: Configuration Capacity Link ID Frequency Frequency For local Modulation terminal Setting has to be copied in remote terminal

For both Only Configuration Capacity local and has to be set locally (on Modulation remote local and after on terminal remote) Link ID
ALC 74

PRBS (Pseudo Random Bit Sequence)

Measure results and duration Alarm on Checked signal line Sync Los events during test Measure status Pattern type Checked signal selection

Tributary selection if checked is Signal 2MBit

P.R.B.S replaces the traffic on selected channel P.R.B.S. test is pointed out as Manual Operation (subject to timeout)
ALC 75

ATPC (Automatic Tx Power Control)

ALC

76

ATPC Characteristics
Maximum ATPC range: This range is limited by the amount of fixed attenuation with respect to the nominal TX power Remote terminal Received Signal Level (RSL) and BER 30 dB/s To counteract the effect of flat fading, minimizing nodal interferences

Power Control Criteria: ATPC speed: Purpouse:

ALC

77

Maintenance
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Reriodical Check Alarm Meaning Root Cause of Failure Troubleshooting Loop Facilities

ALC

78

Periodical Check Periodical Checks are used to check for radio equipment operation without the presence of any alarm conditions

Check of the TX Power Check of the Receive Signal Strength ( Reading Value must be match with link hop Cal.) Check of BER and HOP performance

ALC

79

Normal operating condition

Rx level on both ODU match values given by hop calculation. Rx level accuracy:
-40

dBm -75 dBm range -30 dBm -40 dBm range

ALC

3dB 4dB
80

Faulty condition: alarm notification

A faulty condition is pointed out by IDU front panel LEDs: - AL: alarms, internal or external
- TEST: manual operation active
SCT

window:

- Log history area (with alarm correlation) - Equipment view current alarms (with alarms grouping)

ALC

81

ALARMS
There are two directions of alarms: Tx and Rx
Tx

This line starts in LIM and arrives to output flange: when a situation of more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the beginning of Tx chain, all the others after are due to this
Rx

This line starts in output flange and arrives to LIM: when a situation of more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the beginning of Rx chain, all the others after should be caused by this

ODU RIM LIM

ALC

Rx
Most Significant alarm

ODU RIM LIM

82

Tx

COMMON group
Alarms not related to a specific part of the equipment but relevant to the link. Example:. EOC radio alarm (relevant SCT management) Link telemetry fail (relevant traffic, ATPC info, man op) If both alarms are ON, the link is interrupted. Investigation must be made on a possible condition of bad propagation, or equipment failure

ALC

83

ALC

84

Link telemetry fail

No link between Local and Remote station. Traffic is cut. Link telemetry is inserted in main radio frame in Bit Insertion circuit inside LIM, and contains commands for the remote station: switch off the radios on remote side in case of local RF loop, Link ID, ATPC info. Telemetry link is a connection between local and remote IDUs. TEST - if this alarm occurs, a double IDU loop (both branches) can be done: if this alarm disappears, local IDU is OK and the problem is after (propagation, local radios, remote equipment).

ALC

85

Communication Radio EOC Data link

No link between Local and Remote station or wrong port address configuration. EOC is the channel involved in management communication. If EOC radio link is active: - Traffic is OK - Management is cut (no remote)

ALC

86

PRBS Fail
When PRBS is working and no signal is received on checked signal, in PRBS window the field Sync Los Alarm is active together with PRBS Fail in Current alarms window Every ON-OFF transition increases the field PRBS Fail Alarm Counter

ALC

87

Communication 2Mb EOC Data link

No EOC channel is present on selected tributary in selected timeslot : wrong port address configuration or no tributary input (LOS). EOC is the channel involved in management communication. If EOC 2Mb link is active: -Management is cut (no remote) - If relative LOS is active, traffic on that tributary is cut

ALC

88

Revertive
When a branch is declared preferential, the switch on opposite branch gives Revertive alarm. The return to preferential branch, when available again, happens after Wait Time period.

ALC

89

2Mb/s G.704 (Trib.x) Radio Fail/AIS and/or Line Fail/AIS

When management messages come via tributary timeslot, further checks are performed on both directions of this tributary

ALC

90

Tx Fail
When on remote side both radios dont receive, on local side a Tx switch command is performed and Tx fail alarm is enabled. When this alarm is on, check local ODU in stand by This functionality is enabled in LCT General Preset The alarm remains active until Reset is given

ALC

91

Link ID
Alarm is on if Link ID check is enabled (Link ID 0) and remote Link ID is different from the local one. Traffic is cut but signal is received and measured. Output = AIS This alarm causes:

ALC

92

LIM group
These alarms come from External fault: tributary LOS LIM failure: -Multiplexer/demultiplexer failure -Modulator/demodulator failure Warning: modulator/demodulator circuitry is spread into LIM and RIM modules. RIM or ODU alarms propagation (seen in LIM as Baseband RX alarm)
ALC 93

ALC

94

Tributary-1 Signal loss

Tx

Loss Of Signal alarm is active when a situation opposite to that foreseen by configuration is performed on tributary interface: No input or or cable disconnected
TRIB. STATUS

Tributary connected
95

ALC

Multiplexer fail
The alarm is given during multiplexing of input tributaries by

Tx

Overflow stuffing memories

Overflow is due to bad clock of one tributary (too fast: >+50ppm) or hardware failure In case of Multiplexer Fail the signal forwarded to the radio is N x AIS (from all the N tributaries)

ALC

96

Branch-x Modulator Fail

Tx

This alarm is active when at cable interface Tx IF modulated signal (330 MHz) is missing or is under a certain value; this is due to: Modulator faulty Cable IDU-ODU open (that produces high VSWR value)

Traffic is cut

ALC

97

Branch-x ODU-IDU Communication fail

This alarm occurs when on carrier used to receive information from ODU, or remote commands from other side, are detected:

CRC errors Loss of frame

This carrier is separated from carrier used for opposite direction (IDUODU) and from TX or RX carriers

ALC

98

Branch-x Demodulator Fail

This alarm is active when average deviation of symbol recognition is higher of a certain level. Every problem in constellation gives Demodulator alarm:

Rx

Problem of digital conversion of received signal from RIM I or Q signal missing High level of interference (bad quality but good Rx level) No Rx IF modulated signal (140 MHz) from ODU (no Rx, ODU faulty, IDU/ODU cable open) Branch Rx quality alarm

Demodulator alarm causes: Rx quality alarms (HBER, LBER, EWL) Rx signal alarms (BaseBand Rx)

(software settable)

Traffic is cut
ALC

99

Branch-x BaseBand Rx
This alarm is active when

Rx

Bit Extraction does not work (in LIM) Demodulator does not work (in LIM) Demodulator does not receive from RIM or ODU

BaseBand Rx causes: Demultiplexer Fail

Traffic is cut
100

ALC

Demultiplexer Fail
The alarm is given during demultiplexing by:

Rx

Frame Alignment Word not recognised (LOF - loss of frame) Overflow destuffing memories Overflow memories of hitless Rx switch BaseBand Rx alarm

In case of Demultiplexer Fail, output is AIS (from all the tributaries)

101

ALC

RIM group
These alarms come from External fault: demodulator fail alarm and ODU alarm are generated when ODU becomes faulty RIM failure: PSU alarm with cable open/short alarm or modulator/demodulator alarms are active Warning: modulator/demodulator circuitry is spread into LIM and RIM modules.
102

ALC

ALC

103

Branch-1 Power Supply

This alarm is active when the PSU (Power Supply Unit) of one RIM is switched off or is in failure condition If the PSU is off, all the alarms of that RIM are activated: this alarm causes all Rx Branch-1 alarms except those relevant Radio1 (is OFF)
RT
PSU

Analysis order is:

All alarmed from now on

IDU

ALC

104

Branch-1 Cable open/short

This alarm is active when the following situations occur: - Cable open alarm no current through cable interface: ODU is not supplied so situation looks like PSU alarm (Rx alarms) with cable alarm instead PSU alarm - Cable short alarm overcurrent/low voltage through cable interface If both alarms are active, 48 V source has no enough current

Caused by high VSWR value of damaged cable

Cable open situation

ALC 105

RT group
These alarms come from External fault: Rx power low alarm is generated because of bad propagation or by remote terminal faulty ODU failure: PSU fail alarm or RF VCO alarm or RF IF alarm is activated

ALC

106

ALC

107

Branch-x IDU-ODU Communication fail

This alarm occurs in ODU when on carrier used to receive command from IDU, are detected:

CRC errors Loss of frame

This carrier is separated from carrier used for opposite direction (ODUIDU) and from TX or RX carriers

ALC

108

Branch-1 RT Radio Power Supply

This alarm is active when the Power Supply section of the radio doesnt work properly or is in failure condition (voltage in input out of range). Depending voltage value, radio can work. When the under/over voltage is too high, radio is off and other alarms (cable open) cover this.

ALC

109

Branch 1 RT VCO fail

Tx & Rx

This alarm occurs when VCO in RF unit is not able to lock any frequencies. Every problem in VCO causes alarms in both directions: RF unit is not able to convert IF Tx in RF Tx (Tx Power Low alarm) and RF Rx in IF Rx . In this situation the alarm is active together with Tx Power Low and all Rx alarms because RF channel is not locked.

ALC

110

Branch 1 RT If fail
This alarm occurs when is not present IF signal inside ODU. There are two different IF signals but one alarm only. No IF Tx : the alarm is on and causes Tx Power Low No IF Rx: the alarm is on with all Rx alarms Rt If fail can be caused by Modulator fail (no IF Tx) When VCO is faulty, RF unit gives a IFRX signal made up of noise: this is enough to mantain IF fail alarm off (but Demodulator cannot work Rx alarms).
ALC 111

Branch 1 RT Tx Power Low

This alarm occurs when Tx power is 3 dB under standard output of ODU-RF unit.

Tx

ATPC and manual attenuation do not affect this alarm that is due by internal failure of RF unit. This alarm can be activated by a manual operation also: Tx Transmitter off in Radio Branch - Settings If both Rx Power Low and Tx Power Low are active, RF unit inside ODU is faulty

ALC

112

Branch 1 RT Rx Power Low

Rx

This alarm occurs when Rx power is under a defined threshold (about 10 dB under standard Rx level) Threshold value can be set for both branches in range - 40 dBm- 99 dBm in LCT - General preset The alarm Rx Power Low is a branch alarm and it is used to drive Rx switch

ALC

113

UNIT group
This group generates alarms when one of the units, the equipment consists of, is faulty or does not respond to controller polling: Unit fail Unit is not responding Unit is missing Unit hardware mismatch Unit software mismatch
ALC 114

ALC

115

OTHER ALARMS

ALC

116

Performance alarms
Every performance measure can drive the relevant alarm if threshold is exceeded.
Threshold in sec. relevant 15 minutes alarm Threshold in sec. relevant 24 hours alarm Threshold in dB of Rx alarm alarm counter reset

If 0, alarm is disabled
ALC

15 minutes alarms severity

117

Performance monitoring
15 min. alarms 24 hours alarms

PRX < -70

dBm

RX

>

5 -5

dB

R = 15 minutes

ALC

118

Recorder : Prx

LCT

date

time

dBm

ALC

119

Measures
Performances is a group of measures, 15 minutes by 15 minutes, day by day, recorded by the equipment itself and downloaded on the PC (the download needs bitrate). These measures remain active also with SCT (and PC) disconnected. Recorder Prx is the recording of Rx power on a log file inside the PC: every time a new value is measured a new record is written inside the log file with info of when (day, hour, minutes and seconds) and how much (dBm measured). This recording remains active until SCT is connected to the equipment.

ALC

120

Current Alarms

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121

Switch modes
Auto

Preferential: operator can select which branch must be operative without alarms. Wait Time = time before coming back to the preferential branch when alarms disappear. In this way the controller doesnt switch continuously in case of fleeting alarms. Reset = Wait Time is not respected Full auto: both branches have same priority
Manual

forcing

Operator can select which branch must be operative despite alarms

ALC

122

Tx switch criteria
1. 2. 3.

4. 5.
ALC

RIM PSU alarm Highest priority Manual forcing Cable short/ Cable open alarm Modulator failure ODU unit failure alarm VCO failure alarm IF unit alarm ODU PSU alarm Tx power low alarm Rx failure on both remote radios lowest priority Revertive Tx
123

Rx switch criteria
1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

RIM PSU alarm Highest priority Manual forcing Cable short/open alarm Base band unit failure alarm Demodulator failure ODU unit failure alarm VCO failure alarm IF unit alarm ODU PSU alarm High BER alarm (selectable: BER>10-3,-4,-5) Low BER alarm (selectable: BER >10-6,-7,-8) Early warning alarm (selectable: BER >10-9,-10,-11,-12) RF input low (selectable from -40dBm to -99dBm) CRC pulse Revertive Rx lowest priority
ALC 124

EQUIPMENT FEATURE MANAGEMENT

ALC

125

LOOP FACILITIES

Local Tributary Loop : used to test the cable interfacing for the equipment upstream Remote Tributary Loop : used to test two direction link performance making use of an unused 2 Mbit/s signal Baseband Loop : it permit to test the LIM circuits IDU Loop : it permit to test the complete IDU (optional) RF Loop : it permit to test the complete radio terminal

ALC

126

BASEBAND LOOP

IDU LOOP

RF LOOP

MOD-DEMOD

RF

RIM 1

ODU 1

Line side
E1 LOOP

BASEBAND 1 LOOP

Branch

AL : available loops
BA MO DEMO RF RIM1 IDULOP ODU1 RFLOP DE1LO MUX -DEMUX OP SEBAND LOP AL dat :av ilabe directon: -towardshelcbny lops lopsequimntfrE1 thasenb ledthop( basend,ID U,RF) LIM

MUX-DEMUX

data direction: - towards the equipment that has enabled the loop (baseband, IDU, RF - selectable for E1 loop - only local loops

LIM

Radio side
ALC

LOOPS
127

ALC loop: external PRBS

Line side

Radio side

E1 loop line side : loop works with line enabled or not E1 loop radio side : loop works with line enabled on local side and on remote side Base Band, IDU, RF loop : loop works if line used is enabled local side and on remote side
ALC 128

loops: internal PRBS

Alarm OFF: signal is back!

E1 loop line side: it is before PRBS checking point E1 loop radio side: loop works with line enabled on remote side, indifferent* on local side. Base Band, IDU, RF loop: loop works any status of local* and remote line
__________________________________________________________ ALC * PRBS enables automatically the local side of used line
129

Propagation Link
E.I.R.P = Pt + Gt+ Cable loss Free space loss (L in Km, f in GHz) Received power

A fs = 92.44dB + 20 Log ( L f )

PR ( dBm ) = PT ( dBm ) A fs ( dB ) + GT ( dB ) + GR ( dB )

PT

PR

ALC

130

Antenna
D = antenna diameter D = wave lenght = c/f
=

Aeff / Ageo= antenna efficiency 0,6

3 108 ms 1 c = speed of light =

D 2 2 Antenna gain G = 10 Log 2

ALC

131

1) Refraction
Snell law:

n2 1

2 n1

n4

n3

n2

n1sen1 = n2 sen 2

n1

k < 4/3 (sub-standard)

k > 4/3 (super-standard)

k = 4/3 (standard)

ALC

132

2) hgeo earth is not flat

hgeo L = R0
2
2

considering geometrical visibility on a planet with no air

L hgeo = k R0

with k<4/3 , k=4/3 , k>4/3 considering the troposphere refraction (previous page)

hgeo L
ALC

R0 = 6378 km

133

3) First Fresnel zone

A nth fresnel zone gives in phase contributes to radio waves propagation. In order to avoid attenuation is important that first fresnel zone is without obstacle: to tower height calculation, must be add the ray of biggest Fresnel zone, the first zone

L RM = 2
L RM
ALC 134

Height of the towers

We have to consider:

earths curvature k effect (refraction) first Fresnel zone free

} From the first we obtain hgeo , with refraction hgeo becomes hgeo
and from the last we have to add also RM

htower
ALC

L L = hgeo + RM = + k R0 2
2
135

example
L = 20 km f = 23 GHz k = 4/3 R0= 6378 km

L hgeo = = 0.047 km = 47 m 1.333 R0

+

L RM = = 8.1m 2
htower= 47m + 8.1m = 55.1m
ALC 136

Fade Margin

from previous page: 4QAM/16x2 L = 20 km f = 23 GHz PT= +20 dBm HBER - 82 dBm

A fs (dB) = 92.44 + 20 Log ( L f ) = 92.44 + 53.26 = 145.7dB

x = gain of antennas FM = 40dB (purpouse)

FM= PR-HBER PR= -82dBm + 40dB = -42dBm

PR ( dBm ) = PT ( dBm ) A fs ( dB ) + GT ( dB ) + GR ( dB )
GT+GR= 2G = PR-PT+Afs= -42dBm-20dBm+146dB=84dB GT=GR=42dB D=60cm G=40dB D=80cm G= 42,6dB

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Rain attenuation (f > 8GHz )

freq

rain

25 mm/h 0.5 dB/km 1.5 dB/km 2.1 dB/km 4 dB/km 6 dB/km

100 mm/h 2.5 dB/km 7 dB/km 10 dB/km 15 dB/km 20 dB/km

10 GHz 15 GHz 20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz

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Rain depolarization
Drop weight

E H
vertical polar. e.m. wave

H E Wind I
horizontal polar. e.m. wave

v
GHz

Drag (air resistence)

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Multipath
A

Direct ray Indirect ray

Indirect ray, depending on its phase, can increase or decrease the power of the main stream Two rays model

H ( ) = 1 b e

j ( )

]
140

Direct ray: amplitude = Indirect ray: amplitude = b , phase delay = , time delay = In B position, received signal has a notch every 1/ Hz with deepness depending on b
ALC

THANK YOU

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