The verb: tenses

THE VERB: VERB TENSES:

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

Past Perfect Past Perf. Cont.

Simple Past Past Cont.

Conditional NOW Pres Perf. Pres. Cont Pres. Perf. Cont. Simple present

Fut. Perfect Fut. Perf. Cont.

Will Be going to Simple present Present continuous Future continuous

2. The imperative, Simple present, Present Continuous, Stative verbs.

2A. EL IMPERATIVO Afirmativa: Raiz del verbo (infinitivo sin to) Go now! Negativa: Do not (Dont) + raiz del verbo Do not/Dont go! Usos: a) Se usa para dar rdenes, hacer sugerencias y pedir a alguien que haga algo: Come here!/ Have a drink /Help me with this! b) No se suele usar con sujeto pero podemos aadirlo especialmente cuando queremos dejar claro a quin estbamos dirigindonos: Join us, Peter/ Tom, dont move. c) Do se puede colocar antes de la forma afirmativa para dar mayor nfasis (peticiones educadas y quejas): Do sit down /Do try and keep quiet. Si hay un imperativo seguido de infinitivo se suelen unir con and y se quita el to: Do try to keep quiet/Do try and keep quiet. d) Do se usa incluso con el verbo be pero slo con esta forma: en negativa de imperativo: Dont be late! y para dar nfasis: Do be nice to John!! e) Si ponemos you delante de un imperativo negativo es para indicar que estamos irritados:Dont you move! (se traduce por ni se te ocurra y en la forma afirmativa indicamos la irritacin por el tono. Al hablar, el acento se pone en you) f) Para expresar el imperativo de primera persona del plural para una orden suavizada o una sugerencia (se incluye tambin la persona que la da) se utliza lets (let us) + infinitivo sin to: Lets go!/Lets find a solution. La forma negativa puede ser de dos formas: Lets not shout/Dont lets shout! (se usa ms la primera) 2B. THE SIMPLE PRESENT Afirmativa: Sujeto + raiz del verbo (inf sin to) Sujeto + raiz del verbo + s (3 p. sing.) Negativa: Sujeto + do not + raiz del verbo (inf sin to) Sujeto + does not +raiz del verbo + s (3 p. sing.) Interrogativa: Do + sujeto + raiz del verbo? (inf sin to) Does + sujeto + raiz del verbo? (inf sin to) (3 p. sing.) I work He works I do not work He does not work Do they work? Does he work?

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The verb: tenses

Interrogativa negativa: Do they not work? Do + sujeto + not + raiz del verbo? (inf sin to) Dont they work? Dont + sujeto + raiz del verbo? (inf sin to) Does + sujeto + not + raiz del verbo? (inf sin to) (3 p. Does she not work? sing.) Doesnt she work? Doesnt + sujeto + raiz del verbo? (inf sin to) (3 p. sing.) Se usa el Simple present para: a) Para expresar verdades universales o hechos: Water boils at 100 degrees. b) Para expresar acciones habituales o costumbres. Suele ir acompaados por expresiones que indiquen la frecuencia con que ocurre dicha accin (always, usually, frequently, often, never, seldom, ever (Do you ever eat oranges?), hardly ever, generally, rarely, sometimes/every day, twice a week, as often as c) Para planes futuros pero referidos a horarios o programas (tiendas, trenes, aviones, cines). En la oracin tambin puede aparecer alguna expresin temporal indicando tiempo futuro: The train leaves in an hour. The bookstore opens at nine and closes at five. d) Para contar chistes, historias, cuentos, acontecimientos deportivos, etc.: Two people walk into a restaurant. One of them says to the waiter / Ronaldo kicks the ball! Its a goal! Expresiones de tiempo Reglas ortogrficas La tercera persona del singular lleva una -s en Al principio o final de la frase: every day / each year / once a week / on la raiz del verbo pero hay excepciones: Tuesday /daily / yearly /in the evening, Verbos acabados en s, ss, sh, ch, x, u o se etc. aade es (to miss, watch, mix, do) Delante del verbo principal o detrs del Verbos acabados en y precedida de verbo to be: consonante transforman la y en i y se aade Always / usually / often / generally / es (to try, fly) sometimes / Occasionally / seldom / Los verbos acabados en y precedidos de never, vocal se les aade s (to say, pay, enjoy)

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FORMING QUESTIONS: a) PREGUNTAS TIPO YES/NO: En presente simple, se hacen con el auxiliar do o does (3 p. sing.) + sujeto + infinitivo sin to del verbo: Do I dance? Does he dance? Do you dance? Does she dance? Do we dance? Does it dance? Do they dance? Para contestar a las preguntas del tipo Yes/No: Yes, I do; Yes, he does / No, I dont; No, she doesnt. b) PREGUNTAS CON WH- WORDS: Las partculas interrogativas ms frecuentes son: Who How What Whatlike Which How much/many When How often Where How long Why How far Whose How fast / big / small/ heavy What kind En simple presente, este tipo de preguntas se hace igual que las de Yes/No pero se les tiene que poner delante una partcula interrogativa: Do you live in Villasana? (Pregunta Yes/No)

The verb: tenses

Where do you live? (Pregunta con Wh- word) Cuando preguntamos por el sujeto de la frase empleamos who o what. Estas son el sujeto de la pregunta y suelen ir seguidas de un verbo en 3 persona del singular aunque en la respuesta el verbo puede ir en singular o plural: Who writes it? John writes it/The students write it; What makes a loud noise? A truck makes/drums make a 2C. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS Afirmativa: Sujeto + am/is/are + verbo en ing Ojo! Shes doing. Shes = She is. Negativa: Sujeto + am/is/are not + verbo en ing I am working He is working They are working

I am not working He is not working They are not working Interrogativa:Am/is/are + sujeto + verbo en - Am I working? Is he working? ing? Are they working? Interrogativa negativa: Is he not working? Am/is/are + sujeto + not + verbo en -ing? Se usa para: a) Acciones incompletas que estn ocurriendo en el momento de hablar. Suele ir acompaado de expresiones como now, at the moment, right now: He is talking about it right now. b) Acciones incompletas que estn ocurriendo aunque no sean en el momento de hablar: I am redecorating my house. c) Preparativos o planes en un futuro prximo y acompaados de expresiones de futuro: I am meeting her tonight/this evening d) Acciones que se repiten regularmente y que muestran queja, monotona: She is always bothering me. Si se modifica una rutina o hbito, se cambia el presente simple por el contnuo: They usually have lunch at home but today they are going out. Reglas ortogrficas Forming questions Verbos acabados en e pierden la e al Para Yes/No questions se pone el verbo auxiliar (am/is/are) delante del aadir ing : ride riding , bake sujeto: You are working Are you baking working? Verbos acabados en ie, cambian ie por Para Wh- questions se antepone la Why y se aade ing: die dying , tie word a la pregunta Yes/No: Are you tying , lie lying working? Why are you working? Los verbos con la ltima slaba Cuando queremos preguntar por el acentuada acabada en consonantesujeto de la oracin:who (personas) y vocal-consonante, doblan la ltima what (animales y cosas). Who y what consonante y se aade ing: van normalmente seguidos por la forma stop stopping, begin beginning. Si la is de to be: Who is coming now?/What ltima no est acentuada, no se dobla: is happening today? open opening. 2D. STATIVE VERBS (NOT USUALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS) a) Algunos verbos no aparecen en forma contnua. Estos expresan: Sentidos feel see Sound hear smell Taste Pensamiento/Actividad mental appear forget Prefer think believe guess Realise understand consider hope Remember depend imagine Seem doubt know Suppose

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The verb: tenses

Emociones

dislike hate doubt like fear love Relaciones / Posesin belong to own have possess owe Medidas cost measure equal weigh I understand it now/That car belongs to Peter

Need Want Wish

b) Algunos de estos verbos tienen, en ocasiones, ms de un significado y, dependiendo de ello, pueden usarse en forma contnua: I see you tired now / I am seeing the doctor this afternoon (cita) I think (=believe) he is right /He is thinking of (=consider) selling his house

3. THE SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOUS

3A. THE SIMPLE PAST Afirmativa: Sujeto + raiz del verbo + ed (regulares) Sujeto + verbo en simple past (2 columna) (irregulares) Negativa: Sujeto + did not/didnt + raiz del verbo (infin sin to) Interrogativa: Did + sujeto + raiz del verbo (infin sin to) ? I worked He went I did not work He did not go Did they work? Did he go?

Interrogativa negativa: Did they not work? Did + sujeto + not + raiz del verbo (infin sin to) ? Didnt they work? Didnt + sujeto + raiz del verbo? (inf sin to) Se usa: a) Para expresar acciones que ocurrieron en un momento definido del pasado. Este momento definido se muestra a travs de las expresiones temporales: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last year, in 1990, last November,the other day, at three oclock, on monday, early this morning, for (periodo de tiempo: I lived there for two years), fromto (she worked there from 1987 to 1988) etc: She went to Villasana last year. b) Con la palabra ago y dicha expresin puede ir al principio o final de la frase y significa hace + tiempo transcurrido: Three years ago I went to Balmaseda/I left an hour ago. c) Para contar una sucesin de hechos, acciones que ocurrieron una tras otra: She ran down the street but there was no-one around. d) Para acciones acabadas ocurridas en el pasado peo sin mencionar el momento preciso: Who wrote that book? REGLAS ORTOGRFICAS: Los verbos irregulares tienen una forma propia de pasado (2 columna) : Son aquellos cuyos pasados y participios pasados no acaban en ed. Se clasifican en: 1. Verbos cuyos pasados y participios pasados tienen una vocal distinta a la del infinitivo: drink, darnk, drunk / break, broke, broken, / read, read, read. 2. Verbos cuyos participios pasados, adems de tener una vocal distinta a la del infinitivo, anaden t o d: say, said, said/ feel, felt, felt/ catch, caught, caught / hear, heard, heard

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The verb: tenses

3. Verbos con la misma vocal en las tres formas irregulares anunque en el pasado y participio aparece la consonante /t/: send, sent, sent / build, built, built. Tambin aquellos verbos que terminando en /l/ o /n/, normalmente se pronuncia como /t/ la terminacin ed, lo que , a veces, podr quedar reflejado en la escritura: smell, smelled, smelled o smell, smelt, smelt / learn, learned, learned o learn, learnt, learnt., spoil, dwell, spell 4. Verbos con la misma forma en los tres: cost, cut, hit, let, shut, put 5. Be, was-were, been; go, went, gone. Los verbos regulares forman el asado aadiendo ed pero teniendo en cuenta: 6. Si el verbo acaba en e, slo se aade una d: love loved, change changed. 7. Si la ltima slaba del verbo es consonante-vocal-consonante y es acentuada, se dobla la ltima consonante: stop stopped, prefer preferred. Si no va acentuada, no se dobla: open opened. 8. Si el verbo acaba en consonante + y , se cambia la y por i, aadindose de: try tried, fry fried; si el verbo acaba en vocal + y se le aade ed: play played, enjoy enjoyed. REGLAS FONTICAS Los verbos regulares tienen tres pronunciaciones en el pasado (de): /d/ cuando el verbo acaba en vocal o consonante sonora que no sea /d/: arrived, opened, climbed, hurried, cleaned, shaved. /t/ cuando el verbo acabe en consonante sorda que no sea /t/:worked, looked, crossed, stopped, dressed. /id/ cuando el verbo acaba en /d/ o /t/: inspected, added, painted, wanted, arrested. 3B. THE PAST CONTINUOUS Afirmativa: I was working They are working Sujeto + was/were + verbo en -ing Negativa: I was not working They were not working Sujeto + was/were not + verbo en -ing Interrogativa: Was I working? Were they working? Was/were + sujeto + verbo en -ing? Interrogativa negativa: Was he not working? Were they not working? Was/were + sujeto + not + verbo en -ing? Equivale en la mayora de los casos al pretrito imperfecto de indicativo por su carcter descriptivo, caracterstica que comparten todos los tiempos que poseen el aspecto progresivo. El past tense tienen carcter narrativo. Se usa: a) para una accin que estaba ocurriendo en el pasado (en proceso). La accin comenz antes de dicho momento y seguramente continu despus. Suelen expresar acciones largas: I was studying all day yesterday (la accin de estudiar fu algo muy largo) / I studied all day yesterday (slo se informa y no se quiere dar la idea de cunto tiempo pas estudiando). Este tipo de acciones suele ir acompaado de expresiones como: all night, the whole day/afternoon, for a long time, etc. b) Para dos acciones que estuvieron ocurriendo al mismo tiempo. Se usan expresiones como while, as, when, during, all day/night, the whole day/afternoon, etc.: While you were reading it, I was writing a letter c) Para dos acciones, la ms larga va en Past Continuous y la ms breve (simple past) es la que interrumpe: When I was having lunch, Tom rang the bell/I was watching TV when it began to rain (los nexos que unen las oraciones de Past Continuous son when, as y while) Pgina

The verb: tenses

3C. SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOUS (CONTRAST) Las acciones largas suelen ir en pasado contnuo y las cortas en Simple Past: I was having a shower and/when she arrived. Cuando se cuenta una historia, la narracin en s (la progresin d ella historia) puede ir en Simple Past mientras que las descripciones y el ambiente suelen ir en Past Continuous: It was a beautiful day. The sun was shining and flags were flying high everywhere. He felt confident and he knew what he had to do. He spoke to the people in the square. They were looking at him anxiously.

4. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS:

4A. THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Afirmativa: Sujeto + have/has + Past Participle (3 He has come They have come columna) Ojo! Shes come: She`s = She has Negativa: He has not come They have not come Sujeto + have/has +not + Past Participle Interrogativa: Has he come? Have they come? Have/has + sujeto + Past Participle ? Interrogativa negativa: Has he not come? Have they not come? Have/has + sujeto + not + Past Participle ? Se usa: a) Para referirnos a acciones acabadas pero que tienen todava relacin con el presente. Se d ms importancia al resultado o efecto de la accin que al tiempo en que ocurri. Por ello no lleva expresiones de tiempo pasado como el Simple Past: He has done his homework (los ha hecho, acabado pero no se dice cundo). Si no decimos cundo ocurri la accin ,podemos utilizar el Present Perfect. En el momento que sealemos cundo lo ponemos en Simple Past: I have been to Ireland. When? I went to Ireland last year. b) Para referirse a acciones repetidas varias veces en el pasado: I have visited Zalla several times/He has phoned me three times today. c) Para acciones que empezaron en el pasado y que continan en el presente (Presente inclusivo): I have studied English for five years (=Llevo estudiando ingls desde hace./Hace cinco aos que estudio). Va acompaado por since (seguido de un adverbio que indique el punto del tiempo en que empez la accin:yesterday/last week etc. o una frase que indique tiempo pasado: since I was 19) o for (seguido del nmero de unidades temporales: one year/three weeks/ten days). d) Para indicar, en ocasiones, que la accin ocurri en un momento que todava no ha acabado con expresiones temporales tales como this morning / week / month / afternoon, etc.: This morning I have not smoked a cigarette. 4B. TIME EXPRESSIONS WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT Hay dos expresiones temporales tpicas que acompaan al Present Perfect, ya mencionadas anteriormente: for y since. Ambas indican que la accin empez en el pasado y que continua hasta el momento presente: FOR se usa para indicar la duracin del periodo (for 3 months/a year/tho weeks) y SINCE indica el momento en que empez la accin (since 1995/Christmas/I met her). Ojo! No se puede usar el Simple Present o el Continuous para expresar cunto tiempo lleva ocurriendo algo: I am living here for three years, I live here since 1992. Para preguntar sobre cunto tiempo ha durado algo: HOW LONG (How long have you lived in Villasana?) Otras expresiones temporales son: a) Ever: Have you ever seen a snake? (Has visto alguna vez una serpiente?)/That is the best teacher I have ever met. (Ese es el mejor profesor que jams he conocido): Ojo a la colocacin y a su traduccin.

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b) Yet: Suele ir en posicin final y con oraciones interrrogativas y negativas: Have you seen your sister yet? (Has visto ya a tu hermana?)/No, I have not seen her yet. (No, no la he visto todava) c) Just: Indica que algo se acaba de terminar (Pasado reciente= Have/has + just + participle = acabar de + infinitivo): I have just received her letter (Acabo de recibir su carta) d) Always, never, already, lately, recently, often, so far, etc (observad su colocacin y traduccin): He has already made three films (Ya ha hecho tres pelculas); She has not visited me lately (no me ha visitado ultimamente);She has visited me recently (me ha visitado recientemente);I have always enjoyed pop music (siempre me ha gustado el pop), etc. 4C. SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT Se suele emplear despus de adjetivos en grado superlativo. Se usa la palabra ever para dar nfasis: That is the worst movie I have ever seen. Despus de expresiones tales como: the first/second time, the only time: This is the second time she has gone to New York. Diferencia entre: a. have gone to + lugar: He has gone to Bilbao = est all ahora o va de camino. b. have been to + lugar: He has been to Bilbao = estuvo all pero ya ha vuelto (ha visitado el lugar) 4D. PRESENT PERFECT/SIMPLE PAST a) El present perfect est relacionado con el presente aunque nos estemos refiriendo a una accin acabada en el pasado. No nos interesa el momento en que ser ealiz la accin sino sus resultados. El Simple Past indica claramente que la accin ocurri en el pasado y va acompaado de expresiones temporales especficas: Expresiones temporales Present Perfect (tiempo indefinido) Simple Past (tiempo especfico) for just ever yesterday last month since yet already a year ago when I was 12 lately not yet recently last week in the 1950s. b) El Simple Past responde a cundo (When) sucedi algo en el pasado. El Present Perfect responde a la pregunta sobre cunto tiempo (How long) ha estado ocurriendo/lleva ocurriendo algo hastael presente: When did you arrive in Spain? Two weeks ago / How long have you been here? For one month (since August/since Tom arrived) 4E. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Afirmativa: He has been working. Sujeto + have/has + been + verbo + ing Negativa: Sujeto + have/has + not + been + verbo + ing He has not been working Interrogativa: Has he been working? Have/has + sujeto + been + verbo + ing? Interrogativa negativa: Have/has + sujeto + not + been + verbo + Has he not/hasn`t he been working? ing? Se usa: a) Para referirse a una actividad que comenz en el pasado y que contina su proceso en el presente: She has been writing a letter for the last two hours. b) Para acciones muy recientes y que tienen ,todava, influencia sobre el presente: She has been cooking. Look at her hands; they are all white with flour

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The verb: tenses

Ojo! Hay verbos que no pueden ir en forma contnua y hay una serie de expresiones temporales que acompaan a este tiempo (for, since, all day, the whole week,). La traduccin que se hace de este tiempo es llevar + gerundio: I have been preparing the exam for a month = Llevo un mes preparando el examen. 4F. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE/PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: CONTRAST a) El Present Perfect Continuous se emplea para acciones ininterrumpidas. Las expresiones temporales que suelen acompaarlos indican cunto tiempo lleva ocurriendo la accin. El Present Perfect Simple se emplea para acciones separadas: se podran contar cuntas veces ha ocurrido algo y, por tanto, no es una accin ininterrumpida: She has been writing letters all morning (accin contnua)/She has written three letters this morning (acciones separadas). b) El Present perfect Continuous se utiliza para indicar que la accin a la que nos referimos est incompleta y con el Present perfect Simple suele indicar que est acabada: Who has been using my computer? (seguramente est an encendido)/Who has used my computer? (es posible que me haya dado cuenta al encenderlo, no por haberlo visto encendido).

5. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS (PRET PLUSCUAMPERFECTO)

5A. THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE Afirmativa: Sujeto + had + Past Participle (3 columna) Ojo! Shed come: She`d= She had Negativa: Sujeto + had +not + Past Participle Interrogativa: Had + sujeto + Past Participle ? Interrogativa negativa: Had + sujeto + not + Past Participle ?

He had come They had come He had not come They had not come Had he come? Had they come?

Had he not come? Had they not come? Se usa para referirnos a una accin ocurrida antes de otra accin en el pasado. La primera accin va en Past perfect y la segunda en Simple past: When I had finished my homework, I went to bed. Expresiones temporales: Se pueden usar expresiones como when y by the time. Con before y after se pueden utilizar el Simple Past y el Past Perfect puesto que ya nos indican qu accin ocurri en primer lugar: He had washed/washed his hands before he ate his sandwich; By the time he arrived at the party, I had left. Si dos acciones en el pasado ocurren casi simultneamente, ambas van en Simple Past: When he discovered the body, he began to cry (NO: When he had discovered the body, he began to cry). 5B. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Afirmativa: Sujeto + had + been + verbo + ing Negativa: Sujeto + had + not + been + verbo + ing Interrogativa: Had + sujeto + been + verbo + ing?

He had been working. He had not been working Had he been working?

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Interrogativa negativa: Had + sujeto + not + been + verbo + ing? Se usa:

Had he not/hadn`t he been working?

a) Para expresar el tiempo que llevaba ocurriendo algo antes de que sucediera otra accin en el pasado: They had been playing for several minutes when the bell rang. b) Para resaltar la actividad que estaba en proceso antes de otra actividad ms reciente, ambas en el pasado: We were terribly afraid because the driver had been drinking a lot.

5C. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS / PAST CONTINUOUS AND PAST PERFECT / PRESENT PERFECT a) El Past Perfect Continuous se refiere a acciones que estaban ocurriendo antes de un punto determinado en el pasado y que termin en ese punto. Sin embargo, el Past Continuous supone que la accin no estaba concluida y que todava estaba teniendo lugar en un momento determinado del pasado: Our CDs were in the boxes because Mary had been putting them away (ya haba acabado de recoger los CD)/ Our CDs were in the boxes because Mary was putting them away (segua recogindolos). b) El Past Perfect se refiere slo a acontecimientos pasados, mientras que el Present Perfect est relacionado con el presente: She has been learning English for the last three years (todava sigue)/ She had been learning English before she went to New York (cuando fu a NY dej de estudiar); I havent been to Paris yet (hasta ahora no he visitado Paris)/I hadnt been to paris until my visit last June (hasta entonces). c) Cuando empezamos una frase en el pasado se contina en Past Perfect en lugar de Present Perfect: I realised that we had stayed there too long/We wondered who had been living there

6. THE FUTURE
El verbo shall con la primera persona y el verbo will con las dems indican simple futuro, sin ms valores, pero hay hablantes que no usan shall (especialmente en EEUU) utilizando will con todas las personas. (Ojo! Ill 0 I shall o I will) Para algunos hablante el uso de shall o will con determinadas personas gramaticales tiene valores complementarios: I y We seguidos de will significan intencin no premeditada: What will you do tomorrow aunque se prefiere What are you going to do tomorrow? I y We seguidos de will con nfasis en el auxiliar implican determinacin o resolucin en el que habla: I will do it , whatever you say. You, he, she, they + shall implican amenaza u orden y se usan con carcter muy literario: Thou shalt not kill (No matars)/You shall do it (t s que lo hars). Podra decirse que si se invierten los usos de shall y will (will (1) y Shall(2 y 3) se obtienen frases enfticas de futuro: I will do it (Yo s que lo har)/She shall finish it (Ella s que lo terminar) 6A. THE SIMPLE FUTURE Afirmativa: Sujeto + will + raiz del verbo + (shall apenas se usa) Negativa: Sujeto + will + not + raiz del verbo Interrogativa: Will + sujeto + raiz del verbo ? Interrogativa negativa: Will + sujeto + not + raiz del verbo ?

I will work I will not work Will they work? Will they not work?

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Wont + sujeto + raiz del verbo? Se usa:

Wont they work?

a) Para expresar una accin que va a ocurrir en el futuro: We will meet John tomorrow at 7:30 AM. b) Para expresar una decisin espontnea tomada en el momento de hablar: The phone is ringing. I`ll go and answer it. c) Para expresar una prediccin basada en ciertas condiciones: If you dont study hard, you will fail the exam. d) Para expresar advertencias: Dont stop now. You`ll be late. e) Para expresar el futuro en la oracin principal cuando la oracin subordinada es de if o temporal con when, before, after, till, until, as soon as, as long as, unless, by the time: I`ll do it if I can/I won`t do it unless they ask me/I will give her the book when I see her. A pesar de referirse al futuro la oracin subordinada, el verbo lo ponemos en Simple present.

Expresiones temporales Se suelen colocar al principio o al final de la frase: Tomorrow next week/month/year Soon the day after tomorrow Later on in a minute/an hour In the future in several hours / days / years

in the year 2001 in the next generation

6B. PRESENT CONTINUOUS Para una programacin de intenciones ya hecha, prefijada de antemano: I am flying to London tomorrow (Aparece con ms frecuencia con verbos de movimiento). 6C. SIMPLE PRESENT Para acciones programadas en el futuro, pero suelen ser cosas que ocurren siempre horarios, etc): The train leaves at 5. 6D. BE GOING TO (FUTURO DE INTENCIN) sujeto + am/is/are going to + raiz del verbo a) Para hablar de nuestros planes y nuestras intenciones en el futuro: They are going to paint the house all by themselves. b) Cuando vemos en el presente algo que claramente va ocurrir en el futuro (por ser evidente): Look at that car. Its is going to have an accident. 6F. PERFRASIS BE TO, BE ABOUT TO (estar a punto de) y TO BE ON THE POINT OF (estar a punto de) When is he to come? (Cundo vendr? Cundo debe venir?) I am about to finish it/I am on the point of finishing it (Estoy a punto de acabarlo) 6G. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS Afirmativa: Sujeto + will be + raiz del verbo + ing Negativa: Sujeto + will be + not + raiz del verbo + ing

I will be driving I will not be driving

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Interrogativa: Will they be driving? Will + sujeto + be + raiz del verbo + ing? Interrogativa negativa: Will they not be Will + sujeto + not + be + raiz del verbo + ing ? driving? Wont + sujeto + be + raiz del verbo + ing ? Se usa: a) Para expresar acciones que estarn teniendo lugar en un momento del futuro: Dont call me up tomorrow morning. Ill be painting the kitchen then.

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b) Para indicar que una accin haba sido planeada con anterioridad: This tme next year she will be living in France. Tambin se puede emplear el Simple Future. 6H. FUTURE PERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS FUTURE PERFECT: Indica una accin acabada en el tiempo al que se hace referencia: In November I will have finished the book. Afirmativa: He will have worked Sujeto + will + have + participle Negativa: He will not have worked Sujeto + will + not + have + participle Interrogativa: Will he have worked? Will + sujeto + have + participle? Interrogativa negativa: Will he not have worked? Will + sujeto + not + have + participle? FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS: Connota duracin e ,incluso, algn sentimiento de disgusto o desaprobacin: In 2000 I will have been working for 25 years. Afirmativa: He will have been working. Sujeto +will + have + been + verbo + ing Negativa: Sujeto + will + not + have + been + verbo + He will not have been working. ing Interrogativa: Will he have been working? Will + sujeto + have + been + verbo + ing? Interrogativa negativa: Will + sujeto + not + have + been + verbo + Will he not have been working? ing?

7. MODALS AND SEMIMODALS

7A. MODALS AND SEMIMODALS
Afirmativa: Sujeto + modal + raiz del verbo (Infin sin to) He can go They must speak

Negativa: Sujeto + modal + not + raiz del verbo (Infin sin He *cannot go They must not speak to) Interrogativa: Can he go? Modal + sujeto + raz del verbo? Must they speak? Los modales son una serie de verbos que actan como auxiliares y tienen un comportamiento diferente de los dems verbos. Se llaman tambin Anmalos o Defectivos: can must ought to Used to could shall would **had better (sera mejor) may will dare **would/had rather (preferira) might should need Tienen las siguientes caractersticas en comn: a) Slo tienen una forma. No aaden s en la tercera persona singular del presente: I can/he can drive a car/She must be Mary. b) Les faltan tiempos. Para expresarlos tiempos que les faltan tenemos que emplear otros verbos como be able to, have to, know how to, etc.: I cannot

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do it now but I will be able to do it soon./I must do it now because I had to help my mum yesterday. c) No necesitan verbo auxiliar para interrogar ni negar: He cannot do it/May I come in? d) Nunca van seguidos de infinitivo con to: He can do it/ I should study more. e) Nunca pueden enunciarse poniendo to delante del verbo: We are going to study the verbs will and must. Si necesitramos poner un infinitivo usaramos los verbos que los complementan: To be able or not to be able/I want to be able to drive. Los semimodales need, dare y used to pueden usarse a veces como modales y otras como verbos normales (full verbs): a) Dare (Atreverse, osar) Funciona como verbo anmalo en el presente: I dare say it is right (me atrevo a decir). Como verbo ordinario (normalmente en forma negativa): He doesnt dare to talk to her. Como verbo ordinario, aadiendo s de 3 persona de presente pero seguido de not y de infinitivo sin to: She dares not invite him. Como verbo anmalo combinado con otro anmalo (irregular): Would you dare hit him? En el pasado funciona como verbo ordinario pudiendo ir con o sin to: He didnt dare to say anything/He actually dared insult us. b) Need (Necesitar, hacer falta) Como anmalo slo es interrogativo y negativo (neednt) y su pasado es needn`t have: You neednt do it (no hace falta que)/You neednt have bought it(no haca falta que lo compraras)/Need you do it? (hace falta que lo hagas?) Como verbo ordinario va seguido de to: I need to shave. Como verbo ordinario puede combinarse con verbos anmalos: I didnt need to buy anything/Will you need to do it?/He might need to get some money. c) Used to (Antes/Sola) No hay que confundirlo con el verbo to use (usar). Expresa lo que se haca en el pasado: I used to smoke more (Antes fumaba ms)/We used to live here (Vivamos aqu antes). Para expresar una accin habitual en presente, prxima a suelo/es/esse utiliza el adverbio usually: He usually smokes after lunch (Suele fumar despus de comer). Las formas interrogativas e interrogativas pueden ser: Sola hacerlo?/Lo sola hacer?: No sola hacerlo/No lo haca Used he to do that? antes: Did he use to do that? He use(d)nt to do that Did he used to do that? He used not to do that He didn`t use to do that He didnt used to do that Ojo! Con to be used to/to be accustomed to (Estar acostumbrado a) que van seguidas de verbo en -ing. Can, could, be able to Usos: a) Habilidad, capacidad o conocimiento: He can sing beautifully (sabe hacerlo maravillosamente, tiene esa capacidad o habilidad en el presente),/She could speak English at the age of three (saba, poda en el pasado)/He will be able to do it later (podr en el futuro). b) Posibilidad de hacer algo o imposibilidad en forma negativa: This winter we can ski because it has been snowing a lot lately (posibilidad de hacerlo)/You cant buy it now because the shop is closed (es imposible).

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c) Peticin: Can I borrow your pen? (informal)/Could you help me? (formal educada). d) Sugerencias: You can do it if you are tired/You could use my car to go there. e) Permiso: You can leave now (informal) f) Deduccin negativa (por lo que s deduzco que no puede ser): They cant be working because I have just seen them at the party/He culdnt be your brother. He looks so diffferent May, might a) Para dar y pedir permisos de manera formal (educada): You may only use a pen during the exam/May I go out? b) En forma negativa (prohibiciones): You may not leave now. c) Peticiones formales: May I see your passport, please? d) Posibilidad de hacer algo (Puede que/may o Pudiera que/might): It may rain tomorrow/They might win the match. e) Posibilidad negativa (Puede que no): He may not be ready/ He might not be interested in my proposal. f) May/Might tambin para cuando queremos hacer una sugerencia en caso de no haber una alternativa mejor: We may wait until the bell rings. The teacher wont let us interrupt. g) May/Might + like/want para expresar una sugerencia educada: You might like to drive her home. h) Usamos might en vez de may para oraciones que empezaron en el pasado: The packet looked like it might explode at any time. Must a) Obligacin. Tambin se usa para dar rdenes: I must study the lesson (debo)/You must get up (debes). b) Necesidad imperiosa: You must visit the doctor. You look very tired. c) Deduccin afirmativa: expresa casi certeza de que algo es as basndonos en los hechos o circunstancias: She has got very good grades. She must be a very good student. Para deduccin negativa: can`t: She cant be a bad student. d) Para recomendar a alguien que haga algo: You must go to France if you want to practise your French e) Slo se emplea para presente y futuro. No tiene pasado. Have to a) Obligacin, mandato. El sentido es practicamente igual que must pero la diferencia est en que must lo suele emplear la persona que tiene autoridad, mientras que have to es una obligacin que se impone a uno mismo: You have to be on time (es tu oblgacin)/You must be on time (yo te lo impongo)/Students have to wear uniforms (es la norma)/Students must wear uniforms (Yo, como dirctor, lo impongo). b) Must no tiene pasado y se usa had to para expresar necesidad en el pasado: When I was in France I had to go to school very early. c) Para expresar imposibilidad de hacer una eleccin: I have to study if I want to pass the exam. En futuro se usa will have to. Mustn`t, don`t have to/neednt a) Mustnt se usa para expresar prohibicin: You mustnt drink beer. You are too young. b) Para expresar algo que no es obligatorio ni necesario empleamos dont have to/neednt: You dont have to eat all if you dont want to (no es necesario/no tienes que). Have to necesita el auxiliar do para interrogar o negar en presente o pasado. Should, ought to Son muy parecidos en la mayor parte de sus significados aunque ought to no es tan frecuente en interrogativa y negativa. Se traducen por debera. a) Para pedir informacin y consejo: Should I go and see the doctor? b) Para dar consejos y opiniones:You should/ought to save some money. You will need it sooner or later.

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c) En forma negativa, se puede usar para indicar que algo no debe hacerse por ser impropio o inaceptable: You shouldnt speak so loud when the baby is sleeping. d) Para indicar la probabilidad de que algo ocurra o para expresar una prediccin: I will call him up in the evening. He should/ought be at home after dinner. e) Para sealar que algo no es correcto o no es lo que esperbamos encontrar: The sentence is wrong. You should write say instead of tell. f) Para expresar sugerencias educadas y para ofrecer ayuda, cuando no estamos seguros de obtener una respuesta positiva: Should I help you? Will, would, shall a) Will Se usa para hablar sobre el futuro y para hacer predicciones: She will phone at 6:00 this evening/He wont be interested in it. Para peticiones educadas: Will you please close the door? b) Would Para ofrecerte algo de forma educada: Would you like some coffee? Para decir educadamente lo que se desea: I would/Id like some tea, please. Peticiones educadas: Would you mind saying that again/Would you mind if you say that again/Would you help me, please? Para expresar acciones repetidas habituales en el pasado que no ocurren en el presente: We would often go to the beach when I was a child. Would es tambin pasado de will (ver Estilo Indirecto): Future in the Past: He realised that he would be late for his appointment. (Ver Condicionales) c) Shall Lo usamos con I y we, para hacer sugerencias o para ofrecer ayuda. Tambin para pedir instrucciones o consejos: Shall I open the door?/Shall we go out for dinner tonight?/What shall we do now?. En Ingls muy formal se usa con las primeras personas del singular y plural: We shall let you know soon. RESUMEN DE LOS PRINCIPALES VALORES SEMNTICOS a) La capacidad: He manages to He can live on his salary he is able to Hell manage He can live on next years salary (futuro) Hell be able to He managed to (momentneo) He could (permanente) live on last years salary He was able to (momentneo) She manages to feed her children (con dificultad) She is able to feed her children (menos dificultad) She can feed her children (sin dificultad) b) La obligacin. El consejo, la recomendacin La obligacin ineludible: MUST (pasado: HAD TO); la ausencia de esta obligacin: NEEDNT (pasado: NEEDNT HAVE) He must stop when the light is red He had to do it yesterday He neednt stay if he doesnt want to He neednt have done it He didnt have to do it

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Para el consejo y recomendacin: should y ought to (presente y futuro) y should have y ought to have (pasado) You should/ought to wash more often I should have/ought to have spoken to you first c) La posibilidad y la probabilidad Con los adverbios perhaps, possibly, probably y con can, may, might. May indica mayor grado de probabilidad y might, menor. Los pasados son may have y might have. He can have an accident They may/might be travelling now She might have done it. He should be in Rome now d) La deduccin La deduccin afirmativa es con must y su pasado es must have. Las formas negativas son cant y cant have (couldnt have para pasado). She must be tired She cant be tired; Ive just seen her She must have done it She cant have done it She was not here last month, so he couldnt have seen the accident e) El permiso May, can y to be allowed/to be permitted May I go to the toilet? You can go if you want You were allowed to do it f) Prohibicin You mustnt smoke I cant have him coming home so late You may not come You cant go now No smoking g) Ofertas, peticiones y sugerencias Ofertas: Shall I? y Would you like me/us to? Peticiones: Could? y Would you? Sugerencias: Shall we/I? y Would you like me/us to? Shall I open the window? Would you pass the salt, please? Could I have some more tea? Shall we have lunch now?

7B. MODAL PERFECTS

a) Modal + HAVE + Past Participle Los modales perfectos se usan para hablar de acciones y acontecimientos pasados y los empleamos para hacer suposiciones, conjeturas y sacar conclusiones sobre el pasado: He didn`t come yesterday. He must have been ill/He looks upset because he may have failed his driving test. Los modales perfectos tienen tambin forma pasiva: modal + have been + participio pasado: This package must have been delivered long ago. b) MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE Se emplea para expresar que estamos casi seguros que algo ocurri en el pasado o para sacar conclusiones lgicas: John was absent yesterday. He must have been ill/There is no milk left. Tom must have drunk it all as she stayed up late.

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c) COULD / MAY / MIGHT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE Se utiliza could have + past participle para indicar que se tuvo la posibilidad de hacer algo pero no se hizo: He could have helped us but he came too late. En negativa, para expresar una deduccin de algo que estamos seguros que no ocurri, o al menos, as lo deducimos: She couldnt have said those words. She never speaks like that. La suposicin afirmativa: must. Se usa para expresar una suposicin porque no sabemos lo que ocurri: She didnt come to the party. She could have been ill. May/might have + past participle expresa la misma idea a la que se refiere el apartado anterior de can, es decir, una suposicin sobre el pasado: They didnt pick up their parcel last week. They may/might/could have been out of town/They havent arrived yet. Their flight may/might/could have been delayed.(pasiva) . May = Puede que y might pudiera que. d) SHOULD/OUGHT TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE Should y ought + have + past participle para cuando no se sigui un consejo: She should/ought to have seen a doctor last week. She looks worse than last time. Cuando no se cumplieron las expectativas u obligaciones: They should have been home by now. Al referirnos a una accin que consideramos poco sensata en el pasado: Im very angry with her. She shouldnt have been so rude. Should/ought to = debera. e) WILL HAVE + PAST PARTCIPLE (FUTURE PERFECT) El futuro perfecto se usa al hablar de una actividad que estar acabada en cierto momento del futuro que viene indicado con expresiones como by the time, in 2005, etc.: By this time next year, I will have finished my degree course/The polls indicate that by next month she will have been elected president (pasiva).

8. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

a) GERUNDS (VERB + ING) Un gerundio es un nombre que se forma aadiendo la terminacin ing al verbo. Los gerundios se usan: Como sujeto de la oracin: Smoking is bad for your health. Como complemento de ciertos verbos y expresiones: admit detest give up practise resent advise discuss imagine prevent resisit anticipate dislike insist on put up with risk appreciate enjoy keep quit stop avoid escape mention recall suggest complete feel like mind recollect tolerate consider finish miss recommend understand delay forget object to regret deny give over postpone remember theres/Its no use look forward to
verbos que indiquen iniciacin, terminacin o continuacin de una accin:

cant help / cant bear give up catch find

Verbos que indican accin de

be worth cant stand

put off feel like

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be accustomed to be used to get used to apply sth to be close to with regard to

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los sentidos go on (duracin) continue see keep (on)/carry on hear stop give up We all enjoy eating out. This car isnt worth buying Theres/Its no use complaining. My hair needs cutting (need + gerundio = need + to be + participio) Despus de preposiciones: He is interested in collecting comics/ I am tired of waiting for him. NOTA: Para introducir un segundo sujeto en una frase que contenga un gerundio, debemos emplear un pronombre objeto (me, you, him, her,) o un adjetivo posesivo (my, your, his, her,).: Paul resents working so hard (sujeto 1 Paul: el gerundio se refiere a Paul tambin) (David lleva mal trabajar tanto)/David resents me/my working so hard (sujeto 2 me/my: David ya no es sujeto del gerundio) (David lleva mal que yo trabaje tanto).

b) INFINITIVES (TO + ROOT VERB) El infinitivo est formado por dos palabras to + la raiz del verbo (to go, to see, to do). Se emplean en los siguientes casos: Como sujeto de una oracin:To leave now would be a mistake Despus de ciertos verbos y expresiones Afford claim forget offer remember want Agree consent hesitate plan seem wish Appear decide hope prepare struggle Arrange demand learn pretend swear Ask deserve manage promise threaten Beg expect mean refuse volunteer Care fail need regret wait make up ones mind up to (you) turn out be about I agreed to meet him tonight I promised to hel her. I decided not to go out that evening It turned out to be the wrong number We are about to leave; please, hurry up!! Despus de ciertos adjetivos: sad, lucky, ready, easy, glad, etc. John will be ready to help me soon. They were all sad to see her go Aren`t they happy to be there? Despus de ciertos nombres: decision, attempt, plan, promise, etc. Johnson made an attempt to finish the race though he hurt his leg. Carlos has the ability to play any sport. Despus de adjetivos acompaados por too y enough. He is too young to drive He is not old enough to drive Verbos que pueden ir seguidos de nombre o pronombre (objeto) que se refieren a otra persona distinta del sujeto: Advise challenge expect invite remind want Allow convince forbid need require warn Ask dare force order teach Beg enable hire permit tell

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Cause encourage instruct They advised us to take a taxi She told me to go there Anthony wants us to help him.

persuade

urge

c) VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE Sin cambios de significado: Verbos ms infinitivo o gerundio sin que el significado cambie: advise cant bear hate permit start allow cease like prefer begin continue love recommend They started working/to work at five thirty. OJO: con advise, allow, permit y recommend se usa: Infinitivo: si se menciona el nombre o pronombre: I advised him to study more. Gerundio: si no aparece el pronombre: I advised studying more. Con cambios de significado: a) Stop + gerundio: dejar un hbito He stopped smoking last summer. Stop + infinitivo: dejar de hacer algo He stopped to smoke a cigarette. b) Forget + gerundio: generalmente en frases negativas con la idea de olvidar algo que ocurri en el pasado He will never forget visiting New York. Forget + infinitivo: olvidarse de hacer algo He always forgets to do his homework. c) Regret + gerundio: Sentir algo sobre el pasado I regret telling her so much about it. Regret + infinitivo: Informar de malas noticias I regret to tell you that you have failed your exam. d) Remember + gerundio: recordar algo que se hizo en el pasado I remember talking to him about the problem. Remember + infinitivo: acordarse de hacer algo I remembered to talk to him about the problem. e) Try + gerundio: experimentar algo I tried using the other method . Try + infinitivo: hacer un esfuerzo o intento I tried to talk to him about the problem.

9. THE SUBJUNCTIVE, would rather, had better, its time

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Los usos ms importantes del subjuntivo en castellano y cmo se expresan en ingls: 1. El subjuntivo exhortativo: Lets be friends (Seamos amigos) Tell him to come (Dile que venga) 2. El subjuntivo prohibitivo: Dont do it (No lo hagas) 3. El subjuntivo concesivo: Sin conjuncin concesiva: Come what may, Ill help you (Pase lo que pase, te ayudar) Be that as it may, well stick to our plan (Sea como sea, nos ceiremos al plan) Whoever wins, the result will be the same (Gane quien gane, el resultado ser el mismo) Whether you like it or not, Im going right now (Lo quieras o no, me voy ahora mismo) En oracin subordinada:

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Though the whole world comdmen him, I will still believe in him (Aunque todo el mundo le condene, seguir creyendo en l) Por el tipo de ejemplos presentados, el modo subjuntivo puro slo se emplea en ingls formal. En el lenguaje corriente se emplea ms el modo indicativo y construcciones de verbo modal + infinitivo. La nica forma subjuntiva de uso frecuente en ingls coloquial es were: I wish she were here (Ojal)/If I were you(Si fuera t) CONSTRUCCIONES SUBJUNTIVO-EQUIVALENTES: a) Para expresar deseos 1. Que + subjuntivo May + oracin May God bless you (Que Dios te bendiga) 2. Ojal + subjuntivo I wish + simple past/past perfect I wish I could go (Ojal pudiese ir) I wish I hadnt gone (Ojal no hubiese ido) 3. Ojal + subjuntivo If only + simple past/past perfect If only I knew (Ojala lo supiese) If only I had known (Ojal lo hubiese sabido) 4. Ojal + subjuntivo Wish + would en oracin introducida por that (puede omitirse) I wish it would stop raining (Ojal dejase de llover) b) Para expresar peticiones: 1. Wish + you + would en oracin introducida por that (puede omitirse) I wish youd be quiet (Deseara que te callases) 2. Had better: Youd better ring me later (Es mejor que me llames luego) c) Para expresar posibilidad: 1. Es posible que + subjuntivo: It is possible that he will come (Es posible que venga) 2. Quizs/tal vez + subjuntivo may, might: It may rain tomorrow (Quiz llueva maana) They might come later (Tal vez vengan ms tarde) d) Para expresar rdenes, intenciones 1.Con verbos tales como ask, command, like, order, tell, want, etc. se usa la construccin de acusativo + infinitivo: They didnt want him to drive the car (No queran que l condujese el coche) They ordered me not to drive the car (ME ordenaron que no condujera el coche) 2.Con verbos tales como avoid, delay, deny, excuse, postpone, risk, etc. se emplea la construccin de posesivo + gerundio: Excuse me my ringing so late last night (Perdona que te llamase tan tarde anoche) He denied his having taken the money (Neg que se hubiese llevado el dinero) e) Para expresar condiciones: 1. Uso de were, del simple past y del past perfect: If he were here, you wouldnt say that (Si l estuviese aqu, no diras eso) If we had time, wed go there (Si tuviesemos tiempo, iramos all) If they had told us, we wouldnt have come (Si nos lo hubiesen dicho, no habramos venido) 2. Los dos usos ms formales: Presente de subjuntivo

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If any person be found guilty, he shall have the right to appeal (Si alguien fuese considerado culpable, tendra el derecho a apelar). Should + infinitivo If the house should catch fire, I would call the fire brigade (Si la casa se incendiase, llamara a los bomberos) f)Para expresar finalidad: oraciones subordinadas para que + subjuntivo 1. Con la construccin: so that + may/might o should: I left it on the table so that he migh find it (Lo dej sobre la mesa para que oudiera encontrarlo) 2. Con la construccin : for + acusativo + infinitivo: She brought some documents for me to sign (Trajo unos documentos para que los firmara) g)En expresiones equivalentes al castellano lo que + subjuntivo: Collectors like what they collect to be in perfect condition (A los coleccionistas les gusta que lo que coleccionan est en perfecto estado)

a) THE SUBJUNCTIVE EXPRESSIONS:

AFTER

CERTAIN

VERBS

AND

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El subjuntivo se emplea generalmente ms en ingls formal e indica que algo es importante o deseable, se refiere a algo que no es seguro que suceda (esperamos que suceda, imaginamos que pudiera suceder o queremos que suceda) . En ingls, slo tiene una forma: la raiz del verbo sin to y no se aade s en la 3 persona del singular: God save the Queen, The Lord be with you. Algunos verbos van seguidos de subjuntivo introducido por that: advise (that) insist (that) recommend (that) ask (that) prefer (that) request (that) command (that) propose (that) suggest (that) demand (that) El empleo del subjuntivo tras esos verbos se limita al caso en que el sujeto del verbo principal y el del subjuntivo sean distintos: I propose that we start on time for a change Si el sujeto de ambas fuera el mismo utilizaramos un gerundio: I propose starting on time for a change. Tambin en las expresiones it is important / vital / essential / desirable / imperative /necessary/ etc. (similar adjectives) that + subjunctive (the subjunctive is the samewhether the sentence is present or past): We insist that a meeting be held as soon as possible/ The committee recommended that the company invest in new property *Con estas expresiones el subjuntivo slo se emplea si van seguidas de una oracin subordinada con that + sujeto + verbo. En todos los dems casos siguen la estructura normal: con infinitivo: It is important to get along with people=It is important that you/he/sheget along with people Para hacer la forma negativa se coloca not delante del verbo: I insist that she not do this on her own/The judge recommended that he not be released for three months. En pasiva se emplea be + participio: She requested that the meal be brought up to her room. Otra construccin idntica es con should: We suggested that the painter (should) paint this room blue; The teacher proposed that Peter (should) come earlier every morning; He demands that the guests (should) leave immediately. Si se omite should se pone la raiz del verbo para todas las personas. Se emplea el subjuntivo en presente y pasado.

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b) WOULD (D) RATHER:

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1. Expresa preferencia y tiene sentido de presente o futuro. Va seguido de infinitivo sin to: I would rather (not) do it by myself 2. Si expresamos would rather con dos sujetos: Suj.1 + would rather + suj.2 + pasadoI would rather you went by taxi (Preferira que ).Esta construccin se refiere tambin al presente y al futuro aunque utilicemos el pasado. En forma negativa se pone did not + raiz del verbo: They would rather I didnt do it by myself. 3. Para expresar preferencias en el pasado: Suj.1 + would rather + suj.2 + past perfect I would rather you had(not) read the book last month. 4. Al mostrar preferencia de una cosa sobre otra : would rather + raiz del verbothan + raiz del verbo: I`d rather go to a film than go to the theatre. * OJO: No hay que confundir las formas contradas de would y had: Id rarher she joined us (would) / Id forgotten my keys (had).

C) HAD (D) BETTER, ITS TIME:

HAD BETTER Usamos had better + raiz del verbo sin to para dar consejos: ms vale que, sera mejor que. Para expresar la misma idea se podra utilizar should: You had better see a doctor = You should see a doctor ITS TIME Se refiere a algo que no ha ocurrido todava, pero que debera hacerse cuanto antes: ya es hora. Hay tres formas: 1. Its time + to + raiz verbo: It`s time to go now 2. Its time + for + nombre/pron. + to + raiz verbo: Its time for us to leave now 3. Its time + sujeto + pasado: It`s time we went Expresiones como It`s about time o Its high time se suelen emplear para indicar crtica o queja: It`s about time he arrived (hay queja porque no ha llegado todava) Its high time we left (Vmonos ya!)

10. CAUSATIVES

a) The causative: have/get something done

Have/get + objeto + past participle I had/got my house painted Usamos un verbo causativo cuando no es el sujeto el que realiza la accin sino otra persona: She always has her food delivered (pide a alguien que se lo traigan)/I got my photograph taken for my passport (la hace otra persona para m) En caso de querer mencionar quin hace la accin, se puede aadir by + el agente al final de la frase: Susan had her car repaired by a mechanic (le pidi al mecnico que se lo arreglara). El verbo causativo se puede usar en cualquier tiempo incluyendo las formas contnuas: We`re having our house painted this week/John will be getting his letters faxed from now on. La interrogativa y negativa se forman como cualquier otro verbo: Do you have your house painted regularly?/Did she have her house redecorated last month?/Im not getting my hair cut today. *OJO: No hay que confundirse en el orden: He had his office cleaned He had cleaned his office.

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b) Have someone do something/get someone to do something

Have + agente + raiz del verbo sin to I had the mechanic check my car Get + agente + to + raiz del verbo

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The verb: tenses

I got my brother to check my car Se usa have + agente + raiz del verbo sin to cuando deseamos nombrar a la persona (agente) que hizo la accin. Se puede expresar en presente, pasado o futuro: She had her gardener tidy up the garden/I will have the hairdresser colour my hair. Get se usa de la misma manera pero es necesario poner to delante de la raiz del verbo. El significado vara algo con respecto a have ya que implica cierta persuasin para que alguien haga algo. Se puede traducir esta idea por convencer: I got my father to lend me his Jaguar last night. *Have se traducira por emplear (al mecnico, peluquera..) y get por convencer, conseguir que te hagan un pequeo favor.

c) MAKE/LET SOMEONE DO SOMETHING

Make/let + nombre/pron. + raiz del verbo sin to She made me clean the mess They let the boy go to the party Se usa make + nombre/pron. + raiz del verbo sin to para expresar la idea de que alguien fuerza u obliga a otro a a hacer algo: The teacher made the pupils take the test. Se usa let + nombre/pron. + raiz del verbo sin to para expresar que alguien da permiso a otra/s persona/s para hacer algo: Mary lets her daughter dress up in her clothes.

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