Subnetting Techniques

Chapter 8
Interconnecting
Networks with
TCP/IP
2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
8-1
Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter you will
be able to perform the following tasks:
Identify the IP protocol stack, its protocol layer
functions, and commonly used IP protocols
Identify IP address classes, IP addresses, IP subnet
masks, IP network numbers, subnet numbers, and
possible host numbers.
Configure IP addresses and subnet masks on a
router interface and optionally configure a host table.
Interconnect the VLANs with a layer three device
such as a router on a stick.
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-3
Introduction to TCP/IP
Host
Host
Internet
TCP/IP
Early protocol suite

Universal
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-4
TCP/IP Protocol Stack
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Internet
Data Link
Data Link
Application
4
3
2
1
Physical
Physical
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-5
Application Layer Overview
Application
Transport
Internet
Data Link
File Transfer
- TFTP *
- FTP *
- NFS
E-Mail
- SMTP
Remote Login
- Telnet *
- rlogin *
Network Management
- SNMP *
Name Management
- DNS*
*Used by the router
Physical
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-6
Transport Layer Overview
Application
Transport
Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)
ConnectionOriented
User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)
Connectionless
Internet
Data Link
Physical
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-7
TCP Segment Format

Bit 0
Bit 15 Bit 16
Bit 31
Destination port (16)
Source port (16)
Sequence number (32)

Acknowledgement number (32)
Header
length (4)
Reserved (6) Code bits (6)

Checksum (16)
20
Bytes
Window (16)
Urgent (16)
Options (0 or 32 if any)
Data (varies)
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-8
Port Numbers
Application
Layer
Transport
Layer
F
T
P
T
E
L
N
E
T
S
M
T
P
D
N
S
T
F
T
P
S
N
M
P
R
I
P
21
23
25
53
69
161
520
Port
Numbers
UDP
TCP
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-9
TCP Port Numbers

Source
Port
Dest.
Port
Telnet Z
Host Z
Host A
SP
DP
1028
23
www.cisco.com
Dest. port = 23.

Send packet to my
Telnet
application.
ICND v1.0a8-10
TCP Three Way

Handshake/Open Connection
Host A
Host B
Send SYN
(seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-11
TCP Three Way

Host A
Host B
Send SYN
(seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received
Send SYN, ACK 2
(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)
SYN received
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-12
TCP Three Way

Host A
Host B
Send SYN
(seq=100 ctl=SYN)
SYN received
Send SYN, ACK 2
(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)
SYN received
Established
(seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack)
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-13
TCP Simple Acknowledgment

Sender
Receiver
Window size = 1
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-14

Sender
Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Window size = 1
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-15

Sender
Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Window size = 1
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-16

Sender
Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Send 2
Receive 2
Window size = 1
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-17

Sender
Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Window size = 1
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-18

Sender
Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Send 3
Receive 3
Window size = 1
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-19

Sender
Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2
Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Send 3
Receive 3
Send ACK 4
Receive ACK 4
Window size = 1
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-20
TCP Sequence and

Acknowledgment Numbers
Source
Port
Dest.
Port
Sequence
#
Acknowledgement
#
I just
sent #10.
Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

1028
23
10
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-21
TCP Sequence and

Source
Port
Dest.
Port
Sequence
#
Acknowledgement
#
I just
sent #10.
I just got #10,

now I need #11.

1028 23
10
1
23
1028
1
11
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-22
TCP Sequence and

Source
Port
Dest.
Port
Sequence
#
Acknowledgement
#
I just
sent #11.
I just got #10,

now I need #11.

1028 23
10
1
23
1028
1
11
1028
23
11
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-23
TCP Sequence and

Source
Port
Dest.
Port
Sequence
#
Acknowledgement
#
I just
sent #11.
I just got #11,

now I need #12.

1028 23
10
100
23
1028 100
11
1028
23
11
101
23
1028 101
12
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-24
TCP Windowing
Sender
Receiver
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-25
TCP Windowing
Sender
Window size = 3
Send 1
Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-26
TCP Windowing
Sender
Window size = 3
Send 1
Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3
Window size = 2
www.cisco.com
Packet 3 is
Dropped
ICND v1.0a8-27
TCP Windowing
Sender
Window size = 3
Send 1
Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3
Window size = 2
Packet 3 is
Dropped
Window size = 3
Send 3
Window size = 3
Send 4
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-28
TCP Windowing
Sender
Window size = 3
Send 1
Window size = 3
Receiver
Window size = 3
Send 2
Window size = 3
Send 3
Packet 3 is
ACK 3
Window size = 2 Dropped
Window size = 3
Send 3
Window size = 3
Send 4
ACK 5
Window size = 2
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-29
UDP Segment Format

Bit
1 0
Bit 15 Bit 16
Bit 31
Destination port (16)
Source port (16)

Length (16)
8
Bytes
Checksum (16)
Data (if any)
No sequence or acknowledgment fields
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-30
Internet Layer Overview
Internet Protocol (IP)

Application
Transport
Internet
Internet Control Message

Protocol (ICMP)
Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP)
Data Link
Physical
Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol (RARP)
OSI network layer corresponds to the

TCP/IP internet layer
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-31
IP Datagram
Bit
1 0
Version
(4)
Bit 15 Bit 16
Header
Length (4)
Priority & Type

of Service (8)
Total Length (16)

Flags
(3)
Identification (16)
Time to live (8)
Bit 31
Protocol (8)
Fragment offset (13)

Header checksum (16)
20
Bytes
Source IP Address (32)

Destination IP Address (32)
Options (0 or 32 if any)
Data (varies if any)
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-32
Protocol Field
Transport
Layer
UDP
TCP
6
Internet
Layer
17
Protocol
Numbers
IP
Determines destination upper-layer protocol

www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-33
Internet Control Message

Protocol
Application
Destination
Unreachable
Transport
1
ICMP
Echo (Ping)
Internet
Other
Data Link
Physical
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-34
Address Resolution Protocol

I need the
Ethernet
address of
176.16.3.2.
172.16.3.1
172.16.3.2
IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-35

I need the
Ethernet
address of
176.16.3.2.
I heard that broadcast.

The message is for me.
Here is my Ethernet
address.
172.16.3.1
172.16.3.2
IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-36

I need the
Ethernet
address of
176.16.3.2.

Here is my Ethernet
address.
172.16.3.1
172.16.3.2
IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-37

I need the
Ethernet
address of
176.16.3.2.

Here is my Ethernet
address.
172.16.3.1
172.16.3.2
IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
Map IP
MAC
Local ARP
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-38
Reverse ARP
What is
my IP
address?
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-39
Reverse ARP
I heard that
broadcast.
Your IP
address is
172.16.3.25.
What is
my IP
address?
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-40
Reverse ARP
I heard that
broadcast.
Your IP
address is
172.16.3.25.
What is
my IP
address?
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
IP: 172.16.3.25
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-41
Reverse ARP
I heard that
broadcast.
Your IP
address is
172.16.3.25.
What is
my IP
address?
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ???

Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
IP: 172.16.3.25
Map MAC
www.cisco.com
IP
ICND v1.0a8-42
Introduction to TCP/IP
Addresses
172.18.0.1
172.18.0.2
10.13.0.0
10.13.0.1
172.16.0.1
HDR SADA DATA
172.17.0.1
172.16.0.2
172.17.0.2
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.1
Unique addressing allows communication

between end stations
Path choice is based on destination address
Location is represented by an address
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-43
IP Addressing
32 bits
Dotted
Decimal
Maximum
Network
255
255
www.cisco.com
Host
255
255
ICND v1.0a8-44
IP Addressing
32 bits
Dotted
Decimal
Network
16 17
255
24 25
32
11111111 11111111
11111111 11111111
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
8 9
255
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
Binary
255
255
Maximum
Host
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-45
IP Addressing
32 bits
Dotted
Decimal
Network
16 17
255
24 25
32
11111111 11111111
11111111 11111111
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
8 9
255
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
Binary
255
255
Maximum
Host
Example
172
16
122
204
Decimal
Example 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100
Binary
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-46
IP Address Classes
8 bits
8 bits
8 bits
8 bits
Host
Host
Host
Host
Host
Class A:
Network
Class B:
Network Network
Class C:
Network Network Network
Class D:
Multicast
Class E:
Research
www.cisco.com
Host
ICND v1.0a8-47
IP Address Classes
Bits:
Class A:
Bits:
Class B:
Bits:
Class C:
Bits:
Class D:
8 9
0NNNNNNN
16 17
24 25
Host
Host
32
Host
Range (1-126)
1
8 9
10NNNNNN
16 17
Network
Range (128-191)
1
8 9
110NNNNN
Host
16 17
Network
Range (192-223)
1
8 9
1110MMMM
24 25
Host
24 25
Network
16 17
32
32
Host
24 25
32
Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group
Range (224-239)
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-48
Host Addresses
172.16.2.2
10.1.1.1
10.6.24.2
E1
172.16.3.10
E0
172.16.2.1
10.250.8.11
172.16.12.12
172.16
Network
12 . 12
Host
10.180.30.118
Routing Table
Network
Interface
172.16.0.0
E0
10.0.0.0
E1
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-49
Determining Available Host

Addresses
Network
...
...
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

00000000 00000001
00000000 00000011
N
1
2
3
...
16
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
172
Host
11111111 11111101
11111111 11111110
11111111 11111111
65534
65535
65536
2
2N-2 = 216-2 = 65534
65534
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-50
IP Address Classes Exercise

Address
Class
Network
Host
10.2.1.1
128.63.2.100
201.222.5.64
192.6.141.2
130.113.64.16
256.241.201.10
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-51
IP Address Classes Exercise

Answers
Address
Class
10.2.1.1
10.0.0.0
0.2.1.1
128.63.2.100
128.63.0.0
0.0.2.100
201.222.5.64
201.222.5.0
0.0.0.64
192.6.141.2
192.6.141.0
0.0.0.2
130.113.64.16
130.113.0.0
0.0.64.16
256.241.201.10
Network
Host
Nonexistent
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-52
Addressing without Subnets
172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.3
172.16.255.253 172.16.255.254
...
172.16.0.0
Network 172.16.0.0
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-53
Addressing with Subnets
172.16.3.0
172.16.4.0
172.16.1.0
172.16.2.0
Network 172.16.0.0
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-54
Subnet Addressing
172.16.2.200
172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2
E0
172.16.2.1
172.16.3.100
172.16.2.160
172.16
Network
172.16.3.150
2 . 160
New Routing Table

Network
Interface
Host
172.16.0.0
E0
172.16.0.0
E1
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-55
Subnet Addressing
172.16.2.200
172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
E0
172.16.2.1
172.16.2.2
172.16.3.100
172.16.2.160
172.16
Network
172.16.3.150
160
Subnet Host
New Routing Table

Network
Interface
172.16.2.0
E0
172.16.3.0
E1
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-56
Subnet Mask
Network
IP
Address
172
Host
16
Network
Default
Subnet
Mask
8-bit
Subnet
Mask
255
0
Host
255
11111111
11111111
00000000
00000000
Also written as /16 where 16 represents the number of 1s
in the mask.
Network
Subnet
Host
255
255
255
Also written as /24 where 24 represents the number of 1s

in the mask.
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-57
Decimal Equivalents of Bit

Patterns
128 64
32
16
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-58
Subnet Mask without Subnets

Network
Host
172.16.2.160
10101100
00010000
00000010
10100000
255.255.0.0
11111111
11111111
00000000
00000000
10101100
00010000
00000000
00000000
172
16
Network
Number
Subnets not in usethe default

www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-59
Subnet Mask with Subnets

Network
172.16.2.160
Host
10101100
00010000
00000010
10100000
11111111
11111111
11111111
00000000
10101100
00010000
00000010
00000000
172
16
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
255.255.255.0
Subnet
Network
Number
Network number extended by eight bits

www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-60
Subnet Mask with Subnets

(cont.)
255.255.255.192
Network
Number
Host
10101100
00010000
00000010
10100000
11111111
11111111
11111111
11000000
10101100
00010000
00000010
10000000
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
172.16.2.160
Subnet
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
Network
172
16
128
Network number extended by ten bits

www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-61
Subnet Mask Exercise
Address
Subnet Mask
172.16.2.10
255.255.255.0
10.6.24.20
255.255.240.0
10.30.36.12
255.255.255.0
www.cisco.com
Class
Subnet
ICND v1.0a8-62
Subnet Mask Exercise

Answers
Address
Subnet Mask
Class
Subnet
172.16.2.10
255.255.255.0
172.16.2.0
10.6.24.20
255.255.240.0
10.6.16.0
10.30.36.12
255.255.255.0
10.30.36.0
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-63
Broadcast Addresses
172.16.3.0
172.16.4.0
172.16.1.0
172.16.2.0
172.16.3.255
(Directed broadcast)
255.255.255.255
(Local network broadcast)
172.16.255.255
(All subnets broadcast)
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-64
Addressing Summary
Example
172.16.2.160
172
16
10101100
00010000
160
00000010 10100000 Host
Mask
255.255.255.192
Subnet 4
Broadcast
First
Last
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-65
Addressing Summary
Example
172.16.2.160
255.255.255.192
172
16
10101100
00010000
11111111
11111111
160
00000010 10100000 Host
11111111 11000000 Mask 2

Subnet
Broadcast
First
Last
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-66
Addressing Summary
Example
172
16
160
3
172.16.2.160
255.255.255.192
10101100
00010000
11111111
11111111
00000010 10100000 Host
11111111 11000000 Mask 2

Subnet
Broadcast
First
Last
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-67
Addressing Summary
Example
172
16
160
3
172.16.2.160
255.255.255.192
10101100
00010000
11111111
11111111
00000010 10100000 Host
11111111 11000000 Mask 2

10000000 Subnet 4
Broadcast
First
Last
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-68
Addressing Summary
Example
172
16
160
3
172.16.2.160
255.255.255.192
10101100
00010000
11111111
11111111
00000010 10100000 Host
11111111 11000000 Mask 2

10000000 Subnet 4
10111111 Broadcast
5
First
Last
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-69
Addressing Summary
Example
172
16
160
3
172.16.2.160
255.255.255.192
10101100
00010000
11111111
11111111
00000010 10100000 Host
11111111 11000000 Mask 2

10000000 Subnet 4
10111111 Broadcast
5
10000001 First
Last
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-70
Addressing Summary
Example
172
16
160
3
172.16.2.160
255.255.255.192
10101100
00010000
11111111
11111111
00000010 10100000 Host
11111111 11000000 Mask 2

10000000 Subnet 4
10111111 Broadcast
www.cisco.com
5
10000001 First
10111110 Last
ICND v1.0a8-71
Addressing Summary
Example
172
16
160
3
172.16.2.160
255.255.255.192
10101100
00010000
00000010 10100000 Host
11111111
11111111
11111111 11000000 Mask 2
10101100
00010000
00000010 10000000 Subnet 4
10101100
00010000
00000010 10111111 Broadcast
10101100
00010000
5
00000010 10000001 First
10101100
00010000
00000010 10111110 Last
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-72
Addressing Summary
Example
172
16
160
3
10101100
00010000
255.255.255.192 11111111
8
9
172.16.2.128
10101100
11111111
11111111 11000000 Mask 2
00010000
00000010 10000000 Subnet 4
10101100
00010000
00000010 10111111 Broadcast

6
7
172.16.2.160
172.16.2.191
00000010 10100000 Host
172.16.2.129
10101100
00010000
5
00000010 10000001 First
172.16.2.190
10101100
00010000
00000010 10111110 Last
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-73
Class B Subnet Example

IP Host Address: 172.16.2.121
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Network
Network
Subnet
Host
172.16.2.121: 10101100
00010000
00000010
01111001
255.255.255.0: 11111111
11111111
11111111
00000000
Subnet: 10101100
00010000
00000010
00000000
Broadcast: 10101100
00010000
00000010
11111111
Subnet Address = 172.16.2.0

Host Addresses = 172.16.2.1172.16.2.254
Broadcast Address = 172.16.2.255
Eight bits of subnetting
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-74
Subnet Planning
20 subnets
5 hosts per subnet
Class C address:
192.168.5.0
192.168.5.16
Other
subnets
192.168.5.32
192.168.5.48
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-75
Class C Subnet Planning

Example
IP Host Address: 192.168.5.121
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.248
Network
Network
Network Subnet Host
192.168.5.121: 11000000
10101000
00000101
01111001
255.255.255.248: 11111111
11111111
11111111
11111000
Subnet: 11000000
Broadcast: 11000000
10101000
00000101
01111000
10101000
00000101
01111111
Subnet Address = 192.168.5.120

Host Addresses = 192.168.5.121192.168.5.126
Broadcast Address = 192.168.5.127
Five Bits of Subnetting
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-76
Broadcast Addresses Exercise
Address
Subnet Mask
201.222.10.60
255.255.255.248
15.16.193.6
255.255.248.0
128.16.32.13
255.255.255.252
153.50.6.27
255.255.255.128
Class
www.cisco.com
Subnet
Broadcast
ICND v1.0a8-77
Broadcast Addresses Exercise

Answers
Address
Subnet Mask
Class
Subnet
Broadcast
201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248
201.222.10.56
201.222.10.63
15.16.193.6
255.255.248.0
15.16.192.0
15.16.199.255
128.16.32.13
255.255.255.252
128.16.32.12
128.16.32.15
153.50.6.27
255.255.255.128
153.50.6.0
153.50.6.127
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-78
Switch IP Address
Configuration
Switch(config)#ip address ip-address subnet-mask
Assigns an address and subnet mask

Starts IP processing on a switch
Switch(config)#ip default-gateway ip-address
Specifies a default gateway
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-79
Router IP Address
Configuration
Router(config-if)#ip address ip-address subnet-mask
Assigns an address and subnet mask

Starts IP processing on a router interface
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-80
Router IP Address
Configuration
Router#term ip netmask-format {bitcount|
decimal | hexadecimal}
Sets display format of network mask for

current session
Router(config-line)#ip netmask-format
{bitcount | decimal | hexadecimal}
Sets format of network mask for a

specific line
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-81
Router IP Host Names

Router(config)#ip host name [tcp-port-number]
address [address]
Defines static host name to IP address

mapping
ip host Norine 172.16.3.1 192.168.3.1
ip host Roger 172.16.4.3
Hosts/interfaces selectable by name or IP

address
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-82
Router Name Server

Configuration
DNS Server
Router(config)#ip name-server server-address1

[[server-address2]...[server-address6]]
Specifies one or more hosts that supply

host name to logical address resolution
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-83
Router Name System
Router(config)#ip domain-lookup
Router(config)#end
Router#pat
Translating pat"...domain server (255.255.255.255)
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
Router#config t
Router(config)#no ip domain-lookup
Router(config)#end
Router#pat
Translating pat"
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
Router#
DNS enabled by default

www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-84
Router Display Host Names

Router#show hosts
Default domain is not set
Name/address lookup uses domain service
Name servers are 255.255.255.255
Host
Norine
Roger
Frank
Flags Age Type Address(es)

(perm, OK) 0 IP 172.16.100.100
(perm, OK) 0 IP 172.16.100.101
(perm, OK) 0 IP 172.16.200.200
Bob
(perm, OK) 0 IP 172.16.200.201
Shows the host table

www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-85
VLAN to VLAN Overview

Fa0/0
ISL
VLAN 1
Router on
a stick
VLAN 2
Application
10.1.1.2
10.2.2.2
TCP
IP
ISL
Ethernet
Network layer devices combine multiple broadcast domains
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-86
Dividing a Physical Interface

into Subinterfaces
FastEthernet 0/0
FastEthernet 0/0.1
FastEthernet 0/0.2
FastEthernet 0/0.3
Physical interfaces can be divided into

multiple subinterfaces
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-87
ISL Encapsulation
Router(config-subif)#encapsulation isl vlan identifier
Enables ISL on a subinterface
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-88
Routing Between VLANs

Fast
E0/0
ISL
VLAN 1
10.1.1.2
VLAN 2
10.2.2.2
interface fastethernet 0/0

no ip address
!
interface fastethernet 0/0.1
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation isl 1
interface fastethernet 0/0.2
ip address 10.2.2.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation isl 2
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-89
Routing Between WANs

ISL
S0
172.16.1.1
VLAN 1
VLAN 2
172.16.1.2
10.2.2.2
Application
interface Serial0
ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
TCP
IP
HDLC
Serial
10.1.1.2
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-90
Visual Objective
SUBNET
10.1.1.0
10.2.2.0
10.3.3.0
10.4.4.0
10.5.5.0
10.6.6.0
10.7.7.0
10.8.8.0
10.9.9.0
10.10.10.0
10.11.11.0
10.12.12.0
10.13.13.0
VLAN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
POD
wg_ro_x, wg_sw_x, core_sw_a, core_sw_b
wg_pc_a, core_server, core_ro
wg_pc_b, core_server, core_ro
wg_pc_c, core_server, core_ro
wg_pc_d, core_server, core_ro
wg_pc_e, core_server, core_ro
wg_pc_f, core_server, core_ro
wg_pc_g, core_server, core_ro
wg_pc_h, core_server, core_ro
wg_pc_i, core_server, core_ro
wg_pc_j, core_server, core_ro
wg_pc_k, core_server, core_ro
wg_pc_l, core_server, core_ro
VLAN2
fa0/26
e0/1
(port A)
VLAN13
fa0/23
fa0/27
(port B)
...
fa0/1
fa0/24
wg_pc_l
10.13.13.12
wg_sw_l
10.1.1.120
fa0/0
core_ server
fa0/27
(port B)
wg_sw_a
10.1.1.10
fa0/26 e0/1
(port A)
Core_ro
wg_pc_a
10.2.2.12
fa0/12
fa0/13
core_sw_a fa0/14
10.1.1.2
www.cisco.com
fa0/12
fa0/13
fa0/1
fa0/14 core_sw_b
10.1.1.4
ICND v1.0a8-91
Summary
After completing this chapter, you should be
able to perform the following tasks:
Identify the TCP/IP protocol stack and the
functions of each layer
Separate an IP address into its subcomponents:
the network, subnet, and host portions
Configure IP addresses on Cisco router and

switch interfaces
Interconnect VLANs using a layer three device
such as a router on a stick
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-92
Review Questions
1. What is the difference between the TCP and
UDP transport layer protocols?
2. Given a host with IP address, 192.168.20.1

255.255.255.240, how many other hosts can
you have in that network?
3. What is required to interconnect separate
VLANs?
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.0a8-93

Subnetting Techniques

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Subnetting Techniques

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Chapter 8

Early protocol suite

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Application Layer Overview

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Transport Layer Overview

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

TCP Segment Format

Source port (16)

Sequence number (32)

Reserved (6) Code bits (6)

TCP Port Numbers

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Dest. port = 23.

TCP Three Way

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

TCP Three Way

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

TCP Three Way

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

TCP Simple Acknowledgment

TCP Sequence and

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

TCP Sequence and

I just got #10,

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

TCP Sequence and

I just got #10,

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

TCP Sequence and

I just got #11,

Source Dest. Seq. Ack.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

UDP Segment Format

Source port (16)

No sequence or acknowledgment fields

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Internet Layer Overview

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Control Message

OSI network layer corresponds to the

Priority & Type

Total Length (16)

Fragment offset (13)

Source IP Address (32)

Determines destination upper-layer protocol

Internet Control Message

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.