21

21

:
( ..)
: mega Technology
(. .)
: .
(/)

- 8.3.3.

. ....... 5
1.1
1.2
1.3

.................................................................................................. 5-6
......................................................................................... 6-8
........................... 8-9

.... 10

2.1
2.2
2.3

.................................................................................. 10-11
(Sustainable Development) ...................... 11-13
21.......................................................................... 13-14

21 ............................................ 15

3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7

...................................15-16
....................................................................... 16-18
............................................................... 18-19
--....................................................................... 19-21
............................................................... 21-22
.................................................................... 22-23
.......................... 23-24
....................................................... 24-26

V.

21 .............. 27

4.1
........................................................ 27-28
4.1.1 21 ........... 28-29
4.1.2 21
................................ 29-30
4.1.3 S................... 30-31
V.

21
, 21 ...
32

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

21 ............... 32-33
21 .............................................................. 33-35
....................................................... 35-36
.............................................. 37-38

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

- 8.3.3.

V.

21
........ 39

6.1

................. 39-40

6.2

.... 40-41

6.3

21 ................................... 42-43

VII.

21
21 , , .............................................................
44

7.1

............................... 44-45

7.2

21
................................................................... 4546

7.2.1


21................................................................................................. 46-47
7.2.2 21 .................. 47-49

(2) .... 50-51

2.3

(3)..52-53
3.1
/
3.2.
( )

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

- 8.3.3.

.
1.1

21 21

.


.


,
(..) ,
Omegatech,
.


21, .
. ,

.
,
1.
:

1. 75 %
2. ( )
25%
3. ( )
4. ( )
5. omegatech ( )
,
21 ,
.. .
1

,
.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

- 8.3.3.

, ,
,
.
O ,
,
.
21
:
1.
,
.
2. ,
, 2.
3.
, .


.
4.
/ () , ..
( )
(.. URBAN )
( , .).
1.2

21 , ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
178 ,
3, 214,
21 .


.
2

.
3
1992
, ,
, .
21,
.
(, , . 28, 1992 )
4
Local Agenda 21, , , (.
), 21 ,
.
21 ,
, , ,
.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

- 8.3.3.

,
, - ,
5
, . ,

, :
(1972)6
Amsterdam ( 1997)7

(1997)
To 5o (
Local Agenda 21)
5 6 7
(
, , ).
1992 (
Local Agenda 21 )
, (1994)
, 21
2001 (
)
, 2002


,

Sustainable Urban Development in the European Union: a framework for Action

(E.C. 1998)
Study Programme on European Spatial Planning Observatory Network. (Interim
report 1999).
2000-2006, () ( 1999)
2000-2006, . ( 1999)
(2002)
(2006)

, ,
,
,
,
,
5

.
6

.
UNEP (United Nations
Environment Programme)
7
1997,
,
(, , )
.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

- 8.3.3.

, , .
,
,
.
1.3

21,
, ,


, 21.



() .

21
.
, ,
,
8


21,
( ).

.

,
, ,
21 .
, ,
,
,
.
9,
() 21, :
,
,
,
,
, ,

21
,
, .
9
.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

- 8.3.3.

, ( )
,

21.
,
() 21
.
& , ,
21 .
10,

.

21,
,
() 9 (, ,
, , , , , , )
( ,
, , , , . ).
,
,
LIFE EQUAL ..,
.

.

10

WWF-, SOS-, , Greenpeace-.

21
.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

- 8.3.3.

II.

2.1

,
,
, ,

, ,
,
.
,
,

, , .11

Adam Smith, David Ricardo Karl Marx, J. A. Schumpeter
1912, W. Rostow 1960, T. Bottomore 1990, F. Nuscheler (1994, 2000)
, . 2003, 2004.
- -
, .

, , .
,
.
,
,
. ,
( Balanced Growth Unbalanced
Growth) 12

. 13
( )

,
, .
,
.

,
.
11

., Nohlen, D./ Nuscheler, F.:Entwicklungstheorien und Entwicklungtsbegriff, Hamburg 1974, . 13.

., Novotny, E.: Regionaloekonomie Eine Uebersicht ueber Entwicklung, Probleme und Methoden,
Wien 1971 . 34.
13
., Mansfield, E.: The Economics of Technological Change, W. Norton and Co, New York 1968, .
3-4.
12

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

10

- 8.3.3.

,
1990,
.
,
.
2.2

(Sustainable Development)

, -
- 21 ,
. ,

,
.
, - ,

,

, , ,
Sustainable Development () 14

1.: ()

,
,
.
(BrundtlandCommission) - -
, ,
(, ).

,
14

, ,

. (. Brundtland, Our common future 1987)
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

11

- 8.3.3.

(Paradigmenwechsel, : paradigm shift),15 .
-Brundtland, ,
, , ,
,
.
,
, ,
,
16
,
,
.17
1:
.
198
3
198
7
199
2
199
2
199
4
199
4
199
5
199
5
199
7
199
8
200
0
200
2

200
4

10 (

Brundtland (our common future)

(CSD)



1
, 5 ,
Aarhus() -Aarhus

2002 ( 10)
()

:
15

. Thomas Samuel Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago 1962.

,
Habitat-Agenda , Habitat I 1976, IstanbulConference o Habitat II 1996, 171 Habitat-Agenda, .
17

.
16

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

12

- 8.3.3.

,
, ,
, 21,
.18
2.3

21

(
)

21.
21
, ,
. 2.500
.
:

,
,
,
, , ,

21
,
,
,
, , .
21 ( 21)
, ,
.
H
, :

21
21



EMAS (co Management and Audit Scheme)

18

. (Brundtland) , Our common future,

1987.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

13

- 8.3.3.

,
.

21 , ,
.
,
, ,
.

(Brundtland-Commission).
1.: 21.

, 21
.
21
,
,
,


.
21 .

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

14

- 8.3.3.

21

3.1

1900 150
, 2000 2,9
2008-2009 ,19
, ,
.

.


.


, .
,
(, , )
,
.
:
, ,
,
.
( , , ,
, )
.
.
, ,
.
.. ,
.20

,
,
, ,
,21
19

50 . ,
.
20

1000 .
, 1500 .
200
.
21
,
, ,

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

15

- 8.3.3.

, ,
,
.

,
22
, .
3.1.1

, 53%
( )
7 .
2.: 2006

60%

52,7

50%
40%
2006
Series1

30%
18,6
20%
11,5

9.3
0

10%

6
1,9

0%

: , 2007

12.000 MW,
800 MW
.

(70 . ), 59%
. ,
,
14,0%.
.
22
, ,
,
, ,
.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

16

- 8.3.3.

7% (TPES)23. ,
.
+23,5% 2003, ,
. 24 2010,
25% 1990,
.

.
,
.


,

, .
,
,
.
, (TPES)
,
.

. ,
, ,
,
.
,
25,
50 % ,
.26

27
,

.

23

Total Primary Energy Supply

, 2007-2012
25% 1990.
25

.
26
,
. ,
,
, . . . 25
.
27
H . .
3 .
60%. 2006 62,5 .
.
24

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

17

- 8.3.3.

,
, . 2000
69%
(),
71% 2010 76% 2030,
.
3.1.2
,
,

. ..

,
(870 MW 2007,
-).28
,
10 MWe,
2010
20,1% (
2010, . ) 2020 29%
.
, ,
,
21
(
) .
21, ,
20%
.
29 ,
,
,
.
10 %
.

,
,

, , 16 2008
.. ,30
28

. , http://www.eletaen.gr/Documents/installations/egatastaseis_2007.pdf.
, ,
.
.
.
30
,
., .
, 17 2008.
29

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

18

- 8.3.3.

.


,
, ,
- .
31 - ,
.

,
, ,
,
.
..
,

1980 .32
85,7 MW .

(2006).
,
..,33 .
3.1.3

4,6 . )
,
. 34
, Eurostat, ,

- .

.. ,
, , ,
.
31

, ,
, , ,
..
32

.
33
.. , ,
: , , ,
, 850 MW
.
34

. , ,
, . 8%
, 63% , ., , 04.02.2007.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

19

- 8.3.3.

, 40%
5 % ,

.

45% .

, . 35

,
.
, ..
, , 30%
.
, ,
,
( 350.00 )
,

, .
,
5% 8%
,

. 36
70%

.
37 ,

.
80% ,

(, , ),
,
.

35

,
10 % .
1985,
.
36
., , , , http://www.buildings.gr/greek/
aiforos/exikonomisi/m_santamouris.htm.
37
2006 ,
( ,
) 2.000 . 1.330 ( 66,5 % )
, 590 (29,5 %) 80 (4%) .(,
, )
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

20

- 8.3.3.

, (2002/91/)38
2006,
, .
,


.
, ,
.
.. ,
( )
,
.
- -
/, 2002/91/,

, 3661/2008
,
,
.
3.1.4

. ,
,
, .

,
.



,
,

.
,


.

. ,
,
, .39
38

:


.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

21

- 8.3.3.

( - ), (
)
( ),

( , ,
, , ).
, ,
,
18% ...,
700.000
. ,
, .
, ,
,
.

,
,
.
3.1.5

,
, .
27 - ,
39,3%, 27 30,4%.40
,
.

,
.

,
.
, ,

.


39

,


40
, .
, , . ,
27. (.
http://www.khatzidakis.gr/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=2646)
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

22

- 8.3.3.

( & )
(, , )
.
,
(, )
.
25,
, .
,
.

,
,
.

.
,
,
. ( 7 %
2005,
4.303.511 ).

,
.41
,
, ,

.
,
, ,
.
3.1.6

.
,
.
,
42.
,
43 .
,
41

, ,

, ( ),
.
.
42
, , , ,
.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

23

- 8.3.3.

(
).
,
, :

( )

2002/49/, 30.07.2007
250.000 .
,
.44 ,
,
.


.

,
( , ,
, radar, ).
,
,


.
:

.
,
, .
3.1.8

,

, ,
.
43

, , , , , ,
.
44
. , 17.04.2008.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

24

- 8.3.3.

,
,
,
,
,
, 4,5
.
,
,
,
.
200
, ,
,
, .

.
,
,
,
, .
,
.
,
, , 2008. 45
1450 ,
100 ,
,
.
, ,
. 1997
900 , 2005
40%,
1500 .
3:

45

,

. 2008,
,
.
20 .
40 . (. WWF)
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

25

- 8.3.3.

4,5

55%

45%

: WWF-Hellas

, (5,5 . )
, ,
, .
, ,
,
,
,
,
.
, , , (
21
) 80 %
,
.
,46
4,5 . , . 80% .
, ,
,
.

46

14%,
.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

26

- 8.3.3.

V.

21

4.1

, (
1992),
21, 1996 1998
, - -47
, ,48
.49
21, (Agenda 21)
,
LIFE.50
21 (
) ,
, ,
, .
& ,
( 2006/2007) ,

,
.
47

Local Agenda 21, , 1998

, 21,

21, ,
.
49
, LA 21,
( ) ,
2004, ,
.
50
(LIFE 95/GR/A31/GR/1018/ATT)
48

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

27

- 8.3.3.

1992
( ) Local Agenda 21. 51
,
,
,52
21 .53

21, .. ,
, 54
,
, ,
55 25.

, ,
15,
.
8% 2012, 1990.

4.1.1

21

Agenda 21 - -
....,
. ,

, 1996
1998, 1998 .
5 . 56

51

.. , 20% 16
21 .
52
, 2000 ( .)
53

, (
), , ,
. ,
CSD 2004
, .
.

.
54
,
.
55
, 22 , 8%,
, .
(: 64%, : 59%, : 58%).
56
,
( 1998) .

1998.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

28

- 8.3.3.

21
()57,
,
.58
21 Local
Government Management Board (LGMB),
Local Agenda 21,
.
o LGMB ,
,
, . ,

(, ,
, , ....)
, European Sustainable Cities and
Towns Campaign ( ),
,
Local Agenda 21 ,
,
.
International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI)59,
,
Local Agenda 21, .
21 ,
,

,

.

21,
,
21.

57

,
.
. ()
,
.
58
LGMB (Local Government Management Board)
International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI), zienda Servizi
Municipalizzati Brescia (ANCI) ICLEI
28 Agenda 21 ( )
Local Agenda 21. , ICLEI
LA 21
.
59
1992 ICLEI 28 Agenda 21 (
)
Local Agenda 21
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

29

- 8.3.3.

4.1.2 LA 21

,

, ,
21.60
, ,
,
Local Agenda 21.
, .
.
61 :

, , ,

, , ,
,

. 2939/2001, /179,
( )
- -
21,
.

. 62

,
.
.

, ,
. , .63
, 64
:
60

..,
.
,
.
61

.
62
: ( ,
, , , , CD players ..., , , ,
, , , , , ...)
63

, .
,
.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

30

- 8.3.3.

()
,

( , ,
, .)

4.1.3

EMAS

, (
21)
,
(EMAS).65
2004
2005
.

.
EMAS ,
2166,
, :
.
.
-

.


-

. :

64

21.
65
EMAS= Eco Management and Audit Scheme
66
, LA21,
.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

31

- 8.3.3.

PVC ( )
PVC

-

V.

21
, 21

5.1

21

21 , 1990,

21 ,
,
. 21

.

. ,

21.
, ,
, ,
,
.
21,
, :

,

.

, .

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

32

- 8.3.3.

,
.

, .

21
.


.

,
.

2007 2013
,

. (. Y, 2007).

,
,
21. -
-
, ,
. ,
21
.




.
, :

.

(
, , ,
, .)
.




(, , ).

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

33

- 8.3.3.

5.2

21

,
, , , ,
21.

21, .
67
21 .
,
,
.

21,

,
,
,
,
68

,
21,
( Brundtland69 - Our Common Future-,
1987, 199270, 200271,
alborg+10 2004).72 ,
21,

.
, 21,
a priori , ,
.

67

,

.
(,
)
,
.
68
,
,
.
69
Brudtlandt 1987,
- . Gro Harlem Brundtland 21
().
70
: http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/index.htm
71
: http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/POIToc.htm
72
: http://www.aalborgplus10.dk
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

34

- 8.3.3.

.
21,
,

, .
().

21, (.. , 2004, . 101)
,

,
,
, . ,
.
, , ,
, , ,

21
. ,
,
, , ,
,
.

5.3

21

,
.
,
2002,
, 2001.

2001,
,

:

,
,
,
,
,
.

,

( Doha). ,

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

35

- 8.3.3.

. ,

, ,73
.
,
,
, :

1. () ,
(..
/ ).

2.
.74

3.
Natura.75
,


,
,

.76
21 ,

,
,
.
21

.
73

,
25% (. . 3017/2002,
117/02, -
). , ,
141, (CC-2007-1-8/Greece/EB)

. (., www.wwf.gr www.greenpeace.gr)
74
= ( ,
,
)
75
, 2006,
270 NATURA 2000

76
, ,
, ,
,
, .
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

36

- 8.3.3.

1.

: 21

.
21
.
.

2.

: 21
,

.
,
.

,
,
, ,
.

5.4

, ,
Habitat-Agenda, ,
21 ,
.
1990,
,77
21.
-Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung- ,

,
Habitat-Agenda 21
.


:

77

,


(
, , , .)

, , .

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

37

- 8.3.3.

(, , )

,78
, ,
(, , , ).
, ,
CO2,
.

. (, , )

. :

,
.

,
,
.

, ,
, .. ,
,
35 %,
,79 .

78

=
, 15%,
, ,
, 7,5 . .
79

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

38

- 8.3.3.

V.

21

6.1

,

,
.


.
, , ,

.
2:
: (, )

1900-1920

( )

1920-1960

1960-1974

, ,
,

1974-1981

(

)

1981-1991

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

1992-2002

39

- 8.3.3.

, ,
, ()
.
,

. ,
,
.
,
- ,

.

,
1975/1991 -, , , ,
.
(. 4310/1929)
- ,
,80

.

2910/2001,81
,
, ,
, .

,
: 21,
, .

, ,
,
,

21.
,
21,
a
priori :
,
80

: , ,

( 14 . 4310 26 .
1975).
81
.
,
1975/1991
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

40

- 8.3.3.

,
( ,
). ,
.
6.2

(
) ,

,
,
,
.
2001 ,
762.19182 45% .
( ) 10.934.097 .
7%
.83 ( . ., 2000) ,

.
, ,
( )
, (
) . 84
3: 1991-2001 85

1991
10.259.900
166.031
20.556
2.413
1.923
1.334
139.805

2001
10.964.020
796.713
443.550
37.230
23.066
5.693
287.174

%
6,9
379,9
2.057,8
1.442,9
1.099,5
326,8
105,4

,
,
,
.
, .
82

, ( )
.
83
, 10%
.
, 15-18 % .
84
, ., 2003, ,
, Gutenberg, .
85
: ( 2005), www.statistics.gr
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

41

- 8.3.3.

,
,
86 ( ) ,


.

,
.

6.3

21

,
,
,
.
,
,
, , .
2003/109/,

, .
,
900 ,
. .
(
).87
,
, ,
, ,
.
21 , a priori
,
, .
- -
21.

86

,
.
87

, 3 2006 173/06
.
:
, , .
. 173/06.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

42

- 8.3.3.

21


.

, , ,
.
21,

:

.

,

- . 88

,
( )
.


- , (,
-), ( .
) /
.

,
.
,
, ,
88

,
,
.

.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

43

- 8.3.3.

,
,
, ,
.
.

VII.

21
21 - ,
, .

7.1

89 ,


.

,
,
,
, . ,
90

,
.

,
,91 .
89

2742/99 ( 207), 24 .
90
, ,
,
21( 21)
91
1999 ,
(), ,
,
.
21
: 1) , 2)
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

44

- 8.3.3.

, ,
, ,

- ,
.
() 21

,
. ,


,
.
,


,
92
21.
,
, Agenda 21. ,
, ,

, ,
.

7.2

21

21
,

, (
, ).
21,

,
21

, ,

.

3)
.
92
( ) ,
,
., . City Press, 5. 2008.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

45

- 8.3.3.

4: 21

,


.
21

,

.
..,
,93
,
21.


.

7.2.1

21
21

,


.
21,
,





(.. ).
93

( ..
), .
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

46

- 8.3.3.

.



.

21
.
.

,

21, :
3 60.000 ,
2 120.000
1 120.000 .

21.
90% ,

21.


.
7.2.2

21

ENTER ( 2006)
,
.
, : ,
.
1:
.

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

47

- 8.3.3.

(,

(,
,,
,
,
,
,
)
)

21
, ,


.

(,
,/
/
(
,,
,

,
..)
..)

(/,
(/,,
,

,
,
,
..)
, ..)

: . . , / , 21.

,

( , ,
),
.
,
, 21, 12.05.2008
,
.

21,
21 . 21,

,

.

.


400 , 400 .
/Clustering
,
.

.

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

48

- 8.3.3.

,
6 , 1) , 2)
//, 3) , 4) , 5) 6)
.

.
Feedback
,
21.

.

.

21,
.
, ,
,
,
.

, ,
.

,
.
-
21 -

.
21, ,
- -
.
.
,
(
)
.94
,
, -
, .
94

., www.agenda21.gr/neasmyrni

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

49

- 8.3.3.

, ,
, ,
, .
,
,
21

.


, ,
,
, ,
,
,
.

2.3.
) , )
)
. /
.
(1 + . )

,
21 .


.
,
21,
.
.
, status
quo
, ,

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

50

- 8.3.3.

.
, ,
,
, ,
.
( ) ,
,
,
,
,
,
.. .

.


:
a)
b)
c)
d)

,
, ,
, ,

.
95
.
, ,
,
,
.
, ,

,
21,
,
,
() .96
95

,
(:
, , (), , , , , , ,
)
96

, a priori ,,,,
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

51

- 8.3.3.

,
,
.
,
,
.

3.

- -

3.1. /
- , 21.
- -

.

.
21
.

.
, ,
,
21, ,
,
.
, , , . ,

21.
E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

52

- 8.3.3.

,
.

SWOT, ( SWOT :
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats), :
, , .
,
(. ) (Opportunities)
(Threats)
. 97

(..
, ,
,
, .).
, , ,
(), ,
(..
, , .).
SWOT

21,
.

.
3.2. ( )
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
, ()
() .
, Omega Technologies, .

, ,

,
.

97

,

.

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

53

- 8.3.3.

,
.

.
, ,
.
,
, ( Project)
(R)
R.

3.3. A

3.4.

E.. 8.3.3 - 04 37

54