C s Truyen ong ien

2.2 KHI ONG ONG C DC KCH T OC LAP

Thong thng, may ien DC cho phep dong qua tai bang 2 lan nh mc. Trng hp
ac biet co the at en khoang 3,5 lan.
Khi ong ong c DC bang ong nguon ap trc tiep len phan ng lam phat sinh
dong ien ln, co the lam hong ong c.

H2.6

Neu s dung nguon co ieu khien: mach ieu chnh ien ap nguon se lam han che
dong ien phan ng. ac tnh khi ong vi qua trnh ien ap nguon thay oi dang nhay cap
c ve tren hnh H2.7a. iem lam viec cua ong c di chuyen thay oi theo cac oan thang
1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7 va 7-8.

H2.7

2-9

C s Truyen ong ien

Nguon co nh va s dung bien tr chnh c mac noi tiep vi phan ng H2.7b.

Thay oi gia tr ien tr bang contactor e gi dong trong pham vi min, max cho trc,
tng ng vi cac gia tr moment Mmin va Mmax. Qua trnh khi ong c ve minh hoa tren
hnh H2.8. iem lam viec di chuyen theo ng 1-2,2-3,3-4,4-5 va 5-6. Tai v tr 6, qua trnh
khi ong ket thuc, moment ong c can bang vi moment tai, xac lap van toc lam viec cua
ong c.

H2.8

2.3. HAM ONG C DC KCH T OC LAP

2.3.1 Ham tai sinh
Xay ra khi E>U , nang lng c chuyen thanh ien nang tra ve nguon cung cap lam tiet
kiem nang lng. Co hai kha nang ham tai sinh.
ien ap U nguon khong oi, ham tai sinh xay ra khi tac dung cua tai (the nang) lam toc
o ong c tang ln hn gia tr toc o khong tai. Che o ham nay khong lam dng ong c
c ma ch co tac dung khong cho phep van toc ong c vt qua mot gia tr xac nh bi tai
the nang.
ien ap U ieu chnh c, v du dung bo chnh lu, vi E cho trc, ta thc hien ieu
khien xung kch cho bo bien oi cong suat e giam ien ap nguon cap cho phan ng. Che o
ham tai sinh trong trng hp nay c ap dung e ieu khien giam van toc ong c hoac ham
no dng lai.
Trong qua trnh ham tai sinh, ong c tr thanh nguon phat, chuyen cong suat c thanh
ien tra ve nguon ien. Do o, e ham tai sinh thc hien c,nguon phai co kha nang nhan
nang lng.
Phng trnh mo ta ong c kch t oc lap:
m =

m =

Ud
R
I
kkt kkt

(2.12)

Ud
R
M
kkt kkt 2

ac tnh c ien cua che o ham tai sinh vi nguon ien ap dc thay oi c ve tren
hnh H2.9a. Gia thiet, ong c ang lam viec tai v tr 1, bang cach giam dan ien ap nguon t

2-10

C s Truyen ong ien

Ud1 xuong con Ud2,Ud3,Ud4, toa o lam viec cua ong c chuyen dch dan theo cac oan thang
1-2,2-3,3-4,4-5,5-6 va 6-7. Tai v tr 7, van toc ong c at xac lap vi moment keo bang
moment can cua tai. Khi dch chuyen gia cac v tr 2-a,4-b va 6-c, ong c lam viec che o
ham tai sinh.
Trng hp ham tai sinh gay ra cho tai the nang (nguon U khong oi) c minh hoa
tren hnh H2.9b. Tac dung cua oi trong P lam ong c chay vt qua toc o 0 (iem a) va
no lam viec che o ham tai sinh. Moment ham tang dan e han che s tang van toc gay ra
bi oi trong. Tai v tr 1, moment tac dung cua ong c can bang vi tac dung oi trong va
van toc ong c at trang thai xac lap.

V du 2.4:
Cho ong c DC kch t oc lap m=220V, Im=200A, nm=800v/ph. ien tr R=0,06 .
Nguon ien cap cho phan ng la nguon thay oi c vi ien tr trong Rd=0,04 . Xac nh
ien ap trong cua nguon khi hoat ong che o ham tai sinh neu tai co gia tr bang 80% nh
mc va van toc 600v/ph.
Hng dan:
Ch so 1 trc thi iem ham
Ch so 2 thi iem ham

M = 80% xM m I 2 = 0 ,8 xI m = 0 ,8.200 = 160 A

E1 = 220 200 x 0 ,06 = 208V

E2 =

n2
600
.E1 =
.208 = 156V
800
n1

E in = 156 160 x ( 0 ,06 + 0 ,04 ) = 140V

2.3.2 Ham ong nang

2-11

C s Truyen ong ien

- phan ng ong c c cat ra khoi nguon DC va chuyen sang mac noi tiep vi ien tr.
Nang lng tao nen t qua trnh ham c tieu hao tren ien tr nay va ien tr mach phan
ng.
Khi hoat ong cua ong c la do nguon ien ieu chnh cung cap, trc khi chuyen
mach phan ng au vao ien tr phu, can thc hien ieu khien a dong ien phan ng ve gia
tr khong.
Phng trnh mo ta:
m =
m =

Rh + R
I
kkt
Rh + R
kkt

(2.13)

ac tnh c ien:
Chu y: dau cua m va M,I trai nhau

H2.11
V du 2.5:

2-12

C s Truyen ong ien

ong c DC kch t noi tiep cua v du 2.3 chuyen sang che o ham ong nang khi ang chay
van toc 800 v/ph vi moment ham bang 2 lan nh mc. Tnh gia tr dong ien ham va ien tr
ham. Cho biet mach t tuyen tnh.
Hng dan:
Trc khi ham: M1 = K f .I 21
che o ham: M 2 = K f .I2 2
T o: I 2 = I 1

M2
M1

E1 = K f .I1 .1

E 2 = K f .I 2 .2

E2 =

I 2 2
I
n
141,4 800
.
.E1 = 2 . 2 .E1 =
.
.( 220 100 x 0 ,1) = 237 ,55V
I 1 1
I 1 n1
100 1000

E 2 = I 2 .( R ph + 0 ,1)
237 ,55 = 141,4.( R ph + 0 ,1)

T o: Rph=1,58
Bai tap 2.6:
ong c DC kch t song song co ien tr phan ng 0,04 va ien tr cuon kch t 10 .
ong c chay qua tai vi moment 400Nm. ng cong t hoa cho bang sauo van toc
n=600v/ph:
5
7,5
10
12,5
15
17,5 20
22,5 25
Ikt [A] 2,5
E [V]
25
50
73,5 90
102,5
110
116
121 125 129
ong c b ham ong nang t kch vi ien tr ham bang 1 . Xac nh van toc ong c, tai
o ong c keo gi c tai
Hng dan:

R ph .I1 = R kt I kt
I =

R ph + R kt

k kt =

R ph

R ph
R kt

.I kt =

E
E
=
m
2 600

M = k kt .I

.=

R ph
I kt
I kt
.=

I1
R kt + R ph
I1 + I kt

1 + 10
I kt = 11.I kt
1
=
60

E
20

2-13

C s Truyen ong ien

T 3 he thc tren va t ng cong t hoa, ta xac nh c quan he cho bang sau:

25
22,5
20
17,5
Ikt
2,053
1,99
1,926
1,846
k
M

564,6

492,4

423,7

355,4

Ve o th cac quan he tren (w(Ikt),M(Ikt)), ta xac nh c khi M=400Nm, Ikt=19,13A va

k =1,898.

I=11Ikt=11x19,13=210,43A
E=U+R.I=Rkt.Ikt+R.I
=19,13x10+210,43x0,04=199,72V
Van toc ong c: n =

E 60 199 ,72 30
=
= 1005 [ v / ph ]
.
.
k 2
1,898

V du 2.7:
Xac nh gia tr ien tr phu v du 2.6 e ong c gi c tai van toc 1200v/ph.
Hng dan:
Vi Ikt, cho trc E~w , quan he E(Ikt) c tnh toan cho trng hp n=1200v/ph theo bang
sau:
Ikt [A]
E [V]

2,5
50

5
100

Cong suat: Pd = M .m = 400.

Pd = E .I I =

Pd
E

U = E R .I = E

7,5
147

10
180

12,5
205

15
220

17,5
232

20
242

22,5
250

1200 x 2
= 16000 [ W ]
60

16000 x 0 ,04
2010 ,6
Pd
.R = E
=E
E
E
E

U=Rkt.Ikt=10.Ikt
T ham U(E) va bang gia tr mach t hoa, co the xac nh quan he U(Ikt) nh sau:
Ikt
M

25
250,2

22,5
241,96

T bang quan he tren, ta suy ra:

U=250V va Ikt=25A va E=258V.
I =
I kt =

E U
258 250
=
= 200 A
R
0 ,04

U
250
=
= 25 A
R kt
10

I = I I kt = 200 25 = 175 A

2-14

20
233,7

25
258

C s Truyen ong ien

R ph =

U
250
=
= 1,429
175
I

2.3.3 Ham ngc

Trng hp nguon dc oi dau: thc hien bang cach cat mach phan ng ra khoi nguon
dc va ao v tr au day nguon dc vao mach phan ng. Luc nay, sc ien ong E va nguon dc
co cung dau se gay ra dong ien ham rat ln. Do o, e han che dong ien va moment ham,
can lap ien tr phu mac noi tiep mach phan ng trc khi au tr lai vao nguon. Qua trnh
ham dng ong c c minh hoa bi ac tnh c tren H2.12. ong c chu tac dung moment
ham ngc trong giai oan 2-3.
Phng trnh mo ta ac tnh c (Ud>0):
m =

R ph + R
Ud

I
kktm
kktm

(2.14)

R ph + R
Ud
m =

M
2
kktm
kktm

Do ac tnh c co moment khac zero luc van toc bang khong, nen can thc hien ngat
nguon ra khoi ong c e tranh hien tng ong c tiep tuc quay theo chieu ngc lai. Cung
v tnh chat nay, ham ngc c u tien s dung khi ieu khien thay oi chieu quay toc o.
Trng hp nguon dc khong oi dau: ham ngc xay ra khi thc hien tha tai trong (tai
the nang) xuong ngc chieu van toc khong tai cua ac tnh c. Tng t nh trng hp au,
can thc hien lap them ien tr mach phan ng. Tren H2.12, ac tnh ham ngc xay ra trong
khoang 4-5 va van toc ong c xac lap tai v tr 5. ien tr phu phan ng phai tnh toan sao
cho moment ham ong c u ln e gi can bang c vi moment tai trong.
Ham ngc co hieu suat thap v cong suat ham va cong suat t nguon chuyen sang
dang nhiet tieu hao tren cac ien tr.

2-15

C s Truyen ong ien

H.2.13

V du 2.9: Cho ong c DC kch t oc lap 220V,970v/ph,100A, R=0,05 .

ong c b ham ngc khi ang chay vi van toc 1000 v/ph.
-xac nh ien tr phu mac them vao phan ng e dong ham bang 2 lan dong nh
mc.
-Xac nh moment ham
-Xac nh moment ong c khi toc o ong c triet tieu.
Hng dan:
Khi n=970 v/ph E=200-0,05x100=215V
Khi n=1000 v/ph E=1000x215/970=221,65 V
a.
R ph + R =

E + U 221.65 + 220
=
= 2 ,21
200
I

Ru = 2,21 0,05 = 1,16

b/- M =

ExI u

221,65 x 200
= 423,3 Nm
100 x 2 / 60

c/- Khi van toc triet tieu: E=0

Iu =

U
220
=
= 99,55 A
R ph + Ru
2,21

Moment t le vi dong ien phan ng, nen suy ra:

M = 423,3

99,55
= 210,7 Nm
200

2.4. IEU KHIEN VAN TOC ONG C MOT CHIEU KCH T OC LAP
2.4.1 ieu khien thay oi ien ap phan ng

2-16

C s Truyen ong ien

H2.14

ieu khien ien ap phan ng e thay oi van toc ong c. T thong mach kch t c
thiet lap khong oi bang nh mc.
Phng trnh mo ta:
m =

m =

Ud
R
I

kktm kktm

(2.15)

Ud
R

M
kktm kktm 2

Tham so ieu khien Ud

ac tnh c ien (xem H2.14a)
Neu li ien cung cap la AC: s dung bo chnh lu ieu khien, hoac may bien ap co
ieu chnh (tapper hoac t ngau) ket hp chnh lu khong ieu khien, hoac dung s o WardLeonard.
Neu li ien cung cap co dang mot chieu, can trang b bo bien oi ien ap mot chieu
va ieu khien ien ap ngo ra cua no cap cho ong c.
Pham vi ieu khien van toc: t 0 en van toc nh mc
Phng phap ieu khien phan ng cho hieu suat lam viec cao.

2-17

C s Truyen ong ien

2.4.2 ieu khien thay oi t thong

Phng phap c s dung khi co nhu cau ieu khien van toc ong c ln hn gia tr
nh mc. Luc o, ien ap phan ng ong c c duy tr khong oi gia tr nh mc va ieu
chnh van toc bang cach thay oi dong kch t.
Phng trnh mo ta:
U dm
R
I
k kt
k kt
U
R
= dm
M
k kt
(k kt )2

(2.16)

m =
m

ac tnh c ien (xem H2.14b):

H2.16

Ap dung: e ieu khien van toc ln hn gia tr nh mc (giam kch t) thng en 2

lan nh mc va trong trng hp ac biet co the at en 6 lan. Khi ieu khien tang van toc

2-18

C s Truyen ong ien

ln hn nh mc, e ong c khong b qua tai th moment tai phai gii han (b giam) trong
pham vi cho phep thiet lap bi ng cong qua tai.
Ket hp ieu khien thay oi ien ap nguon DC va t thong kch t: gi t thong nh
mc va thay oi nguon DC khi ieu khien van toc trong gii han nho hn gia tr van toc nh
mc va gi ien ap bang nh mc, giam t thong kch t khi ieu khien van toc tren gia tr
nh mc- xem ac tinh ieu khien tren H2.17.

H2.17

2.4.3 ieu khien thay oi ien tr phu mac noi tiep phan ng
La phng phap ieu khien van toc ong c trong pham vi di van toc nh mc.
ien ap phan va t thong mach kch t ng co o ln khong oi (bang nh mc). ien tr phu
mac noi tiep mach phan ng Rph co the c ieu khien dang nhay cap (s dung contactor)
hoac lien tuc (v du ieu khien bang ban dan).
Phng trnh mo ta:
m =

R ph + R
U dm
I

kktm
kktm

(2.17)

R ph + R
U
M
m = dm
2
kktm
kktm

ac tnh c ien c ve tren hnh H2.14c.

V la phng phap kem hieu qua do gay ton hao tren ien tr nen ch thch hp cho
truyen ong keo moment tai gian oan dang xung. Rat t khi c s dung.

H1.18

2-19